1660 in History

Forced to give up power as Janos Kemeny rises against him

Uses political crisis to establish hereditary absolute monarchy.

The assembled Estates acclaim the young Charles as King of Sweden.

The assembled Estates acclaim the young Charles as King of Sweden.

Charles II gives assent to the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, confirming a broad political pardon.

Gives royal assent to the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, pardoning most former opponents.

Charles promised that Parliament would arrange payment of arrears owed to the army.

The Declaration of Breda offers terms that make restoration acceptable to Parliament and the army.

Receives Charles II at Dover and helps secure the public return of the monarchy.

Negotiates with the City of London while pressure grows for a free Parliament.

Annesley supports the Convention Parliament as it proclaims Charles II lawful king.

Charles II dissolves the Convention Parliament after it completes the initial Restoration settlement.

Grimston serves as Speaker when the Convention Parliament assembles to settle the return of monarchy.

Grimston is chosen Speaker as the Convention Parliament assembles to settle the Restoration.

Holles supports the Commons vote welcoming Charles II's Declaration of Breda.

Monck's political settlement allows a new Parliament to meet with Lords and Commons.

Monck's pressure for a free Parliament helps make the Convention Parliament possible.

The Convention Parliament assembles to decide the constitutional settlement and the restoration terms.

Charles II dissolves the Convention Parliament after it has prepared the Restoration settlement.

The Convention Parliament is elected on the traditional franchise with Lords and Commons represented.

Charles II rewards Monck by creating him Duke of Albemarle.

Charles II issues the declaration offering pardon, religious moderation, property settlement and army arrears.

Issues the Declaration of Breda promising pardon, religious toleration and settlement of army arrears.

Grenville delivers copies of the Declaration of Breda and Charles II's letters to Parliament.

Hyde helps shape the moderate royal policy offered in the Declaration of Breda.

Charles II promises pardon, religious toleration and settlement of soldiers' arrears in the Declaration of Breda.

Monck receives and helps present the Declaration of Breda to the Convention Parliament.

Nicholas assists the royal administration as Charles II prepares the declaration for England.

Charles issued proposals designed to secure a peaceful restoration of monarchy.

Monck helps bring the Declaration of Breda before Parliament as the Restoration settlement advances.

Marks the day Charles returns to London as well as his birthday

Made a day of annual thanksgiving with a special service in the Book of Common Prayer

The Declaration of Breda is read to Parliament and becomes the basis for Charles II's return.

Begins to keep his "Diary"

Grenville carried Charles's declaration and letters from Breda to England.

The restored Long Parliament dissolves itself after Monck supports elections for a new Parliament.

Hyde helped formulate the declaration's promises and political language.

Charles II raises George Monck to the dukedom of Albemarle for his role in the Restoration.

Charles II rewards Edward Montagu with the earldom of Sandwich after the royal return.

Gauden gains favour after claiming authorship of Eikon Basilike during the Restoration settlement.

Opening day of Parliament after a general election which returns a monarchist majority

The Convention Parliament is elected and prepares to settle the return of monarchy.

Monck backs elections for a new Parliament to decide the terms of Charles II's return.

Charles II leaves the Dutch Republic aboard the English fleet for his return to England.

Enters London in triumph on his thirtieth birthday.

Charles II is received on the road to London after landing at Dover.

Enters London with his army and becomes the decisive figure in the political settlement.

Executed for his role in the trial and death of Charles I.

Cook is executed for prosecuting Charles I before the High Court of Justice.

Executed as one of the regicides after the Restoration.

Jones is executed as one of the regicides after the Restoration.

Executed after the Restoration for supporting the regicide cause.

Scrope is executed for signing the death warrant of Charles I.

Charles boards Parliament's flagship, the Naseby, & returns to reclaim his kingdom

Montagu commands the fleet sent to bring Charles II home from exile.

Declares support for a free Parliament and undermines the remaining authority of the Rump.

Charles promised a broad pardon while leaving Parliament to identify limited exceptions.

Charles issued the Declaration of Breda promising a parliamentary settlement and qualified clemency.

The Convention proclaimed Charles II king, preparing the formal Restoration.

Charles entered London on his thirtieth birthday, marking the public restoration of monarchy.

Lenthall presided as the restored Long Parliament dissolved itself and called elections.

Monck entered London with his army and became decisive in resolving the political crisis.

Monck secured the readmission of members excluded during Pride's Purge.

Parliament proclaims that Charles II has been lawful king since the execution of Charles I.

Lands at Dover on his return from exile.

Charles addressed Monck directly to encourage army support for an orderly restoration.

Charles promised religious indulgence for peaceful differences of conscience, subject to parliamentary legislation.

Appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland as part of the Restoration settlement.

Marches south from Scotland, calling for order and a free Parliament.

James II marries Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde

James II marries Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde

James II Marries Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde

James II Marries Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde

Marries Louis XIV after the Treaty of the Pyrenees.

Marries Maria Theresa of Spain, helping seal peace between France and Spain

Marries Maria Theresa of Spain.

Charles II orders the suppression of pamphlets written by John Milton

Charles II orders the suppression of pamphlets written by John Milton

A regency begins because the new king is only four years old.

A regency begins because the new king is only four years old.

