1745
Alliance Agreement
England, Austria, Saxony and The Netherlands form an alliance against Russia
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Browse historical records dated to 1745. Records are rendered from the World History Database into this page's initial HTML.
England, Austria, Saxony and The Netherlands form an alliance against Russia
England, Austria, Saxony and The Netherlands form an alliance against Russia
French advances after Fontenoy threaten and secure Bruges.
Carlisle surrenders without a shot being fired
Derby surrenders to the Jacobites
Proclaimed as James VIII but Edinburgh Castle is held by General Joshua Guest. Occupies Edinburgh & Holyrood Palace
After the Battle of Fontenoy France occupies the Austrian Netherlands
Captures Perth
Under the Treaty of Fussen Austria did not demand any reparations and recognized the legitimacy of Charles VII's election as Holy Roman Emperor. Maximilian III promised to support the imperial candidacy of Maria Theresa's husband, Francis Stephen of Lorraine, and to influence the votes of the Electorate of the Palatinate and the Electorate of Cologne, both ruled by the Wittelsbach
1500 soldiers which would leave the army unfit for further fighting, if they were defeated in that Battle then the militia would pick them off and a retreat to Scotland would be extremely difficult in such circumstances, Charles, after a long pause, spoke on preparations for the next days marching,
A Council meeting was convened at Exeter House, Lord George Murray began by arguing for a retreat to Scotland, citing the three British armies in England: Cumberlands, Wades and an army supposedly north of London, if the Jacobites defeated Cumberlands forces, Murray argued, they would still lose between 1000 and
Murray interrupted to question the wisdom of marching on, Charles appealed to other officers, who pronounced in favour of Murray, Charles criticised them for giving up guaranteed victory and a Stuart restoration, Murray replied that everyone was in favour of a Stuart restoration and were
Murray interrupted to question the wisdom of marching on, Charles appealed to other officers, who pronounced in favour of Murray, Charles criticised them for giving up guaranteed victory and a Stuart restoration, Murray replied that everyone was in favour of a Stuart restoration and were prepared to die for it,
but that all were certain to die if they proceeded
prepared to die for it, but that all were certain to die if they proceeded
The Jacobite general, Lord George Murray, and the Council of War insist on the invasion forces returning to join their growing force in Scotland. On 6 December 1745, they withdrew from England, with Charles Edward Stuart leaving command to Murray
"The Young Pretender", sets sail from Nantes to begin a Jacobite rebellion
Against the advice of Lord Murray, Charles begins the march into England
Charles, with an escort of Lochiels Camerons and the Hussars, enters England
Charles persuaded his generals that English Jacobites would stage an uprising in support of his cause. He was convinced that France would launch an invasion of England as well. His army of around 5,000 invaded England on 8 November 1745. They advanced through Carlisle and Manchester to Derby and a position where they appeared to threaten London
Arrives at Derby but finds no English support
Only 200 Englisman have joined the Jacobites since their march into England
1500 soldiers which would leave the army unfit for further fighting, if they were defeated in that Battle then the militia would pick them off and a retreat to Scotland would be extremely difficult in such circumstances, Charles, after a long pause, spoke on preparations for the next days marching,
A Council meeting was convened at Exeter House, Lord George Murray began by arguing for a retreat to Scotland, citing the three British armies in England: Cumberlands, Wades and an army supposedly north of London, if the Jacobites defeated Cumberlands forces, Murray argued, they would still lose between 1000 and
Murray interrupted to question the wisdom of marching on, Charles appealed to other officers, who pronounced in favour of Murray, Charles criticised them for giving up guaranteed victory and a Stuart restoration, Murray replied that everyone was in favour of a Stuart restoration and were
Murray interrupted to question the wisdom of marching on, Charles appealed to other officers, who pronounced in favour of Murray, Charles criticised them for giving up guaranteed victory and a Stuart restoration, Murray replied that everyone was in favour of a Stuart restoration and were prepared to die for it,
but that all were certain to die if they proceeded
prepared to die for it, but that all were certain to die if they proceeded
Surrounded by an English force of 30,000 Charles Edward retreats back into Scotland
