Diary
Begins to keep his "Diary"
Historical events in 1660
223 historical records
January 16602 historical events
March from Scotland
Marches south from Scotland, calling for order and a free Parliament.
February 166014 historical events
Entry into London
Enters London with his army and becomes the decisive figure in the political settlement.
Interregnum
Monck entered London with his army and became decisive in resolving the political crisis.
Minority Regency Begins
A regency begins because the new king is only four years old.
Minority Regency Begins
A regency begins because the new king is only four years old.
Regency
Becomes a leading member of the regency government during the minority of Charles XI
Death of Charles X Gustav
Dies at Gothenburg after summoning the Swedish estates during the final months of the Northern War
Death of Charles X Gustav
Charles becomes King of Sweden after the death of his father Charles X Gustav.
Death of Charles X Gustav
Charles becomes King of Sweden after the death of his father Charles X Gustav.
Death of Charles X Gustav
Dies at Gothenburg, leaving the Swedish throne to the four-year-old Charles XI
Restoration of Secluded Members
Monck restores the members excluded in Pride's Purge, allowing them to outvote the Rump.
Restoration of Long Parliament
The secluded members return to Parliament and Monck is confirmed as commander in chief.
Interregnum
Monck secured the readmission of members excluded during Pride's Purge.
City Negotiations
Negotiates with the City of London while pressure grows for a free Parliament.
Free Parliament Declaration
Declares support for a free Parliament and undermines the remaining authority of the Rump.
March 16607 historical events
Acclamation as King
The assembled Estates acclaim the young Charles as King of Sweden.
Acclamation as King
The assembled Estates acclaim the young Charles as King of Sweden.
Dissolution of Long Parliament
The restored Long Parliament dissolves itself after Monck supports elections for a new Parliament.
Election Call
Monck backs elections for a new Parliament to decide the terms of Charles II's return.
Restoration Settlement
Monck supports the dissolution of the Long Parliament and new elections for a settlement with Charles II.
Interregnum
Lenthall presided as the restored Long Parliament dissolved itself and called elections.
Restoration Negotiations
Charles II and Monck begin moving toward terms for the return of the Stuart monarchy.
April 166030 historical events
Declaration of Breda
Hyde helps shape the moderate royal policy offered in the Declaration of Breda.
Drafting Declaration of Breda
Hyde helped formulate the declaration's promises and political language.
Breda Terms
The Declaration of Breda offers terms that make restoration acceptable to Parliament and the army.
Declaration of Breda
Charles II promises pardon, religious toleration and settlement of soldiers' arrears in the Declaration of Breda.
Letter to General Monck
Charles addressed Monck directly to encourage army support for an orderly restoration.
Declaration of Breda
Charles II issues the declaration offering pardon, religious moderation, property settlement and army arrears.
Declaration of Breda
Issues the Declaration of Breda promising pardon, religious toleration and settlement of army arrears.
Army Arrears Promise
Charles promised that Parliament would arrange payment of arrears owed to the army.
Declaration of Breda Issued
Charles issued proposals designed to secure a peaceful restoration of monarchy.
General Pardon Promise
Charles promised a broad pardon while leaving Parliament to identify limited exceptions.
Liberty to Tender Consciences
Charles promised religious indulgence for peaceful differences of conscience, subject to parliamentary legislation.
Property Settlement Promise
Charles proposed that disputed property transfers should be resolved by Parliament.
Declaration of Breda
Nicholas assists the royal administration as Charles II prepares the declaration for England.
Royal Correspondence from Breda
Nicholas assisted with the letters and administrative documents accompanying the declaration.
Dispatch of Declaration
Grenville carried Charles's declaration and letters from Breda to England.
Interregnum
Charles issued the Declaration of Breda promising a parliamentary settlement and qualified clemency.
Peerage
Created Earl of Clarendon on the day of the Coronation of Charles II
Succession
Succeeds as King of England
Convention Parliament Assembly
The Convention Parliament assembles to decide the constitutional settlement and the restoration terms.
