Cell Observation
Uses the word cell while describing cork structure in Micrographia.
Historical events in 1665
151 historical records
January 16657 historical events
Micrographia
Presides over the Royal Society as Hooke's Micrographia appears.
Micrographia
Publishes Micrographia, presenting microscopic observations and scientific illustrations.
Journal des Savants
Edits the first issue of the Journal des Savants.
Journal des Savants
Rules as the Journal des Savants begins publication.
Journal des Savants
The Journal des Savants begins publication as one of Europe's first learned journals.
Journal des Savants
Supports learned publishing and royal intellectual policy in France.
February 16654 historical events
Birth of Anne
Birth of Anne, second daughter of James Duke of York and Anne Hyde.
Concession and Agreement
Helps issue the Concession and Agreement guaranteeing religious liberty in New Jersey.
Court Theatre
Rules as Moliere stages Dom Juan during the height of royal theatrical patronage.
Dom Juan
Premieres Dom Juan in Paris after the controversy over Tartuffe.
March 16653 historical events
Declaration of War
Declares war on the Dutch Republic as the Second Anglo-Dutch War begins.
Peerage
Created Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne after the Restoration of Charles II.
Restoration
Created Duke and rewarded after his estates and honours are restored.
April 16651 historical events
Birth of James Butler
Birth of James Butler, later 2nd Duke of Ormond.
May 16658 historical events
Fleet Command
Serves as a leading royal naval commander as the Second Anglo-Dutch War begins.
Commander of Fleet
Appointed to senior naval command during the war with the Dutch Republic.
Attack on Barbados
Leads a Dutch attack on Barbados during operations against English colonies.
Barbados Raid
Raids Barbados as part of Dutch attempts to strike English Atlantic commerce.
West Indies Expedition
Attacks English shipping and interests in the Caribbean during the early war.
Grand Marshal
Appointed Grand Marshal of the Crown and gains greater authority in Polish military affairs.
Field Command
Receives high military responsibility after becoming Grand Marshal of the Crown.
Grand Marshal
Appointed Grand Marshal during the later phase of the war with Russia.
June 166515 historical events
Battle of Lowestoft
Fights as an English admiral during the major victory over the Dutch.
Battle of Lowestoft
Commands part of the English fleet and is mortally wounded at Lowestoft.
Battle of Lowestoft
Serves as a senior English flag officer during the battle.
Battle of Lowestoft
Serves in the English fleet during the campaign that opens the war.
Battle of Lowestoft
Commands from the Royal Charles as the English defeat the Dutch fleet at Lowestoft.
Battle of Lowestoft
Commands the English blue squadron during the victory at Lowestoft.
Battle of Lowestoft
Commands a squadron in the English victory at Lowestoft.
Battle of Lowestoft
Is killed in the battle as Dutch command suffers heavy losses.
Battle of Lowestoft
Is killed during the battle, worsening confusion in the Dutch fleet.
Battle of Lowestoft
Commands the Dutch fleet and is killed when Eendracht explodes.
Battle of Lowestoft
Commands a Dutch squadron during the defeat at Lowestoft.
Battle of Lowestoft
Fights in the Dutch fleet and survives the defeat at Lowestoft.
Tyrolean Inheritance
Takes control of Tyrol after the death of Sigismund Francis.
Rule of Tyrol
Inherits the County of Tyrol after Sigismund Francis dies without heirs.
Birth of William Cowper
Birth of William Cowper, later Lord Chancellor and 1st Earl Cowper.
July 16655 historical events
Plague Government
Remains influential in London administration during the plague emergency.
Great Plague
Moves the court away from plague-stricken London as the epidemic worsens.
Plague Prayers
Church authorities respond to plague conditions during the epidemic.
Great Plague
Treats plague victims and later records medical observations of the epidemic.
Fleet Reorganisation
Works to rebuild and reorganise the Dutch fleet after Lowestoft.
August 16659 historical events
Battle of Bergen
Danish policy shapes the outcome when English ships attack a Dutch convoy at Bergen.