Sent to Breda by Scottish Resolutioners to seek assurances from Charles II on the Presbyterian kirk

Opening day of Parliament after a general election which returns a monarchist majority

Peace of Oliva ends the Swedish Deluge and allows the Commonwealth to turn east against Russia

The Copenhagen settlement ends hostilities between Sweden and Denmark-Norway.

The Copenhagen settlement ends hostilities between Sweden and Denmark-Norway.

Poland-Lithuania recognises the Swedish crown and concludes peace at Oliva.

Poland-Lithuania recognises the Swedish crown and concludes peace at Oliva.

Created Earl of Clarendon on the day of the Coronation of Charles II

Bradshaw is attainted after death for presiding over the trial of Charles I.

Cromwell is attainted after death for his central role in the Commonwealth and regicide settlement.

Ireton is attainted after death as one of the leading figures of the regicide regime.

Joins the Privy Council as one of the leading figures rewarded by Charles II.

Proclaimed king in London by the Convention Parliament.

Proclaimed king at Edinburgh as monarchy is restored in Scotland

Monck's political settlement enables Parliament to proclaim Charles II king.

Charles proposed that disputed property transfers should be resolved by Parliament.

Becomes a leading member of the regency government during the minority of Charles XI

Victory at Polonka forces Russian troops to abandon the siege of Lachowicze

Renounces his hereditary claim to the Swedish crown under the Peace of Oliva

Charles's restoration is now certain

The Restoration is celebrated in Scotland after Charles II is proclaimed king

Begins recovering his ruined family estates after the Restoration

Welcomes Charles II at Dover and presents his sheathed sword to the restored king.

Morice helps manage correspondence between Monck, Parliament and Charles II during the Restoration.

Charles II enters London in triumph as monarchy is publicly restored.

Charles II and Monck begin moving toward terms for the return of the Stuart monarchy.

The secluded members return to Parliament and Monck is confirmed as commander in chief.

Monck restores the members excluded in Pride's Purge, allowing them to outvote the Rump.

Holles supports the Convention Parliament's move toward restoring monarchy under negotiated terms.

Monck supports the dissolution of the Long Parliament and new elections for a settlement with Charles II.

The Parliament Monck helped bring together votes to restore the monarchy.

James Duke of York returns with Charles II during the Restoration landing at Dover.

Charles II lands at Dover and is received by Monck before returning to London.

Nicholas assisted with the letters and administrative documents accompanying the declaration.

Montagu helps deliver Charles II safely to Dover at the start of the restored monarchy.

Maitland joined Charles's exiled court during the negotiations preceding the Restoration.

Joins Charles II at Breda and is rewarded with the office of Secretary of State for Scotland

The States of Holland take a direct role in supervising the education of William III of Orange as his political future remains unsettled.

Succeeds as King of England

Final day of the Interregnum, rule without a monarch

The Treaty of Oliva confirms Swedish sovereignty over Livonia.

The Treaty of Oliva confirms Swedish sovereignty over Livonia.

The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Swedish possession of Blekinge.

The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Swedish possession of Blekinge.

The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Swedish possession of Bohuslan.

The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Swedish possession of Bohuslan.

The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Sweden's possession of Scania.

The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Sweden's possession of Scania.

The Convention Parliament is chosen under the traditional county and borough franchise.

Peace with Denmark confirms Sweden's control of Scania, Halland, Blekinge and Bohuslan.

Peace with Denmark confirms Sweden's control of Scania, Halland, Blekinge and Bohuslan.

The Treaty of Oliva ends Sweden's war with Poland-Lithuania and its allies.

Signs the Peace of Oliva on behalf of the minor Charles XI and the Swedish regency

Signs the Peace of Oliva, ending the war with Sweden and renouncing his claim to the Swedish throne

The Treaty of Oliva ends Sweden's war with Poland-Lithuania and its allies.

Birth of Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury, only son of the 11th Earl of Shrewsbury and his second wife, formerly Lady Anne-Marie Brudenell, a daughter of Second Earl of Cardigan

Birth of George I in Osnabruck, son of Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Luneburg and Sophia of the Palatinate

Dies at Gothenburg after summoning the Swedish estates during the final months of the Northern War

Dies at Gothenburg, leaving the Swedish throne to the four-year-old Charles XI

Charles becomes King of Sweden after the death of his father Charles X Gustav.

Charles becomes King of Sweden after the death of his father Charles X Gustav.

Dies from wounds received in battle against Ottoman forces

Dies from wounds received while fighting Ottoman forces after the battle near Gyalu

Mary Stuart, the mother of William III of Orange, dies of smallpox while visiting England, intensifying disputes over his guardianship.

Helps defeat the Russian-Cossack army during the Chudnov campaign

Commands Crown forces in the Chudnov campaign against the Russian-Cossack army

Mortally wounded fighting Ottoman forces near Gyalu during the Transylvanian crisis

Leads a small Polish force in a successful action at Kutyszcze during the Chudnov campaign

Fights with Wilczkowski in the Polish victory at Kutyszcze

Helps defeat Russian forces at Polonka during the Commonwealth counteroffensive

Commands Lithuanian forces alongside Czarniecki at the Polish-Lithuanian victory of Polonka