Convention Parliament Election
The Convention Parliament is elected on the traditional franchise with Lords and Commons represented.
Convention Parliament
Monck's political settlement allows a new Parliament to meet with Lords and Commons.
Election
The Convention Parliament is elected and prepares to settle the return of monarchy.
Traditional Franchise
The Convention Parliament is chosen under the traditional county and borough franchise.
Election
Opening day of Parliament after a general election which returns a monarchist majority
Parliament
Opening day of Parliament after a general election which returns a monarchist majority
Convention Parliament
Monck's pressure for a free Parliament helps make the Convention Parliament possible.
Convention Parliament
Grimston serves as Speaker when the Convention Parliament assembles to settle the return of monarchy.
Convention Parliament
Grimston is chosen Speaker as the Convention Parliament assembles to settle the Restoration.
Restoration
Charles's restoration is now certain
Scottish Advice at Breda
Maitland joined Charles's exiled court during the negotiations preceding the Restoration.
May 166056 historical events
Declaration of Breda Received
Monck helps bring the Declaration of Breda before Parliament as the Restoration settlement advances.
Declaration of Breda
Monck receives and helps present the Declaration of Breda to the Convention Parliament.
Restoration Vote
The Parliament Monck helped bring together votes to restore the monarchy.
Declaration Read
The Declaration of Breda is read to Parliament and becomes the basis for Charles II's return.
Convention Parliament
Holles supports the Commons vote welcoming Charles II's Declaration of Breda.
Restoration Settlement
Holles supports the Convention Parliament's move toward restoring monarchy under negotiated terms.
Declaration of Breda
Grenville delivers copies of the Declaration of Breda and Charles II's letters to Parliament.
Renunciation
Renounces his hereditary claim to the Swedish crown under the Peace of Oliva
Treaty of Oliva
Signs the Peace of Oliva, ending the war with Sweden and renouncing his claim to the Swedish throne
Peace
Peace of Oliva ends the Swedish Deluge and allows the Commonwealth to turn east against Russia
Treaty of Oliva
Signs the Peace of Oliva on behalf of the minor Charles XI and the Swedish regency
Peace with Poland-Lithuania
Poland-Lithuania recognises the Swedish crown and concludes peace at Oliva.
Swedish Livonia Confirmed
The Treaty of Oliva confirms Swedish sovereignty over Livonia.
Treaty of Oliva
The Treaty of Oliva ends Sweden's war with Poland-Lithuania and its allies.
Peace with Poland-Lithuania
Poland-Lithuania recognises the Swedish crown and concludes peace at Oliva.
Swedish Livonia Confirmed
The Treaty of Oliva confirms Swedish sovereignty over Livonia.
Treaty of Oliva
The Treaty of Oliva ends Sweden's war with Poland-Lithuania and its allies.
Succession
Final day of the Interregnum, rule without a monarch
Proclamation of Charles II
Monck's political settlement enables Parliament to proclaim Charles II king.
King Proclaimed
Parliament proclaims that Charles II has been lawful king since the execution of Charles I.
Proclamation
Proclaimed king in London by the Convention Parliament.
Convention Parliament
Annesley supports the Convention Parliament as it proclaims Charles II lawful king.
Interregnum
The Convention proclaimed Charles II king, preparing the formal Restoration.
Proclamation
Proclaimed king at Edinburgh as monarchy is restored in Scotland
Restoration
The Restoration is celebrated in Scotland after Charles II is proclaimed king
Embarkation
Charles II leaves the Dutch Republic aboard the English fleet for his return to England.
Battle of Gyalu
Mortally wounded fighting Ottoman forces near Gyalu during the Transylvanian crisis
Royal Return
Montagu helps deliver Charles II safely to Dover at the start of the restored monarchy.
Restoration
Welcomes Charles II at Dover and presents his sheathed sword to the restored king.
Return from Exile
James Duke of York returns with Charles II during the Restoration landing at Dover.
Charles II Arrival
Receives Charles II at Dover and helps secure the public return of the monarchy.
