Invasion of Livonia
Augustus II sends Saxon troops into Swedish Livonia, opening his campaign against Sweden.
Historical events in 1700
181 historical records
February 17003 historical events
Siege of Riga
Augustus II's Saxon army begins operations against Riga.
War Leadership
Prepares Sweden's response as enemies attack its Baltic empire.
March 17008 historical events
Danish Calendar Reform
Aligns Danish civil dating more closely with most of western Europe.
Gregorian Calendar Introduced
Helps introduce the Gregorian calendar in Denmark-Norway.
Treaty of Partition
The Second Partition Treaty makes Archduke Charles the proposed heir to Spain and the Indies.
Treaty of Partition
William III of Orange agrees the Second Partition Treaty with France and the Dutch Republic in another attempt to avoid a European succession war.
Treaty of Partition
Louis XIV agrees the Second Partition Treaty with England and the Dutch Republic after Joseph Ferdinand's death.
Treaty of Partition
The Second Partition Treaty reserves important Italian possessions for the French Dauphin.
Treaty of Partition
Heinsius supports the Dutch Republic entering the Second Partition Treaty after the Bavarian heir dies.
Defence of Holstein-Gottorp
Defends Sweden's ally after Denmark attacks Holstein-Gottorp.
April 17001 historical events
Invasion of Holstein-Gottorp
Frederick IV invades Holstein-Gottorp, Sweden's ally, at the opening of the Great Northern War.
May 17001 historical events
Death of Samuel Pepys
Death of Samuel Pepys, naval administrator and diarist.
June 17001 historical events
Siege of Riga
Augustus Saxon troops begin to besiege Riga
July 17009 historical events
Treaty of Constantinople
The Treaty of Constantinople confirms Russia's possession of Azov and frees Peter I to turn against Sweden.
Treaty of Constantinople
Yemelyan Ukraintsev concludes the Treaty of Constantinople with the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty of Constantinople
Peter I secures peace with the Ottoman Empire and confirmation of Russian possession of Azov.
Illness
Prince William complains of illness after his eleventh birthday celebrations at Windsor.
Succession
The death of the Duke of Gloucester leaves the Protestant succession dangerously narrow and creates a major constitutional problem for William III of Orange.
Death of William Gloucester
Prince William, Anne's only surviving child, dies aged eleven and leaves the Protestant succession uncertain.
Death of William Gloucester
Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, Anne's only surviving child, dies aged eleven, creating a Protestant succession crisis.
Succession Crisis
The death of her son Prince William, Duke of Gloucester, leaves Anne without a surviving direct heir.
Succession Crisis
The death of Prince William of Gloucester leaves Anne without a surviving child and makes a new succession settlement urgent.
August 170011 historical events
Loss of Danish Ally
Augustus II loses Denmark as an active ally after Charles XII's landing on Zealand forces the Treaty of Travendal.
Copenhagen Campaign
The landing at Humlebaek threatens Copenhagen and forces Denmark toward the Treaty of Travendal.
Invasion of Zealand
Charles XII's army and fleet advance toward Copenhagen and force Denmark to seek peace.
Landing at Humlebaek
Charles XII lands near Copenhagen with Anglo-Dutch naval support and forces Denmark toward peace.
Landing at Humlebaek
Lands near Copenhagen with naval support and threatens Denmark's capital.
Alliance Weakening
The Treaty of Travendal removes Denmark from Augustus II's anti-Swedish coalition.
Treaty of Travendal
Denmark is forced out of the anti-Swedish alliance, weakening Augustus II's coalition against Charles XII.
Travendal Settlement
Charles XII forces Denmark-Norway to make peace and abandon hostilities against Sweden.
Treaty of Travendal
Denmark-Norway makes peace and withdraws from the first anti-Swedish coalition.
Treaty of Travendal
Forces Denmark-Norway out of the war temporarily.
Declaration of War
Peter I declares war on Sweden after securing peace with the Ottoman Empire.
September 17002 historical events
Death of Charles Berkeley
Death of Charles Berkeley, 2nd Earl of Berkeley.
Invasion of Ingria
Peter I sends Russian forces into Swedish Ingria at the opening of the Great Northern War.
October 17009 historical events
Treaty of Partition
Charles II's final will rejects partition by naming Philip of Anjou heir to the undivided monarchy.
Will
Charles II signs a final will naming Philip of Anjou as heir to the Spanish monarchy.
Succession
Charles II signs his final will naming Philip of Anjou, grandson of Louis XIV, as heir to the Spanish monarchy.
Invasion of Livonia
Charles XII lands in Livonia and begins the campaign to relieve Narva.
Livonian Campaign
Moves east to relieve Swedish positions threatened by Russia.
Invasion of Livonia
Charles XII invades Livonia
Logistics
Russian forces struggle to maintain supply lines while besieging Narva.