Battle of Bergen
Attacks the Dutch East India convoy in Bergen harbour and is repulsed by Danish batteries.
Battle of Bergen
Commands the Dutch merchant convoy that resists the English attack at Bergen.
Regency
Acts as regent for her son Ferdinand Charles after Charles II of Mantua dies.
Death of Charles Gonzaga
Dies, leaving Mantua and Montferrat to his young son Ferdinand Charles.
Succession
Succeeds as Duke of Mantua and Montferrat after his father's death.
Lieutenant Admiral
Appointed lieutenant-admiral after the Dutch defeat at Lowestoft.
Fleet Command
Returns from overseas and is given command to restore Dutch naval fortunes.
Naval Promotion
Raised to the senior rank of lieutenant-admiral after returning from overseas operations.
September 166511 historical events
Spanish Succession Interest
Philip IV's death renews French succession claims.
Spanish Succession Interest
Philip IV's death renews French interest in Spanish inheritance claims through Maria Theresa.
Regency Council
Rules with a council during the minority of Charles II after Philip IV's death.
Minority Rule
Begins his reign as a child king under his mother's regency.
Succession
Succeeds as King of Spain after the death of Philip IV.
Death of Philip IV
Dies in Madrid and is succeeded by his son Charles II.
Death of Philip IV
Philip IV dies, leaving the Spanish throne to his young son Charles II.
Guardian of Charles II
Acts as guardian and regent for the young Charles II.
Regency
Becomes regent for her young son Charles II after Philip IV's death.
Plague Proclamation
Issues government orders from Oxford while plague disrupts London and Westminster.
Escort to Texel
Escorts the Bergen convoy safely toward the Dutch Republic.
Chief Privy Councillor
Appointed chief privy councillor under Emperor Leopold I.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for York and becomes a supporter of the restored monarchy.
Great Plague Administration
Helps manage royal government in London during the Great Plague while Charles II is away.
War Administration
Serves in the ministry during the opening year of the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
Bachelor of Arts
Strype graduates Bachelor of Arts.
Pathologiae Cerebri
Publishes work on disorders of the brain and nervous system.
Page
Serves as a page to James, Duke of York, at the Restoration court.
Royal Government
Strengthens personal rule and administrative control during the early years of his direct reign.
Financial Reform
Continues centralising financial administration under Louis XIV.
Formulary Enforcement
Maintains pressure on Jansenist communities over acceptance of anti-Jansenist formularies.
Heresy Policy
The Assembly of the Clergy presses the crown to act more strongly against heresy.
Discovery of Globular Clusters
Records M22, later regarded as the first discovered globular cluster.
Discovery of M22
Discovers the globular cluster M22 while observing Saturn in Sagittarius.
Treaty of Purandar
Shivaji concludes the Treaty of Purandar with Jai Singh, surrendering several forts while retaining others and accepting temporary Mughal obligations.
Jupiter Permanent Spot
Records a persistent oval feature at the latitude associated with Jupiter's later Great Red Spot.
Jupiter Rotation
Uses atmospheric markings to estimate Jupiter's rapid rotation period.
Shogunate Rule
Continues ruling as fourth Tokugawa shogun during the Kanbun era.
Imperial Reign
Continues his reign while political power remains with the Tokugawa shogunate.
War Administration
Directs Dutch political response after the defeat at Lowestoft.
Fleet Rebuilding
Helps rebuild Dutch naval confidence after the Battle of Lowestoft.
Lubomirski Rebellion
Faces aristocratic rebellion against attempts to strengthen royal authority.
Lubomirski Rebellion
Leads noble opposition against royal reform plans in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Royal Army Command
Supports royal forces during the political and military crisis.
Rule
Rules Muscovy during continued conflict and negotiations with Poland-Lithuania.
Royal Confessor
Becomes a leading adviser to Mariana of Austria during the regency.
Studies at Uppsala
Charles spends several months at Uppsala to continue his studies.
Grand Vizier
Continues as grand vizier after leading the successful Hungarian campaign.
Post-Vasvar Rule
Rules after the Treaty of Vasvar ends the recent Habsburg war.