The Jacobite general, Lord George Murray, and the Council of War insist on the invasion forces returning to join their growing force in Scotland. On 6 December 1745, they withdrew from England, with Charles Edward Stuart leaving command to Murray
The French commissioned four privateers to give the Jacobites pounds 5,000 in gold, 2,500 muskets, six light field pieces, and twelve French artillerymen under the supervision of James Grant, a Franco-Scottish lieutenant-colonel, these arrive at Montrose and Peterhead between 9 and 19 October"
The Jacobite standard is erected, a banner of red silk with a white space in the centre, the Catholic bishop Hugh MacDonald blesses the standard
The Doutelle sails from Nantes on 22 June 1745, meeting the Elisabeth at Brittany on 4 July and then sailing together for Scotland
Charles had hoped for support from a French fleet, but it was badly damaged by storms, and he was left to raise an army in Scotland
Charles raised funds to fit out two ships: the Elisabeth, an old man-of-war of 66 guns, and the Du Teillay (sometimes called Doutelle), a 16-gun privateer, which successfully land him and seven companions at Eriskay
The Doutelle crosses the Sound of Arisaig to Forsay, Moidart
The London Gazette prints the proclamation of the Lords Justices putting a pounds 30,000 bounty on the capture of Charles
The Doutelle sails to Glenuig Bay and Charles travels by land from there to Kinlochmoidart
Charles leaves Kinlochmoidart and the Clanranald MacDonalds helped transport Charles stores to Glenfinnan, where Charles planned a meeting of the chiefs of the clans
Charles's manifesto, dated 16 May 1745, declared that he was executing his father's will by asserting his right to his ancestors' throne.
The Jacobite standard is erected, a banner of red silk with a white space in the centre, the Catholic bishop Hugh MacDonald blesses the standard.
The Marquis of Tullibardine read King James's declaration and commission to the assembled clans, appointing Charles as Prince Regent.
The Jacobite cause was still supported by many Highland clans, both Catholic and Protestant. Charles hoped for a warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency by Jacobites throughout Britain. He raised his father's standard at Glenfinnan and gathered a force large enough to enable him to march on Edinburgh
The French commissioned four privateers to give the Jacobites pounds 5,000 in gold, 2,500 muskets, six light field pieces, and twelve French artillerymen under the supervision of James Grant, a Franco-Scottish lieutenant-colonel, these arrive at Montrose and Peterhead between 9 and 19 October"
After the Battle of Fontenoy France occupies the Austrian Netherlands
The Jacobite forces reach Perth on 4 September, where they are joined by two prominent Highland nobles, the 3rd Duke of Perth and Lord George Murray, who was appointed Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General of the Jacobite Army
The Marquis of Tullibardine reads aloud the Declaration of King James to the assembled clans, James commission appointing Charles his Prince Regent, and Charles manifesto (dated 16 May 1745), In this manifesto, Charles declared he was executing the will of his father in asserting his undoubted right to the throne of his ancestors
The marriage proves unsuccessful - due to the Grand Duke Peters impotence and mental immaturity he may not have consummated it for 12 years. The future Catherine the Great marries the future Tsar Peter III. Catherine marries the Grand Duke Peter, the newlyweds settle in the Palace of Oranienbaum, which would remain the residence of the "young court" for 16 years
French troops occupy Brussels
Prussia recognizes Francis, the Duke of Lorraine, as the Holy Roman Emperor. At the peace of Dresden Frederick is rewarded with the County of Glatz. At the peace of Dresden Frederick gains the Duchies of Upper & Lower Silesia
Under the Treaty of Fussen Maximilian abandons his father's claim to Bohemia and recognizes the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
Austria, Saxony, England & Holland unite against France, Bavaria & Prussia
Austria, Saxony, England & Holland unite against France, Bavaria & Prussia
The Jacobite cause was still supported by many Highland clans, both Catholic and Protestant. Charles hoped for a warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency by Jacobites throughout Britain. He raised his father's standard at Glenfinnan and gathered a force large enough to enable him to march on Edinburgh
The Jacobite Royal standard is raised at Glenfinnan. 1,200 Jacobite forces gather & for the 2nd time the "old pretender" is proclaimed King
The Jacobite army begins retreating from Derby after commanders decide that advancing on London is too dangerous.
