Piano Concerto No 27
Completes Piano Concerto No 27 in B-flat major.
Historical events in 1791
720 historical records
January 17919 historical events
Paris Department Administration
Mirabeau was chosen for the administration of the Paris department while remaining a major constitutional figure.
Birth of Samuel Guthrie
Birth of Samuel Guthrie, later associated with chloroform discovery
Residence Act Site
Issues the proclamation fixing the federal district on the Potomac
President of National Assembly
Elected president of the National Assembly
President of National Assembly
Honore Gabriel Mirabeau was elected president of the National Assembly.
Defence of Jacobin Club
Barnave defended the Jacobin Club against constitutional monarchist rivals during a major political dispute.
Republican Debate
The Jacobin Club becomes a forum where doubts about monarchy and royal trust increasingly appear
Republican Debate
The Jacobin Club becomes a forum where doubts about monarchy and royal trust increasingly appear.
February 17918 historical events
Kentucky Statehood Act
Future governor of Kentucky after Congress provides for Kentucky's 1792 admission
Execution
Executed after demanding rights for free people of color
Bank Opinion
Advises Washington against the Bank of the United States
Bank Opinion
Argues against the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States
Execution
Executed after the failure of the free-colored uprising
First Bank of the United States
Hamilton secures a federal charter for the First Bank of the United States.
Bank of the United States
Signs the act incorporating the Bank of the United States
Bank of the United States
His bank plan becomes law when Washington signs the bank charter
March 179114 historical events
Allarde decree removes trade privileges
The revolutionary legislature abolished many guild restrictions and proclaimed greater freedom to pursue trades. The measure continued the dismantling of corporate privilege begun in 1789.
Death of John Wesley
Dies in London
Unification
Vermont becomes the 14th State of the Union
Vermont Admission
Leads Vermont as it enters the Union as the fourteenth state
Vermont Admission
Vermont becomes the fourteenth state of the Union
Birth of John MacHale
John MacHale is born in County Mayo and later becomes Archbishop of Tuam and a prominent Catholic nationalist churchman.
Rights of Man Part I
Publishes the first part of Rights of Man in answer to Edmund Burke
Capture of Bangalore
Captures Bangalore during the Third Anglo-Mysore War.
Loss of Bangalore
Loses Bangalore to Cornwallis during the Third Anglo-Mysore War.
Director of Jury
Vergniaud became director of the jury at the criminal tribunal of the Gironde before entering national politics.
Federal District Survey
Begins surveying the boundaries of the federal district
Debate over electoral citizenship: Legislative compromise pursued
Duport worked among reformers who regarded ordered representation as essential to constitutional stability. The adopted electoral framework nevertheless drew criticism for excluding many poorer men.
Debate over electoral citizenship: Property qualifications challenged
Robespierre criticized tying political rights to wealth and taxation. The controversy exposed the gap between general equality in the Rights Declaration and restrictive rules for choosing representatives.
Debate over electoral citizenship: Representative system defended
Sieyes had long distinguished political representation from universal direct rule. The constitutional debate sought a workable franchise but left substantial differences between active and passive citizens.
April 179114 historical events
Lieutenant
Appointed Premier Lieutenant
Death of Honore Gabriel Mirabeau
Dies in Paris, weakening moderate constitutional monarchy politics
Death of Honore Gabriel Mirabeau
Dies in Paris, weakening moderate constitutional monarchy politics.
Pantheon Funeral
Mirabeau received a major public funeral and was interred in the newly designated Pantheon after his death.
Excommunication
Excommunicated by Pope Pius VI after consecrating constitutional bishops
Excommunication of Talleyrand
Excommunicates Talleyrand and other clergy connected with the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Royal departure for Saint-Cloud prevented
A crowd prevented the royal family from leaving for Saint-Cloud amid fears that the king and queen intended to escape. The confrontation showed how far freedom of movement had been curtailed within constitutional monarchy.
Saint-Cloud Departure Blocked
A Parisian crowd prevented Louis XVI and the royal family from leaving the Tuileries for Saint-Cloud, demonstrating the king's limited freedom of movement.
Slave Trade Bill
Introduces a parliamentary bill to abolish the slave trade
Complaint over Restricted Movement
Louis XVI complained to the Assembly after crowds prevented his planned departure for Saint-Cloud.
Resignation of Francis Godolphin Osborne
Resigns as Foreign Secretary amid the Russian armament crisis
Birth of Samuel F
Birth of Samuel F. B. Morse
Religious Toleration Report
Sieyes presented a report supporting religious toleration during the final phase of the Constituent Assembly.
Slavery
Wilberforce introduces the first Parliamentary Bill to abolish the slave trade with a closely-reasoned speech which he used to present the facts and evidence that had been gathered, and which lasted four hours. After two evenings of debate, the bill was easily defeated by 163 votes to 88
May 17918 historical events
Constitution of 3 May
Swears support for the Constitution of 3 May
Constitution of 3 May
Presides over the Sejm session that adopts the Constitution of 3 May
Constitution of 3 May
Helps draft and promote the Constitution of 3 May
Constitution of Poland
The Union of Lublin is superseded by the Constitution of the 3rd May. Stanislaw II transforms Poland into a unitary state
Union of Lublin
The Union of Lublin is superseded by the Constitution of the 3rd May
Battle of Arakere
Tipu Sultan fights Cornwallis's army near Arakere while attempting to prevent the allied advance toward Srirangapatna.
Self-Denying Ordinance
Robespierre successfully argued that members of the Constituent Assembly should not sit in the next legislature.
Colonial color equality debate intensifies
Brissot supported efforts to extend political rights to free people of color in the colonies. The debates encountered strong resistance from defenders of the plantation order.
June 1791269 historical events
First Lieutenant
Serves as lieutenant en premier in the 4th Regiment of Artillery
First Lieutenant
Serves as lieutenant en premier in the 4th Regiment of Artillery.
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant en premier
Lieutenant
Napoleon I was appointed Lieutenant en premier.
Lieutenant
Joins the 4th Regiment of Artillery at Valence as Lieutenant en Premier. Appointed Lieutenant en premier
Foreign Secretary
Appointed Foreign Secretary
Home Secretary
Appointed Home Secretary
Constitutional Act
His ministry passes the Constitutional Act dividing Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada
Le Chapelier Law enacted: Economic order redefined
Duport's contemporaries sought to eliminate medieval corporate structures in favor of a unified legal market. The prohibition of associations later became a lasting and controversial feature of the new order.
Le Chapelier Law restricts collective associations
The law associated with Le Chapelier prohibited workers' combinations while dismantling inherited corporate organization. It showed that revolutionary equality did not extend automatically to freedom of collective labor action.
Le Chapelier Law enacted: Corporate unions prohibited
Le Chapelier sponsored a measure banning worker combinations and occupational corporations. The law reflected the Assembly's preference for individual freedom of trade over collective bargaining rights.
Le Chapelier Law enacted: Social equality remains disputed
Robespierre belonged to a legislature whose language of individual liberty coexisted with restrictions on workers' collective activity. Such contradictions complicated the Revolution's promise of equality.
Le Chapelier Law
Sponsors the law suppressing workers' guilds and combinations
Le Chapelier Law
Sponsors the law suppressing workers' guilds and combinations.
Ave verum corpus
Completes the motet Ave verum corpus.
President of National Assembly
Beauharnais became president of the National Assembly during the crisis created by the royal flight.
Disguised royal family leaves Paris
Marie Antoinette left the Tuileries in disguise with Louis XVI and their children during the night of 20 June. The escape was intended to remove the monarchy from direct pressure in Paris.
Flight to Varennes
Breteuil supports the royal plan and expects foreign and royalist backing if the king reaches safety
Flight to Varennes
Breteuil supports the royal plan and expects foreign and royalist backing if the king reaches safety.
Flight to Varennes
Fersen drives or escorts the first stage of the flight before separating from the royal party near Bondy
Flight to Varennes
Fersen drives or escorts the first stage of the flight before separating from the royal party near Bondy.
Flight to Varennes
Axel von Fersen helps organise the escape and provides practical support for the royal family
Flight to Varennes
Axel von Fersen helps organise the escape and provides practical support for the royal family.
Dauphin joins escape coach - Public reaction
Louis Charles Bourbon figured in events surrounding dauphin joins escape coach at Paris. The escape plan therefore required accommodations for two royal children and slowed the party's movement. Public knowledge of the failed journey encouraged both republican criticism and efforts to defend the remaining monarchy.
Dauphin joins escape coach
The young dauphin Louis Charles traveled with his parents in the carriage heading east. The escape plan therefore required accommodations for two royal children and slowed the party's movement.
Flight to Varennes
Madame de Tourzel travels in disguise as Baroness de Korff to protect the royal children
Flight to Varennes
Madame de Tourzel travels in disguise as Baroness de Korff to protect the royal children.
Royal escape arrangements completed - Constitutional consequence
Louis Auguste Bourbon figured in events surrounding royal escape arrangements completed at Paris. He hoped to regain political freedom from constraints imposed by the Revolution. The episode undermined confidence in the possibility of governing France through a constitutional monarch who had tried to leave the capital.
Royal escape arrangements completed
Louis XVI made preparations to leave the Tuileries secretly with his family and reach forces near the eastern frontier. He hoped to regain political freedom from constraints imposed by the Revolution.
Flight to Varennes
Bouille prepares loyal troops near Montmedy as the intended military support for Louis XVI
Flight to Varennes
Bouille prepares loyal troops near Montmedy as the intended military support for Louis XVI.
Flight to Varennes
Lafayette commands the National Guard responsible for watching the royal family at the Tuileries
Flight to Varennes
Lafayette commands the National Guard responsible for watching the royal family at the Tuileries.
Princess accompanies the king - Political significance
Elisabeth Philippine Marie Helene Bourbon figured in events surrounding princess accompanies the king at Paris. Her presence made the attempted escape a family undertaking rather than the flight of the king alone. The crisis intensified the divide between constitutional monarchists and activists who doubted that the king could be trusted.
Princess accompanies the king
Madame Elisabeth accompanied her brother Louis XVI on the clandestine journey out of Paris. Her presence made the attempted escape a family undertaking rather than the flight of the king alone.
Queen joins departure in disguise - Security consequence
Marie Antoinette figured in events surrounding queen joins departure in disguise at Paris. Her participation was essential because the king intended to move the family together. The incident revealed how policing, local officials and transport delays could defeat the royal escape plan.
Queen joins departure in disguise
Marie Antoinette left the Tuileries under cover of darkness as part of the carefully planned royal escape. Her participation was essential because the king intended to move the family together.
Tourzel assumes false identity - Impact on the royal family
Louise Elisabeth Tourzel figured in events surrounding tourzel assumes false identity at Paris. This disguise helped provide a plausible explanation for the presence of several children and attendants. It left Louis XVI and his relatives subject to closer political supervision and damaged the prestige of the court.
Tourzel assumes false identity
The governess Madame de Tourzel traveled under the identity of Baroness de Korff in the royal escape party. This disguise helped provide a plausible explanation for the presence of several children and attendants.
Marie Therese leaves Tuileries - Constitutional consequence
Marie Therese Charlotte Bourbon figured in events surrounding marie therese leaves tuileries at Paris. The children were exposed to the risks of a journey that depended on secrecy and punctual relays. The episode undermined confidence in the possibility of governing France through a constitutional monarch who had tried to leave the capital.
Marie Therese leaves Tuileries
The royal daughter Marie Therese Charlotte was taken from the Tuileries as part of the disguised travel party. The children were exposed to the risks of a journey that depended on secrecy and punctual relays.
Fersen arranges carriage - Public reaction
Hans Axel Fersen figured in events surrounding fersen arranges carriage at Paris. His role was operational rather than an attempt to claim political authority in France. Public knowledge of the failed journey encouraged both republican criticism and efforts to defend the remaining monarchy.