Siege of Narva
Peter I's army begins the siege of the Swedish fortress of Narva.
Siege of Narva
Peter the Greats army of 40,000 besiege Narva
November 170065 historical events
Regency
Cardinal Portocarrero becomes a leading figure in the government after Charles II's death.
Council of Regency
Portocarrero helps direct the government after Charles II's death and before Philip V reaches Spain.
Death of Charles II
Charles II dies childless in Madrid, triggering the succession crisis that leads to European war.
Death of Charles II
Charles II dies childless, ending the Spanish Habsburg line.
Dynasty
The death of Charles II ends nearly two centuries of Habsburg rule in Spain.
Widowhood
Maria Anna of Neuburg becomes the widow of Charles II after his death.
Death of Charles II
Charles II dies childless at Madrid, ending the Spanish Habsburg line and triggering the succession crisis.
Succession Crisis
Charles II's death without children opens the succession conflict over the Spanish monarchy.
Treaty of Partition
Charles II's death makes the partition treaties obsolete and opens the Spanish succession dispute.
Spanish Will
Considers Charles II's will naming Philip of Anjou.
Spanish Will
Louis XIV considers the will of Charles II naming Philip of Anjou heir to Spain.
Siege of Narva
Peter I & his forces are forced to flee by the Swedish. 13-19 Nov, Charles XII scatters Russian forces blocking the Swedish route to Narva
March through Livonia
Charles XII's army advances through harsh weather toward Narva and scatters Russian blocking forces.
Proclamation
Philip of Anjou is proclaimed heir to Spain after Charles II leaves him the Spanish crown.
Succession Crisis
Louis XIV accepts Charles II's will naming Philip of Anjou as heir to the Spanish monarchy.
Succession
Philip, Duke of Anjou, is presented at Versailles as the new King of Spain.
Acceptance of Spanish Will
Louis XIV accepts Charles II's will on behalf of his grandson Philip of Anjou.
Recognition of Philip V
Recognises his grandson Philip as King of Spain.
Acceptance of Spanish Will
Louis XIV accepts Charles II of Spain's will naming Philip of Anjou as heir to the Spanish monarchy.
Succession
Philip of Anjou is proclaimed King of Spain as Philip V.
Battle of Narva, 1st
Augustus II loses strategic momentum after Charles XII destroys the Russian army at Narva.
Narva Consequence
The Swedish victory at Narva strengthens Charles XII and worsens Augustus II's position.
Battle of Narva
Adam Veyde commands a Russian division during the Battle of Narva.
Battle of Narva
Avtonom Golovin commands part of the Russian army during the Battle of Narva.
Capture
Ivan Trubetskoy is among the Russian commanders captured after Narva.
Cavalry Action
Boris Sheremetev's cavalry is caught in the Russian defeat at Narva.
Command at Narva
Charles Eugene de Croy commands Russian forces at Narva after Peter I leaves the army.
Capture
Iakov Dolgorukov is taken prisoner after the Russian defeat at Narva.
Battle of Narva, 1st
Charles XII positioned his 8,000 men (another 2,500 men were garrisoned in the city and would take part in the battle at a later stage) opposite the besieging Russian army of about 34,000 to 40,000 troops.
Battle of Narva, 1st
If Sweden had invaded Russia immediately after Narva, Peter would have been almost powerless to stop them.
Battle of Narva, 1st
The Russian surrender brought to Charles XII's army all of Peter's cannons, muskets and military supplies.
Battle of Narva, 1st
This left Russia's remaining armed forces with essentially no equipment.
Military Defeat
Peter I's army loses artillery, muskets and supplies after the defeat at Narva.
Battle of Narva
Carl Gustav Rehnskiold helps command the Swedish attack at Narva.
Battle of Narva
Magnus Stenbock serves in the Swedish army during the victory at Narva.
Battle of Narva
Otto Vellingk serves among the senior Swedish officers during Charles XII's Narva campaign.
Battle of Narva
Henning Rudolf Horn commands the Swedish garrison at Narva before Charles XII relieves the fortress.
Battle of Narva
Charles XII defeats Peter I's much larger Russian army at Narva and captures guns and supplies.
Battle of Narva
Charles XII defeats Peter I's much larger Russian army at Narva.
Battle of Narva
Charles XII leads a smaller Swedish army to victory over Peter I's larger Russian force at Narva.
Battle of Narva
Defeats a much larger Russian army outside Narva.
Relief of Narva
Charles XII defeats the Russian army besieging Narva and relieves the Swedish fortress.
Relief of Narva
Relieves the Swedish fortress and captures Russian artillery.
Strategic Decision
After Narva, Charles XII turns south toward Livonia and Poland-Lithuania rather than invading Russia.