Lowestoft Fleet Formation Stuart
James Stuart served as a English lord high admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The English and Dutch fleets assembled off the Suffolk coast for the first great fleet battle of the Second Anglo Dutch War.
Lowestoft Line Of Battle Stuart
James Stuart served as a English lord high admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The fighting was shaped by fleet formations and heavy broadsides as both sides contested control of the waters off Lowestoft.
Lowestoft Dutch Defeat Stuart
James Stuart served as a English lord high admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The destruction and capture of numerous Dutch vessels gave the English a decisive victory and disrupted Dutch naval command.
Lowestoft Fleet Formation Rhine
Rupert of the Rhine served as a English squadron commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The English and Dutch fleets assembled off the Suffolk coast for the first great fleet battle of the Second Anglo Dutch War.
Lowestoft Line Of Battle Rhine
Rupert of the Rhine served as a English squadron commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The fighting was shaped by fleet formations and heavy broadsides as both sides contested control of the waters off Lowestoft.
Lowestoft Dutch Defeat Rhine
Rupert of the Rhine served as a English squadron commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The destruction and capture of numerous Dutch vessels gave the English a decisive victory and disrupted Dutch naval command.
Lowestoft Fleet Formation Montagu
Edward Montagu served as a English admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The English and Dutch fleets assembled off the Suffolk coast for the first great fleet battle of the Second Anglo Dutch War.
Lowestoft Line Of Battle Montagu
Edward Montagu served as a English admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The fighting was shaped by fleet formations and heavy broadsides as both sides contested control of the waters off Lowestoft.
Lowestoft Dutch Defeat Montagu
Edward Montagu served as a English admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The destruction and capture of numerous Dutch vessels gave the English a decisive victory and disrupted Dutch naval command.
Lowestoft Fleet Formation Myngs
Christopher Myngs served as a English admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The English and Dutch fleets assembled off the Suffolk coast for the first great fleet battle of the Second Anglo Dutch War.
Lowestoft Line Of Battle Myngs
Christopher Myngs served as a English admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The fighting was shaped by fleet formations and heavy broadsides as both sides contested control of the waters off Lowestoft.
Lowestoft Dutch Defeat Myngs
Christopher Myngs served as a English admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The destruction and capture of numerous Dutch vessels gave the English a decisive victory and disrupted Dutch naval command.
Lowestoft Fleet Formation Lawson
John Lawson served as a English admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The English and Dutch fleets assembled off the Suffolk coast for the first great fleet battle of the Second Anglo Dutch War.
Lowestoft Line Of Battle Lawson
John Lawson served as a English admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The fighting was shaped by fleet formations and heavy broadsides as both sides contested control of the waters off Lowestoft.
Lowestoft Dutch Defeat Lawson
John Lawson served as a English admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The destruction and capture of numerous Dutch vessels gave the English a decisive victory and disrupted Dutch naval command.
Lowestoft Fleet Formation Penn
William Penn served as a English admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The English and Dutch fleets assembled off the Suffolk coast for the first great fleet battle of the Second Anglo Dutch War.
Lowestoft Line Of Battle Penn
William Penn served as a English admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The fighting was shaped by fleet formations and heavy broadsides as both sides contested control of the waters off Lowestoft.
Lowestoft Dutch Defeat Penn
William Penn served as a English admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The destruction and capture of numerous Dutch vessels gave the English a decisive victory and disrupted Dutch naval command.
Lowestoft Fleet Formation Obdam
Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam served as a Dutch fleet commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The English and Dutch fleets assembled off the Suffolk coast for the first great fleet battle of the Second Anglo Dutch War.
Lowestoft Line Of Battle Obdam
Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam served as a Dutch fleet commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The fighting was shaped by fleet formations and heavy broadsides as both sides contested control of the waters off Lowestoft.
Lowestoft Dutch Defeat Obdam
Jacob van Wassenaer Obdam served as a Dutch fleet commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The destruction and capture of numerous Dutch vessels gave the English a decisive victory and disrupted Dutch naval command.