Fersen arranges carriage
Count Fersen helped organize transport and disguises for the royal family's departure from Paris. His role was operational rather than an attempt to claim political authority in France.
Flight to Varennes
Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier Breteuil Baron de Breteuil supported the royal escape plan and expects foreign and royalist backing if the king reaches safety.
Flight to Varennes
Supports the royal escape plan and expects foreign and royalist backing if the king reaches safety
Flight to Varennes
Hans Axel Fersen Count Fersen helped organize the royal family's escape from Paris.
Flight to Varennes
Helps organize the royal family's escape from Paris
Flight to Varennes
Louis Charles is taken from the Tuileries as part of the royal family escape party
Flight to Varennes
Louis Charles is taken from the Tuileries as part of the royal family escape party.
Flight to Varennes
Taken from the Tuileries as part of the royal family's escape party
Flight to Varennes
Taken from the Tuileries as part of the royal family's escape party.
Flight to Varennes
Travels in disguise as Baroness de Korff with the royal children
Flight to Varennes
Travels in disguise as Baroness de Korff with the royal children.
Declaration to the French
Before leaving Paris, Louis XVI issued a declaration explaining his grievances against the revolutionary constitutional settlement.
Departure for Montmedy
Louis XVI secretly left the Tuileries with his family intending to reach loyal forces near Montmedy.
Royal Disguise during Flight
Louis XVI travelled in disguise during the attempted escape, while the royal party used false identities.
Declaration
Louis XVI leaves behind a declaration explaining his rejection of revolutionary constraints on royal authority
Declaration
Louis XVI leaves behind a declaration explaining his rejection of revolutionary constraints on royal authority.
Flight to Varennes
Leaves the Tuileries Palace during the night escape toward the eastern frontier
Flight to Varennes
Louis Auguste Bourbon Louis XVI left the Tuileries Palace during the night escape toward the eastern frontier.
Flight to Varennes
Louis XVI leaves the Tuileries Palace during the night escape toward the eastern frontier
Flight to Varennes
Louis XVI leaves the Tuileries Palace during the night escape toward the eastern frontier.
Flight to Varennes
Commands the National Guard responsible for watching the royal family at the Tuileries
Flight to Varennes
Commands the National Guard responsible for watching the royal family at the Tuileries.
Guard responsibility exposed by royal escape
The royal family's flight revealed security failures at the Tuileries while Lafayette commanded the Paris Guard. The disappearance placed the constitutional monarchist general under intense public criticism.
Flight to Varennes
Prepares loyal troops near Montmedy as intended support for Louis XVI
Flight to Varennes
Prepares loyal troops near Montmedy as intended support for Louis XVI.
Flight to Varennes
Madame Elisabeth accompanies Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette during the escape attempt
Flight to Varennes
Madame Elisabeth accompanies Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette during the escape attempt.
Flight to Varennes
Marie Therese Charlotte travels with her parents during the failed royal flight
Flight to Varennes
Marie Therese Charlotte travels with her parents during the failed royal flight.
Flight to Varennes
Travels with her parents during the failed royal flight
Flight to Varennes
Travels with her parents during the failed royal flight.
Flight to Varennes
Accompanies Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette during the escape attempt
Flight to Varennes
Accompanies Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette during the escape attempt.
Flight to Varennes
Marie Antoinette leaves Paris with the royal family during the attempted escape
Flight to Varennes
Marie Antoinette leaves Paris with the royal family during the attempted escape.
Flight to Varennes
Leaves Paris with the royal family during the attempted escape
Flight to Varennes
Marie Antoinette Queen of France left Paris with the royal family during the attempted escape.
Flight plan falters at Sainte-Menehould
The royal party continued its journey after suspicion arose at Sainte-Menehould, where postmaster Jean-Baptiste Drouet believed he recognized the king. Marie Antoinette's hope of reaching loyal troops became increasingly uncertain.
Queen detained at Sauce residence
Marie Antoinette stayed with the detained royal party while Varennes officials confirmed their identities and awaited instructions. The family's inability to proceed exposed the monarchy to public humiliation.
Royal coach proceeds through Bondy
Marie Antoinette remained with the large carriage carrying the royal family as the escape route turned eastward. The vehicle's slow progress and complicated staging increased the danger of recognition.
Royal party stopped at Varennes
Local officials and armed citizens stopped the royal travelers at Varennes before they could reach the intended military refuge. Marie Antoinette faced the collapse of the escape plan and immediate loss of control over the family's movements.
City Authorities Face Royal Flight Emergency
News of the royal family's attempted escape prompted municipal authorities to arrange security and coordinate with the National Guard. The failure at Varennes placed the constitutional municipality under renewed political pressure.
Royal Flight Intensifies Jacobin Distrust
The failed flight to Varennes led Jacobin members to reassess the king's reliability. Robespierre questioned whether constitutional monarchy could survive the breach of trust.
Robespierre questions monarchy - Constitutional consequence
Maximilien Robespierre figured in events surrounding robespierre questions monarchy at Paris. The incident intensified debate over whether the constitutional monarchy could still command trust. The episode undermined confidence in the possibility of governing France through a constitutional monarch who had tried to leave the capital.
Robespierre questions monarchy
The discovery of the king's attempted escape deepened Robespierre's doubts about royal loyalty to the Revolution. The incident intensified debate over whether the constitutional monarchy could still command trust.
Danton challenges monarchy after Varennes
Danton and fellow radicals intensified scrutiny of Louis XVI once his secret flight became known. The episode concerned varennes flight destroys royal confidence and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Varennes news reaches radicals: Suspicion of monarchy spreads
Danton's Cordeliers milieu treated news of the king's failed escape as evidence that monarchy could not be trusted. The crisis encouraged calls for a political settlement beyond simply restoring Louis XVI's authority.
Separation
Fersen leaves the royal party after the early stage of the escape to avoid compromising the plan further
Separation
Fersen leaves the royal party after the early stage of the escape to avoid compromising the plan further.
Aftermath
Robespierre argues that the kings flight reveals a deep crisis of trust in the monarchy
Aftermath
Robespierre argues that the kings flight reveals a deep crisis of trust in the monarchy.
Destez identifies Louis XVI - Constitutional consequence
Jacques Destez figured in events surrounding destez identifies louis xvi at Varennes. Identification destroyed the possibility of treating the royal coach as an ordinary private party. The episode undermined confidence in the possibility of governing France through a constitutional monarch who had tried to leave the capital.
Destez identifies Louis XVI
Jacques Destez, who had previously encountered the king, helped confirm the identity of the traveler held at Varennes. Identification destroyed the possibility of treating the royal coach as an ordinary private party.
Arrest of Louise Elisabeth Tourzel
Madame de Tourzel is detained with the children after the false Baroness de Korff identity fails
Arrest of Louise Elisabeth Tourzel
Madame de Tourzel is detained with the children after the false Baroness de Korff identity fails.
Varennes news reaches radicals: Journalistic case against the king
Brissot used political writing after Varennes to challenge the assumption that the king should automatically resume office. The unresolved legitimacy of the crown provided a backdrop for later demonstrations at the Champ de Mars.
Desmoulins attacks credibility of royal assurances
Desmoulins argued in the radical press that the king's attempted escape undermined trust in constitutional promises. This aspect of varennes flight destroys royal confidence illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Marat interprets flight as a warning
Marat used the flight to intensify his claims that court intrigues endangered revolutionary gains. The controversy surrounding varennes flight destroys royal confidence influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Identification
Jacques Destez is called because he had known the king at Versailles and confirms Louis XVIs identity
Identification
Jacques Destez is called because he had known the king at Versailles and confirms Louis XVIs identity.
King detained in Varennes - Public reaction
Louis Auguste Bourbon figured in events surrounding king detained in varennes at Varennes. His detention turned a secret royal journey into a constitutional emergency in Paris. Public knowledge of the failed journey encouraged both republican criticism and efforts to defend the remaining monarchy.
King detained in Varennes
Louis XVI was prevented from continuing toward Montmedy after the authorities recognized him. His detention turned a secret royal journey into a constitutional emergency in Paris.
King suspected at posting station - Public reaction
Louis Auguste Bourbon figured in events surrounding king suspected at posting station at Sainte-Menehould. The identification risk undermined a plan whose success depended on reaching loyal troops before an alarm spread. Public knowledge of the failed journey encouraged both republican criticism and efforts to defend the remaining monarchy.
King suspected at posting station
Louis XVI was suspected of traveling incognito while the carriage halted at Sainte-Menehould. The identification risk undermined a plan whose success depended on reaching loyal troops before an alarm spread.
Royal coach continues east - Impact on the royal family
Louis Auguste Bourbon figured in events surrounding royal coach continues east at Bondy. The heavy carriage and complex timetable reduced the margin for unexpected delays. It left Louis XVI and his relatives subject to closer political supervision and damaged the prestige of the court.
Royal coach continues east
Louis XVI traveled onward from Bondy toward the chain of posting stations on the road to Montmedy. The heavy carriage and complex timetable reduced the margin for unexpected delays.
Royal party brought into town - Political significance
Jean-Baptiste Sauce figured in events surrounding royal party brought into town at Varennes. The local response prevented an immediate continuation toward Bouille's troops. The crisis intensified the divide between constitutional monarchists and activists who doubted that the king could be trusted.
Royal party brought into town
Sauce accommodated and supervised the detained travelers while their identity was investigated. The local response prevented an immediate continuation toward Bouille's troops.
Varennes barricade stops carriage - Impact on the royal family
Jean-Baptiste Sauce figured in events surrounding varennes barricade stops carriage at Varennes. Municipal officer Sauce became involved in overseeing the situation once the party was halted. It left Louis XVI and his relatives subject to closer political supervision and damaged the prestige of the court.
Varennes barricade stops carriage
Residents and local officials stopped the royal travelers before they could continue through Varennes. Municipal officer Sauce became involved in overseeing the situation once the party was halted.
Flight to Varennes
Bouille expects the royal family to reach the frontier but the escape collapses before his forces can help
Flight to Varennes
Bouille expects the royal family to reach the frontier but the escape collapses before his forces can help.
Search
Lafayette sends orders and faces accusations after the royal family escapes from his guard
Search
Lafayette sends orders and faces accusations after the royal family escapes from his guard.
Bailly deals with royal flight alarm
The discovery that Louis XVI had fled the Tuileries caused an immediate security crisis in Paris. Bailly's city government confronted public anger and fresh doubts about the constitutional monarchy.
Flight to Varennes
After the kings flight to Varennes Robespierre and other Jacobins question the future of constitutional monarchy
Flight to Varennes
After the kings flight to Varennes Robespierre and other Jacobins question the future of constitutional monarchy.
Arrest of Jean-Baptiste Sauce
Sauce receives the detained travellers in Varennes while local officials decide whether they are the royal family
Arrest of Jean-Baptiste Sauce
Sauce receives the detained travellers in Varennes while local officials decide whether they are the royal family.
Detention
Sauce keeps the royal party under local supervision while messengers and guards gather in the town
Detention
Sauce keeps the royal party under local supervision while messengers and guards gather in the town.
Lafayette confronts escaped king crisis - Political significance
Gilbert du Motier Lafayette figured in events surrounding lafayette confronts escaped king crisis at Paris. The escape threatened his credibility as guarantor of the constitutional order. The crisis intensified the divide between constitutional monarchists and activists who doubted that the king could be trusted.
Lafayette confronts escaped king crisis
Lafayette commanded the National Guard responsible for security in Paris when the royal family disappeared. The escape threatened his credibility as guarantor of the constitutional order.