Council
Louis XIV convenes council over whether to accept the Spanish inheritance for his grandson.
Recognition
Louis XIV publicly recognises Philip of Anjou as King of Spain.
Torcy manages French diplomacy during the Spanish succession crisis
Torcy manages French diplomacy during the Spanish succession crisis.
Dynastic Claim
The Grand Dauphin's line becomes central to the Bourbon claim to the Spanish throne.
Royal Title
Philip of Anjou assumes the title Philip V of Spain.
Dynastic Politics
The Duke of Berry remains part of the Bourbon family calculations during the Spanish succession crisis.
Dynastic Politics
The Duke of Burgundy remains in the French succession while his brother Philip accepts Spain.
Court Influence
Madame de Maintenon is present at court as Louis XIV weighs acceptance of the Spanish will.
European Crisis
Louis XIV's acceptance of the Spanish will provokes alarm among France's rivals.
Military Command
Peter I leaves the siege of Narva shortly before the Swedish relief army arrives.
Succession
Portocarrero supports the acceptance of Philip of Anjou as Charles II's successor.
Dynastic Change
Philip V becomes the first Bourbon monarch of Spain.
Recognition
The Crown of Castile accepts Philip V as the heir named in Charles II's will.
Burial
Charles II is buried in the royal pantheon at El Escorial.
Council
Portocarrero helps steer the Spanish council toward acceptance of the Bourbon succession.
Rival Claim
Archduke Charles is advanced by the Austrian Habsburgs as a rival claimant to Spain.
Claim
Philip V claims the whole Spanish inheritance under Charles II's will.
Defence of Narva
Henning Rudolf Horn commands the Swedish garrison at Narva during the Russian siege.
March to Narva
Charles XII marches through difficult weather toward Narva to relieve the Swedish fortress.
March to Narva
Marches through harsh weather to relieve Narva.
Siege of Narva
Charles XII leads the Swedish relief army toward Narva while Russian troops besiege the fortress.
December 170021 historical events
Spanish Succession
The Spanish testament naming Philip of Anjou is debated at Versailles amid fears of a European war.
Letters Patent
Louis XIV issues measures preserving Philip V's French dynastic status, increasing European concern.
Spanish Dispatches
Torcy prepares diplomatic communications explaining the Bourbon acceptance of Spain.
War Preparation
Chamillart faces rising military pressure as the Spanish succession crisis moves toward war.
Departure
Philip V prepares to leave Versailles for Spain after being named heir to the Spanish throne.
Departure
Philip leaves Versailles for Spain to take possession of the Spanish throne.
Dynastic Policy
Louis XIV supports his grandson Philip as king of Spain while seeking to preserve Bourbon influence.
Farewell
Philip V leaves the French court to take possession of the Spanish monarchy.
Military Planning
Vendome is considered among France's leading commanders as the Bourbon succession crisis develops.
Balance of Power
Louis XIV's decision threatens to unite Bourbon interests across France and Spain.
Command Planning
Nicolas Catinat is among the senior French commanders available as war over Spain becomes likely.
Army Reorganisation
Nikita Repnin is associated with the rebuilding of Russian forces after the Narva disaster.
Army Reform
After Narva, Peter I begins urgent efforts to rebuild and reform the Russian army.
Artillery Reform
Peter I orders new artillery production after the loss of guns at Narva.
Strategic Recovery
Peter I refuses to abandon the Baltic war despite the heavy defeat at Narva.
Administration
Spanish ministers begin issuing government business in the name of Philip V.
Departure for Spain
Philip V prepares to leave France for his new Spanish kingdom.
Royal Style
Philip V assumes the royal style of King of Spain while still at Versailles.
European Alarm
Philip V's accession alarms powers opposed to a Bourbon union of France and Spain.
Strategic Decision
After Narva, Charles XII turns toward Livonia and Poland-Lithuania rather than immediately invading Russia.
Strategic Decision
Turns south against Augustus II rather than marching directly on Moscow.
Claim
Leopold I advances the Spanish succession claim of his son Archduke Charles after the impending extinction of the Spanish Habsburg line.
Anti-Swedish Alliance
Frederick IV joins Peter I and Augustus II in the coalition against Charles XII of Sweden.
Office
Thomas Trevor serves as Attorney General during the late Williamite government.
John Methuen represents English diplomatic interests in Portugal during the succession
John Methuen represents English diplomatic interests in Portugal during the succession crisis.
Secretary of State
James Vernon continues as Secretary of State during the succession crisis.
Office
John Hawles continues as Solicitor General for England.
Speaker of House of Commons
Appointed Speaker of the House of Commons
Speaker of House of Commons
Robert Harley is chosen Speaker of the House of Commons.