Lowestoft Fleet Formation Evertsen
Johan Evertsen served as a Dutch admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The English and Dutch fleets assembled off the Suffolk coast for the first great fleet battle of the Second Anglo Dutch War.
Lowestoft Line Of Battle Evertsen
Johan Evertsen served as a Dutch admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The fighting was shaped by fleet formations and heavy broadsides as both sides contested control of the waters off Lowestoft.
Lowestoft Dutch Defeat Evertsen
Johan Evertsen served as a Dutch admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The destruction and capture of numerous Dutch vessels gave the English a decisive victory and disrupted Dutch naval command.
Lowestoft Fleet Formation Tromp
Cornelis Tromp served as a Dutch vice admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The English and Dutch fleets assembled off the Suffolk coast for the first great fleet battle of the Second Anglo Dutch War.
Lowestoft Line Of Battle Tromp
Cornelis Tromp served as a Dutch vice admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The fighting was shaped by fleet formations and heavy broadsides as both sides contested control of the waters off Lowestoft.
Lowestoft Dutch Defeat Tromp
Cornelis Tromp served as a Dutch vice admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The destruction and capture of numerous Dutch vessels gave the English a decisive victory and disrupted Dutch naval command.
Lowestoft Fleet Formation Kortenaer
Egbert Kortenaer served as a Dutch lieutenant admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The English and Dutch fleets assembled off the Suffolk coast for the first great fleet battle of the Second Anglo Dutch War.
Lowestoft Line Of Battle Kortenaer
Egbert Kortenaer served as a Dutch lieutenant admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The fighting was shaped by fleet formations and heavy broadsides as both sides contested control of the waters off Lowestoft.
Lowestoft Dutch Defeat Kortenaer
Egbert Kortenaer served as a Dutch lieutenant admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. The destruction and capture of numerous Dutch vessels gave the English a decisive victory and disrupted Dutch naval command.
Bergen Harbour Defence Teddeman
Thomas Teddeman served as a English squadron commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. Dutch East India merchantmen were sheltered in Bergen harbour when an English squadron mounted its attack.
Bergen Fortress Intervention Teddeman
Thomas Teddeman served as a English squadron commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. Danish Norwegian shore batteries intervened in the engagement and helped prevent the English from seizing the Dutch convoy.
Bergen English Withdrawal Teddeman
Thomas Teddeman served as a English squadron commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. After a costly exchange of fire the English attacking force withdrew and the Dutch ships remained in the harbour.
Bergen Harbour Defence Montagu
Edward Montagu served as a English commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. Dutch East India merchantmen were sheltered in Bergen harbour when an English squadron mounted its attack.
Bergen Fortress Intervention Montagu
Edward Montagu served as a English commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. Danish Norwegian shore batteries intervened in the engagement and helped prevent the English from seizing the Dutch convoy.
Bergen English Withdrawal Montagu
Edward Montagu served as a English commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. After a costly exchange of fire the English attacking force withdrew and the Dutch ships remained in the harbour.
Bergen Harbour Defence Bitter
Pieter Bitter served as a Dutch convoy commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. Dutch East India merchantmen were sheltered in Bergen harbour when an English squadron mounted its attack.
Bergen Fortress Intervention Bitter
Pieter Bitter served as a Dutch convoy commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. Danish Norwegian shore batteries intervened in the engagement and helped prevent the English from seizing the Dutch convoy.
Bergen English Withdrawal Bitter
Pieter Bitter served as a Dutch convoy commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. After a costly exchange of fire the English attacking force withdrew and the Dutch ships remained in the harbour.
Bergen Harbour Defence III
Frederick III served as a Danish Norwegian monarch in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. Dutch East India merchantmen were sheltered in Bergen harbour when an English squadron mounted its attack.
Bergen Fortress Intervention III
Frederick III served as a Danish Norwegian monarch in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. Danish Norwegian shore batteries intervened in the engagement and helped prevent the English from seizing the Dutch convoy.
