Recovery of Bruges
Bruges returns to Allied control as French troops withdraw after the recovery of Ghent.
Historical events in 1709
132 historical records
January 17093 historical events
Great Winter
Faces famine and crisis during the severe winter.
Great Winter
The harsh winter deepens France's famine and financial crisis during the war.
March 17091 historical events
Peace
Turns down peace proposals from Spain
May 17096 historical events
Battle of Poltava
Defends the Poltava garrison against Swedish siege operations.
Battle of Poltava
Commands infantry during the Swedish siege of Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
Begins the siege of Poltava after a costly winter campaign.
Peace Negotiations
Supports harsh Allied terms rejected by France.
Siege of Poltava
Besieges Poltava before Peter I advances to relieve the fortress.
Siege of Poltava
Charles XII's army besieges Poltava before Peter I advances to relieve the fortress.
June 170957 historical events
Battle of Poltava
Commands a major part of the Russian army arriving to relieve Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
Commands Russian infantry in the campaign around Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
Directs Russian artillery as Peter prepares for battle.
Battle of Poltava
Peter arrives near Poltava after suppressing opposition among Cossack supporters of Mazepa.
Battle of Poltava
Assumes greater control after Charles XII is disabled by a wound.
Battle of Poltava
Is wounded in the foot and cannot personally command the battle.
Wounding before Poltava
Charles XII is wounded before Poltava and cannot personally command the Swedish army in the battle.
Wounding before Poltava
Is wounded in the foot before the decisive battle.
Battle of Poltava
Commands Russian cavalry before the decisive battle.
Battle of Poltava
Supports Charles XII with Cossack forces during the Poltava campaign.
Battle of Poltava
Leads Zaporozhian Cossacks aligned with Charles XII and Mazepa.
Battle of Poltava
Positions cavalry behind the redoubts before the Swedish attack.
Battle of Poltava
Peter crosses the Vorskla with the main Russian army before the battle.
Battle of Poltava
Orders construction of redoubts blocking the Swedish line of advance.
Siege of Tournai
Marlborough begins the siege of Tournai during the 1709 campaign.
Battle of Poltava
Swedish defeat at Poltava undermines Stanislaw and helps Augustus II recover the Polish throne.
Battle of Poltava
Russian victory over Sweden allows Augustus II to return to the Polish throne.
Restoration
Restored to the Polish throne after victory of the alliance at Poltava
Battle of Poltava
Leads Russian regular troops in the decisive battle.
Battle of Poltava
Serves among Russian commanders in the battle line.
Battle of Poltava
Commands Russian infantry as the Swedish assault breaks down.
Battle of Poltava
Russian cavalry presses the Swedish army during the battle.
Battle of Poltava
Russian artillery fire helps disrupt the Swedish attack.
Battle of Poltava
Commands cavalry and contributes to the destruction of the Swedish attack.
Battle of Poltava
Helps Peter I defeat Charles XII and pursues the broken Swedish army.
Battle of Poltava
Commands the Russian army from a fortified camp near Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
Defeats Charles XII of Sweden and his Cossack allies at Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
Victory at Poltava marks Russia's rise as a leading power in north-eastern Europe.
Westernization
Victory confirms Peters rule over Russia & enables his policy of Westernization
Battle of Poltava
Commands the Swedish army during the main battle and is captured.
Battle of Poltava
Takes operational command after Charles XII is wounded before the battle.
Capture at Poltava
Rehnskiold is captured by Russian forces after the Swedish defeat at Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
Is captured after the Swedish defeat and later dies in Russian captivity.
Battle of Poltava
Survives the battle and leads the retreating remnants.
Battle of Poltava
Leads Swedish infantry through the redoubt line toward the Russian camp.
Battle of Poltava
Commands Swedish troops during the main assault at Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
Is among senior Swedish officers captured after the battle.
Battle of Poltava
Commands Swedish cavalry during the attack on the Russian army.
Battle of Poltava
His isolated troops are overwhelmed after failing to pass the redoubts.
Battle of Poltava
His column becomes separated while attacking the Russian redoubts.
