Anniversary of Louis XVI Execution
Billaud-Varenne supported official commemoration of the execution of Louis XVI as a republican political anniversary.
Historical events in 1794
741 historical records
January 17942 historical events
Aftermath of Toulon Reprisals Remains Contested
Political violence following the reconquest continued to shape local memories and national controversy. Revolutionary justice in the port exemplified the difficulties of reconciling security with civilian protection.
February 179413 historical events
Abolition of Slavery
Dufay reports on conditions in Saint-Domingue and urges the Convention to confirm freedom and citizenship for formerly enslaved people in the colonies.
Support for Abolition of Slavery
Danton supported the Convention's abolition of slavery in the French colonies.
Political Morality Report
Robespierre linked republican government with civic virtue in a major report on political morality.
General
Appointed General of the Brigade, confirmed
General
Napoleon I was confirmed as general of brigade.
General
Appointed General of the Brigade, confirmed
President of National Convention
Saint-Just chaired the Convention for a term beginning in February while remaining active in emergency government.
Protection of Bayeux Tapestry
The district Arts Commission secured the embroidery as national property and ensured its preservation.
First Ventose Decree
Saint-Just proposes measures permitting confiscated property of revolutionary enemies to be redirected toward impoverished supporters of the Republic.
Rule of Venice
Austria & Russia reach agreement on sharing Veetian territories in the Mediterranean
Ventose property proposals: Revolutionary committees oversee enforcement
Barère belonged to the emergency leadership expected to turn legislation into effective administrative action. Confiscation plans faced difficulties of identifying assets and beneficiaries.
Ventose property proposals: Property redistribution advanced
Saint-Just proposed confiscating property of people condemned as enemies and transferring it to needy patriots. The program linked revolutionary punishment to material social justice.
Ventose property proposals: Virtue and social welfare connected
Robespierre's circle promoted a republic that would protect the poor while suppressing political enemies. The Ventôse proposals illustrated the ambition and practical difficulties of such a policy.
March 179430 historical events
Second Ventose Decree
Saint-Just develops the Ventose program by linking the punishment of political enemies with material assistance for needy patriots.
The Clock
1st performance of, "The Clock" at the King's Concert Hall
Report Against Hebertists
Saint-Just denounces the Hebertist faction before the Convention as a conspiracy threatening revolutionary government and republican unity.
Momoro caught in purge of club leaders
Momoro's place among the radical Cordeliers made him a target of the March 1794 prosecution. The controversy surrounding government moves against hebertists influenced the changing balance among revolutionary factions.
Hebert arrested after failed insurrectionary agitation
Authorities accused Hébert and associates of plotting against revolutionary government, ending their bid for stronger club pressure. The episode concerned government moves against hebertists and affected the relationship between club activists and public authority.
Vincent detained with militant faction
Vincent was arrested as leading members of the Hébertist circle lost protection from the ruling committees. This aspect of government moves against hebertists illustrates how press campaigns, popular sections and government decisions became connected.
Death of Jacques Rene Hebert
Jacques Rene Hebert was executed in Paris with leading Hebertists.
Execution
Hebert was executed with leading members of the Hebertist faction.
Hebertists Executed Following Tribunal Proceedings
Hebert and several associates were condemned and guillotined after their trial. Their elimination changed the balance of power within the revolutionary movement.
Execution of Hebertists
Hebert and leading Hebertists are executed after being accused of conspiracy against the revolutionary government
Execution of Hebertists
Hebert and leading Hebertists are executed after being accused of conspiracy against the revolutionary government.
Reform of Paris Commune
The Paris commune is reorganized, Hebertists are replaced by supporters of Robespierre
Reform of Paris Commune
The Paris commune is reorganized, Hebertists are replaced by supporters of Robespierre.
Dantonist Crisis
Danton and his allies are arrested after criticism of the Terror and the Committee of Public Safety
Dantonist Crisis
Danton and his allies are arrested after criticism of the Terror and the Committee of Public Safety.
Arrest of Georges Jacques Danton
Arrested for conspiring with foreign monarchs & links to the India company scandal
Arrest of Georges Jacques Danton
Georges Jacques Danton was arrested for conspiring with foreign monarchs and links to the India company scandal.
Scandal
Arrested for conspiring with foreign monarchs & links to the India company scandal
Report Against Dantonists
Saint-Just presents accusations against Danton and his associates, and the Convention approves a decree placing leading Dantonists on trial.
Dantonist Crisis
Desmoulins is imprisoned with the Dantonists after calling for clemency and attacking revolutionary excess
Dantonist Crisis
Desmoulins is imprisoned with the Dantonists after calling for clemency and attacking revolutionary excess.
Committee of General Security
The Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security ensure that Desmoulins and Danton are arrested
Committee of General Security
The Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security ensure that Desmoulins and Danton are arrested.
Committee of Public Safety
The Committee of Public Safety and the Committee of General Security ensure that Desmoulins and Danton are arrested
Hebertist leaders suppressed: Factional danger moves toward moderates
Danton's associates observed the removal of the Hébertists as the government tightened control over rival revolutionary currents. The crackdown soon preceded prosecution of Danton's own circle.
Hebertist Crisis
Conflict grows between the Jacobin leadership and Hebertist militants over dechristianisation and popular pressure
Hebertist Crisis
Conflict grows between the Jacobin leadership and Hebertist militants over dechristianisation and popular pressure.
Hebertist leaders suppressed: Radical opponents accused
Saint-Just participated in reporting against alleged conspiratorial factions during the spring of 1794. Proceedings against the Hébertists narrowed the political space available to the militant Parisian left.
Hebertist Leaders Accused of Conspiracy
Hébert and prominent allies appeared before the Revolutionary Tribunal accused of conspiring against the Republic. The prosecution eliminated a militant faction that had challenged the emergency government.
Hebertist leaders suppressed: Extremist challenge eliminated
Robespierre regarded some ultra-revolutionary activists as threats to republican unity. Their arrest and execution removed vocal critics of the Committee's authority.
April 179422 historical events
Commander of Artillery
Appointed Commander of the Artillery in the Army of Italy
Commander of Artillery
Napoleon I was appointed Commander of the Artillery in the Army of Italy.
General
Joins the Army of Italy under Dumerbion
Danton Confronts Revolutionary Tribunal
Danton defended himself vigorously after arrest with associates accused of political and financial misconduct. The prosecution turned the emergency justice machinery against one of its former champions.
Battle of Raclawice
Defeats a superior Russian army
Danton and Associates Executed After Trial
Danton was guillotined with Desmoulins and other convicted associates. Their deaths removed influential critics of revolutionary repression.
Death of Georges Jacques Danton
Danton is executed
Death of Georges Jacques Danton
Danton is executed.
Execution
Death of George's Jacques Danton
Execution
Georges Jacques Danton was executed.
Execution of Dantonists
Danton and several allies are executed leaving Robespierre and the committees more isolated
Execution of Dantonists
Danton and several allies are executed leaving Robespierre and the committees more isolated.
Dantonists executed: Emergency regime eliminates dissent
Billaud-Varenne stood among leading revolutionaries who favored uncompromising security measures. The Dantonist trial demonstrated how accusations of conspiracy could be deployed against former allies.
Chabot Corruption Case Fuels Factional Trials
Accusations involving Chabot and financial speculation contributed to the atmosphere of suspicion around revolutionary leaders. The government used scandal and alleged conspiracy to justify wider prosecutions.
Philippeaux Included among Dantonist Accused
Deputy Philippeaux faced charges alongside figures associated with the call for greater moderation. His prosecution also reflected bitter disputes about military policy in the Vendée.
Army of Rhine Renews Offensive Planning
French commanders prepared operations along the eastern frontier after the recovery of Alsace. Securing routes and magazines remained essential to maintaining pressure on Coalition forces.
Desmoulins Tried for Indulgent Opposition
Camille Desmoulins was prosecuted with Danton's allies after advocating clemency in his journalism. His writing had become evidence of alleged disloyalty to the revolutionary government.
Dantonists executed: Charges presented against Danton
Saint-Just presented accusations against Danton and his associates in the Convention. Their prosecution eliminated influential figures who had urged a less punitive revolutionary policy.
Dantonist Hearing Curtails Defendant Speeches
The prosecution of Danton and his allies proceeded under restrictions that curtailed their ability to challenge proceedings. The exceptional treatment exposed tensions between revolutionary necessity and judicial fairness.
Herman Oversees Emergency Judicial Administration
Herman held important responsibilities in the revolutionary justice apparatus before moving into government administration. His work illustrates the close connection between judicial institutions and the committees directing the Terror.
Dantonists executed: Former ally destroyed
Robespierre accepted the elimination of Danton's faction as divisions within the revolutionary leadership sharpened. The executions left the governing coalition politically more isolated.
Saorgio Campaign Planning
Napoleon contributed operational plans used by the Army of Italy during the campaign toward Saorgio and the Alpine passes.
May 179419 historical events
Cult of the Supreme Being Decree
Robespierre presents a report linking republican morality with belief in a Supreme Being, and the Convention adopts a civic religious program.
Supreme Being Decree
Robespierre presented the report that led the Convention to recognize the Supreme Being and the immortality of the soul.
Lavoisier Tried with Former Tax Officials
Lavoisier was prosecuted with other former members of the tax farming system. Revolutionary authorities treated the old financial institution as a symbol of privilege and abuse.
Scientist Lavoisier Executed After Conviction
Antoine Lavoisier was guillotined following a Revolutionary Tribunal verdict. The execution ended the life of a leading chemist during the campaign against former tax farmers.
Death of Elizabeth of France
Death of Elizabeth of France, executed
Execution
Elizabeth of France, sister of Louis XVI, is executed
Birth of Jean-Jacob Fazy
Birth of Jean-Jacob Fazy
French Victory at Tourcoing Breaks Allied Plan
French troops defeated coalition columns during the battle of Tourcoing. Their success helped reverse earlier pressure against the revolutionary armies in Flanders.
Souham Leads Troops Against Allied Columns
Souham commanded French formations during the fighting around Tourcoing. The republican victory frustrated an allied plan to envelop French forces.
Assassination of Maximilien Francois Marie Robespierre
Robespierre survived an assassination attempt.
Bastia
Supports British operations leading to the capture of Bastia.
Assassination of Maximilien Francois Marie Robespierre
Cecile Renault failed in an attempt to assassinate Robespierre.
Death of Cecile Renault
Fails in an attempt to assassinate Robespierre
Assassination of Maximilien Francois Marie Robespierre
Robespierre survived an assassination attempt by Cecile Renault.
