1665 in History

Leads a Dutch attack on Barbados during operations against English colonies.

Raids Barbados as part of Dutch attempts to strike English Atlantic commerce.

Uses the word cell while describing cork structure in Micrographia.

Appointed to senior naval command during the war with the Dutch Republic.

Helps issue the Concession and Agreement guaranteeing religious liberty in New Jersey.

Rules as Moliere stages Dom Juan during the height of royal theatrical patronage.

Declares war on the Dutch Republic as the Second Anglo-Dutch War begins.

Premieres Dom Juan in Paris after the controversy over Tartuffe.

Escorts the Bergen convoy safely toward the Dutch Republic.

Receives high military responsibility after becoming Grand Marshal of the Crown.

Serves as a leading royal naval commander as the Second Anglo-Dutch War begins.

Returns from overseas and is given command to restore Dutch naval fortunes.

Works to rebuild and reorganise the Dutch fleet after Lowestoft.

Appointed Grand Marshal of the Crown and gains greater authority in Polish military affairs.

Appointed Grand Marshal during the later phase of the war with Russia.

Moves the court away from plague-stricken London as the epidemic worsens.

Treats plague victims and later records medical observations of the epidemic.

Acts as guardian and regent for the young Charles II.

Supports learned publishing and royal intellectual policy in France.

Edits the first issue of the Journal des Savants.

Rules as the Journal des Savants begins publication.

The Journal des Savants begins publication as one of Europe's first learned journals.

Appointed lieutenant-admiral after the Dutch defeat at Lowestoft.

Presides over the Royal Society as Hooke's Micrographia appears.

Publishes Micrographia, presenting microscopic observations and scientific illustrations.

Begins his reign as a child king under his mother's regency.

Raised to the senior rank of lieutenant-admiral after returning from overseas operations.

Created Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne after the Restoration of Charles II.

Remains influential in London administration during the plague emergency.

Church authorities respond to plague conditions during the epidemic.

Issues government orders from Oxford while plague disrupts London and Westminster.

Acts as regent for her son Ferdinand Charles after Charles II of Mantua dies.

Becomes regent for her young son Charles II after Philip IV's death.

Rules with a council during the minority of Charles II after Philip IV's death.

Created duke and rewarded after his estates and honours are restored.

Inherits the County of Tyrol after Sigismund Francis dies without heirs.

Philip IV's death renews French succession claims.

Philip IV's death renews French interest in Spanish inheritance claims through Maria Theresa.

Succeeds as King of Spain after the death of Philip IV.

Succeeds as Duke of Mantua and Montferrat after his father's death.

Takes control of Tyrol after the death of Sigismund Francis.

Attacks English shipping and interests in the Caribbean during the early war.

Birth of Anne, second daughter of James Duke of York and Anne Hyde.

Birth of James Butler, later 2nd Duke of Ormond.

Birth of William Cowper, later Lord Chancellor and 1st Earl Cowper.

Dies, leaving Mantua and Montferrat to his young son Ferdinand Charles.

Dies in Madrid and is succeeded by his son Charles II.

Philip IV dies, leaving the Spanish throne to his young son Charles II.

Commands the Dutch merchant convoy that resists the English attack at Bergen.

Danish policy shapes the outcome when English ships attack a Dutch convoy at Bergen.

Attacks the Dutch East India convoy in Bergen harbour and is repulsed by Danish batteries.

Commands a Dutch squadron during the defeat at Lowestoft.

Serves in the English fleet during the campaign that opens the war.

Is killed during the battle, worsening confusion in the Dutch fleet.

Commands part of the English fleet and is mortally wounded at Lowestoft.

Commands the English blue squadron during the victory at Lowestoft.

Fights as an English admiral during the major victory over the Dutch.

Commands the Dutch fleet and is killed when Eendracht explodes.

Serves as a senior English flag officer during the battle.

Commands a squadron in the English victory at Lowestoft.

Is killed in the battle as Dutch command suffers heavy losses.

Commands from the Royal Charles as the English defeat the Dutch fleet at Lowestoft.

Fights in the Dutch fleet and survives the defeat at Lowestoft.