Bergen English Withdrawal III
Frederick III served as a Danish Norwegian monarch in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. After a costly exchange of fire the English attacking force withdrew and the Dutch ships remained in the harbour.
Bergen Harbour Defence Ahlefeldt
Claus von Ahlefeldt served as a Danish fortress commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. Dutch East India merchantmen were sheltered in Bergen harbour when an English squadron mounted its attack.
Bergen Fortress Intervention Ahlefeldt
Claus von Ahlefeldt served as a Danish fortress commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. Danish Norwegian shore batteries intervened in the engagement and helped prevent the English from seizing the Dutch convoy.
Bergen English Withdrawal Ahlefeldt
Claus von Ahlefeldt served as a Danish fortress commander in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. After a costly exchange of fire the English attacking force withdrew and the Dutch ships remained in the harbour.
Bergen Harbour Defence Lawson
John Lawson served as a English admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. Dutch East India merchantmen were sheltered in Bergen harbour when an English squadron mounted its attack.
Bergen Fortress Intervention Lawson
John Lawson served as a English admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. Danish Norwegian shore batteries intervened in the engagement and helped prevent the English from seizing the Dutch convoy.
Bergen English Withdrawal Lawson
John Lawson served as a English admiral in the Anglo Dutch naval conflict. After a costly exchange of fire the English attacking force withdrew and the Dutch ships remained in the harbour.
Bergen Harbour Defence Coventry
William Coventry was a English naval administrator in the relevant Anglo Dutch naval campaign. Dutch East India merchantmen were sheltered in Bergen harbour when an English squadron mounted its attack.
Bergen Fortress Intervention Coventry
William Coventry was a English naval administrator in the relevant Anglo Dutch naval campaign. Danish Norwegian shore batteries intervened in the engagement and helped prevent the English from seizing the Dutch convoy.
Bergen English Withdrawal Coventry
William Coventry was a English naval administrator in the relevant Anglo Dutch naval campaign. After a costly exchange of fire the English attacking force withdrew and the Dutch ships remained in the harbour.
Bergen Harbour Defence Talbot
Gilbert Talbot was a English envoy in the relevant Anglo Dutch naval campaign. Dutch East India merchantmen were sheltered in Bergen harbour when an English squadron mounted its attack.
Bergen Fortress Intervention Talbot
Gilbert Talbot was a English envoy in the relevant Anglo Dutch naval campaign. Danish Norwegian shore batteries intervened in the engagement and helped prevent the English from seizing the Dutch convoy.
Bergen English Withdrawal Talbot
Gilbert Talbot was a English envoy in the relevant Anglo Dutch naval campaign. After a costly exchange of fire the English attacking force withdrew and the Dutch ships remained in the harbour.
Bergen Harbour Defence Tromp
Cornelis Tromp was a Dutch admiral in the relevant Anglo Dutch naval campaign. Dutch East India merchantmen were sheltered in Bergen harbour when an English squadron mounted its attack.
Bergen Fortress Intervention Tromp
Cornelis Tromp was a Dutch admiral in the relevant Anglo Dutch naval campaign. Danish Norwegian shore batteries intervened in the engagement and helped prevent the English from seizing the Dutch convoy.
Bergen English Withdrawal Tromp
Cornelis Tromp was a Dutch admiral in the relevant Anglo Dutch naval campaign. After a costly exchange of fire the English attacking force withdrew and the Dutch ships remained in the harbour.
Bergen Harbour Defence Ruyter
Michiel de Ruyter was a Dutch admiral in the relevant Anglo Dutch naval campaign. Dutch East India merchantmen were sheltered in Bergen harbour when an English squadron mounted its attack.
Bergen Fortress Intervention Ruyter
Michiel de Ruyter was a Dutch admiral in the relevant Anglo Dutch naval campaign. Danish Norwegian shore batteries intervened in the engagement and helped prevent the English from seizing the Dutch convoy.
Bergen English Withdrawal Ruyter
Michiel de Ruyter was a Dutch admiral in the relevant Anglo Dutch naval campaign. After a costly exchange of fire the English attacking force withdrew and the Dutch ships remained in the harbour.