Army of the North
The Army of the North defeats an Allied Army at Turcoing
Army of the North
The Army of the North defeats an Allied Army at Turcoing.
Siege of St Elme
Wounded during the siege of St Elme
Battle of Turcoing
The Army of the North defeats an Allied Army at Turcoing
Siege of Calvi
Nelson prepares for an assault on Calvi with Lieutenant General Charles Stuart.
June 179471 historical events
French Language Report
Gregoire reports on linguistic diversity and proposes expanding the use of French as a common language for administration, education and republican citizenship.
President of National Convention
Robespierre became president of the National Convention shortly before the Festival of the Supreme Being.
Capture of Paris
The envoy of the French convention abolishes slavery & recaptures Guadeloupe
Supreme Being Festival Expresses Jacobin Civic Religion
Robespierre presided over the Festival of the Supreme Being as part of a program of civic morality. Critics viewed the ceremony with suspicion amid factional rivalries.
Festival of Supreme Being
Appointed High Priest for a festival of the supreme being
Festival of Supreme Being
Maximilien Francois Marie Robespierre was appointed High Priest for a festival of the supreme being.
High Priest
Appointed High Priest for a festival of the supreme being
Festival of Supreme Being
Robespierre promotes the Festival of the Supreme Being as part of his vision of civic virtue
Festival of Supreme Being
Robespierre promotes the Festival of the Supreme Being as part of his vision of civic virtue.
Festival of Supreme Being
Presides over the deistic worship of the supreme being held on the Champ de Mars
Festival of Supreme Being
Presides over the deistic worship of the supreme being held on the Champ de Mars.
Prairial Law Tightens Political Trials
Couthon introduced the Law of 22 Prairial which reduced procedural protections at the Revolutionary Tribunal. The reform intensified fear among opponents of the ruling faction.
Prairial Statute Curtails Defense Rights
Couthon presented the Law of 22 Prairial which sharply limited legal protections at the tribunal. The measure accelerated hearings and made death sentences more likely.
Couthon Proposes Prairial Tribunal Reform
Couthon introduced legislation severely narrowing procedural protections for suspects before the Revolutionary Tribunal. Its adoption hastened trials and expanded the scope of capital punishment.
Law of 22 Prairial
Couthon presents the Law of 22 Prairial, which sharply restricts defense rights and accelerates proceedings before the Revolutionary Tribunal.
Law of 22 Prairial
The Law of 22 Prairial accelerates Revolutionary Tribunal procedures and increases fear of political purge
Law of 22 Prairial
The Law of 22 Prairial accelerates Revolutionary Tribunal procedures and increases fear of political purge.
Committee of General Security
The Law of 22 Prairial, proposed by the Committee of Public Safety and enacted on June 10, 1794, went further in establishing the iron control of the Revolutionary Tribunal and, above it, the Committee's of Public Safety and General Security
Committee of General Security
The Law of 22 Prairial, proposed by the Committee of Public Safety and enacted on June 10, 1794, went further in establishing the iron control of the Revolutionary Tribunal and, above it, the Committee's of Public Safety and General Security.
Committee of Public Safety
The Law of 22 Prairial, proposed by the Committee of Public Safety and enacted on June 10, 1794, went further in establishing the iron control of the Revolutionary Tribunal and, above it, the Committee's of Public Safety and General Security
Constitution of France
The Law of 22 Prairial, proposed by the Committee of Public Safety and enacted on June 10, 1794, went further in establishing the iron control of the Revolutionary Tribunal and, above it, the Committee's of Public Safety and General Security
Revolutionary Tribunal
The Law of 22 Prairial, proposed by the Committee of Public Safety and enacted on June 10, 1794, went further in establishing the iron control of the Revolutionary Tribunal and, above it, the Committee's of Public Safety and General Security
Reform of Legal System
In revolutionary tribunals juries have to decide between acquital or death. In revolutionary tribunals Defence lawyers are banned. Allows juries to convict without hearing evidence. A law is passed establishing the Great Terror
Reform of Legal System
In revolutionary tribunals juries have to decide between acquital or death. In revolutionary tribunals Defence lawyers are banned. Allows juries to convict without hearing evidence. A law is passed establishing the Great Terror.
Revolutionary Tribunal
In revolutionary tribunals juries have to decide between acquital or death. In revolutionary tribunals Defence lawyers are banned
Revolutionary Tribunal
In revolutionary tribunals juries have to decide between acquital or death. In revolutionary tribunals Defence lawyers are banned.
Siege of Calvi
Nelson & Lieutenant General Charles Stuart carry out a landing and immediately begin moving guns ashore to occupy the heights surrounding the town
Siege of Calvi
Nelson and Charles Stuart land and move guns ashore to occupy heights near Calvi.
Austrian Garrison Negotiates Charleroi Surrender
The besieged garrison entered capitulation negotiations as French pressure increased. The agreement deprived the approaching coalition of the fortress it intended to save.
Charleroi Garrison Capitulates to Republican Forces
Charleroi surrendered to the French on 25 June 1794 after the siege. The release of Hatry's troops strengthened Jourdan's position for the coming battle.
Fortress Capture Changes French Battle Preparations
Jourdan could use troops no longer required to contain the garrison after its surrender. This allowed broader deployment against the advancing coalition army.
Charleroi Capitulation Precedes Fleurus
Saint Just oversaw the republican campaign as the Austrian garrison of Charleroi surrendered. The victory freed French troops to face the approaching coalition army.
Charleroi Surrender Confirms French Siege Success
Saint Just was present with the republican command as Charleroi fell. The victory gave the Convention a military success before the larger engagement at Fleurus.
Battle of Fleurus
Defeated by the French
Daurier Protects Western River Flank
Daurier's formation occupied the extreme French left near the Sambre. Control of this flank was important for keeping communications with the river crossings open.
Coalition Columns Threaten Gosselies Screen
Coalition forces pressed French troops in the Gosselies area while Jourdan defended Charleroi. Morlot's sector experienced heavy pressure during the fighting.
Gosselies Sector Faces Heavy Coalition Pressure
The French line around Gosselies became a contested sector during the coalition offensive. Morlot's men had to absorb enemy pressure while other divisions fought across the front.
Morlot Defends Gosselies During Coalition Attack
Morlot held positions around Gosselies on the French left center. Pressure in this sector required reinforcements as coalition columns advanced.
Lambusart Defense Secures Charleroi Victory
Lefebvre's troops held their ground against coalition pressure near Lambusart. Their defense prevented the enemy from turning the French eastern flank.
Lambusart Fighting Checks Enemy Advance
Lefebvre's division resisted assaults in the Lambusart area during the daylong battle. Its stand helped protect the army's eastern approaches.
Lefebvre Defends Lambusart Sector
Lefebvre directed French forces near Lambusart against repeated coalition attacks. Holding this sector limited the enemy's ability to break into Jourdan's rear.
Marceau Protects Right of Charleroi Line
Marceau defended the right wing of Jourdan's deployment near Fleurus. The French maintained enough cohesion to secure the earlier capture of Charleroi.
Marceau Resists Attempted Flanking Movement
Marceau confronted troops seeking to turn the French right wing. The struggle prevented the coalition from exploiting a vulnerable section of Jourdan's defense.
Former Siege Troops Reinforce French Battle Reserves
Troops recently committed to the Charleroi siege were reassigned as reserves for the fighting at Fleurus. Hatry's formation illustrated the connection between the siege and the field engagement.
Hatry Releases Siege Troops for Reserve
After Charleroi surrendered Hatry's division was available to support Jourdan's field army. Its deployment near Ransart gave the French another formation for emergencies.
Siege Division Reassigned to Ransart Reserve
Hatry's former siege division took up reserve positions near Ransart for the Fleurus battle. Its availability strengthened the French right and center.
Balloon Reconnaissance Supports French Battlefield Awareness
French aeronauts used the observation balloon Entreprenant during the Fleurus operation to observe enemy movements. This early military aviation experiment supplied information to commanders.
Coalition Attack Meets French Defensive Deployment
Jourdan met the coalition offensive near Fleurus only a day after Charleroi fell. French troops were forced to hold several threatened sectors simultaneously.
Fleurus Fighting Extends Across Broad Front
The battle stretched over several villages east and north of Charleroi while Jourdan shifted attention among threatened formations. Difficult communications made coordination especially demanding.
Fleurus Victory Prevents Recapture of Charleroi
Jourdan defeated the coalition offensive that followed the fortress's capitulation. Charleroi remained in French hands and became a springboard into Belgium.
Fleurus Victory Transforms Flanders Campaign
Jourdan defeated the coalition offensive near Fleurus after Charleroi fell. The outcome weakened the enemy position across the Austrian Netherlands.
French Army Retains Charleroi Corridor
Despite withdrawals in some sectors Jourdan's army kept control of the approaches to captured Charleroi. The coalition failed to recover the fortress.
French Forces Win Battle of Fleurus
Jourdan's republican army defeated the coalition offensive near Fleurus on 26 June 1794. The victory accelerated France's reconquest of the Austrian Netherlands.
Observation Balloon Marks Military Innovation
The use of a tethered observation balloon at Fleurus drew attention to new ways of gathering battlefield intelligence. Its tactical value remains debated but its symbolic significance was substantial.
Republican Army Occupies Semicircular Battle Line
Jourdan arranged his army around Charleroi with forces positioned on both sides of the approaches from the east. The deployment responded to reports of a major coalition attack.
French Reserve Prevents Collapse Near Jumet
Kleber used troops near Jumet to reinforce the left sector as enemy pressure mounted. The maneuver helped maintain a defensible line around Charleroi.
Kleber Protects Jumet Route to Charleroi
Kleber guarded the western approaches during the coalition attempt to reverse the French gains. His troops helped prevent an attack on communications with Charleroi.
Kleber Reinforces Threatened Central Positions
Kleber redirected available forces as coalition columns pressed parts of the republican line. Flexible use of reserves helped avert a breakthrough.
French Western Positions Yield Under Attack
Coalition attacks caused setbacks in parts of the western French deployment near Trazegnies. Montaigu's difficult situation made the defense of adjoining formations more important.
Montaigu Holds Trazegnies Position
Montaigu's French troops guarded the Trazegnies sector northwest of Charleroi. Their exposed position faced the risk of being isolated by a coalition advance.
Championnet Covers Heppignies Approach
Championnet's troops occupied ground near Heppignies to protect the center of the French position. Their resistance helped preserve the line between Fleurus and Charleroi.