Drouet becomes suspicious - Constitutional consequence
Jean-Baptiste Drouet figured in events surrounding drouet becomes suspicious at Sainte-Menehould. His suspicion became critical when he decided to pursue the carriage toward Varennes. The episode undermined confidence in the possibility of governing France through a constitutional monarch who had tried to leave the capital.
Drouet becomes suspicious
Postmaster Jean-Baptiste Drouet became suspicious that the travelers passing through Sainte-Menehould included Louis XVI. His suspicion became critical when he decided to pursue the carriage toward Varennes.
Drouet rides toward Varennes - Security consequence
Jean-Baptiste Drouet figured in events surrounding drouet rides toward varennes at Sainte-Menehould. His pursuit helped turn a passing suspicion into an organized interception. The incident revealed how policing, local officials and transport delays could defeat the royal escape plan.
Drouet rides toward Varennes
Drouet set off toward Varennes to warn local inhabitants about the suspected presence of the king. His pursuit helped turn a passing suspicion into an organized interception.
Pursuit
Drouet rides ahead to warn Varennes and prevent the royal party from continuing toward Montmedy
Pursuit
Drouet rides ahead to warn Varennes and prevent the royal party from continuing toward Montmedy.
Recognition
Jean-Baptiste Drouet recognises the king and decides to pursue the royal carriage
Recognition
Jean-Baptiste Drouet recognises the king and decides to pursue the royal carriage.
Long coach route risks recognition - Political significance
Marie Antoinette figured in events surrounding long coach route risks recognition at Chalons-en-Champagne. The need to keep the family together made swift and discreet travel difficult. The crisis intensified the divide between constitutional monarchists and activists who doubted that the king could be trusted.
Long coach route risks recognition
Marie Antoinette remained with the royal party during the lengthy journey through Champagne. The need to keep the family together made swift and discreet travel difficult.
Varennes news reaches radicals: Constitutional confidence questioned
Robespierre criticized the danger posed by a king who had attempted to leave France during the constitutional experiment. He approached the dispute as a test of popular sovereignty and the accountability of public power.
Tourzel detained with children - Impact on the royal family
Louise Elisabeth Tourzel figured in events surrounding tourzel detained with children at Varennes. The exposure of the false Baroness de Korff identity undermined the arrangements designed to conceal the family's movement. It left Louis XVI and his relatives subject to closer political supervision and damaged the prestige of the court.
Tourzel detained with children
Madame de Tourzel remained with the royal children after the travelers were detained at Varennes. The exposure of the false Baroness de Korff identity undermined the arrangements designed to conceal the family's movement.
Bouille's frontier plans collapse - Security consequence
Francois Claude Amour Bouille figured in events surrounding bouille's frontier plans collapse at Montmedy. Detention at Varennes kept the royal family from reaching those forces. The incident revealed how policing, local officials and transport delays could defeat the royal escape plan.
Bouille's frontier plans collapse
General Bouille had prepared military support in the eastern frontier region for the king's arrival. Detention at Varennes kept the royal family from reaching those forces.
Fersen separates at Bondy - Security consequence
Hans Axel Fersen figured in events surrounding fersen separates at bondy at Bondy. Responsibility for the rest of the journey passed to the party and its arranged escorts. The incident revealed how policing, local officials and transport delays could defeat the royal escape plan.
Fersen separates at Bondy
Fersen accompanied the carriage through the first stage outside Paris before leaving the royal travelers at Bondy. Responsibility for the rest of the journey passed to the party and its arranged escorts.
Arrest of Louis XVI
Commands the escort that takes Louis XVI from Paris to Varennes
Arrest of Louis XVI
Commands the escort that takes Louis XVI from Paris to Varennes.
Separation
Hans Axel Fersen Count Fersen left the royal party after the early stage of the escape.
Separation
Leaves the royal party after the early stage of the escape
Detention
Louis Charles is kept with the royal family while officials arrange the return to Paris
Detention
Louis Charles is kept with the royal family while officials arrange the return to Paris.
Detention
Detained with the royal family after recognition at Varennes
Detention
Detained with the royal family after recognition at Varennes.
Aftermath of Varennes
Argues that the king's flight exposes a grave crisis of trust in the monarchy
Aftermath of Varennes
Argues that the king's flight exposes a grave crisis of trust in the monarchy.
Detention
Detained with the royal children after the escape fails
Detention
Detained with the royal children after the escape fails.
Identification
Confirms the king's identity at Varennes after being summoned by local officials
Identification
Confirms the king's identity at Varennes after being summoned by local officials.
Detention at Varennes
Louis XVI was detained at Varennes after local officials and citizens prevented the royal party from continuing toward Montmedy.
Journey through Bondy
Louis XVI continued eastward through Bondy as the royal party attempted to reach the frontier without detection.
Arrest of Louis Auguste Bourbon
Louis XVI is stopped at Varennes before reaching the royalist troops near Montmedy
Arrest of Louis Auguste Bourbon
Louis XVI is stopped at Varennes before reaching the royalist troops near Montmedy.
Arrest of Louis Auguste Bourbon
Stopped at Varennes before reaching the royalist troops near Montmedy
Arrest of Louis Auguste Bourbon
Stopped at Varennes before reaching the royalist troops near Montmedy.
Delay
Louis XVI is exposed to recognition risks while horses are changed and the journey loses valuable time
Delay
Louis XVI is exposed to recognition risks while horses are changed and the journey loses valuable time.
Flight to Varennes
Louis XVI continues the journey eastward after the first carriage arrangements are completed outside Paris
Flight to Varennes
Louis XVI continues the journey eastward after the first carriage arrangements are completed outside Paris.
Recognition
Louis XVI is recognised during the stop at Sainte Menehould as suspicion rises along the route
Recognition
Louis XVI is recognised during the stop at Sainte Menehould as suspicion rises along the route.
Recognition
Recognized during the stop at Sainte-Menehould as suspicion rises along the route
Recognition
Recognized during the stop at Sainte-Menehould as suspicion rises along the route.
Guard mobilized after flight to Varennes
Parisian National Guards were called upon to maintain calm after news that Louis XVI had fled. Their duties became politically fraught because the institution was associated with protecting the monarchy.
National Guard Searches for Missing Monarch
After Louis XVI fled the Tuileries, armed authorities sought to preserve order and discover his route. The failure of palace security exposed the limits of Lafayette's command.
Detention
Keeps the royal party under local supervision while guards and messengers gather
Detention
Keeps the royal party under local supervision while guards and messengers gather.
Pursuit
Rides ahead to warn Varennes and stop the royal party
Pursuit
Rides ahead to warn Varennes and stop the royal party.
Recognition
Recognizes Louis XVI and decides to pursue the royal carriage
Recognition
Recognizes Louis XVI and decides to pursue the royal carriage.
Arrest of Elisabeth Philippine Marie Helene Bourbon
Madame Elisabeth is held with the royal family in Varennes after recognition of the king
Arrest of Elisabeth Philippine Marie Helene Bourbon
Madame Elisabeth is held with the royal family in Varennes after recognition of the king.
Detention
Marie Therese Charlotte witnesses the detention of the royal family at Varennes
Detention
Marie Therese Charlotte witnesses the detention of the royal family at Varennes.
Detention
Held with the royal family in Varennes after recognition of the king
Detention
Held with the royal family in Varennes after recognition of the king.
Arrest of Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette is detained with the royal family after the escape fails at Varennes
Arrest of Marie Antoinette
Marie Antoinette is detained with the royal family after the escape fails at Varennes.
Delay
Marie Antoinette is noticed during a stop on the route and the royal party loses secrecy
Delay
Marie Antoinette is noticed during a stop on the route and the royal party loses secrecy.
Flight to Varennes
Marie Antoinette remains with the heavy coach despite the danger that the slow vehicle will delay the escape
Flight to Varennes
Marie Antoinette remains with the heavy coach despite the danger that the slow vehicle will delay the escape.
Detention
Detained with the royal family after the escape fails at Varennes
Detention
Detained with the royal family after the escape fails at Varennes.
Assembly commissioners escort queen back
National Assembly commissioners joined the guarded return journey after the failed flight. Marie Antoinette traveled under hostile observation as the affair undermined confidence in royal loyalty.
Barnave appointed escort commissioner - Public reaction
Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie Barnave figured in events surrounding barnave appointed escort commissioner at Paris. Sending representatives established parliamentary supervision over the king's return. Public knowledge of the failed journey encouraged both republican criticism and efforts to defend the remaining monarchy.
Barnave appointed escort commissioner
The National Assembly designated Barnave among deputies charged with meeting and accompanying the detained royal family. Sending representatives established parliamentary supervision over the king's return.
La Tour-Maubourg assigned to royal party - Impact on the royal family
Charles Cesar de Fay La Tour-Maubourg figured in events surrounding la tour-maubourg assigned to royal party at Paris. The Assembly used a multi-member escort to assert authority over the politically explosive journey. It left Louis XVI and his relatives subject to closer political supervision and damaged the prestige of the court.
La Tour-Maubourg assigned to royal party
La Tour-Maubourg joined the deputies entrusted with supervising the return from Varennes. The Assembly used a multi-member escort to assert authority over the politically explosive journey.
Petion joins royal escort - Security consequence
Jerome Petion figured in events surrounding petion joins royal escort at Paris. His presence gave the mission a deputy associated with more democratic opinion. The incident revealed how policing, local officials and transport delays could defeat the royal escape plan.
Petion joins royal escort
Pétion was appointed to the parliamentary delegation accompanying Louis XVI and his family back to the capital. His presence gave the mission a deputy associated with more democratic opinion.
Escort
Barnave is sent by the National Assembly to escort the royal family back after the arrest
Escort
Barnave is sent by the National Assembly to escort the royal family back after the arrest.
Escort
La Tour-Maubourg joins the commissioners charged with returning the royal family to Paris
Escort
La Tour-Maubourg joins the commissioners charged with returning the royal family to Paris.
Escort
Petion is sent as an Assembly commissioner to accompany the royal family back toward Paris
Escort
Petion is sent as an Assembly commissioner to accompany the royal family back toward Paris.
Escort
Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie Barnave was sent by the National Assembly to escort the royal family back to Paris.
Escort
Sent by the National Assembly to escort the royal family back to Paris
Escort
Charles Cesar La Tour-Maubourg was sent as an Assembly commissioner to return the royal family to Paris.
Escort
Sent as an Assembly commissioner to return the royal family to Paris
Escort
Jerome Petion was sent as an Assembly commissioner to accompany the royal family back to Paris.
Escort
Sent as an Assembly commissioner to accompany the royal family back to Paris
Barnave converses with royal family - Constitutional consequence
Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie Barnave figured in events surrounding barnave converses with royal family at Varennes to Paris. The experience contributed to his increasingly firm defense of preserving a constitutional monarchy. The episode undermined confidence in the possibility of governing France through a constitutional monarch who had tried to leave the capital.
Barnave converses with royal family
Barnave spent the return journey in close contact with the royal travelers. The experience contributed to his increasingly firm defense of preserving a constitutional monarchy.
Return Journey
Barnave travels beside the royal family and begins to favour preserving a constitutional monarchy
Return Journey
Barnave travels beside the royal family and begins to favour preserving a constitutional monarchy.
Return Journey
Petion observes the royal family closely during the guarded return from Varennes
Return Journey
Petion observes the royal family closely during the guarded return from Varennes.
Queen faces guarded return - Political significance
Marie Antoinette figured in events surrounding queen faces guarded return at Varennes to Paris. Public scrutiny along the route contrasted with the secrecy of the outward journey. The crisis intensified the divide between constitutional monarchists and activists who doubted that the king could be trusted.
Queen faces guarded return
Marie Antoinette traveled back toward Paris under supervision following the failure of the royal flight. Public scrutiny along the route contrasted with the secrecy of the outward journey.