Battle of Poltava
Is captured during the defeat of the Swedish army.
Battle of Poltava
Directs the campaign from a litter after being wounded.
Battle of Poltava
His army is defeated by Peter I at Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
His army is defeated by Peter I, marking the decisive reversal of Swedish power.
Defeat at Poltava
The Swedish defeat at Poltava ends Charles XII's Russian campaign and forces him to flee toward Ottoman territory.
Flight to Ottoman Empire
Charles XII escapes from the disaster at Poltava and begins the retreat that ends in Ottoman territory.
Battle of Poltava
Is captured with other senior Swedish commanders after the battle.
Battle of Poltava
Takes part in Swedish planning before the failed attack.
Battle of Poltava
Loses his chance to secure Cossack autonomy through Swedish victory.
Battle of Poltava
His Zaporozhian supporters retreat with Charles and Mazepa after defeat.
Battle of Poltava
Forces the surrender of the remaining Swedish army at Perevolochna.
Battle of Poltava
Orders pursuit of the defeated Swedish army after Poltava.
Battle of Poltava
Surrenders the Swedish army after Charles XII escapes.
Battle of Poltava
Escapes south with Mazepa instead of surrendering at Perevolochna.
Flight from Poltava
Escapes south with Mazepa instead of surrendering.
Battle of Poltava
Escapes with Charles XII toward Ottoman territory after Poltava.
Tournai Siege Opens Allied Campaign
Marlborough opens the 1709 campaign by investing Tournai before advancing toward Mons.
July 17097 historical events
Collapse of Field Army
The army's surrender leaves Sweden without its main field force.
Exile at Bendery
Charles XII reaches Bendery in Ottoman territory after escaping the Russian pursuit.
Exile of Charles XII
Charles XII and Ivan Mazepa escape to Ottoman territory after the Swedish defeat and the surrender at Perevolochna.
Poltava Aftermath
The surrender at Perevolochna destroys Charles XII's remaining field army after Poltava.
Surrender at Perevolochna
The remaining Swedish army surrenders after his escape.
Surrender at Perevolochna
The remaining Swedish army surrenders at Perevolochna after being pursued by Russian cavalry.
Surrender of Tournai
The town of Tournai surrenders; its citadel continues resistance until 3 September.
August 17093 historical events
Exile at Bender
Takes refuge in Ottoman territory after the Poltava disaster.
Battle of Poltava
Loses political support after the collapse of Swedish power.
Battle of Poltava
Uses Swedish defeat to prepare his return to the Polish throne.
September 170917 historical events
Surrender of Tournai Citadel
The citadel of Tournai surrenders after a prolonged Allied siege.
Battle of Malplaquet
Commands troops during the Allied victory at Malplaquet.
Battle of Malplaquet
Serves in the Allied command during the costly battle.
Battle of Malplaquet
Boufflers supports Villars and helps organise French resistance at Malplaquet.
Retreat from Malplaquet
Boufflers conducts an orderly French withdrawal after the costly battle at Malplaquet.
Battle of Malplaquet
Villars commands the French army at Malplaquet and inflicts heavy losses despite retreating.
Wounding
Villars is wounded during the Battle of Malplaquet and command passes to Boufflers.
Battle of Malplaquet
Inflicts heavy Allied losses despite French defeat.
Battle of Malplaquet
Serves in the Duke of Malboroughs HQ, "the greatest day of my life"
Battle of Malplaquet
Marlborough and Eugene drive the French from Malplaquet in a costly Allied victory.
Malplaquet Assault
Wins a costly victory beside Prince Eugene.
Battle of Malplaquet
John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, fights at the Battle of Malplaquet.
Battle of Malplaquet
George Hamilton leads infantry in the costly Allied assault against French entrenchments at Malplaquet.
Battle of Malplaquet
At the desperate Battle of Malplaquet, Lord Orkneys battalions lead the charge toward the French entrenchments, suffering serious losses
Siege of Mons Begins
The Allied investment of Mons begins after the victory at Malplaquet.