Eastern Infantry Resists Relief Army Offensive
Championnet resisted attacks east of Charleroi during the battle of Fleurus. The action helped deny the coalition a route into the captured fortress.
Heppignies Infantry Counterattacks Support Center
Championnet organized resistance and local counterattacks near Heppignies. The action maintained contact between neighboring French divisions.
Political Commissioners Witness Northern Army Victory
Saint Just and other representatives on mission accompanied the northern army during its decisive engagement. Their presence linked battlefield victory to the authority of the Convention.
Battle of Fleurus
seizes Chatleroi & defeats the Austrians led by Frederick of Saxe-Coburg at Fleurus
Battle of Fleurus
Fights at the Battle of Fleurus
Battle of Fleurus
Fights at the Battle of Fleurus
Birth of John Briscoe
Birth of John Briscoe
French Campaign Presses toward Occupied Valenciennes
Republican advances during 1794 gradually undermined Coalition control of northern France. The wider success at Fleurus helped make continued occupation of isolated French fortresses difficult.
Prosecution Accelerates under Prairial Law
The Law of 22 Prairial allowed the public prosecutor to bring suspects to judgment under far fewer procedural safeguards. Executions increased sharply during the final weeks before Thermidor.
Dumas Presides over Accelerated Hearings
Dumas presided over Revolutionary Tribunal proceedings during the Terror. As trials accelerated, the court increasingly served the political campaign against suspected enemies.
July 1794186 historical events
Battle of Courtrai
The Allied English & Austrian army is defeated by General Charles Pichegru
Genoa Mission
Napoleon was sent on a mission to Genoa connected with French military and diplomatic planning in northern Italy.
Battle of Courtrai
The French defeat the Allied English & Austrian army of Count Charles Von Clerfayt
Health of Horatio Nelson
The siege of Calvi costs Nelson the sight of his right eye.
Eye Injury
Suffers the eye injury that later costs sight in his right eye.
Siege of Calvi
A shot strikes a sandbag near Nelson and throws stones and sand into his face.
Siege of Calvi
Some debris strikes Nelson's right eye and forces him to retire from the position.
Siege of Calvi
The siege of Calvi costs Nelson the sight of his right eye.
Siege of Genoa
Present at the siege of Genoa
Siege of Calvi
Most of the enemy positions had been disabled, and that night Stuart, supported by Nelson, storms the main defensive position and captures it
Siege of Calvi
Stuart, supported by Nelson, storms and captures the main defensive position.
Death of Alexandre de Beauharnais
Alexandre de Beauharnais was executed in Paris during the Terror.
Execution
Beauharnais was guillotined in Paris after his arrest and prosecution during the Terror.
Final Jacobin Address Warns of Conspiracy
Robespierre addressed the Jacobin Club after a bitter Convention debate and denounced unnamed enemies. The confrontation preceded his arrest the following day.
Opposition gathers in the Convention - Political consequence
Jean-Lambert Tallien figured in events surrounding opposition gathers in the convention at Paris. His contacts with other threatened representatives helped prepare parliamentary resistance. It exposed divisions among revolutionary deputies over who should control punishment, representation and public order.
Opposition gathers in the Convention
Tallien was among deputies who feared that Robespierre's accusations would lead to further purges. His contacts with other threatened representatives helped prepare parliamentary resistance.
Final Jacobin appeal - Institutional consequence
Maximilien Robespierre figured in events surrounding final jacobin appeal at Paris. The hostile atmosphere made a direct struggle for control of the revolutionary government increasingly likely. This episode contributed to the replacement of centralized Jacobin emergency rule with a less unified, more conservative Convention.
Final Jacobin appeal
Robespierre addressed the Jacobin Club after a contentious speech in the Convention, challenging opponents he regarded as conspirators. The hostile atmosphere made a direct struggle for control of the revolutionary government increasingly likely.
Final Convention Speech
Robespierre addresses the Convention with accusations against unnamed political enemies, alarming deputies who fear a new round of purges.
Thermidor Crisis
Saint-Just prepares to defend the Committee of Public Safety as opposition to Robespierre grows
Thermidor Crisis
Saint-Just prepares to defend the Committee of Public Safety as opposition to Robespierre grows.
Thermidor Crisis
Saint-Just prepares to defend Robespierre and the authority of the Committee of Public Safety
Thermidor Crisis
Saint-Just prepares to defend Robespierre and the authority of the Committee of Public Safety.
Thermidor Crisis
Robespierre addresses the National Convention and warns of unnamed conspirators within the government
Thermidor Crisis
Robespierre addresses the National Convention and warns of unnamed conspirators within the government.
Thermidor Crisis
Robespierre refuses to name the deputies he accuses and increases fear among members of the Convention
Thermidor Crisis
Robespierre refuses to name the deputies he accuses and increases fear among members of the Convention.
Committee of Public Safety
Appointed Committee of Public Safety
President of France
Appointed Committee of Public Safety
Younger Robespierre Seeks Refuge at City Hall
Augustin Robespierre joined supporters gathered at city hall during the Thermidorian confrontation. His fate became linked to the collapse of the Commune's attempted resistance.
Commune Summons Sections to Resist Convention
Payan called on Parisian sections to defend the Commune against the Convention after the arrest of Robespierre. Many sections hesitated to mobilize effectively.
National Guard Commander Attempts Emergency Rescue
Hanriot attempted to assemble armed supporters for the detained Robespierrist leaders. Conflicting orders and weak attendance prevented an effective defense of the municipal center.
Couthon Brought into Municipal Resistance
Couthon joined the Robespierrist circle at the Hotel de Ville as the Commune tried to defy the Convention. The gathering failed to secure sufficient armed support.
Mayor Defends Arrested Robespierrist Leaders
Fleuriot Lescot used his authority as mayor to encourage resistance to the Convention's arrest decrees. City hall became a rallying point for supporters of Robespierre.
Thermidorian Deputies Overthrow Jacobin Leadership
Tallien helped unite Convention opponents against Robespierre on 9 Thermidor. The arrests destroyed the political leadership most closely associated with the Jacobins.
Thermidor Ends Leading Jacobin Control of Court
The arrest of Robespierre undermined the political network directing emergency judicial policy. Tribunal officials closely associated with his faction quickly became vulnerable.
Commune Revolt
Hanriot fails to hold together the armed force needed to rescue the Robespierrists
Commune Revolt
Hanriot fails to hold together the armed force needed to rescue the Robespierrists.
Thermidor Crisis
Hanriot attempts to mobilise armed support for Robespierre in Paris
Thermidor Crisis
Hanriot attempts to mobilise armed support for Robespierre in Paris.
Couthon seized in Thermidor - Balance of power
Georges Auguste Couthon figured in events surrounding couthon seized in thermidor at Paris. The decree struck at several central figures in the Terror simultaneously. Its importance lay in the transfer of effective authority away from the political networks that had dominated during the Terror.
Couthon seized in Thermidor
Couthon was named among Robespierre's associates to be arrested by the Convention. The decree struck at several central figures in the Terror simultaneously.
Committee rivalry reaches open conflict - Longer-term significance
Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne figured in events surrounding committee rivalry reaches open conflict at Paris. The quarrel showed that the emergency government no longer operated as a united leadership. It formed part of the unsettled transition that eventually produced the Constitution of Year III and the Directory.
Committee rivalry reaches open conflict
Billaud-Varenne joined the attacks on Robespierre as divisions within the committees erupted publicly. The quarrel showed that the emergency government no longer operated as a united leadership.
Interrupted Convention report - Public response
Louis Antoine Saint-Just figured in events surrounding interrupted convention report at Paris. His inability to complete the address deprived Robespierre's allies of a planned defense. The episode altered the political climate in Paris as former supporters of the Terror confronted a hostile new majority.
Interrupted Convention report
Saint-Just tried to deliver a report during the sitting of 9 Thermidor but opponents interrupted him. His inability to complete the address deprived Robespierre's allies of a planned defense.
Augustin shares his brother's fate - Public response
Augustin Bon Joseph Robespierre figured in events surrounding augustin shares his brother's fate at Paris. His request publicly identified him with the faction against which the Convention had turned. The episode altered the political climate in Paris as former supporters of the Terror confronted a hostile new majority.
Augustin shares his brother's fate
Augustin Robespierre asked to be arrested alongside his elder brother Maximilien. His request publicly identified him with the faction against which the Convention had turned.
Tallien challenges Robespierre - Balance of power
Jean-Lambert Tallien figured in events surrounding tallien challenges robespierre at Paris. His intervention emboldened members who wanted to arrest the leading Robespierrists. Its importance lay in the transfer of effective authority away from the political networks that had dominated during the Terror.
Tallien challenges Robespierre
Tallien helped lead the confrontation in the National Convention against Robespierre on 9 Thermidor. His intervention emboldened members who wanted to arrest the leading Robespierrists.
Robespierre ordered arrested - Political consequence
Maximilien Robespierre figured in events surrounding robespierre ordered arrested at Paris. The decision transformed a struggle of speeches into a contest between the legislature and municipal militants. It exposed divisions among revolutionary deputies over who should control punishment, representation and public order.
Robespierre ordered arrested
The Convention decreed Robespierre's arrest together with key political allies. The decision transformed a struggle of speeches into a contest between the legislature and municipal militants.
Barras receives military command - Institutional consequence
Paul Francois Jean Nicolas Barras figured in events surrounding barras receives military command at Paris. His assignment made the defense of parliamentary authority a military operation. This episode contributed to the replacement of centralized Jacobin emergency rule with a less unified, more conservative Convention.
Barras receives military command
The Convention gave Barras command of forces deployed against the insurrectionary Paris Commune. His assignment made the defense of parliamentary authority a military operation.
Thermidor Crisis
Augustin Robespierre demands to share the fate of his brother and is arrested
Thermidor Crisis
Augustin Robespierre demands to share the fate of his brother and is arrested.
Thermidor Crisis
Billaud-Varenne denounces Robespierre and joins the deputies demanding his arrest
Thermidor Crisis
Billaud-Varenne denounces Robespierre and joins the deputies demanding his arrest.
Thermidor Crisis
Tallien attacks Robespierre before the National Convention and helps start the revolt of 9 Thermidor
Thermidor Crisis
Tallien attacks Robespierre before the National Convention and helps start the revolt of 9 Thermidor.
Thermidor Crisis
Collot dHerbois presides during the stormy Convention session against Robespierre
Thermidor Crisis
Collot dHerbois presides during the stormy Convention session against Robespierre.