Royal family reenters Paris in silence
Marie Antoinette returned to Paris with Louis XVI under heavy escort after the Varennes failure. The restrained and hostile public reception reflected the profound damage done to the monarchy's legitimacy.
Royal family returns to Paris - Public reaction
Louis Auguste Bourbon figured in events surrounding royal family returns to paris at Paris. Their return did not restore confidence in the king's commitment to the constitutional settlement. Public knowledge of the failed journey encouraged both republican criticism and efforts to defend the remaining monarchy.
Royal family returns to Paris
Louis XVI and his family arrived back in Paris under escort after being stopped at Varennes. Their return did not restore confidence in the king's commitment to the constitutional settlement.
Guard
Lafayette restores strict guard arrangements around the royal family after their return
Guard
Lafayette restores strict guard arrangements around the royal family after their return.
Bailly handles king's guarded return
When the royal family returned from Varennes under escort, municipal authorities confronted volatile crowds. Bailly's administration supported arrangements intended to prevent fresh violence around the Tuileries.
Guard strengthened at Tuileries - Security consequence
Gilbert du Motier Lafayette figured in events surrounding guard strengthened at tuileries at Paris. The monarchy now functioned under close revolutionary supervision. The incident revealed how policing, local officials and transport delays could defeat the royal escape plan.
Guard strengthened at Tuileries
After the royal family's return, Lafayette's National Guard was involved in arrangements for guarding the king at the Tuileries. The monarchy now functioned under close revolutionary supervision.
Arrest of Louis XVI
Louis XVI & his family are escorted back to Paris. Louis XVI & his family are arrested during an ill fated escape from France
Arrest of Louis XVI
Louis XVI and his family are escorted back to Paris. Louis XVI and his family are arrested during an ill fated escape from France.
Return to Paris
Louis XVI and his family returned to Paris under guard after the failed flight to Varennes.
Return under Guard
Louis XVI returned to Paris under armed guard after the failed flight to Varennes.
Royal Guard after Varennes
The Assembly placed Louis XVI under a specially regulated guard at the Tuileries following the failed escape.
Suspension of Royal Functions
The Constituent Assembly suspended Louis XVI from exercising royal functions after his return from Varennes.
Return
Louis XVI returns to Paris under guard and his credibility as constitutional monarch is badly damaged
Return
Louis XVI returns to Paris under guard and his credibility as constitutional monarch is badly damaged.
Return
Returns to Paris under guard with his credibility as constitutional monarch badly damaged
Return
Returns to Paris under guard with his credibility as constitutional monarch badly damaged.
Guard Restored
Restores strict guard arrangements around the royal family after their return
Guard Restored
Restores strict guard arrangements around the royal family after their return.
Guards Accompany Captured Royal Family Home
Military escorts helped conduct the royal family back to Paris after the unsuccessful flight to Varennes. The soldiers' presence underscored the transition from royal freedom of movement to guarded residence.
Security tightens on royal return
After the family returned under escort, Lafayette's Guard helped enforce stricter supervision at the Tuileries. The episode illustrated a transition from ceremonial protection to closely guarded confinement.
Return
Madame Elisabeth returns to captivity in the Tuileries after the Varennes episode
Return
Madame Elisabeth returns to captivity in the Tuileries after the Varennes episode.
Return
Marie Therese Charlotte returns to Paris with the royal family after the failed escape
Return
Marie Therese Charlotte returns to Paris with the royal family after the failed escape.
Return
Returns to Paris with the royal family after the failed escape
Return
Returns to Paris with the royal family after the failed escape.
Return
Marie Antoinette returns to the Tuileries under guard after the failed flight to Varennes
Return
Marie Antoinette returns to the Tuileries under guard after the failed flight to Varennes.
Return
Returns to the Tuileries under guard after the failed flight to Varennes
Return
Returns to the Tuileries under guard after the failed flight to Varennes.
Captain
Promoted captain in the British Army
Captain
Appointed Captain
Royal flight shocks constituent body: Constitutional monarchy defended
Barnave argued that the king's attempted escape should not automatically overthrow the planned constitutional monarchy. His position reflected the Assembly majority's fear of a wider political rupture.
Royal flight shocks constituent body: Assembly investigates escape
Petion became one of the deputies sent to accompany the royal family back from Varennes. The guarded return revealed the fragility of confidence between the king and the nation.
Aftermath
Brissot uses the crisis to question whether France can safely retain Louis XVI as king
Aftermath
Brissot uses the crisis to question whether France can safely retain Louis XVI as king.
Flight to Varennes raises republican questions
The king's attempted escape strengthened Brissot's doubts about royal trustworthiness. The crisis encouraged him and other journalists to reconsider the limits of constitutional monarchy.
Aftermath
Desmoulins attacks the royal flight in revolutionary journalism and supports stronger popular action
Aftermath
Desmoulins attacks the royal flight in revolutionary journalism and supports stronger popular action.
Aftermath
Marat denounces the attempted flight as proof that the court remains hostile to the Revolution
Aftermath
Marat denounces the attempted flight as proof that the court remains hostile to the Revolution.
Aftermath
Danton and Cordeliers militants use the flight to intensify pressure against the monarchy
Aftermath
Danton and Cordeliers militants use the flight to intensify pressure against the monarchy.
Exile of Francois Claude Amour Bouille
Bouille flees after the failure of the plan and is blamed for organising the military side of the escape
Exile of Francois Claude Amour Bouille
Bouille flees after the failure of the plan and is blamed for organising the military side of the escape.
Royal flight shocks constituent body: Royal loyalty judged
Robespierre treated the flight to Varennes as a serious warning that the executive could undermine national sovereignty. The crisis intensified criticism of royal inviolability.
Return Journey
Marie Antoinette endures the guarded journey back to Paris under hostile public scrutiny
Return Journey
Marie Antoinette endures the guarded journey back to Paris under hostile public scrutiny.
July 179187 historical events
Bailly reacts to republicanism after Varennes
The failed royal escape encouraged demands for a republic among political clubs and petitioners. Bailly continued to favour constitutional authority rather than an immediate municipal break with monarchy.
Political Rights for Women
Publishes Sur l'admission des femmes au droit de cite
Restoration
Louis XVI was restored to the throne under the Constitution.
Restoration
Reinstated to the throne of France
Priestley Riots
Rioters destroy Hutton's property because of his dissenting and reform associations.
Priestley Riots
His home and laboratory are attacked during Birmingham riots against dissenters and reformers.
Danton supports a new decision on kingship
Danton's circle insisted that the nation should reconsider Louis XVI's position after Varennes. The episode concerned republican petitions become flashpoint and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Royal inviolability defended - Impact on the royal family
Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie Barnave figured in events surrounding royal inviolability defended at Paris. The position sought to separate criticism of the king's actions from abolition of monarchy. It left Louis XVI and his relatives subject to closer political supervision and damaged the prestige of the court.
Royal inviolability defended
Barnave argued for maintaining the constitutional principle of royal inviolability during debates following the flight. The position sought to separate criticism of the king's actions from abolition of monarchy.
Assembly restores royal inviolability: Legal defence of the crown
Barnave argued that the constitutional settlement required protection of royal inviolability despite Louis XVI's flight. This defence angered those who believed the king had forfeited the nation's confidence.
Assembly restores royal inviolability: Debate over public consent
Petion represented a more democratic current increasingly uneasy about preserving Louis XVI without an effective popular choice. Legislative disagreement contributed to the organizing of petitions beyond the Assembly.
Robert advocates republican petition campaign
Robert was among the Cordeliers figures pressing for a public challenge to the restoration of royal authority. The controversy surrounding republican petitions become flashpoint influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Desmoulins publicizes republican alternatives
Desmoulins argued that constitutional liberty could require limiting or replacing hereditary power. This aspect of republican petitions become flashpoint illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Assembly restores royal inviolability: Popular sovereignty dispute
Robespierre resisted treating the attempted escape as politically inconsequential for France's emerging constitution. The disagreement widened the gulf between revolutionary radicals and defenders of constitutional monarchy.
Royal Inviolability Speech
Barnave defended royal inviolability and constitutional monarchy after the Flight to Varennes.
Inviolability Debate
Deputies debated whether Louis XVI remained constitutionally inviolable after Varennes, exposing deep disagreement over the future of monarchy.
Constitutional Monarchists Leave Jacobin Club
Barnave joined political moderates who broke from the Jacobin Club amid dispute over the king's future. The departing members helped create the Feuillant alignment.
Jacobin split over royal question: Moderates leave Jacobins
Barnave joined constitutional monarchists who broke away from the Jacobin Club amid arguments over the fate of Louis XVI. The division helped produce the Feuillant political alignment.
Jacobin split over royal question: Cordeliers seek independent pressure
Danton and fellow Cordeliers favored mobilization outside parliamentary circles to contest restoration of the king. Their approach helped create the setting for the next day's petition at the Champ de Mars.
Bailly opposes republican petition pressure
Following the Varennes crisis, republican campaigners demanded action against Louis XVI. Bailly resisted the claim that the city government should independently overturn the constitutional arrangements being prepared by the Assembly.
Feuillant Split
Moderate constitutional monarchists leave the Jacobin Club and form the Feuillant Club after the crisis over the king
Feuillant Split
Moderate constitutional monarchists leave the Jacobin Club and form the Feuillant Club after the crisis over the king.
Jacobin split over royal question: Remaining Jacobin opposition
Robespierre remained in the Jacobin camp while constitutional monarchists separated from its increasingly radical membership. The split made conflict over popular petitions and public order more visible.
Feuillant Club
Adrien Duport joined the Feuillant split after the Varennes crisis.
Feuillant Club
Joins the Feuillant split after the Varennes crisis
Feuillant Club
Alexandre Lameth joined the moderate constitutional monarchist Feuillant Club.
Feuillant Club
Joins the moderate constitutional monarchist Feuillant Club
Feuillant Club
Charles Lameth joined the Feuillant split from the Jacobin Club.
Feuillant Club
Joins the Feuillant split from the Jacobin Club
Feuillant Split
Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie Barnave joined moderate constitutional monarchists who leave the Jacobin Club for the Feuillants.
Feuillant Split
Joins moderate constitutional monarchists who leave the Jacobin Club for the Feuillants
Extension of Royal Suspension
The Assembly continued Louis XVI's suspension until the completed Constitution could be formally presented to him.
Martial Law Decision Divides Municipal Leadership
Bailly invoked martial law during the republican demonstration on the Champ de Mars. The resulting firing on petitioners discredited municipal moderates among many radical residents.
Petition signatures gather: Public mobilization beyond chamber
Petion's democratic political current confronted a situation in which citizens demanded a hearing outside the legislative arena. The assembly at the Champ de Mars showed the limits of elite control over constitutional debate.
Danton associated with Champ de Mars petition movement
Danton was linked to the radical petitioning movement that authorities sought to suppress. The episode concerned crowd gathers for republican petition and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Municipality declares martial law: Repression threatens radicals
The declaration of martial law targeted the kind of mass politics cultivated by Danton's Cordeliers associates. It announced that municipal authorities would use military force to protect the constitutional settlement.
Petition signatures gather: Club networks mobilize citizens
Danton's political associations encouraged petitioning as a public method of pressing the royal question. Crowds at the patriotic altar reflected both political commitment and intense distrust of the authorities.
Petition to dethrone Louis XVI: Cordeliers popular petition
Danton was associated with the Cordeliers agitation urging a new settlement for the crown. Mass participation at the Champ de Mars showed how organized citizens could challenge a decision already favored by Assembly moderates.
Champ de Mars shootings polarize reformers
The National Guard's firing on demonstrators at the Champ de Mars intensified splits within the revolutionary movement. Brissot's political milieu became more skeptical of coercion used to shield the monarchy.