Landing
Lands at Dover on his return from exile.
Return of Charles II
Charles II lands at Dover and is received by Monck before returning to London.
Entry into Canterbury
Charles II is received on the road to London after landing at Dover.
Peace with Denmark and Norway
The Copenhagen settlement ends hostilities between Sweden and Denmark-Norway.
Swedish Rule of Blekinge Confirmed
The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Swedish possession of Blekinge.
Swedish Rule of Bohuslan Confirmed
The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Swedish possession of Bohuslan.
Swedish Rule of Scania Confirmed
The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Sweden's possession of Scania.
Treaty of Copenhagen
Peace with Denmark confirms Sweden's control of Scania, Halland, Blekinge and Bohuslan.
Peace with Denmark and Norway
The Copenhagen settlement ends hostilities between Sweden and Denmark-Norway.
Swedish Rule of Blekinge Confirmed
The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Swedish possession of Blekinge.
Swedish Rule of Bohuslan Confirmed
The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Swedish possession of Bohuslan.
Swedish Rule of Scania Confirmed
The Treaty of Copenhagen confirms Sweden's possession of Scania.
Treaty of Copenhagen
Peace with Denmark confirms Sweden's control of Scania, Halland, Blekinge and Bohuslan.
Birth of George I
Birth of George I in Osnabruck, son of Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Luneburg and Sophia of the Palatinate
Entry
Enters London in triumph on his thirtieth birthday.
Restoration Entry
Charles II enters London in triumph as monarchy is publicly restored.
Declaration of Oak Apple Day
Marks the day Charles returns to London as well as his birthday
Interregnum
Charles entered London on his thirtieth birthday, marking the public restoration of monarchy.
Declaration of Oak Apple Day
Made a day of annual thanksgiving with a special service in the Book of Common Prayer
Fleet to Holland
Montagu commands the fleet sent to bring Charles II home from exile.
Restoration Correspondence
Morice helps manage correspondence between Monck, Parliament and Charles II during the Restoration.
Exile of Charles II
Charles boards Parliament's flagship, the Naseby, & returns to reclaim his kingdom
Secretary of State
Joins Charles II at Breda and is rewarded with the office of Secretary of State for Scotland
Restoration
Begins recovering his ruined family estates after the Restoration
Mission
Sent to Breda by Scottish Resolutioners to seek assurances from Charles II on the Presbyterian kirk
June 16609 historical events
Death of Gyorgy II Rakoczi
Dies from wounds received in battle against Ottoman forces
Death of Gyorgy II Rakoczi
Dies from wounds received while fighting Ottoman forces after the battle near Gyalu
Marriage
Marries Maria Theresa of Spain, helping seal peace between France and Spain
Marriage
Marries Maria Theresa of Spain.
Marriage
Marries Louis XIV after the Treaty of the Pyrenees.
Battle of Polonka
Commands Lithuanian forces alongside Czarniecki at the Polish-Lithuanian victory of Polonka
Battle of Polonka
Helps defeat Russian forces at Polonka during the Commonwealth counteroffensive
Relief of Lachowicze
Victory at Polonka forces Russian troops to abandon the siege of Lachowicze
Lord Deputy of Ireland
Appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland as part of the Restoration settlement.
July 16605 historical events
Creation as Duke
Charles II rewards Monck by creating him Duke of Albemarle.
Duke of Albemarle
Charles II raises George Monck to the dukedom of Albemarle for his role in the Restoration.
Earl of Sandwich
Charles II rewards Edward Montagu with the earldom of Sandwich after the royal return.
Birth of Charles Talbot
Birth of Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury, only son of the 11th Earl of Shrewsbury and his second wife, formerly Lady Anne-Marie Brudenell, a daughter of Second Earl of Cardigan
Privy Council
Joins the Privy Council as one of the leading figures rewarded by Charles II.
August 16604 historical events
Milton
Charles II orders the suppression of pamphlets written by John Milton
Milton
Charles II orders the suppression of pamphlets written by John Milton
Act of Free Pardon
Charles II gives assent to the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, confirming a broad political pardon.