Thermidor Crisis
Amar aligns with opponents of Robespierre as the Convention turns against the Jacobin leadership
Thermidor Crisis
Amar aligns with opponents of Robespierre as the Convention turns against the Jacobin leadership.
Thermidor Crisis
Freron supports the Convention attack on the Robespierrists
Thermidor Crisis
Freron supports the Convention attack on the Robespierrists.
Thermidor Crisis
Legendre helps prevent Robespierre from rallying support in the Convention
Thermidor Crisis
Legendre helps prevent Robespierre from rallying support in the Convention.
Thermidor Crisis
Vadier supports the attack on the Robespierrist faction during the Convention crisis
Thermidor Crisis
Vadier supports the attack on the Robespierrist faction during the Convention crisis.
Thermidor Crisis
Barras is given command of Convention forces against the Paris Commune
Thermidor Crisis
Barras is given command of Convention forces against the Paris Commune.
Commune Revolt
Fleuriot-Lescot shelters the Robespierrists at the Hotel de Ville
Commune Revolt
Fleuriot-Lescot shelters the Robespierrists at the Hotel de Ville.
Thermidor Crisis
Fleuriot-Lescot uses the Paris Commune to support Robespierre after the arrest order
Thermidor Crisis
Fleuriot-Lescot uses the Paris Commune to support Robespierre after the arrest order.
Commune resists the Convention - Institutional consequence
Jean-Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot figured in events surrounding commune resists the convention at Paris. The confrontation threatened to split the capital between rival centers of authority. This episode contributed to the replacement of centralized Jacobin emergency rule with a less unified, more conservative Convention.
Commune resists the Convention
Mayor Fleuriot-Lescot supported the insurrectionary municipal response to the parliamentary arrests. The confrontation threatened to split the capital between rival centers of authority.
Thermidor Crisis
Barere accepts the turn against Robespierre and supports emergency measures by the Convention
Thermidor Crisis
Barere accepts the turn against Robespierre and supports emergency measures by the Convention.
Thermidor Crisis
Carnot stands with members of the government who reject Robespierres domination
Thermidor Crisis
Carnot stands with members of the government who reject Robespierres domination.
Arrest of Georges Auguste Couthon
Couthon is taken into custody as one of the central Robespierrist leaders
Arrest of Georges Auguste Couthon
Couthon is taken into custody as one of the central Robespierrist leaders.
Thermidor Crisis
Couthon is arrested with Robespierre and other leading Robespierrists
Thermidor Crisis
Couthon is arrested with Robespierre and other leading Robespierrists.
Arrest of Louis Antoine Saint-Just
Saint-Just is arrested with Robespierre and Couthon after the Convention turns against them
Arrest of Louis Antoine Saint-Just
Saint-Just is arrested with Robespierre and Couthon after the Convention turns against them.
Thermidor Crisis
Saint-Just is interrupted before he can deliver his defence of Robespierre
Thermidor Crisis
Saint-Just is interrupted before he can deliver his defence of Robespierre.
Arrest of Robespierre
The Convention orders Robespierre arrested after deputies shout down his attempts to speak
Commune Revolt
Robespierre is brought to the Hotel de Ville as the Commune tries to create an armed uprising
Commune Revolt
Robespierre is brought to the Hotel de Ville as the Commune tries to create an armed uprising.
Execution
The Jacobin Club is closed after the execution of Robespierre and other members on 9 Thermidor of the year II (27 July 1794)
Execution
The Jacobin Club is closed after the execution of Robespierre and other members on 9 Thermidor of the year II (27 July 1794).
Jacobin Club
The Jacobin Club is closed after the execution of Robespierre and other members on 9 Thermidor of the year II (27 July 1794)
Thermidor
The Jacobin Club is closed after the execution of Robespierre and other members on 9 Thermidor of the year II (27 July 1794)
Thermidor
Robespierre is denounced in the Convention on 9 Thermidor and the Jacobin political system begins to collapse
Thermidor
Robespierre is denounced in the Convention on 9 Thermidor and the Jacobin political system begins to collapse.
Thermidor Crisis
Le Bas remains loyal to Robespierre during the crisis and is arrested with the faction
Thermidor Crisis
Le Bas remains loyal to Robespierre during the crisis and is arrested with the faction.
Thermidorian Attack on Robespierre
Tallien confronts Robespierre in the Convention and helps rally deputies against the dominant members of the Committee of Public Safety.
Motion to Arrest Robespierre
Louchet moves that Robespierre be arrested, turning the Convention's confrontation with the Robespierrists into a decisive political overthrow.
Hanriot rallies the Commune - Longer-term significance
Francois Hanriot figured in events surrounding hanriot rallies the commune at Paris. The effort could not secure a decisive armed majority against the Convention. It formed part of the unsettled transition that eventually produced the Constitution of Year III and the Directory.
Hanriot rallies the Commune
Hanriot attempted to mobilize the Paris National Guard in support of Robespierre after the arrest decrees. The effort could not secure a decisive armed majority against the Convention.
Hanriot Receives Orders during Thermidor Crisis
When the Convention moved against Robespierre, Hanriot attempted to mobilize his guards in opposition. His order faced uncertain obedience from units with divided political loyalties.
Commune Revolt
Payan calls for resistance but the Paris sections give uncertain support
Commune Revolt
Payan calls for resistance but the Paris sections give uncertain support.
Thermidor Crisis
Payan encourages the Commune to rally the sections in defence of Robespierre
Thermidor Crisis
Payan encourages the Commune to rally the sections in defence of Robespierre.
Guard command drawn into Thermidor crisis
Hanriot attempted to rally armed support for Robespierre when the Convention turned against him. The response of National Guard units was divided and insufficient to reverse the deputies' action.
Hanriot tries to free detained Jacobins
During the Thermidorian struggle Hanriot sought to mobilize force against the Convention's arrests. His efforts failed to sustain an effective coalition of armed sections.
Arrest of Robespierre
The convention orders the arrest of Robespirre
Coup
Overthrown by the revolution of 9th Thermidor
Coup
Robespierre was overthrown during the revolution of 9 Thermidor.
Thermidor Crisis
Dumas supports the Commune resistance and is later seized with the Robespierrists
Thermidor Crisis
Dumas supports the Commune resistance and is later seized with the Robespierrists.
Command Against Robespierrists
The Convention appoints Barras to direct armed forces against the Paris Commune and supporters attempting to rescue the arrested Robespierrists.
Coup
Paul Francois Barras was prominent in the overthrow of Robespierre.
Coup
Prominent in the overthrow of Robespierre
National Agent Captured After Thermidor Collapse
Payan was taken into custody after the Commune's call for armed resistance failed. The defeat destroyed the political network through which he had directed municipal mobilization.
Municipal Leadership Arrested After Failed Rising
Fleuriot Lescot was captured after the Convention's supporters retook the Hotel de Ville. His arrest brought the failed municipal insurrection to an end.
Convention Forces Approach Municipal Stronghold
Barras commanded troops acting for the Convention during the night after Robespierre's arrest. Their advance toward city hall forced the Commune's defenders to scatter.
Capture
Hanriot is captured after the collapse of Commune resistance
Capture
Hanriot is captured after the collapse of Commune resistance.
Execution
Hanriot is executed for supporting the Commune revolt against the Convention
Execution
Hanriot is executed for supporting the Commune revolt against the Convention.
Municipal insurrection suppressed - Political consequence
Paul Francois Jean Nicolas Barras figured in events surrounding municipal insurrection suppressed at Paris. Barras's command helped ensure that the rebels could not hold the Hôtel de Ville. It exposed divisions among revolutionary deputies over who should control punishment, representation and public order.
Municipal insurrection suppressed
Forces acting for the Convention retook control from the Robespierrist Commune during the night of 9 to 10 Thermidor. Barras's command helped ensure that the rebels could not hold the Hôtel de Ville.
Capture
Augustin Robespierre is injured after trying to escape from the Hotel de Ville
Capture
Augustin Robespierre is injured after trying to escape from the Hotel de Ville.
Thermidorian Reaction
Tallien becomes one of the visible leaders of the victorious Thermidorian deputies
Thermidorian Reaction
Tallien becomes one of the visible leaders of the victorious Thermidorian deputies.
Convention Troops
Barras leads Convention forces against the Commune stronghold during the night of 9 to 10 Thermidor
Convention Troops
Barras leads Convention forces against the Commune stronghold during the night of 9 to 10 Thermidor.
Thermidorian Reaction
Barras gains influence after commanding the troops that defeated the Commune
Thermidorian Reaction
Barras gains influence after commanding the troops that defeated the Commune.
Robespierre executed - Public response
Maximilien Robespierre figured in events surrounding robespierre executed at Paris. His execution marked the decisive defeat of the political circle most identified with the Terror. The episode altered the political climate in Paris as former supporters of the Terror confronted a hostile new majority.
Robespierre executed
Robespierre was guillotined on 10 Thermidor after the collapse of the municipal rising. His execution marked the decisive defeat of the political circle most identified with the Terror.
Saint-Just executed - Balance of power
Louis Antoine Saint-Just figured in events surrounding saint-just executed at Paris. The young revolutionary's death removed a prominent advocate of centralized emergency government. Its importance lay in the transfer of effective authority away from the political networks that had dominated during the Terror.
Saint-Just executed
Saint-Just was executed in Paris with Robespierre and other associates following their outlawry. The young revolutionary's death removed a prominent advocate of centralized emergency government.
Execution
Fleuriot-Lescot is executed for his role in the Paris Commune resistance
Execution
Fleuriot-Lescot is executed for his role in the Paris Commune resistance.
Execution
Couthon is executed as one of the principal Robespierrist leaders
Execution
Couthon is executed as one of the principal Robespierrist leaders.
Execution
Saint-Just is executed with Robespierre and other allies after the Thermidorian revolt
Execution
Saint-Just is executed with Robespierre and other allies after the Thermidorian revolt.
Execution
Saint-Just is executed with Robespierre and other leading supporters
Execution
Saint-Just is executed with Robespierre and other leading supporters.
Capture
Convention troops capture Robespierre after the Commune defence collapses
Capture
Convention troops capture Robespierre after the Commune defence collapses.
Execution
Robespierre is executed and the Jacobin Club loses its dominant position in revolutionary politics
Execution
Robespierre is executed and the Jacobin Club loses its dominant position in revolutionary politics.