Firing on the Champ de Mars crowd: Petition campaign turns tragic
Brissot's republican-leaning petition milieu was confronted with a violent outcome rather than the anticipated peaceful expression of opinion. The event sharpened divisions over legitimate forms of political participation.
Petition signatures gather: Text of petition contested
Brissot's advocacy helped connect the petition with the argument that the king's flight nullified public confidence. The controversy concerned who had authority to decide the future of the throne.
Petition to dethrone Louis XVI: Petition arguments circulate
Brissot helped articulate a case for reconsidering the monarchy after the king's flight. The petition drive at the Champ de Mars sought a decision from the nation rather than simple reinstatement.
Marat condemns suppression of petitioners
Marat's radical position placed him among those hostile to official repression of republican demands. The controversy surrounding crowd gathers for republican petition influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Bailly declares martial law at Champ de Mars
Bailly proclaimed martial law as a mass petitioning crowd gathered at the Champ de Mars. His decision provided the legal framework under which armed guards attempted to disperse demonstrators.
Bailly implicated in fatal Champ de Mars firing
National Guards fired into the crowd during the Champ de Mars confrontation, killing demonstrators. Bailly's role in authorizing martial law severely damaged his reputation among republicans and radicals.
Deaths beneath the patriotic altar: Killings provoke security intervention
Bailly's municipal authorities reacted after two men were discovered and killed by members of the crowd near the altar. The episode provided the immediate pretext for extraordinary measures against the gathering.
Firing on the Champ de Mars crowd: Mayor blamed for suppression
Bailly was held politically responsible for using martial law against a revolutionary crowd. The deaths destroyed much of the prestige he had gained during the early constitutional movement.
Martial law invoked at Champ de Mars
Mayor Bailly invoked martial law amid a mass gathering demanding political action against Louis XVI. His decision enabled the National Guard to disperse protesters in a violent confrontation.
Mayor Invokes Guard to Enforce Martial Law
Bailly's decision to proclaim martial law brought National Guard units into direct confrontation with republican petitioners. Fatal shootings at the Champ de Mars damaged the municipality's legitimacy.
Municipality declares martial law: Red flag authorization
Mayor Bailly invoked the legal machinery of martial law and authorized the display of the red flag. The measure transformed a contested political assembly into a public-order emergency.
National Guard confronts demonstrators: Civil authority under challenge
Bailly's enforcement of municipal orders brought Paris's elected administration into conflict with a large gathering of petitioners. Violence damaged his reputation as a symbol of moderate reform.
Champ de Mars
The Champ de Mars massacre deepens the division between moderate constitutionalists and more radical Jacobins
Champ de Mars
The Champ de Mars massacre deepens the division between moderate constitutionalists and more radical Jacobins.
Champ de Mars demonstration suppressed - Political significance
Gilbert du Motier Lafayette figured in events surrounding champ de mars demonstration suppressed at Champ de Mars. The resulting bloodshed exposed the deep political divisions produced by the Varennes crisis. The crisis intensified the divide between constitutional monarchists and activists who doubted that the king could be trusted.
Champ de Mars demonstration suppressed
National Guards under Lafayette confronted a crowd petitioning against the monarchy at the Champ de Mars. The resulting bloodshed exposed the deep political divisions produced by the Varennes crisis.
Deaths beneath the patriotic altar: Popular press records shock
Prudhomme's revolutionary newspaper operated within the reporting environment surrounding the Champ de Mars violence. Accounts of disorder and repression shaped how Parisians interpreted the tragedy and assigned responsibility.
Desmoulins witnesses political peril of petitioning
Desmoulins's milieu faced a severe reversal when demands for popular consultation were treated as disorder. This aspect of crowd gathers for republican petition illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
National Guard confronts demonstrators: Radical observers condemn force
Desmoulins and other radical writers regarded armed action against petitioners as an assault on political liberty. The clash furnished material for a growing critique of constitutional moderates.
Petition to dethrone Louis XVI: Republican newspaper advocacy
Desmoulins promoted a more radical public response to the Varennes affair through journalism. The atmosphere surrounding the petition reflected an emerging republican challenge to hereditary monarchy.
Champ de Mars Massacre
The massacre deepens the split between radical Jacobins and moderate constitutionalists
Champ de Mars Massacre
The massacre deepens the split between radical Jacobins and moderate constitutionalists.
Champ de Mars Suppression
Lafayette commanded National Guard forces during the violent suppression of the republican petitioners at the Champ de Mars.
Deaths beneath the patriotic altar: National Guard receives orders
Lafayette's troops were summoned into an atmosphere of mounting violence and rumor at the Champ de Mars. Their subsequent deployment brought armed enforcement into direct confrontation with demonstrators.
Firing on the Champ de Mars crowd: Fatal shots by citizen troops
National Guards under Lafayette fired upon demonstrators at the Champ de Mars, killing an uncertain number of people. The bloodshed permanently complicated the Guard's public claim to represent the people.
Municipality declares martial law: Armed dispersal mission
Lafayette led National Guard units toward the Champ de Mars after the municipal decision to impose martial law. His role turned a prominent constitutional patriot into a defender of coercive action against demonstrators.
National Guard confronts demonstrators: Guard formation at the field
Lafayette commanded armed citizen soldiers deployed to disperse the crowd at the Champ de Mars. The confrontation exposed the incompatibility of rival revolutionary claims to speak for the nation.
National Guard fires on petitioners
National Guards under Lafayette fired on a crowd assembled at the Champ de Mars. The deaths deeply discredited constitutional leaders among many radical Parisians.
Danton evades escalating crackdown
The pursuit of radicals after the shooting made continued organization dangerous for Danton and his allies. The episode concerned champ de mars shooting triggers repression and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Repression follows the shootings: Cordeliers militants targeted
Danton's club network faced heightened danger after the Champ de Mars crackdown. The threat of arrest and surveillance disrupted public agitation by advocates of a more radical settlement.
Desmoulins faces aftermath of martial law
Press allies of the Cordeliers operated under heightened pressure after National Guards shot demonstrators. This aspect of champ de mars shooting triggers repression illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Bailly faces scrutiny of command responsibility
After the Champ de Mars firing, public debate focused on decisions made by civil officials as well as armed commanders. Bailly could not separate his declaration of martial law from the guards' subsequent violence.
Lafayette becomes antagonist of Cordeliers militants
Lafayette's armed suppression of the crowd widened hostility between constitutional moderates and radical clubs. The controversy surrounding champ de mars shooting triggers repression influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Repression follows the shootings: Press exposed to reprisals
Desmoulins's political activity became more vulnerable as authorities pursued opponents connected to the petition movement. The campaign against radicals narrowed the space for public criticism of the constitutional monarchy.
Repression follows the shootings: Guard's image fractured
Lafayette continued to defend public order after the shooting, but many radical Parisians saw the National Guard differently. The institution's constitutional loyalty now appeared to some citizens as protection of an untrusted king.
Danton withdraws temporarily under pressure
Threats against radical activists after the shootings limited Danton's public organizing. The episode concerned political repression reshapes the cordeliers and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Desmoulins adjusts activity during crackdown
Desmoulins confronted official suspicion as authorities attempted to restrict the republican agitation. This aspect of political repression reshapes the cordeliers illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Marat continues denunciations of public force
Marat's attacks on repressive officials preserved a radical narrative of the Champ de Mars crisis. The controversy surrounding political repression reshapes the cordeliers influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Bailly faces backlash from revolutionary press
Radical writers condemned the use of military force against unarmed petitioners. Bailly increasingly became a symbol of the constitutional moderates' willingness to suppress popular political demands.
Re-Election as Assembly President
Beauharnais was elected again as president of the National Assembly after his calm handling of the Varennes crisis.
Requiem Commission
Receives the anonymous commission for the Requiem.
Requiem Commission
Commissions Mozart's Requiem through an intermediary.
Radical leaders evade crackdown: Temporary removal from Paris
Danton left France for a time after the political repression associated with the July demonstrations. His absence illustrates the personal consequences of the failed campaign against reinstating Louis XVI.
Petitions challenge royal inviolability
Brissot participated in a climate of public agitation over how to hold Louis XVI accountable after Varennes. Disputes about petitions and sovereignty divided constitutional monarchists from radical reformers.
Radical leaders evade crackdown: Opposition preserves political foothold
Robespierre retained a position in radical politics despite mounting hostility between Jacobins and Feuillants. The violence had deepened rather than settled arguments about constitutional authority.
Radical leaders evade crackdown: Cordeliers circle loses freedom
Desmoulins and his allies operated in a climate of investigation and political intimidation after the shootings. Their criticism of the moderate leaders survived even as immediate organizing became more hazardous.
Guard Reputation Suffers after July Bloodshed
The Champ de Mars confrontation created deep resentment toward Lafayette's citizen militia. Opponents claimed the armed force was protecting constitutional monarchy against political participation.
Guard implicated in constitutional split
The Champ de Mars bloodshed divided supporters of Lafayette from republicans who viewed the Guard as an instrument of repression. The incident exposed conflicting definitions of revolutionary public order.
August 179115 historical events
Bailly defends preservation of legal order
After the Champ de Mars violence, Bailly argued through his official conduct for municipal obedience to law and the existing constitutional authorities. His approach widened the gulf between the mayoralty and popular republican clubs.
Declaration of Pillnitz
Frederick William II & Leopold II agree to restore the French monarchy
Alliance Frederick William II and Leopold II to restore Louis XVI to the French throne
Agrees an alliance with Leopold II to restore Louis XVI to the French throne
Declaration of Pillnitz
Frederick William II & Leopold to agree to restore the French monarchy
Bois Caiman Ceremony
Associated with the Bois Caiman ceremony before the northern slave uprising
Bois Caiman Ceremony
Traditionally associated with the Bois Caiman ceremony
Plan of Washington
Completes a plan for the new federal city
Northern Uprising
Faces the outbreak of the northern slave revolt
Northern Uprising
Helps lead the opening slave uprising in northern Saint-Domingue
Declaration of Pillnitz raises international tension
Austria and Prussia issued the Declaration of Pillnitz concerning the French monarchy's position. Marie Antoinette's Austrian connections became more politically explosive as revolutionaries suspected foreign designs on France.
Declaration of Pillnitz
Offers to support Louis XVI in the Declaration of Pillnitz
Election to Legislative Assembly
Vergniaud was elected to the Legislative Assembly as a deputy for the Gironde.
Constitutional monarchy under suspicion: Moderate defence hardens
Barnave continued to argue for preserving constitutional monarchy after the shootings. The use of force on the Champ de Mars made his political compromise difficult to sell to republican opponents.
Constitutional monarchy under suspicion: Democrats challenge restoration
Petion's political standing benefited from public distrust of those who defended the king after Varennes. The massacre made the distinction between a parliamentary settlement and popular consent even more contentious.
Constitutional monarchy under suspicion: Petition rights become political issue
Brissot's campaign milieu interpreted the deaths as a warning about the limits placed on political expression. Arguments over the right of citizens to organize remained central in subsequent revolutionary disputes.
September 179141 historical events
Bailly contends with growing loss of legitimacy
The mayor's standing weakened as critics linked him to the suppression of the July demonstration. Political divisions made municipal governance more contentious even after the immediate street crisis receded.
Declaration Incorporated into Constitution of 1791
The 1789 Declaration is placed at the head of the Constitution of 1791 as its statement of fundamental principles.
Constitution of 1791
Participates in the constitutional settlement that establishes a limited monarchy
Constitution of 1791
Participates in the constitutional settlement that establishes a limited monarchy.
Constitution Presented to King
The completed Constitution established the framework within which Louis XVI could resume authority as a constitutional monarch.
Constitutional Monarchy
The completed Constitution of 1791 is presented as France's new constitutional settlement
Constitutional Monarchy
The completed Constitution of 1791 is presented as France's new constitutional settlement.