Act of Indemnity
Gives royal assent to the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion, pardoning most former opponents.
September 16607 historical events
Marriage
James II marries Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde
Marriage
James II Marries Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde
Marriage
James II marries Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde
Marriage
James II Marries Anne Hyde, daughter of Edward Hyde
State Supervision of Education
The States of Holland take a direct role in supervising the education of William III of Orange as his political future remains unsettled.
Battle of Kutyszcze
Fights with Wilczkowski in the Polish victory at Kutyszcze
Battle of Kutyszcze
Leads a small Polish force in a successful action at Kutyszcze during the Chudnov campaign
October 166010 historical events
Execution
Executed as one of the regicides after the Restoration.
Execution
Executed for his role in the trial and death of Charles I.
Execution
Cook is executed for prosecuting Charles I before the High Court of Justice.
Execution
Executed after the Restoration for supporting the regicide cause.
Execution
Scrope is executed for signing the death warrant of Charles I.
Execution
Jones is executed as one of the regicides after the Restoration.
Absolute Monarchy
Uses political crisis to establish hereditary absolute monarchy.
Posthumous Attainder
Ireton is attainted after death as one of the leading figures of the regicide regime.
Posthumous Attainder
Cromwell is attainted after death for his central role in the Commonwealth and regicide settlement.
Posthumous Attainder
Bradshaw is attainted after death for presiding over the trial of Charles I.
November 16602 historical events
Battle of Chudnov
Commands Crown forces in the Chudnov campaign against the Russian-Cossack army
Battle of Chudnov
Helps defeat the Russian-Cossack army during the Chudnov campaign
December 16605 historical events
Death of Mary Stuart
Mary Stuart, the mother of William III of Orange, dies of smallpox while visiting England, intensifying disputes over his guardianship.
Convention Parliament Dissolved
Charles II dissolves the Convention Parliament after it has prepared the Restoration settlement.
Convention Parliament
Charles II dissolves the Convention Parliament after it completes the initial Restoration settlement.
Abdication
Forced to give up power as Janos Kemeny rises against him
Eikon Basilike Claim
Gauden gains favour after claiming authorship of Eikon Basilike during the Restoration settlement.
Privy Councillor
Carteret is sworn into the Privy Council
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Holland
Secretary of State
Appointed one of the two Secretaries of State
Secretary of State
Appointed one of the King's two Secretaries of State
Speaker of House of Commons
Appointed Speaker of the House of Commons
Treasurer
Appointed Treasurer of the Navy
Vice Chamberlain
Appointed Vice Chamberlain of the Household
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Totnes in 1660-1672
Chancellor of Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1st term
Declaration of Breda
Composes the Declaration of Breda for Charles II
Lord Chancellor
Confirmed as Lord Chancellor after the Restoration
Privy Council
Appointed Privy Councillor
Restoration
1 of 12 commissioners sent by the House of Commons to invite Charles II to return
Lord High Admiral
Appointed Lord High Admiral in charge of the Navy
Constitution of England
The Council of State and Convention Parliament prepare terms for the restored monarchy.
Parliament
Parliament discusses the constitutional arrangements for the return of Charles II.
Restoration
Restores secluded MPs and helps create the parliamentary route to Charles II's return.
Convention Commons
Many former Royalists and moderate Parliamentarians accept that restoring the Stuarts can secure order.
Government
Becomes the leading royal minister after the return of Charles II.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Monmouthshire
Lord Lieutenant
Appointed Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Bedford
Peerage
Created Baronet Carteret & Hawnes
Restoration
At the Restoration, having shared Charles II's banishment, Sir George forms one of the immediate train of the restored monarch on his triumphant entry into London
Peerage
Created Duke of Norfolk, 5th
Restoration Consensus
The Convention Parliament increasingly accepts the return of Charles II as the route to political stability.