Execution
Robespierre is executed by guillotine on 10 Thermidor after being declared an outlaw
Execution
Robespierre is executed by guillotine on 10 Thermidor after being declared an outlaw.
Death of Philippe Francois Joseph Le Bas
Le Bas kills himself as Convention troops close in on the Robespierrists
Death of Philippe Francois Joseph Le Bas
Le Bas kills himself as Convention troops close in on the Robespierrists.
Guard Units Fail to Secure Municipal Resistance
The insurrectionary Commune could not summon enough dependable soldiers to defeat the Convention's forces. The collapse revealed that Hanriot's formal command did not guarantee military unity.
Commune defense collapses at Hotel de Ville
Troops loyal to the Convention overcame the last municipal resistance associated with Hanriot. The collapse deprived the Robespierrists of an armed refuge in Paris.
Execution of Paris Guard commander
Hanriot was executed following the defeat of the Thermidorian insurgency. His death ended the period when one radical commander closely linked the Paris Guard to Robespierre's supporters.
Death of Maximilien Francois Marie Robespierre
Taken from the hotel de ville & guillotined with 21 of his supporters
Death of Maximilien Francois Marie Robespierre
Taken from the hotel de ville and guillotined with 21 of his supporters.
Dismissal
Removed from the Revolutionary Tribunal
Dismissal
Robespierre was removed from the Revolutionary Tribunal.
Execution
Taken from the Hotel de Ville & guillotined with 21 of his supporters
Revolutionary Tribunal
Removed from the Revolutionary Tribunal
Execution
Dumas is executed after the fall of the Robespierrists
Execution
Dumas is executed after the fall of the Robespierrists.
Communal officials executed - Longer-term significance
Jean-Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot figured in events surrounding communal officials executed at Paris. These punishments dismantled the municipal command structure that had attempted to defy the Convention. It formed part of the unsettled transition that eventually produced the Constitution of Year III and the Directory.
Communal officials executed
Executions of surviving leaders of the Paris Commune continued after the fall of Robespierre. These punishments dismantled the municipal command structure that had attempted to defy the Convention.
Committee of Public Safety
The ultimate political vehicle for the Jacobin movement was the Reign of Terror overseen by the Committee of Public Safety, who were given executive powers to purify and unify the Republic
Jacobin Club
The ultimate political vehicle for the Jacobin movement was the Reign of Terror overseen by the Committee of Public Safety, who were given executive powers to purify and unify the Republic
Robespierre Fall Reopens Debate on Tribunal
Robespierre's overthrow exposed the political dangers of a court associated with emergency government. Deputies began disputing whether its procedures could be reconciled with republican legality.
Convention Forces Reassert Control over Paris Guard
During Thermidor Barras commanded troops supporting the Convention against insurgent municipal authorities. The victory undermined the radical political leadership of the capital's armed citizens.
Moreau Builds Experience on Eastern Front
Moreau gained further military responsibility in the revolutionary armies operating toward the Rhine. His developing reputation would later support his promotion to independent command.
Committee of Public Safety
The ultimate political vehicle for the Jacobin movement was the Reign of Terror overseen by the Committee of Public Safety, who were given executive powers to purify and unify the Republic
Committee of Public Safety
The ultimate political vehicle for the Jacobin movement was the Reign of Terror overseen by the Committee of Public Safety, who were given executive powers to purify and unify the Republic.
Constitution of France
The ultimate political vehicle for the Jacobin movement was the Reign of Terror overseen by the Committee of Public Safety, who were given executive powers to purify and unify the Republic
Execution
Robespierre tries to found the Republic of Virtue, until the Jacobins last purge, 9 Thermidor, in July 1794, executed Robespierre himself
Execution
Robespierre tries to found the Republic of Virtue, until the Jacobins last purge, 9 Thermidor, in July 1794, executed Robespierre himself.
Jacobin Club
Jacobin rule increasingly depended on the Committee of Public Safety until Robespierre’s overthrow weakened the movement.
Jacobin Club
The ultimate political vehicle for the Jacobin movement was the Reign of Terror overseen by the Committee of Public Safety, who were given executive powers to purify and unify the Republic. Robespierre tries to found the Republic of Virtue, until the Jacobins last purge, 9 Thermidor, in July 1794, executed Robespierre himself
Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror reached its political peak under the emergency committees before Robespierre’s fall on 9 Thermidor.
Reign of Terror
The ultimate political vehicle for the Jacobin movement was the Reign of Terror overseen by the Committee of Public Safety, who were given executive powers to purify and unify the Republic. Robespierre tries to found the Republic of Virtue, until the Jacobins last purge, 9 Thermidor, in July 1794, executed Robespierre himself
Thermidor
Robespierre tries to found the Republic of Virtue, until the Jacobins last purge, 9 Thermidor, in July 1794, executed Robespierre himself
Battle of Hooglede
The Allied Army is forced to retreat northwards
August 179423 historical events
Emergency justice revised - Institutional consequence
Jean-Lambert Tallien figured in events surrounding emergency justice revised at Paris. Tallien belonged to the ascendant faction pressing against renewed concentration of punitive power. This episode contributed to the replacement of centralized Jacobin emergency rule with a less unified, more conservative Convention.
Emergency justice revised
In the immediate aftermath of Thermidor the Convention began dismantling the extraordinary procedures associated with the Terror. Tallien belonged to the ascendant faction pressing against renewed concentration of punitive power.
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of France
Arrest of Napoleon I
Arrested on suspicion of being a Robespierrist
Arrest of Napoleon I
Napoleon I was arrested on suspicion of being a Robespierrist.
Death of Henry Bathurst
Death of Henry Bathurst
Whiskey Rebellion
Washington mobilises militia to enforce the federal excise tax on distilled spirits.
Health of Horatio Nelson
Nelson's right eye is left permanently damaged after the Calvi siege.
Siege of Calvi
The British bring Calvi under constant bombardment, and the town surrenders
Siege of Calvi
Nelson's eyesight is permanently damaged and the right eye later loses its sight.
Siege of Calvi
The British bring Calvi under constant bombardment and the town surrenders.
Arrest of Napoleon I
Released in order to reinforce the army of Italy's General staff
Arrest of Napoleon I
Released in order to reinforce the army of Italy's General staff.
Capture of Corsica
Nelson supports British operations while Corsican nationalists harass French positions.
Capture of Corsica
The French surrender Corsica to the British after bombardment and nationalist pressure.
Committee powers redistributed - Political consequence
Bertrand Barere figured in events surrounding committee powers redistributed at Paris. Barere's former prominence exemplified the influence being reduced as members sought a new balance of power. It exposed divisions among revolutionary deputies over who should control punishment, representation and public order.
Committee powers redistributed
The Convention curtailed the concentration of authority in the Committee of Public Safety through institutional reorganization. Barere's former prominence exemplified the influence being reduced as members sought a new balance of power.
Committee Reform
The Convention redistributes executive power among committees to prevent another concentration of authority
Committee Reform
The Convention redistributes executive power among committees to prevent another concentration of authority.
Report Against Vandalism
Gregoire condemns destruction of artistic and scientific heritage and urges the Convention to protect monuments, libraries and collections from revolutionary vandalism.
Valenciennes Returns to French Control
The shifting military situation compelled the Coalition to abandon Valenciennes in the summer of 1794. Its recovery marked the reversal of an important enemy gain from the previous year.
Radical Guard Command Dismantled after Thermidor
The defeat and execution of Hanriot eliminated a leading link between the Paris National Guard and Robespierre's supporters. New authorities sought to limit the force's ability to challenge national representatives.
Battle of St Laurent de la Mouga
Involved in the Battle of St Laurent de la Mouga
September 17947 historical events
French Siege Operations
Applies sustained pressure to the fortress before its November surrender.
Siege of Maastricht
Directs operations against Maastricht during the revolutionary campaign in the Low Countries.
State church subsidies withdrawn - Public response
Henri-Baptiste Gregoire figured in events surrounding state church subsidies withdrawn at Paris. The measure helped reshape church-state relations after the coercive religious policies of the Terror. The episode altered the political climate in Paris as former supporters of the Terror confronted a hostile new majority.
State church subsidies withdrawn
The Convention decided that the Republic would no longer fund religious ministers from the public treasury. The measure helped reshape church-state relations after the coercive religious policies of the Terror.
Battle of Tournai
A drawn Battle with the Allies
French Advances Threaten German Frontier Positions
Operations along the Rhine challenged Coalition security beyond French territory. The shifting front raised questions about occupation and the political future of neighboring German lands.
Thermidorian Deputies Challenge Tribunal Officers
After Thermidor the Convention investigated figures associated with exceptional prosecutions. Fouquier Tinville faced mounting scrutiny of the institution in which he had exercised prosecutorial authority.
October 17949 historical events
Symphony No 99
1st performance of, "Symphony No 99" at London's Hanover Square Rooms
Carrier faces Nantes accusations - Balance of power
Jean-Baptiste Carrier figured in events surrounding carrier faces nantes accusations at Paris. Investigation of his conduct became a prominent means of judging excesses committed under revolutionary emergency rule. Its importance lay in the transfer of effective authority away from the political networks that had dominated during the Terror.
Carrier faces Nantes accusations
Carrier faced mounting allegations concerning executions and drownings during his mission at Nantes. Investigation of his conduct became a prominent means of judging excesses committed under revolutionary emergency rule.
Arrest of Tadeusz Kosciuszko
Suvorov crushes the Polish rebel army & takes the leader, Kosciuszko, prisoner
Battle of Maciejowice
Suvorov crushes the Polish rebel army & takes the leader, Kosciuszko, prisoner
Arrest of Tadeusz Kosciuszko
Arrests the rebel Polish leader, Kosciuszko, at the Battle of Maciejowice
Battle of Maciejowice
Crushes the Polish rebel army. Arrests the rebel Polish leader, Kosciuszko, at the Battle of Maciejowice
Cuts finances to the Prussian military, blames them for defeat to France
Cuts finances to the Prussian military, blames them for defeat to France in Germany
Capture of Koblenz
Captures Koblenz
November 179416 historical events
Battle of Maastricht
Distinguishes himself in battle when the French cross the Rhine
Capture of Maastricht
Receives Maastricht's surrender during the French revolutionary advance.
French Occupation of Maastricht
Brings the city under French control after the siege.