La clemenza di Tito
La clemenza di Tito premieres in Prague during Leopold II's coronation festivities.
Bohemian Coronation
Crowned King of Bohemia at Prague
Election to Legislative Assembly
Brissot was elected a Paris deputy to the Legislative Assembly and joined its diplomatic debates.
Acceptance of Constitution
Louis XVI formally accepted the Constitution, enabling the restoration of his constitutional executive functions.
Constitutional monarchy formally begins
Louis XVI accepted the Constitution of 1791 and publicly committed himself to the new constitutional framework. Marie Antoinette remained skeptical of arrangements that severely constrained royal authority.
Constitution of France
Louis XVI accepts the new Constitution
Constitution of France
Louis XVI accepts the new Constitution.
Constitutional Oath
Louis XVI swore fidelity to the Constitution and accepted the limited powers of the new constitutional monarchy.
Restoration of Executive Functions
Louis XVI resumed constitutional executive functions after accepting and swearing fidelity to the Constitution.
Acceptance of Constitution
Accepts the Constitution of 1791
Acceptance of Constitution
Louis Charles Bourbon accepted the Constitution of 1791.
Acceptance of Constitution
Louis XVI accepted the Constitution of 1791.
Birth of Michael Faraday
Birth of Michael Faraday
Birth of Johann Franz Encke
Birth of Johann Franz Encke
Die Zauberflote
Composes Die Zauberflote, known in English as The Magic Flute.
The Magic Flute
Die Zauberflote premieres at the Theater auf der Wieden.
The Magic Flute
Conducts the first performance of Die Zauberflote.
The Magic Flute Premiere
Writes the libretto and performs Papageno at the premiere of Die Zauberflote
Constituent Assembly Ovation
Crowds acclaimed Robespierre at the close of the Constituent Assembly, reflecting his growing popular reputation.
Constituent Assembly Ovation
At the Constituent Assembly's close, crowds singled out Petion and Robespierre for a public ovation.
Constitution promulgated and assembly ends: Constitutional mission concludes
Barnave ended his constituent service as the Assembly completed a written framework for the monarchy. The regime's durability depended on a degree of trust that the Varennes crisis had already undermined.
Election to Legislative Assembly
Brissot was elected a deputy for Paris to the Legislative Assembly. His position allowed him to turn arguments previously advanced in print into parliamentary initiatives.
Constitution completes amid divisions: Rights language versus repression
Robespierre continued to emphasize the principles of liberty and accountability in a constitution born from revolutionary mobilization. The Champ de Mars became a reminder of the danger of limiting popular sovereignty by force.
Constitution promulgated and assembly ends: Deputies excluded from successor chamber
Robespierre had argued that members of the Constituent Assembly should not enter the next legislature. This self-denying ordinance profoundly shaped the personnel of the Legislative Assembly.
Constitution reaffirms equal civil status
The Constitution of 1791 consolidated a legal order built on citizenship rather than hereditary estates. Sieyes's constitutional ideas had helped articulate national sovereignty behind that transformation.
Constitution completes amid divisions: Royal acceptance without reconciliation
Louis XVI accepted the Constitution of 1791, but the memory of the Champ de Mars shootings made public unity fragile. Formal royal agreement did not undo fears that the monarchy and its defenders resisted popular scrutiny.
Constitution promulgated and assembly ends: King accepts written limits
Louis XVI accepted the Constitution of 1791, formally becoming a constitutional sovereign rather than an absolute monarch. The settlement placed executive authority within a legislative framework.
Constitution completes amid divisions: Guard protects new settlement
Lafayette regarded the constitutional settlement as a framework worth maintaining through disciplined public order. The massacre had already demonstrated the political cost of using soldiers against petitioners.
Adjutant
Andre Massena Essling was appointed Adjutant-Major of the 2nd battalion of volunteers of the Var.
Adjutant
Appointed Adjutant-Major of the 2nd battalion of volunteers of the Var
Public Education Plan
Talleyrand presented a national public education plan during the final phase of the Constituent Assembly.
Declaration of the Rights of Woman
Olympe de Gouges addresses the Declaration of the Rights of Woman to her
Declaration of the Rights of Woman
Olympe de Gouges addresses the Declaration of the Rights of Woman to her.
Rights of Woman Challenges Limits of 1789 Declaration
Olympe de Gouges answers the male-centered political order with a Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen.
October 179128 historical events
Legislative Assembly
Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud took his seat in the Legislative Assembly.
Legislative Assembly
Takes his seat in the Legislative Assembly
Legislative Assembly
Armand Gensonne took his seat in the Legislative Assembly.
Legislative Assembly
Takes his seat in the Legislative Assembly
Legislative Assembly
Maximin Isnard took his seat in the Legislative Assembly.
Legislative Assembly
Takes his seat in the Legislative Assembly
Opening of Legislative Assembly
Louis XVI began relations with the new Legislative Assembly created by the Constitution of 1791.
Royal Titles Debate
Vergniaud argued that parliamentary language should abandon the royal forms of address 'Sire' and 'Majesty'.
Resignation from National Guard
Lafayette resigned command of the Paris National Guard after completion of the Constitution and withdrew from Paris politics.
National Guard commander resigns
Lafayette relinquished command of the Paris National Guard after the constitutional settlement was completed. His departure marked the end of the force's first highly personalized leadership phase.
Vice-President of Legislative Assembly
Vergniaud was elected vice-president of the Legislative Assembly as his influence among the left increased.
Death of Grigory Potemkin
Dies while travelling near Jassy during the Russo-Turkish War
Death during War
Dies before the final peace with the Ottoman Empire
Vermont Senate Election
Chosen as one of Vermont's first US senators
Vermont Senate Election
Chosen as one of Vermont's first US senators
President of Legislative Assembly
Vergniaud became president of the Legislative Assembly during disputes over emigres and royal authority.
Clarinet Concerto
Receives Mozart's Clarinet Concerto, written for his instrument and style.
Clarinet Concerto
Completes the Clarinet Concerto for Anton Stadler.
Lafayette resigns Paris command: Radical municipal alternative grows
Petion emerged as a prominent alternative to established moderate leaders in Paris. Public anger after the Champ de Mars affair strengthened the political appeal of more democratic municipal leadership.
War party enters Legislative Assembly: Deputies coordinate against court
Guadet joined deputies increasingly suspicious of the royal ministry and emigrant threats. Their collaboration predated the later application of a single Girondin label.
War party enters Legislative Assembly: Bordeaux deputy gains prominence
Vergniaud took his seat in the Legislative Assembly as delegates from the Gironde became important parliamentary orators. His speeches gave a powerful public voice to advocates of a more assertive revolutionary policy.
Emigre armies treated as foreign-policy threat
Brissot warned that armed émigrés gathering beyond France's borders endangered constitutional government. He supported stronger measures against rulers sheltering counterrevolutionary forces.
Foreign Affairs Committee influence expands
Brissot became prominent in the Legislative Assembly's foreign-policy discussions. He argued that the Revolution's survival was linked to how France confronted hostile European monarchies.
War party enters Legislative Assembly: Aggressive foreign policy advocated
Brissot argued that the Revolution should confront hostile European powers rather than remain vulnerable to their threats. His influence helped create the loosely allied group later called Girondins.
Lafayette resigns Paris command: Mayor loses popular standing
Bailly remained associated with the violence of July as opposition to constitutional moderates grew. The damage contributed to the rapid erosion of his political authority in the capital.
Citadel Demolition Proposal
Carnot proposed demolishing internal citadels, arguing that fortresses could become instruments of tyranny against a free people.
Guard Command Ends with Constitutional Settlement
Lafayette relinquished his Paris command as the constitutional arrangements of 1791 took effect. His withdrawal ended the first phase of leadership dominated by a single prominent general.
Lafayette resigns Paris command: Retirement from the Guard
Lafayette resigned his command of the Paris National Guard after the constitutional settlement was completed. His departure occurred amid controversy over his record as protector of the monarchy.
November 179111 historical events
St Clair's Defeat
Defeated by the Western Confederacy in the Northwest Indian War
Veto of Emigre Measures
Louis XVI used his suspensive veto against legislation targeting émigrés, intensifying suspicion of the monarchy's political intentions.
Mayor of Paris
Elected mayor of Paris after Bailly's resignation
Mayor of Paris
Jerome Petion was elected mayor of Paris after Bailly's resignation.
Bailly leaves Paris mayoralty
Bailly resigned as mayor after prolonged hostility arising from the Champ de Mars shootings. His departure ended the tenure of the capital's first revolutionary mayor.
Bailly succeeded by a different political leadership
The vacancy created by Bailly's departure allowed Paris to choose a new municipal leader. The change reflected the collapse of confidence in the administration associated with the Champ de Mars episode.
Paris mayoral transition: Election to mayoralty
Petion won the Paris mayoralty as the capital turned away from Bailly's model of municipal leadership. The result revealed how the Champ de Mars tragedy altered the city's political balance.
Pressure on German princes advocated
Brissot urged diplomatic action against princes who permitted armed French émigrés to organize on their territory. The issue helped transform domestic counterrevolution into an international confrontation.
Paris mayoral transition: Resignation from municipal office
Bailly left the Paris mayoralty under the weight of declining popularity and political hostility. The suppression of petitioners had become inseparable from his public reputation.
Resignation as Mayor
Bailly resigned as mayor of Paris after his popularity collapsed following the Champ de Mars violence.
Paris mayoral transition: Jacobin influence in city politics
Robespierre's political allies gained opportunities as moderate authority weakened in Paris. The municipal change reflected a larger shift toward popular activists and their elected representatives.
December 179128 historical events
Bailly withdraws from prominent public office
After resigning, Bailly retired from the centre of revolutionary politics. His withdrawal offered little protection once the political direction of the Revolution became more radical.
Acquisition of Ansbach and Bayreuth
Acquires the margraviates of Ansbach and Bayreuth from Charles Alexander
Sale of Ansbach
Sells the Margraviate of Ansbach to Prussia
Sale of Bayreuth
Sells the Margraviate of Bayreuth to Prussia
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.
Death of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Dies in Vienna aged thirty five.
Widow Pension
Petitions for support after Mozart dies with debts.
Declaration of War
Louis XVI addressed the Legislative Assembly on the émigré threat and warned that continued foreign protection of armed émigrés could lead to conflict.
Ultimatum over Emigre Forces
Louis XVI addressed the Legislative Assembly on the threat posed by émigré forces gathering under protection of German princes.
Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights comes into effect
Constitution of USA
The Bill of Rights comes into effect
Bill of Rights
President when the first ten amendments take effect as the Bill of Rights
Bill of Rights
Ten amendments based on Madison's proposals are ratified as the Bill of Rights
December address argues for revolutionary war
Brissot delivered a major defense of war at the Jacobin Club. He claimed that confronting foreign enemies could consolidate the Revolution, a view that became central to his political reputation.
Legislation
Vetoes the Legislative Assemblys Decree against priests
Veto of Decrees
Vetoes decrees against refractory priests and emigres
Veto of Refractory Priest Decree
Louis XVI vetoed legislation directed against refractory priests, worsening conflict with deputies who viewed clerical resistance as counter-revolutionary.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Birth of Charles Babbage
Birth of Charles Babbage
Jacobin war debate divides reformers: Royal diplomacy scrutinized
Guadet challenged the reliability of ministers responsible for responding to European rulers. Such attacks increased tension between militant legislators and the constitutional monarch.
Jacobin war debate divides reformers: Military firmness enters rhetoric
Vergniaud became associated with the legislators pressing the court to answer foreign threats. His eloquence helped make the war question central to parliamentary debate.