Trenches Opened at Mons
Allied siege trenches are opened at Mons after the Battle of Malplaquet.
Tournai Captured by Allied Forces
Allied forces secure Tournai after a prolonged siege, opening another route through Flanders.
October 17094 historical events
Surrender of Mons
Mons capitulates after the Allied siege following Malplaquet.
Battle of Poltava
Re-enters the war against Sweden after the Swedish defeat at Poltava.
Succession
The treaty names Ypres among barrier towns intended for Dutch garrisons.
Treaty of The Hague
The treaty names Ypres among barrier towns intended for Dutch garrisons.
November 17091 historical events
Birth of Julien Offray de La Mettrie
Julien Offray de La Mettrie is born at Saint-Malo in Brittany.
Declaration of War
Declares war on Sweden after Charles XIIs defeat at Poltava by the Russians
Annals of the Reformation Volume One
Strype publishes the first volume of Annals of the Reformation.
Peace Negotiations
Louis XIV seeks peace after the severe military and economic strain of the war.
Arrest of Jansenist nuns
Arrests Jansenist nuns
French Defensive Army Concentrated near Flanders
Villars strengthens French defences after repeated Allied successes threaten the northern frontier.
Northern Army Command
Villars takes command of the main French army opposing Marlborough and Eugene.
Pastorals Appear in Tonson Miscellany
Pope made his public literary debut when his Pastorals appeared in a volume issued by Jacob Tonson.
History of the Union Published
Defoe published The History of the Union of Great Britain, recounting the political negotiations behind the union.
Request for Captain-Generalcy for Life
Seeks appointment as captain-general for life, but officials find no suitable precedent for granting the office permanently.
Industrial Revolution
Uses coke to fuel his blast furnaces
Knighthood
Awarded a knighthood
Marlborough is involved in Allied diplomacy as peace terms with Louis XIV
Marlborough is involved in Allied diplomacy as peace terms with Louis XIV are debated.
An Essay towards a New Theory of Vision
Publication of "An Essay towards a New Theory of Vision"
Berkeley Distinguishes Sight From Touch
Berkeley's study of vision distinguished immediately visible appearances from tangible extension. He argued that the senses are coordinated by experience rather than sharing an innate geometric object.
Berkeley Explains Distance Through Experience
In his New Theory of Vision Berkeley argued that visual distance is learned through associations rather than directly seen. The account helped establish a psychological approach to spatial perception.
Berkeley Reconsiders Visible Magnitude
Berkeley investigated how perceived size varies with the conditions of seeing and learned expectations. This discussion challenged simple theories that visual magnitude is directly proportional to physical distance.
Invasion of Papal States
Joseph I invades Papal States for Clement XI to recognize Charles VI as King of Spain
Rule of Spain
Joseph I invades Papal States for Clement XI to recognize Charles VI as King of Spain
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of Japan
Death of Tsuneyoshi Takeda
Death of Tsunayoshi
Succession
Succeeds as Tokugawa Shogun, 6th Shogun
Birth of Ietsuga
Birth of Ietsuga, son of Ienobu
Succession
Succeeds as Shogun
Invention of Thermometer
Invents the alcohol thermometer
Abdication
Stanislaw I is deposed
Alliance Augustus II the Strong and Tsar to wage war
Forms an alliance with the Tsar to wage war against Sweden
Invention of Hot Air Balloon
Demonstrates a model hot air balloon to John V of Portugal
Birth of Elizabeth
Birth of Elizabeth, unmarried daughter of Peter the Great
Capture of Russia
Captures Poland & restores Augustus II to the throne
Rule of Ukraine
The Ukraine is renamed Malorossiya, Little Russia, to curb Ukrainian naionalism
Retreat in Ukraine
The Swedish army retreats through Ukraine after supply losses, winter hardship and Russian pressure.
Sandomierz Confederation
Swedish hopes of reinforcement weaken as forces in Poland turn aside to deal with the Sandomierz Confederation.
Exile of Ahmed III
Grants asylum to Charles XII & Mazepa after their defeat to Russia at Poltava