Battle of Prague
The rebel polish army is Massacred by the Russians
Treason
The leader of the London Corresponding Society is acquitted of treason
Trial
The leader of the London Corresponding Society is acquitted of treason
Habeus Corpus
Suspends Habeus Corpus because of fears of Jacobinism & the French revolution
Convention Orders Jacobin Club Closed
The Convention closed the Jacobin Club amid the Thermidorian reaction. The decision ended the leading Parisian society's central role in revolutionary political mobilization.
Jacobin Club closed - Longer-term significance
Jean-Lambert Tallien figured in events surrounding jacobin club closed at Paris. The decision sharply reduced the organizational influence of the radical Jacobin movement. It formed part of the unsettled transition that eventually produced the Constitution of Year III and the Directory.
Jacobin Club closed
The Convention closed the Paris Jacobin Club after confrontations involving opponents of its remaining militants. The decision sharply reduced the organizational influence of the radical Jacobin movement.
Closure
The National Convention orders the Jacobin Club in Paris closed during the Thermidorian reaction
Closure
The National Convention orders the Jacobin Club in Paris closed during the Thermidorian reaction.
Closure
The Jacobin Club is closed as the Thermidorian Reaction weakens radical political organisation
Closure
The Jacobin Club is closed as the Thermidorian Reaction weakens radical political organisation.
Treaty of Jays Treaty
Settles disputes between the United States & Britain
Birth of William Blake
Birth of William Blake
December 179410 historical events
Trial
Carrier is tried and executed as the Convention turns against extreme agents of the Terror
Trial
Carrier is tried and executed as the Convention turns against extreme agents of the Terror.
Maximum Repeal
The Law of the Maximum is repealed during the Thermidorian retreat from economic controls
Maximum Repeal
The Law of the Maximum is repealed during the Thermidorian retreat from economic controls.
Carrier condemned - Institutional consequence
Jean-Baptiste Carrier figured in events surrounding carrier condemned at Paris. His fate illustrated how the Thermidorian regime punished selected officials of the earlier Terror. This episode contributed to the replacement of centralized Jacobin emergency rule with a less unified, more conservative Convention.
Carrier condemned
Carrier was executed after proceedings focused on the brutal repression associated with Nantes. His fate illustrated how the Thermidorian regime punished selected officials of the earlier Terror.
Economic price controls abandoned - Political consequence
Francois Antoine Boissy d'Anglas figured in events surrounding economic price controls abandoned at Paris. Boissy d'Anglas was associated with the retreat from wartime controls that exposed urban consumers to severe inflation. It exposed divisions among revolutionary deputies over who should control punishment, representation and public order.
Economic price controls abandoned
The Convention abolished the General Maximum regulating prices and wages. Boissy d'Anglas was associated with the retreat from wartime controls that exposed urban consumers to severe inflation.
General Maximum Repealed
Boissy d'Anglas supports the Thermidorian retreat from wartime economic controls as the Convention abolishes the General Maximum on prices.
Carrier Faces Accountability for Nantes Repression
Carrier was prosecuted over his conduct during the revolutionary repression at Nantes. The case became a major test of whether former agents of the Terror would answer for abuses.
Death of Antoine Lavoisier
Lavoisier is sent to the guillotine
Execution
Lavoisier is sent to the guillotine
Flanders Campaign
Austrian forces fall back in Flanders around Ypres.
Instructionspuncte Fur Generals
Publication of "Instructionspuncte Fur Generals"
Constitution of France
Calls for a new popular insurrection to secure the suspended constitution of 1793
Press
Publication of "Tribune of the People". Advocates "practical socialism"
Fouquier Tinville Removed After Thermidor
The downfall of Robespierre prompted scrutiny of the public prosecutor's role in the Terror. Fouquier Tinville was subsequently arrested and faced prosecution for judicial abuses.
Prairial Procedures Accelerate Political Convictions
After the June law the public prosecutor could bring cases through a more compressed procedure. Defendants faced increased risk of condemnation without meaningful defense.
Morlot Guards Northern Approach at Gosselies
Morlot commanded forces covering the approaches north of Charleroi. His position would become one of the sectors attacked at Fleurus.
Convention Debates Victory and Military Rewards
Barere presented military affairs to the Convention as Coalition armies faced increasingly effective French offensives and demands for public recognition of soldiers.
General Maximum Abandoned
The Convention repealed wartime price controls late in 1794, exposing consumers to rising costs and intensifying criticism of Thermidorian economic policy.
Desmoulins Tried Over Indulgent Politics
Camille Desmoulins was prosecuted alongside Danton after demanding greater clemency. His journalism was treated as evidence of political unreliability.
Newspaper Controversy Divides Jacobin Club
Desmoulins's Le Vieux Cordelier criticized repression and questioned the committees' conduct. His journalism brought open disagreement into the revolutionary political movement.
National Agent Directs Commune Communications
Payan served as national agent of the Paris Commune and supervised political messages sent to the sections. His position was important during the final Robespierrist crisis.
Lambusart Detachment Protects Sambre Bridgehead
Lefebvre occupied ground near Lambusart to help secure French operations beyond the Sambre. The line became central to the defensive battle the next day.
Lefebvre Division Advances Beyond Battlefield
With the coalition withdrawing Lefebvre's formation could move beyond its defensive positions at Lambusart. The shift from defense to advance altered the tempo of the northern campaign.
Lefebvre Provides Cover East of Fortress
Lefebvre's command held positions east of Charleroi while other troops threatened the fortress. The deployment helped guard a vulnerable approach from the coalition army.
Marceau Division Joins Charleroi Offensive
Marceau's men participated in operations supporting the French move against Charleroi. The division helped protect the wider army during the advance.
Marceau Positions Southern French Wing
Marceau's division held part of the French right during the fighting around Fleurus. His troops helped resist the coalition attempt to turn the republican flank.
Marceau Screens Southern Charleroi Sector
Marceau helped cover the French right during the siege of Charleroi. His formation faced the possibility of an Austrian flanking movement.
Marceau Supports Advance into Austrian Netherlands
Marceau's troops participated in the wider advance following the victory at Fleurus. French control spread into territory previously held by Austria.
Republican Army Extends Charleroi Defensive Perimeter
As French troops advanced after Fleurus the area immediately around Charleroi became less exposed. Marceau's participation in the campaign contributed to the more secure frontier.
Convention Approves Colonial Slavery Abolition
Danton publicly welcomed the Convention's abolition of slavery in French colonies, framing emancipation as a republican principle amid wartime upheaval.
Danton Removed from Effective Court Defense
During Danton's trial the authorities curtailed defendants' ability to challenge the accusations and proceedings. Exceptional methods prevented a full adversarial hearing.
Dantonists Face Extraordinary Tribunal Charges
Danton and his allies appeared before the Revolutionary Tribunal as their opponents accused them of corruption and conspiracy. The proceedings exposed the danger of dissent within government circles.
Indulgent Jacobins Call for Reduced Terror
Danton and associates became identified with appeals for greater restraint in emergency punishment. Their stance provoked suspicion from other revolutionary leaders.
Law of 22 Prairial Changes Tribunal Procedure
Couthon presented legislation that sharply restricted defence safeguards at the Revolutionary Tribunal and accelerated capital trials during the Terror.
Convention Receives Reports on Cultural Destruction
Gregoire denounced the destruction of books, artworks and monuments, helping establish a revolutionary argument for preserving national cultural heritage.
Freedom of Worship Reconsidered
Gregoire argued for religious toleration during a period when the Convention was reconsidering state coercion and the treatment of constitutional worship.
Religious Liberty Reasserted After Thermidor
Gregoire argued that political institutions should protect freedom of worship rather than impose revolutionary tests of religious belief.
Hatry Assigned Main Siege Responsibilities
Hatry directed forces assigned to the siege of Charleroi. His troops had to contain the garrison while Jourdan's field army guarded against outside intervention.
Republican Artillery Bombards Charleroi Defenses
French siege troops employed artillery against the fortified position at Charleroi. The bombardment increased pressure on the Austrian defenders as relief forces approached.
Hebertist Faction Brought Before Revolutionary Judges
Hebert and his associates were tried after the government accused them of threatening revolutionary unity. The prosecution struck at one of the radical political currents of Paris.
Bernadotte Participates in Flanders Campaign
Bernadotte served with revolutionary forces during operations in the Low Countries as French military fortunes improved.
Army of Sambre Advances into Belgian Theater
Jourdan directed a major republican advance toward Charleroi while other French armies fought farther west. The coordinated operations forced the coalition to defend a wider front.
Belgian Cities Fall to Republican Forces
After Fleurus French troops occupied additional towns across Belgium as coalition forces withdrew. The advance consolidated the Republic's gains in the Low Countries.
Charleroi Campaign Undermines Austrian Netherlands Defense
The loss of Charleroi and defeat at Fleurus forced coalition forces to abandon positions across central Belgium. The operation changed the strategic balance of the Low Countries.
Charleroi Surrenders to French Forces
Jourdan's campaigning helped bring about Charleroi's surrender, setting conditions for the decisive clash at Fleurus.
Coalition Relief Army Moves Toward Charleroi
A coalition army advanced in an attempt to relieve the Austrian garrison. Jourdan prepared his troops for a major field battle while siege operations continued.
Coalition Retreat Opens Roads Toward Rhine
The withdrawal of Austrian and allied troops from Belgium allowed French forces to threaten routes toward the Rhine. The war shifted away from French territory.
Coalition Withdraws Following Fleurus Defeat
Following the unsuccessful attack at Fleurus coalition forces withdrew rather than launch another attempt to relieve Charleroi. The retreat opened a route for French operations westward.
Field Army Screens Charleroi Siege
Jourdan arranged troops around the besieged fortress to prevent coalition relief. The army had to protect its investment while anticipating an enemy advance.
Fleurus Victory Forces Coalition Strategic Reassessment
The French success at Fleurus undermined the coalition position in the Austrian Netherlands. Austrian leaders increasingly regarded sustained occupation of Belgium as impractical.
French Army Begins Siege of Charleroi
The republican army invested Charleroi during its June offensive into Belgium. Control of the fortress would secure an important crossing and base for further operations.
French Control of Charleroi Opens Belgian Routes
Holding Charleroi enabled republican forces to sustain operations across the Sambre. The fortress became an important logistical point for the advance into Belgium.
French Troops Repeatedly Contest Sambre Line
Several French attempts to advance across the Sambre met stiff coalition resistance. Jourdan's command eventually renewed the effort with stronger concentration.
French Victory at Fleurus
Jourdan defeated Coalition troops at Fleurus, a turning point that helped drive Austrian forces from the Belgian theatre.