Austrian policy hardens in Assembly
Brissot pressed for a firm stance toward Austria and the courts accused of supporting counterrevolution. The argument contributed to an increasingly urgent diplomatic crisis.
War policy debated against Robespierre
Brissot advocated military confrontation as a means of defending and spreading revolutionary principles. Robespierre replied that war could empower generals and damage liberty at home.
Jacobin war debate divides reformers: War defended as liberation
Brissot presented war as a way to expose internal enemies and defend the revolutionary nation. Robespierre and other critics warned that armies might not spread liberty as easily as war advocates supposed.
War Debate
Brissot and allied members argue that war can spread revolutionary principles and expose internal enemies
War Debate
Brissot and allied members argue that war can spread revolutionary principles and expose internal enemies.
Military Committee
Carnot joined the Legislative Assembly's military committee and became influential in questions of army organization.
Military Discipline Debate
Carnot challenged a model of absolute passive obedience and argued for reasoned military obedience away from the battlefield.
Aftermath of Varennes
Uses the crisis to question whether France can safely retain Louis XVI as king
Aftermath of Varennes
Uses the crisis to question whether France can safely retain Louis XVI as king.
Aftermath of Varennes
Denounces the attempted royal flight as evidence of court hostility to the Revolution
Aftermath of Varennes
Denounces the attempted royal flight as evidence of court hostility to the Revolution.
Petition against Royal Veto
Attacks the king's veto and supports stronger popular pressure after the Varennes crisis
Petition against Royal Veto
Attacks the king's veto and supports stronger popular pressure after the Varennes crisis.
Aftermath of Varennes
Uses the royal flight to intensify pressure against the monarchy
Aftermath of Varennes
Uses the royal flight to intensify pressure against the monarchy.
Exile of Francois Claude Amour Bouille
Flees after the collapse of the royal escape plan
Exile of Francois Claude Amour Bouille
Flees after the collapse of the royal escape plan.
Jacobins Rename Society
The Jacobin Club adopts the name Society of the Friends of the Constitution sitting at the Jacobins in Paris
Adjutant-Major
Andre Massena Essling, Duke was appointed adjutant-major of the second battalion of volunteers of the Var.
Adjutant-Major
Appointed adjutant-major of the second battalion of volunteers of the Var
Deputy
Elected to the Legislative Assembly for Pas-de-Calais
Deputy
Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Pas-de-Calais.
Ajaccio Politics
Participates in Jacobin politics and local National Guard activity in Corsica
Ajaccio Politics
Participates in Jacobin politics and local National Guard activity in Corsica.
Declaration of the Rights of Woman
Publishes the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen
Declaration of the Rights of Woman
Publishes the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen.
Petition to the Queen
Addresses her declaration to Marie Antoinette
Petition to the Queen
Olympe Gouges addressed her declaration to Marie Antoinette.
Minister of Marine
Appointed Minister of Marine under Louis XVI
War Debate
Maximilien Francois Marie Robespierre opposed Brissotin arguments for revolutionary war.
War Debate
Opposes Brissotin arguments for revolutionary war
War Debate
Pierre-Victurnien Vergniaud supported the emerging Girondin argument for war against counter-revolutionary powers.
War Debate
Supports the emerging Girondin argument for war against counter-revolutionary powers
Mozart Requiem Completion
Later completes parts of Mozart's unfinished Requiem after Mozart's death.
Succession
Succeeds as King of Hungary
Escape preparations arranged with Fersen
Marie Antoinette helped coordinate the royal family's planned flight from Paris with Axel von Fersen. The operation aimed to reach military protection in the east while preserving the royal family's unity.
Queen presses Austrian court for support
Marie Antoinette sent private messages seeking assistance from her imperial relatives during the constitutional monarchy. The correspondence showed the gap between the royal family's public commitments and its private political strategies.
Strengthened surveillance at the Tuileries
The Assembly imposed tighter restrictions on the royal household after Varennes. Marie Antoinette's political correspondence and the movement of trusted attendants became more sensitive under increased observation.
Lettres sur les ouvrages et le caractere de J
Publishes Lettres sur les ouvrages et le caractere de J.-J. Rousseau
Minister of Marine
Appointed Minister of Marine
Constitution of France
The title assumed by the club itself, after the promulgation of the constitution of 1791, was Soci‚t‚ des amis de la constitution s‚ants aux Jacobins … Paris
Jacobin Club
The title assumed by the club itself, after the promulgation of the constitution of 1791, was Soci‚t‚ des amis de la constitution s‚ants aux Jacobins … Paris. Appointed Member of Jacobin Club
Excommunication
Talleyrand-Perigord resigns as Bishop following his excommunication by Pope Pius VI
Gensonne Represents the Gironde
Gensonne joined the Legislative Assembly among deputies who became increasingly influential in disputes over the monarchy's wartime policies.
Constitution of France
Camille Desmoulins presented a petition demanding an end to the King's veto.
Constitution of France
Presents a petition demanding an end to the King's veto
Consecration of New Constitutional Bishops
Talleyrand participated in the consecration of bishops chosen under revolutionary law, deepening conflict with Catholic authorities rejecting the system.
Constitutional Bishops Need Valid Consecration
Talleyrand's position as a bishop willing to consecrate replacements became important when the new system encountered widespread episcopal refusal.
Papal Condemnation Isolates Constitutional Bishops
Talleyrand faced Rome's rejection of bishops serving under the new law, making his clerical career inseparable from the Revolution's religious crisis.
Talleyrand Withdraws from Episcopal Functions
Talleyrand moved away from active episcopal duties after participating in the constitutional settlement, turning increasingly toward politics and diplomacy.
Clerical Dispute Spreads into Electoral Politics
The constitutional and refractory divide influenced local elections and public trust, with Gregoire defending sworn clergy against claims of illegitimacy.
Constitutional Church Attempts to Maintain Worship
Gregoire sought to preserve parish worship under the new institutions while communities disagreed about whether sworn priests could legitimately minister.
Constitutional Clergy Defend Compatibility with Catholic Faith
Gregoire maintained that church reform could coexist with Catholic belief, contesting opponents who presented the oath as an abandonment of religion.
Early Clerical Oaths Divide Parish Communities
Gregoire accepted the civic oath as other clergy rejected it, creating divisions that spread from parliamentary politics into local religious life.
Gregoire Elected Constitutional Bishop of Blois
Gregoire accepted election as constitutional bishop for Loir-et-Cher, a prominent example of a reform-minded priest entering the national Church hierarchy.
Local Worshippers Contest Constitutional Bishops
Gregoire faced resistance from Catholic worshippers who continued to recognize nonjuring clergy, revealing how the ecclesiastical schism affected ordinary parish life.
Sworn and Refractory Priests Compete for Parish Allegiance
Gregoire's constitutional hierarchy had to secure clergy and worshippers in areas where parish communities remained loyal to their former priests.
Assembly Debates Emigre Armies on the Border
Brissot argued that armed emigres receiving protection abroad posed a danger that constitutional government could not safely ignore.
Brissot Joins the Legislative Assembly
Brissot entered the new legislature and used parliamentary debate to press his views on foreign threats and revolutionary security.
Jacobin War Advocates Challenge European Monarchies
Brissot argued that confronting foreign monarchies could expose threats to revolutionary France. His activism helped divide deputies over the risks of international conflict.
War Policy Becomes a Dividing Line
Brissot urged a forceful response to foreign monarchies, while opponents warned that war would strengthen military power and endanger liberty.
Army of the North Formed
Rochambeau received command of the northern field army as France reorganized its military forces amid increasing tension along the Austrian Netherlands frontier.
Conservative Clerical Resistance Moves Beyond Assembly
Maury defended the traditional Church against reforms that now affected parish appointments and religious practice far beyond parliamentary debate.
Refusal of Oath Becomes Catholic Rallying Point
Maury's opposition aligned him with Catholics who regarded the required oath as a breach of the spiritual independence of the Church.
Religious Controversy Fuels Counterrevolutionary Sentiment
Opponents of the settlement used the plight of nonjuring priests to mobilize resistance against the revolutionary authorities and their Church laws.
New Mayor Takes Over Revolutionary Municipality
Jerome Petion succeeded Bailly as mayor of Paris after the latter lost public confidence. His election marked a shift in the political character of the city's municipal leadership.
Debate over Military Obedience and Citizenship
Carnot questioned whether soldiers owed unquestioning obedience in every circumstance, distinguishing battlefield discipline from duties owed by citizens.
Internal Fortresses Raise Constitutional Concerns
Carnot proposed considering the removal of certain internal citadels that could threaten citizens rather than defend France from outside attack.
Military Committee Reviews Defence Organization
Carnot served on military matters as the Assembly confronted the weakness of France's armed forces and the reliability of its officers.
Military Engineer Enters National Legislature
Carnot represented Pas-de-Calais and applied his experience in fortification and military service to debates on national defence.
Expilly Chosen Bishop of Finistere
Louis Alexandre Expilly became one of the first bishops elected under the Civil Constitution, demonstrating the practical operation of the new electoral system.
Finistere Diocese Reorganizes Church Administration
Expilly attempted to govern a reshaped diocese after his election, confronting practical resistance from clergy who refused the constitutional oath.
King Responds to Emigre Threat
Louis XVI communicated with the legislature about armed royalist exiles and foreign rulers while trying to preserve his constitutional position.
Refractory Clergy Decrees Reach the Crown
Louis XVI confronted proposals penalizing priests who rejected the oath, exposing the constitutional monarch's limited but still consequential legislative veto.
Religious Division Weakens Constitutional Monarchy
Louis XVI faced intensifying political distrust as disputes over the Civil Constitution made his own religious convictions a question of public loyalty.
Royal Veto Challenges Assembly's Policy
Louis XVI used the suspensive veto against controversial measures, demonstrating the difficulty of sharing authority under the new Constitution.
Remaining Jacobins Reject Feuillant Withdrawal
Robespierre remained with the Jacobin Club when leading constitutional monarchists departed. This decision strengthened his standing among activists who opposed retreat from revolutionary principles.
Robespierre Denounces Revolutionary War Enthusiasm
Robespierre warned that foreign war could strengthen ambitious generals and undermine domestic liberty. His opposition put him at odds with Brissot and other pro war speakers.
War Debate Opposed Outside the Legislature
Robespierre, excluded from the new Assembly by the self-denying ordinance, argued publicly against the expectation that war would rescue the Revolution.
Isnard Enters Legislative Politics
Isnard represented the Var and became a forceful speaker among deputies demanding firmer action against threats to the constitutional order.
Debate over Royal Forms of Address
Vergniaud challenged ceremonial deference to the king in parliamentary language, reflecting a legislature increasingly conscious of its representative authority.
Emigre Measures Pressed in Parliament
Vergniaud and like-minded deputies supported measures directed at exiles plotting across the borders, increasing tension with royal authorities.
Legislative Assembly Opens under New Constitution
Vergniaud took his seat as the legislature elected under the Constitution of 1791 replaced the National Constituent Assembly.
Vergniaud Becomes Assembly President
Vergniaud assumed the chair during a period of crisis involving emigrant military concentrations and doubts over the king's loyalty.
Vergniaud Chosen Assembly Vice-President
Vergniaud's election as vice-president recognized his rising influence among deputies as disputes over emigres and royal power intensified.
Corsican National Guard factional politics
Napoleon Bonaparte participated in Corsican revolutionary politics and local armed organization. National Guard activity on the island reflected disputes over allegiance and political authority.
Père Duchesne attacks constitutional compromise
Hébert criticized efforts to restore confidence in the monarchy after the royal flight. His newspaper presented distrust of the court as a necessary defense of revolutionary gains.
Constituent Assembly Concludes Its Mission
The Constituent Assembly ended after completing the constitution, leaving the problem of how to preserve that settlement to a new legislature.