Under the Treaty of Fussen Austria recognizes the legitimacy of Charles VII's election as Holy Roman Emperor
Under the Treaty of Fussen Austria restores all Bavaria's lost land
Under the Treaty of Fussen Austria recognizes the legitimacy of Charles VII's election as Holy Roman Emperor
Under the Treaty of Fussen Maximilian III promises to support the imperial candidacy of Maria Theresa's husband and future Habsburgs, Francis Stephen of Lorraine, and to influence the votes of the Electorate of the Palatinate and the Electorate of Cologne
Under the Treaty of Fussen Maximilian abandons his father's claim to Bohemia and recognizes the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
At the peace of Dresden Frederick is rewarded with the County of Glatz
After the Battle of Fontenoy France occupies the Austrian Netherlands
Charles issues a proclamation in response to King George's summoning of Parliament, in which he forbade any of Jamess Scottish subjects from attending Charles unlawful "assembly", if they ignored this proclamation they would be "proceeded against as Traitors and Rebels to their King and Country...the pretended Union of these Kingdoms being now at an End"
At the peace of Dresden Frederick is rewarded with Upper & Lower Silesia
Frederick II the Great defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Frederick II the Great defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
During the Battle of Fontenoy Cumberland is forced to retreat to Brussels and wis unable to prevent the fall of Ghent, Bruges and Ostend
French troops occupy Brussels
Carlisle is captured by the Jacobites
The Prince's army advanced as far as Derby by December 1745 unimpeded. However, in Derby, the Council of Chiefs resolved at Exeter House to proceed no further, since they had been deliberately misled into believing that a major Hanoverian army stood between them and London
Brigadier Thomas Fowke had recently arrived at Edinburgh to take charge of the cavalry and some reinforcements.
He decided that the two regiments of dragoons he took over were in no state to face the Jacobite army and ordered a further retreat, which was marked by unnecessary panics and alarms.
Some of Prince Charles's army capture the city with little or no fighting, though Edinburgh Castle was still defended for the Government by Lieutenant General Joshua Guest.
This also left Edinburgh unprotected.
Brigadier Thomas Fowke had recently arrived at Edinburgh to take charge of the cavalry and some reinforcements.
He decided that the two regiments of dragoons he took over were in no state to face the Jacobite army and ordered a further retreat, which was marked by unnecessary panics and alarms.
Some of Prince Charles's army capture the city with little or no fighting, though Edinburgh Castle was still defended for the Government by Lieutenant General Joshua Guest.
This also left Edinburgh unprotected.
The city, under the control of the Lord Provost Archibald Stewart, quickly surrendered
The Jacobite cause was still supported by many Highland clans, both Catholic and Protestant. Charles hoped for a warm welcome from these clans to start an insurgency by Jacobites throughout Britain. He raised his father's standard at Glenfinnan and gathered a force large enough to enable him to march on Edinburgh
The Jacobite forces reach Edinburgh
After negotiations had failed, the gates of the city are left open and the Jacobites enter, Charles is met by a cheering crowd of 20,000, however, Edinburgh Castle holds out against his forces
Against long odds, and aided by the early support of Donald Cameron of Lochiel, XIX chief of Clan Cameron, his party of ten raised an army which eventually numbered over 2,000 Scots as they marched to Glenfinnan and then to Edinburgh
He mounted a campaign to take Scotland and England with an eye towards reclaiming what he considered to be his father's two kingdoms (Great Britain, formally united in 1707, and Ireland).
With only 6,000 British troops left in England, and with the majority of those on the continent having been recently defeated, Charles Edward Stuart saw an opportunity to re-open the Jacobite Rising.
During the Battle of Fontenoy Cumberland is forced to retreat to Brussels and wis unable to prevent the fall of Ghent, Bruges and Ostend
The Camerons & the Prince arrive in Glasgow
Against long odds, and aided by the early support of Donald Cameron of Lochiel, XIX chief of Clan Cameron, his party of ten raised an army which eventually numbered over 2,000 Scots as they marched to Glenfinnan and then to Edinburgh
He mounted a campaign to take Scotland and England with an eye towards reclaiming what he considered to be his father's two kingdoms (Great Britain, formally united in 1707, and Ireland).
With only 6,000 British troops left in England, and with the majority of those on the continent having been recently defeated, Charles Edward Stuart saw an opportunity to re-open the Jacobite Rising.