Jourdan Concentrates Army Near Sambre
Jourdan assembled republican formations for an offensive toward the Sambre and Charleroi. Success required coordinating troops drawn from several armies.
Jourdan Leads the Sambre Campaign
Jourdan commanded forces fighting to cross the Sambre and secure positions against Austrian armies during the campaign in Belgium.
Republican Forces Advance Toward Brussels
The retreat from Fleurus allowed republican armies to move toward Brussels. The campaign carried French authority deeper into the former Austrian Netherlands.
Sambre Army Reorganizes Before Fleurus Campaign
Jourdan concentrated formations from several republican armies into the Army of the Sambre and Meuse. Their combined strength allowed a renewed advance toward Charleroi.
French Pursuit Expands Beyond Captured Fortress
Kleber's formations participated in the wider advance after the coalition retreated from Fleurus. Charleroi no longer sat on an actively contested forward line.
Kleber Covers Western Siege Sector
Kleber's formation occupied positions west and north of Charleroi during the final phase of the operation. This allowed siege troops to concentrate on the fortress.
Kleber Organizes French Left Wing
Kleber controlled troops on the left of Jourdan's deployment during the Fleurus operation. His formation was positioned to meet enemy movements toward the Sambre crossings.
Kleber Supports Operations around Fleurus
Kleber held major responsibilities in the French forces operating near Fleurus, where coordinated divisions contributed to the victory.
Kleber Supports Sambre River Operations
Kleber commanded an important part of the French army as it sought crossings toward Charleroi. River movements had to be protected against coalition counterattacks.
Left Wing Pursues Retreating Coalition Formations
After Fleurus French formations on the left followed the retreating enemy. Pursuit was intended to stop coalition troops from establishing another defensive line.
Northern Army Pursues Coalition Toward Meuse
Kleber's forces formed part of the continued pursuit after the Fleurus battle. Their operations contributed to the enemy's withdrawal from central Belgium.
Montaigu Holds Trazegnies Before Battle
Montaigu's division held ground northwest of the besieged fortress. Control of the sector protected communications across the Sambre.
Coalition Offensive Checked in Northern France
Pichegru's army recovered momentum after Tourcoing, placing Allied forces under pressure across a broad front.
French Advance Threatens Coastal Flanders Positions
Pichegru's offensive placed coalition forces under pressure in western Flanders. French success contributed to the withdrawal of allied armies from Belgian territory.
French Forces Take Control of Flemish Towns
Pichegru's troops established republican control over towns relinquished by the coalition. Occupation brought new demands for supplies and administration from local communities.
Northern Army Advances toward Dutch Frontier
Pichegru pursued the campaign northward as Allied positions weakened and French troops moved toward the United Provinces.
Pichegru Commands French Flanders Offensive
Pichegru coordinated French forces operating toward the western part of the coalition front. His army helped sustain the broad offensive of 1794.
Pichegru Coordinates Campaign in Flanders
Pichegru directed broad operations that sought to outflank Allied positions and threaten their communications across the Low Countries.
Pichegru Takes Northern Command
Jean Charles Pichegru assumed command during preparations for a renewed offensive against Coalition armies in Flanders.
Republican Army Moves Toward Dutch Frontier
French operations expanded northward after coalition forces lost their positions in Belgium. Pichegru's advance carried the fighting toward the Dutch Republic.
Championnet Supports Eastern Siege Approaches
Championnet's troops formed part of the republican force maneuvering around Charleroi. Maintaining their sector was important for screening the siege against Austrian relief columns.
Championnet Troops Secure Eastern Approaches
Championnet's formation helped protect the eastern side of Jourdan's advance after Fleurus. Maintaining this flank reduced the danger of a sudden Austrian counterattack.
Heppignies Position Shields French Investment
Championnet's troops stood near Heppignies east of Charleroi. Their position guarded a route by which coalition forces might disrupt the siege.
Campaign Against Jacobin Political Clubs
Tallien encouraged the reaction against radical clubs as the Convention's new balance of power threatened institutions previously associated with the Terror.
Challenge to Robespierre on Nine Thermidor
Tallien attacked Robespierre in the Convention as deputies joined to overthrow the political leadership associated with the Terror.
Convention Restricts Independent Commune Power
After the defeat of the Robespierrists the Convention reduced the Paris Commune's capacity to challenge national government. Municipal autonomy was curtailed under the Thermidorian settlement.
Presiding During the Thermidorian Confrontation
Collot d Herbois chaired a turbulent session as the Convention ordered the arrest of Robespierre and close political associates.
Moreau Commands Division During Northern Campaign
Moreau served in the French northern campaign as republican forces attacked coalition positions. His battlefield experience helped establish his reputation as a commander.
Moreau Participates in Tourcoing Campaign
Moreau's role in the northern campaign placed him among commanders involved in the struggle against coalition armies near Tourcoing. The operations strengthened French control of border approaches.
Moreau Serves in the Northern Campaign
Moreau gained experience commanding troops in the Army of the North during the Republic's successful offensives against Coalition forces.
Realignment After the Fall of Robespierre
Fouche survived the Thermidorian reversal and maneuvered among deputies who sought to curtail the authority of surviving Jacobin networks.
French Victory at Tourcoing
Souham's forces defeated Coalition columns at Tourcoing, frustrating an attempt to encircle the northern French army.
Souham Commands at Tourcoing
Joseph Souham took an important temporary command and helped French troops resist a complex Allied offensive near Tourcoing.
Captured Sambre Fortress Strengthens Republican Supply Routes
French possession of Charleroi supported communications between the Sambre crossings and advancing armies. The victory had consequences beyond the immediate siege.
Charleroi Success Vindicates Northern Concentration
Reports from Charleroi and Fleurus indicated that concentrating French forces on the Sambre had succeeded. The government gained confidence in renewed offensive operations.
Fleurus Alters Strategic Balance of First Coalition
French victory at Fleurus strengthened the Republic's northern frontier and reduced immediate invasion fears. The battlefield result changed the diplomatic and military calculation of the First Coalition.
French Command Prioritizes Sambre Offensive
Carnot helped direct strategic resources toward the northern front as France sought to dislodge coalition troops. Coordinated pressure around the Sambre prepared the approach to Fleurus.
Northern Victories Permit Wider Coalition Offensive
Successes in Flanders and around Fleurus strengthened the Republic's strategic position. Carnot and the government could plan campaigns beyond immediate frontier defense.
Victory Strengthens French Northern Strategy
The success at Fleurus vindicated the Republic's effort to concentrate manpower and materiel on the northern front. Carnot could redirect strategic planning toward deeper advances into Belgium.
Convention Commissioners Press Charleroi Offensive
Saint Just and his fellow commissioners insisted that commanders sustain the attempt to cross the Sambre. Their involvement reflected the government's insistence on energetic action.
Fleurus News Reaches Revolutionary Government
Reports of victory at Fleurus reached the Convention while France remained under emergency government. Military success affected debates over the continuing need for wartime repression.
Fleurus Outcome Precedes Thermidorian Crisis
The French victory at Fleurus preceded the overthrow of Robespierre by about one month. The reduced threat of invasion became part of the changing context of revolutionary politics.
Jacobin Leadership Targets Hebertist Opposition
Saint Just helped articulate accusations against alleged revolutionary conspirators in early 1794. The suppression of Hebert's circle narrowed the political left.
Political Commissioners Report Charleroi Outcome
Saint Just's northern mission connected the siege victory to national revolutionary government. News from the front strengthened the Convention's sense that the military emergency was easing.
Representatives Demand Greater Northern Army Discipline
Saint Just used his authority as a representative on mission to press generals for action and enforce republican discipline. Political oversight accompanied preparation for the campaign.
Saint Just Insists Siege Must Continue
Saint Just accompanied the army during the Charleroi operation and supported a determined prosecution of the siege. Political pressure reinforced the military objective.
First Ventose Property Proposal
Saint-Just proposed transferring confiscated property of designated revolutionary enemies to impoverished patriots, joining social assistance to political repression.
Saint-Just Oversees Northern Forces
Saint-Just joined political representatives supervising the armies, insisting on discipline and unity during major offensive operations.
Second Ventose Proposal Refines Assistance
Saint-Just pressed for identifying both indigent patriots and the property of suspects, but implementation of his proposed redistribution remained limited.
Anti Jacobin Youth Organize Street Attacks
Freron encouraged militants who confronted remaining Jacobin supporters in Paris after Thermidor. Organized street pressure weakened the club's ability to defend itself.
Municipal Leadership Changes After Hebertist Purge
After the execution of Hebert and his allies municipal offices were reorganized under figures closer to Robespierre. The change weakened a formerly powerful radical faction.
Revolutionary Political Morality Defended
Robespierre linked civic virtue to republican security before the Convention, offering a disputed justification for coercive emergency government.
Convention Forces Suppress Commune Resistance
Barras commanded troops supporting the Convention against forces attempting to rescue arrested Robespierrists from the Paris municipal insurrection.
Le Bas Joins Mission to the Northern Front
Philippe Le Bas accompanied Saint-Just on a mission to the northern armies as the Committee of Public Safety monitored military progress.
Fabre d Eglantine Prosecuted in Corruption Affair
Fabre d Eglantine faced charges connected with political conspiracy and financial misconduct. His prosecution became intertwined with the case against Danton's associates.
Court President Aligns with Robespierrist Authorities
Dumas oversaw the tribunal during the final weeks of Robespierre's dominance. The court's political dependence became especially clear during the accelerated Terror.
Dumas Succeeds Herman as Court President
Dumas assumed the presidency of the Revolutionary Tribunal during the most intensive phase of political justice. The change accompanied increasingly severe procedures.
Artillery inspector on Italian frontier Bonaparte
Bonaparte served with the Army of Italy and examined opportunities for offensive operations through the Maritime Alps. His work linked artillery expertise to increasingly ambitious operational planning.
Suspicion following Thermidor Bonaparte
The fall of Robespierre placed officers associated with his political circle under suspicion. Bonaparte was briefly detained but emerged without a lasting conviction and resumed seeking a useful command.
Saint-Just supports prosecutions against alleged extremists
Saint-Just defended revolutionary government against groups accused of fomenting internal disorder. The condemnation of Hébertist leaders strengthened the committees' control over political violence.
Execution ends Payan's municipal leadership
Payan was executed following the defeat of the Thermidorian uprising. His death removed one of the officials most closely identified with the Commune's last defense of Robespierre.