Siege of Bristol
Defends Bristol from the Duke of Monmouth
Restoration
Restored to titles
Declaration of Breda
Promises to uphold the Anglican Church and to grant "liberty to tender consciences". Pardons his enemies
Restoration
Parliament sends a fleet to Holland with a gift of £50,000 for the Charles
Royal Society
Founds the Royal Society
Palace Restoration
Plans to restore royal use of Greenwich after the Restoration.
Royal Society Founding Circle
Petty participates in the group whose meetings lead to the foundation of the Royal Society.
Examinatio et Emendatio Mathematicae Hodiernae
Hobbes publishes Examinatio et Emendatio Mathematicae Hodiernae in his extended mathematical controversy with John Wallis.
Royal Pension after the Restoration
After the Restoration, Charles II receives his former tutor at court and grants Hobbes a royal pension.
Exile after the Restoration
Sidney remains abroad after the Restoration because of his republican politics.
Archbishop of Canterbury
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Dean
Appointed Dean of Durham
Royal Chaplain
Appointed Royal Chaplain
Dean
Barwick is appointed Dean of St Pauls after the Restoration of the Church of England hierarchy.
Entry into the Oratory
Malebranche enters the French Oratory after rejecting scholastic university philosophy.
Port-Royal Grammar
Arnauld and Claude Lancelot publish the General and Rational Grammar associated with Port-Royal.
Birth of Daniel Defoe
Daniel Defoe was born in London and became an influential journalist, pamphleteer and novelist.
Opposition
Builds support among Transylvanian estates against Akos Barcsay
Government
Rules a principality weakened by Ottoman intervention and internal noble factionalism
Rule
Continues as Ottoman-backed Prince of Transylvania during the crisis after Rakoczi's challenge
Ottoman Demands
Attempts to satisfy Ottoman demands for tribute and fortresses while preserving his position
Inheritance
Inherits Rakoczi family interests after the death of Gyorgy II Rakoczi
Opposition to Ottoman-Backed Rule
Returns to politics after Tatar captivity and becomes a leading opponent of Ottoman-backed rule
Ottoman Pressure on Rakoczi Supporters
Leads Ottoman pressure against the supporters of Gyorgy II Rakoczi
Escape from Panhala
Shivaji escapes the siege of Panhala and reaches Vishalgad while a rearguard action delays pursuing forces.
Peace
Peace of Oliva ends the war with Sweden; John II Casimir renounces his claim to the Swedish throne
Rule of Livonia
Peace of Oliva confirms Swedish control of northern Livonia
Rule of Pomerelia
Peace of Oliva restores Polish control of Pomerelia
Rule of Prussia
Peace of Oliva confirms Frederick William as sovereign Duke in Ducal Prussia
Peerage
Created Earl of Middleton after the Restoration and becomes a leading royal agent in Scotland
Privy Council
Appointed to the Scottish Privy Council after the Restoration
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State for Scotland after the Restoration
Arrest of Archibald Campbell
Presents himself to Charles II after the Restoration and is arrested for treason
Privy Council
Appointed Privy Councillor, 1st term
Reburial
After the Restoration, the remains of Montrose are recovered for honourable reburial
Royal Chaplain
Appointed royal chaplain after the Restoration of Charles II
Regency
Serves on the Swedish regency council for the young Charles XI
Regency
Appointed to the regency council for the minor Charles XI
Regency
Serves on the Swedish regency council after the death of Charles X Gustav
Hedvig Eleonora Leads Royal Household
Queen Dowager Hedvig Eleonora takes primary responsibility for the young king's upbringing.
Regency Council Governs Sweden
A council conducts the government during Charles's minority.
Hedvig Eleonora Leads Royal Household
Queen Dowager Hedvig Eleonora takes primary responsibility for the young king's upbringing.
Regency Council Governs Sweden
A council conducts the government during Charles's minority.
Emund Gripenhielm Appointed Tutor
Historian Emund Gripenhielm becomes the young king's principal academic tutor.
Emund Gripenhielm Appointed Tutor
Historian Emund Gripenhielm becomes the young king's principal academic tutor.