Constitution Enshrines National Sovereignty
The Constitution of 1791 placed sovereignty in the nation, confirming a principle Sieyes had promoted before the Estates General met.
Limitation of Monarchical Authority
The new constitutional settlement reduced the kings independent legislative power, reflecting the broader transfer of authority from inherited office to elected representation.
Religion and Civil Toleration Report
Sieyes contributed to debate over toleration as legislators attempted to define the civil status of worshippers in a country divided by religious reform.
Village resistance to seigneurial payments persists
Peasant communities continued challenging dues that the legislature still treated as redeemable property rights. Deputies including Buzot faced the unresolved conflict between rural expectations and the legal compromises of 1789.
Deputy
Appointed Member of Legislative Assembly for the Pas de Calais
Deputy
Lazare Nicholas Marguerite Carnot was appointed Member of Legislative Assembly for the Pas de Calais.
Constituent Assembly dissolves after constitutional settlement
The legislature ended its work after drafting the Constitution of 1791. Talleyrand's participation had carried him from a clerical estate into the politics of national representation.
Education report discusses unequal access to learning
Talleyrand's program addressed the organization and purposes of schooling across France. Its proposals formed part of a major debate about state responsibility for instruction.
Educational reform becomes legislative priority
Talleyrand helped develop proposals for a national system of public instruction. He regarded education as essential to a constitutional society built on citizens rather than hereditary corporate orders.
Papal condemnation deepens religious breach
Pope Pius VI condemned the Church reforms and actions associated with constitutional bishops. Talleyrand became one of the prominent French clerics identified with that breach.
Talleyrand consecrates constitutional bishops
He participated in consecrating bishops elected under the new constitutional system. The act helped establish an alternative hierarchy despite opposition from Rome.
Talleyrand presents plan for public education
His report to the National Assembly proposed a broad structure for public education. The plan linked civic training with the Revolution's ideals of useful knowledge and national improvement.
Talleyrand resigns episcopal responsibilities
Talleyrand withdrew from active episcopal leadership during the confrontation over the constitutional Church. His departure from the diocese signaled an enduring rupture with traditional clerical authority.
Constitutional Assembly Concludes Its Work
La Revelliere Lepeaux completed service during the first constitutional phase while France prepared to operate a limited monarchy.
Champ de Mars killings radicalize press debate
The National Guard's shootings of petitioners generated bitter recriminations. Desmoulins viewed the use of armed force against demonstrators as a warning about constitutional moderation.
Constitutional monarchy leaves radical press dissatisfied
The Constitution of 1791 retained a monarchy that Desmoulins deeply distrusted after Varennes. His writing reflected growing impatience with a settlement dependent on Louis XVI.
Desmoulins attacks censorship and repression
The suppression of political demonstrations sharpened his criticism of authorities claiming to defend liberty. He continued to portray press freedom as central to the Revolution.
Political crackdown threatens radical journalists
After the Champ de Mars confrontation, authorities scrutinized militants linked to republican agitation. Desmoulins's outspoken record made him vulnerable to reprisals.
Republican petitions draw Desmoulins into controversy
Desmoulins supported more forceful popular demands after Varennes. The petition campaign brought republican-minded activists into conflict with leaders seeking to preserve the monarchy.
Royal flight prompts fierce journalistic criticism
After Louis XVI tried to escape France, Desmoulins attacked the court's credibility. He presented Varennes as evidence that the monarchy could not be trusted to defend the constitutional settlement.
Commune invokes martial law in petition crisis
Mayor Bailly approved a declaration of martial law as protesters demanded action after the king's flight. National Guard gunfire at the Champ de Mars severely damaged confidence in his administration.
Mayor
Appointed Mayor of Paris
Mayor
Jerome Petion was appointed mayor of Paris.
Pétion succeeds Bailly as Paris mayor
Jérôme Pétion won the Paris mayoralty after Bailly's declining popularity. His election showed a shift toward leaders more sympathetic to the capital's radical electorate.
Declaration of War
Maximilien Francois Marie Robespierre opposed the War of Liberation because foreign countries are not ready for liberation.
Declaration of War
Opposes the War of Liberation because foreign countries are not ready for liberation
Jacobin Club
Appointed Member of Jacobin Club
Jacobin Club
Maximilien Francois Marie Robespierre became a member of the Jacobin Club.
Election
Elected Member of Legislative Assembly
Election
Pierre-Joseph Cambon was elected to the Legislative Assembly.
Army organization analysis
Carnot assessed weaknesses in inherited military arrangements as France's revolutionary legislature faced growing strategic uncertainty.
Debate on military obedience
Carnot defended reasoned obedience in the military while acknowledging the special necessity of immediate compliance in battle.
Legislative military committee work
Carnot served on military committees and contributed technical knowledge to debates over how to reorganize the French army.
Opposition to internal citadels
Carnot argued that urban fortresses could threaten liberty if used by rulers against their own citizens.
Pas-de-Calais legislative election
Lazare Carnot was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Pas-de-Calais, bringing his military engineering experience into national politics.
Danton enters municipal prosecutorial office
Danton took a post as deputy to the Commune's prosecutor, connecting radical neighborhood politics with formal municipal institutions. The appointment increased his visibility in civic affairs.
Popular sections demand broader armed participation
Antoine-Joseph Santerre became prominent among the armed activists of the Paris sections. Their growing influence challenged the National Guard's earlier association with prosperous constitutional monarchists.
National Guard action strains city governance
Lafayette's forces dispersed a republican demonstration with deadly force. The episode exposed the risk of employing the municipality's armed support against revolutionary citizens.
Momoro advances radical printing culture
Printer Antoine François Momoro circulated revolutionary material and developed links with militant activists. Printed appeals were vital to the political world later associated with the Hébertists.
Champ de Mars repression
National Guards fired on petitioners at the Champ de Mars, and Danton's political associates faced heightened pressure after the bloodshed.
Cordeliers republican petition
Danton was associated with the Cordeliers' movement to seek a decision on the monarchy after the Varennes crisis.
Departmental administration appointment
Danton was elected to the administration of the department of Paris, adding a departmental post to his revolutionary activities.
Deputy prosecutor appointment
Danton became a deputy to the public prosecutor of the Paris Commune, a municipal office that widened his political influence.
Reaction to flight to Varennes
After the royal family's failed flight, Danton joined those demanding a clear political reckoning over the king's reliability.
Temporary departure from Paris
Danton left France temporarily following the crackdown associated with the Champ de Mars demonstrations before returning to revolutionary politics.
Election
Elected President of the National Assembly
Election
Mirabeau was elected president of the National Assembly.
National Assembly
Elected President of the National Assembly
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant Colonel in Corsica
Lieutenant
Napoleon I was appointed Lieutenant Colonel in Corsica.
Jacobin Club
Helps found the Jacobin Club. Appointed Member of Ajaccio Jacobin Club
Jacobin Club
Napoleon I helped found the Jacobin Club. Appointed Member of Ajaccio Jacobin Club.
National Assembly
Army officers swear an oath of loyalty to the National Assembly
National Assembly
Army officers swear an oath of loyalty to the National Assembly.
Oath
Army officers swear an oath of loyalty to the National Assembly
Escape of Louis XVI
Makes a failed attempt to flee France to support emigres
Escape of Louis XVI
Makes a failed attempt to flee France to support emigres.
Exile of Bertrand
Escapes to England where he stays until 1814
Exile of Bertrand
Escapes to England where he stays until 1814.
Trial
Accused of planning another escape for Louis XVI. Accused of being employed by France's enemies after his hostility to the revolution
Trial
Accused of planning another escape for Louis XVI. Accused of being employed by France's enemies after his hostility to the revolution.
Excommunication
Talleyrand-Perigord resigns as Bishop following his excommunication by Pope Pius VI
Excommunication
Talleyrand-Perigord resigns as Bishop following his excommunication by Pope Pius VI.
Standardised Hull Proportions Guide Fleet Building
The chosen ship types reduced unnecessary variation in the proportions of French line of battle vessels. Its wider importance lay in lowering variation between warship types.
Mayor
Appointed Mayor of Paris
Election
Elected President of the National Assembly
National Assembly
Elected President of the National Assembly
National Guard
Appointed Member of cavalry of the National Guard
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant Colonel in Corsica
Jacobin Club
Appointed Member of Ajaccio Jacobin Club at its foundation
Governor
Appointed Governor of Berlin
Rule of Ansbach
Chharles Alexander sell the Margraviates of Ansbach and Bayreuth to the Prussians
Rule of Byreuth
Chharles Alexander sell the Margraviates of Ansbach and Bayreuth to the Prussians
Revises Educational Ideas
Wollstonecraft continued refining her arguments for intellectual independence through reviews and political writing.
French Revolution Poem Printed
Blake's poem The French Revolution reached proof stage, although it was not generally distributed.
Homer Translations Published
Cowper published English blank verse translations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey after years of work.
Retired Cat Poem Appears
Cowper's The Retired Cat appeared in his literary output, turning an animal incident into humorous moral poetry.
Response to Talleyrand
Begins developing arguments that will lead to A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Appeal from New to Old Whigs
Burke published An Appeal from the New to the Old Whigs, defending his interpretation of Whig constitutional principles.
Break with Charles James Fox
Burke's disagreement with Charles James Fox over France became a public rupture within the Whig opposition.
Rights and Representative Government
Paine argued that legitimate government derives from the rights and consent of living people rather than hereditary privilege.
Rights of Man Public Debate
Paine defended the principles of the French Revolution against conservative criticism in a widely debated political work.
Rights of Man
Publication of "The Rights of Man", 1st part
Abolitionist Verse
His anti-slavery poem The Negro's Complaint circulates in abolitionist campaigns
Slavery
Helps to distribute anti-slavery newspapers by the Correspondence Committees
Death of John Wesley
Death of John Wesley
Reform of Methodism
After Wesleys death Methodists become nonconformist
Battle of Seringapatam
Defeats Sultan Tippu
Brief Caritas Criticizes Constitutional Consecrations
Pius VI condemned episcopal consecrations under the revolutionary settlement, aggravating a schism between constitutional clergy and papal loyalists.
Brief Quod Aliquantum Denounces Religious Changes
Pius VI issued Quod aliquantum against key revolutionary religious measures, challenging the Civil Constitution and the principles behind its enactment.
French Clergy Face Conflicting Loyalties
Pius VI insisted on papal authority while France required constitutional allegiance, leaving numerous priests caught between rival demands for obedience.
Papal Condemnation Deepens the Clerical Schism
Pius VI's rejection strengthened the nonjuring clergy and made acceptance of the Civil Constitution a lasting dividing line in French Catholicism.
Pius Six Rejects the Clergy Settlement
Pope Pius VI condemned the French ecclesiastical reorganization as incompatible with the Church's authority, intensifying the separation of sworn and nonsworn clergy.
Publication on Animal Electricity
Publishes De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius
Second Gurkha Invasion
A second Gurkha invasion reaches Shigatse and threatens Tashilhunpo Monastery.
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Death of Potemkin
Death of Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin
Bill of Rights
The last ten of Madisons proposed amendments are ratified and become the Bill of Rights
Legislation
The last ten of Madisons proposed amendments are ratified and become the Bill of Rights
Bill of Rights
The last ten of Madisons proposed amendments are ratified and become the Bill of Rights
Constitution of USA
The last ten of Madisons proposed amendments are ratified and become the Bill of Rights
Democratic Republican Party
Madison and Thomas Jefferson organize what they called the republican party (later called the Democratic Republican Party) in opposition to key policies of the Federalists, especially the national bank and the Jay Treaty
Republican Party Organization
Works with Thomas Jefferson in organizing opposition to Federalist policies
Republican Party Organization
Works with James Madison in organizing opposition to Hamiltonian Federalist policies