Lord High Treasurer
Appointed Lord High Treasurer, 1st term
Lord High Treasurer
Sidney Godolphin is appointed Lord High Treasurer during William III's final years.
Protestant Succession Planning
William III of Orange accepts the need for a new parliamentary settlement to secure a Protestant successor after the Duke of Gloucester's death.
Dismissal
John Somers is removed from office as Lord Keeper amid party conflict.
Death of Thomas Belasyse
Death of Thomas Belasyse, his Earldom becomes extinct but the viscountancy passes to his nephew
Succession
After Prince William of Gloucester's death, Anne has no surviving child, forcing Parliament to consider a new Protestant succession settlement.
Leadership
Robert Harley emerges as a key Tory manager in the House of Commons.
Opposition
Charles Montagu remains a leading Whig figure during disputes over finance and succession.
Marriage
Walpole marries Catherine Shorter
Greenwich Observation Archives Expand
Accumulated records of transits and apparent stellar positions strengthened the empirical foundation for navigation tables. The episode illustrates the growing value of calibrated scientific instruments.
Royal Society
John Somers continues as President of the Royal Society.
Begins Pastoral Poetry
As a young writer Pope cultivated the pastoral verse that would establish his early literary reputation.
The Pacificator Published
Defoe published The Pacificator, a satirical poem engaging in contemporary religious and political disputes.
Frome Quays Support Bristol Shipping
Tidal access to the diverted Frome continued to form part of Bristol's commercial harbour system. Its legacy can be traced in the layout of the city waterfront.
Death of Rajaram
Rajaram dies at Sinhagad while the prolonged Maratha war against Aurangzeb remains unresolved.
Regency
Tarabai assumes the regency for her young son Shivaji II and directs Maratha resistance against the Mughal Empire.
Berkeley Enters Trinity College Dublin
Berkeley entered Trinity College Dublin and encountered a curriculum increasingly attentive to modern natural philosophy. His university education furnished the logical and scientific background for his critique of abstraction.
Pope
Appointed Pope, Giovanni Francesco Albani
Royal Policy
Augustus II pursues Baltic ambitions through his Saxon army rather than a unified Commonwealth mobilisation.
Military Politics
Hieronim Augustyn Lubomirski remains a major Polish military figure as Augustus II opens the northern war.
Augustus II seeks to use the anti-Swedish coalition to strengthen his position
Augustus II seeks to use the anti-Swedish coalition to strengthen his position in Livonia.
Baltic Ambition
Augustus II seeks to gain Livonia from Sweden and increase Saxon-Polish influence on the Baltic.
Coalition
Augustus II coordinates with Russia and Denmark against Charles XII of Sweden.
Declaration of War
Augustus II opens the war by sending Saxon troops into Swedish Livonia, aligning Poland-Saxony with Russia and Denmark against Sweden.
Failure before Riga
Augustus II's forces fail to secure Riga quickly at the beginning of the war.
Invasion of Ingria
Augustus II's Russian ally invades Ingria while Saxon troops press the war against Swedish Livonia.
Invasion of Livonia
Charles XII invades Livonia. The invasion of Livonia precipitates the Great Northern War with Sweden
Triple Alliance
Peter I, Augustus II & Frederick IV form a secret alliance against Charles XII
Baltic Policy
Peter I seeks a Baltic outlet and challenges Sweden's control of the eastern Baltic.
Baltic Ambition
Peter I seeks access to the Baltic and challenges Sweden's dominance while Charles XII is still a young monarch.
Coalition
Peter I joins Augustus II and Frederick IV in the anti-Swedish coalition.
Declaration of War
Peter I declares war on Sweden after securing peace with the Ottoman Empire, joining the coalition against Charles XII.
Peter I coordinates with Augustus II of Poland-Saxony and Frederick IV of
Peter I coordinates with Augustus II of Poland-Saxony and Frederick IV of Denmark against Sweden.
Faction
The Count of Oropesa represents a faction wary of French influence at the Spanish court.
Council
Manuel Arias participates in high-level Spanish deliberations over the succession.
War Leadership
Charles XII personally leads Sweden's response to the attacks by Denmark, Saxony and Russia.
Anti-Swedish Alliance
Peter I, Augustus II and Frederick IV form a coalition against Charles XII and the Swedish Empire.
Baltic Defence
Charles XII defends Sweden's Baltic empire against the coalition of Denmark, Russia and Saxony-Poland.
Baltic Province Defence
Sweden responds to Saxon and Russian attacks on its Baltic provinces at the opening of the war.
Declaration of War
Charles XII answers attacks by Denmark, Saxony and Russia as the Great Northern War begins.
Defence of Holstein-Gottorp
Charles XII defends Sweden's ally Holstein-Gottorp after Denmark attacks at the start of the war.
Royal Army Command
Leads the Swedish army personally for much of the war.