During the Battle of Fontenoy Cumberland is forced to retreat to Brussels and wis unable to prevent the fall of Ghent, Bruges and Ostend
During the Battle of Fontenoy Cumberland is forced to retreat to Brussels and wis unable to prevent the fall of Ghent, Bruges and Ostend. Cumberland advances to the relief of Toutnai, which was besieged by Marshal Saxe, in the resulting Battle of Fontenoy the Allies were defeated by the French
Defeated by Marshal Saxe in an a failed effort to relieve Tournai
Under the Treaty of Fussen Austria did not demand any reparations and recognized the legitimacy of Charles VII's election as Holy Roman Emperor. Maximilian III promised to support the imperial candidacy of Maria Theresa's husband, Francis Stephen of Lorraine, and to influence the votes of the Electorate of the Palatinate and the Electorate of Cologne, both ruled by the Wittelsbach
Succeeds as Elector of Bavaria
Proclaims himself James VIII
King James VIII is proclaimed as king of Scotland, and Charles as his Regent
Ends Prussian involvement in the Bohemian War on favourable term
Ends Prussian involvement in the War of Austrian Succession on favourable term
Under the Treaty of Fussen Austria did not demand any reparations and recognized the legitimacy of Charles VII's election as Holy Roman Emperor. Maximilian III promised to support the imperial candidacy of Maria Theresa's husband, Francis Stephen of Lorraine, and to influence the votes of the Electorate of the Palatinate and the Electorate of Cologne, both ruled by the Wittelsbach
The Treaty was signed by Joseph Furst zu Furstenberg of Bavaria and Rudolf Graf von Colloredo of Austria
The Treaty was signed by Joseph Furst zu Furstenberg of Bavaria and Rudolf Graf von Colloredo of Austria
Under the Treaty of Fussen Bavaria pulls out of the War of Austrian Succession on the side of France against Austria
Under the Treaty of Fussen Maximilian abandons his father's claim to Bohemia and recognizes the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713
Under the Treaty of Fussen Bavaria pulls out of the War of Austrian Succession on the side of France against Austria
Peace between Austria & Bavaria
Renounces the Austrian crown & promises his vote to Francis Stephen. Peace between Austria & Bavaria. Austria restores all Bavaria's lost land
Court Martialled after defeat at Prestonpans but later acquitted
Birth of Levin August Gottlieb Theophil von Bennigsen
When Charles VII died in Munich on the 20th of January, 1745, his successor as Elector of Bavaria, Maximilian III Joseph, signed a preliminary peace with Austria. But a strong war-party led by Ignaz von Torring and supported by France wanted to continue the war. After the decisive defeat in the Battle of Pfaffenhofen on 15 April, Maximilian Joseph chose for peace
Death of Francois-Marie de Broglie
The Austrians launch a surprise attack & overrun most of Bavaria
French victory over 50,000 British, Dutch & German. Britain gains compensation in America & India. After the Battle of Fontenoy France occupies the Austrian Netherlands
The French under Maurice de Saxe stop an allied advance on Tournai
Defeated by the French while relieving Tournai
Frederick II the Great defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Frederick II the Great defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Frederick II the Great defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Frederick II the Great defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Frederick II the Great surprises & defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Frederick II the Great surprises & defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
A minor Jacobite victory
A Jacobite rearguard victory over an English detatchment
Maximilian III Joseph signs a preliminary peace with Austria continued after defeat in the Battle of Pfaffenhofen
Cope marched with his infantry and artillery towards Fort Augustus in the central Highlands to overawe the Highland clans and nip the rebellion "in the bud."
He found that supposedly "well-affected" clans were evading calls to take up arms on behalf of the Government, using a variety of excuses.
He turned about and marched instead to Inverness.
On 25 August Cope heard that the rebel army, whose strength he overestimated, was preparing to oppose him at Corryarrack.
Defeated by Charles Edward Stuart during the Jacobite Rebellion
The Jacobite forces reach Perth on 4 September, where they are joined by two prominent Highland nobles, the 3rd Duke of Perth and Lord George Murray, who was appointed Lieutenant General
Defeats General Copes dragoons
The first significant conflict in the Jacobite rising of 1745. The Jacobite army loyal to James Francis Edward Stuart and led by his son Charles Edward Stuart defeated the Government army loyal to the Hanoverian George II led by Sir John Cope
The Battle of Prestonpans sees the rout of John Copes (commander of the British Army in Scotland) forces by the Jacobites in a Battle that lasted no longer than fifteen minutes
The news of this Jacobite victory reaches London bringing with it shockwaves, Charles Yorke is amazed that Charles, despite landing almost alone in a remote corner of Scotland, could have accomplished so much in so short a space of time
After the Jacobite victory at Prestonpans Cumberland has returned to England
Frederick II the Great defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Frederick II the Great defeats Charles of Lorraines Austrian Army
Provenance
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