Payan becomes leading agent of revised Commune
Claude François Payan emerged as an influential official after the purge of Hébertist sympathizers. He used the Commune's machinery to defend the government associated with Robespierre.
Payan summons sections during Thermidor
Payan sought to rally section activists in support of the threatened Robespierrists. Responses were uneven, leaving the Commune without a reliable mass force.
Chaumette arrested after collapse of faction
The arrest of Chaumette followed the purge of Hébert's circle. Although not tried in the same group as Hébert, he was targeted for radical municipal and dechristianizing policies.
Former Commune prosecutor arrested
The purge of radical municipal figures reached Chaumette after the elimination of the Hébertists. Accused of hostility to the revolutionary government, he faced prosecution and execution.
Former Commune prosecutor guillotined
Chaumette was executed in April following prosecution for alleged counterrevolutionary conduct. His fall demonstrated the government's determination to dismantle independent municipal radicalism.
Couthon Introduces New Tribunal Law
Couthon presented the measure known as the Law of 22 Prairial, which sharply restricted ordinary defense procedures before the Revolutionary Tribunal.
Intermediate Criminal Penalties Narrowed
The Law of 22 Prairial sharply reduced the Revolutionary Tribunals sentencing options, concentrating decisions on acquittal or death.
Law of Twenty Two Prairial Enacted
On 10 June the Convention adopted Couthons law tightening the tribunals procedures and increasing the likelihood of capital convictions.
Witness Testimony Rules Altered
Couthons measure allowed judges greater discretion over the examination of witnesses, reducing the opportunities available to accused persons to challenge allegations.
Convention Deputies Fear Loss of Immunity
The prospect of proceedings against deputies without effective parliamentary protection intensified resentment toward the emergency government.
Evidence Standard Broadens for Political Cases
The legislation treated moral proof and judicial conviction as sufficient in many circumstances, making prosecutions less dependent on conventional documentary evidence.
General Security Committee Faces Jurisdictional Tension
The extension of revolutionary justice created disputes among emergency authorities about who could direct arrests and prepare cases for prosecution.
National government assumes direct Paris administration
The Convention abolished the old revolutionary Commune's independent position and transferred essential functions to more controllable bodies. This transformation ended a major institution of Parisian popular politics.
Thermidorian Convention dismantles municipal power
Tallien and other victors curtailed the structures that had enabled the Commune to pressure national representatives. The reaction aimed to prevent another insurrectionary municipal government.
Accusations against Dantonists
Saint-Just presented accusations against Georges Danton and his associates, enabling their revolutionary prosecution.
Aftermath of Fleurus
The success at Fleurus weakened the argument that an immediate invasion threatened the Republic and altered the political context of emergency rule.
Collapse of Hébertist opposition
The execution of Hébertist leaders changed the factional balance shortly before Saint-Just acted against the Indulgents.
Committee Powers Extend Over Revolutionary Trials
Emergency committees became more directly connected to political prosecution as the regime asserted centralized authority over cases of suspected conspiracy.
Convention orders arrest
The Convention ordered Saint-Just arrested alongside Robespierre and leading allies during the crisis of 9 Thermidor.
Convention presidency begins
Saint-Just served as president of the National Convention during February and March while retaining an active role in emergency politics.
Creation of general police bureau
Saint-Just proposed further centralization of surveillance and policing through a new bureau attached to revolutionary government.
Defeat of Commune resistance
The collapse of the Paris Commune's attempt to protect the Robespierrists left Saint-Just and his companions in the Convention's power.
Denunciation of Hébertist leaders
Saint-Just helped formulate the case against the Hébertist faction, which was accused of destabilizing the Republic.
Downfall of Robespierrist circle
The fall of Saint-Just and Robespierre removed figures who had defended emergency rule as essential to republican virtue.
End of Saint-Just committee service
Saint-Just's death terminated his role in the Committee of Public Safety at the moment the revolutionary government began to change direction.
Execution of Dantonists
The execution of Danton and his allies followed the committee-backed prosecution in which Saint-Just played a leading role.
Execution of Saint-Just
Saint-Just was guillotined on 28 July with Robespierre and other members of the defeated faction.
Festival of Supreme Being
Saint-Just was in the capital during the Festival of the Supreme Being, a major civic celebration associated with Robespierre's political program.
First Ventôse proposal
Saint-Just proposed redistributing property seized from enemies of the Revolution to impoverished supporters of the Republic.
First mission to northern armies
Saint-Just was dispatched to the Army of the North to address military weaknesses and conflicts among representatives and commanders.
Fleurus campaign
French forces won the Battle of Fleurus during Saint-Just's mission, helping secure the northern frontier and advance into the Austrian Netherlands.
Further conspiracy report
Saint-Just issued an additional report while the Dantonist trial was underway, presenting the defendants as participants in a wider plot.
Inspection of soldiers' needs
Saint-Just's northern mission examined practical requirements of soldiers and the need for effective equipment and support.
Interrupted Convention address
On 27 July Saint-Just was interrupted at the opening of his planned speech as deputies turned against Robespierre's faction.
Investigating command failures
Saint-Just examined problems of leadership and logistics in the northern armies after setbacks and disagreements among officers.
Law and justice report
Saint-Just's April report linked questions of criminal justice, administration and factional conspiracies within emergency government.
Operations around Charleroi
Saint-Just was with representatives overseeing the Army of the North during the operations leading to Charleroi's surrender.
Outlawry and sentence
Saint-Just was treated as an outlaw following the Thermidorian revolt, leading to execution without a conventional criminal trial.
Prairial Justice Contributes to Thermidor Tension
The wider atmosphere of suspicion created by accelerated trials helped strain relations among revolutionary leaders before Robespierres fall.
Preparation of Thermidor speech
Saint-Just prepared a defense of the revolutionary leadership as opposition to Robespierre gained strength within the Convention.
Pressure on northern commanders
Saint-Just exercised political oversight over military leaders while French forces prepared operations against Austrian positions.
Principles of revolutionary institutions
Saint-Just linked republican institutions to civic conduct in his political writing, seeking a durable foundation for the revolutionary state.
Recall to Paris
Saint-Just briefly returned from the northern front during heightened political anxiety following attempts against revolutionary leaders.
Renewed committee tensions
Saint-Just returned to a government divided by conflicts between Robespierre and other members of the revolutionary committees.
Renewed journey to northern front
Saint-Just departed again for the Army of the North as the French offensive developed in June.
Report against foreign factions
Saint-Just delivered a report alleging that corrupt factions and foreign interests were undermining revolutionary government.
Report on Hérault de Séchelles
Saint-Just reported on accusations involving Hérault de Séchelles as the committees broadened their investigations of suspected conspiracies.
Return from Rhine mission
Saint-Just resumed committee work after the winter campaign on the eastern frontier.
Saint Just and Centralized Revolutionary Security
Saint Just belonged to the emergency government that treated conspiracies and military danger as grounds for extraordinary judicial and administrative powers.
Second Ventôse measure
A subsequent Ventôse measure elaborated the plan to identify detained suspects and property that might be redistributed.
Second northern army mission
Saint-Just returned to the Army of the North with Philippe Le Bas to supervise campaigning against Coalition troops.
Social meaning of Ventôse decrees
Saint-Just's Ventôse policy sought to associate republican loyalty with economic relief, although practical implementation was limited.
Transfer during Thermidor crisis
Saint-Just's custody was caught up in the confused struggle between Convention authorities and supporters of the arrested leaders.
Unrealized property redistribution
The ambitious redistribution promised by the Ventôse decrees remained substantially unrealized before Saint-Just's overthrow.
Capital Sentences Become More Common
The simplified trial process contributed to an increased pace of death sentences during the last weeks of the Terror.
Judicial Acceleration Deepens Public Anxiety
The rapid prosecution of alleged enemies after Prairial increased fear among deputies and citizens that accusations could lead quickly to execution.
Last Weeks of Terror See Increased Executions
The period after the Prairial law saw a substantial escalation of Revolutionary Tribunal executions, ending only after the Thermidorian crisis.
Revolutionary Tribunal Defense Rights Reduced
Under the Prairial law defendants faced major limits on witnesses and legal advocacy, undermining procedural protections in political trials.
Robespierre Supports Emergency Justice Changes
Robespierre stood among the leading supporters of stronger revolutionary justice during a period in which suspected political enemies faced accelerated prosecution.
Robespierre isolates Hébertist political challenge
Robespierre and allied committee members came to regard the ultra-radical Cordeliers circle as a threat to revolutionary unity. Their response formed part of a wider campaign against independent factions.
Robespierrist officials try to rebuild municipal base
The municipal council was reshaped as more independent radical politicians were removed. Robespierre's allies hoped that a loyal Commune could preserve their influence among the sections.
Thermidor ends government that executed Desmoulins
Robespierre fell in July, months after the death of his former friend Desmoulins. The reversal intensified retrospective debate about factional prosecutions under the Terror.
Action against Hotel de Ville resistance Barras
Convention forces moved against the Hôtel de Ville, where Robespierre's supporters sought refuge. Barras's military command helped end the Commune's attempted rescue of the arrested leaders.
Break with Robespierrist dominance Barras
Barras joined the group of deputies that opposed Robespierre and his close supporters. Fear of purges helped unite otherwise divided Convention members during the Thermidor crisis.
Committee of General Security membership Barras
Barras entered the Committee of General Security after Thermidor. Membership placed him within an institution still responsible for political policing during the transition away from the Terror.
Completion of Army of Italy mission Barras
Barras concluded his assignment as representative with the Army of Italy early in 1794. His experience in the southeast enlarged his contacts with military officers and other deputies.
Convention gives Barras anti-Commune command
Barras received military responsibility for suppressing the municipal rebellion. Convention forces advanced against the Hôtel de Ville as support for the Commune eroded.
Political influence after Thermidor Barras
Barras benefited from his role in the overthrow of Robespierre. The victory strengthened his claim to leadership as the Convention reduced the concentration of emergency power.
Return to Parisian Convention politics Barras
After his field mission, Barras resumed political activity in a Convention increasingly strained by factional rivalries. Disputes over revolutionary discipline and personal security intensified as the Terror continued.
Reversal of the Commune insurrection Barras
The collapse of municipal resistance on the night of 9 to 10 Thermidor gave the Convention control of Paris. Barras emerged with enhanced standing among the victorious deputies.
Thermidor command over loyal troops Barras
On 9 Thermidor the Convention entrusted Barras with command of armed forces defending it against the insurgent Commune. His position gave the anti-Robespierrist deputies a military organizer.
Thermidorian scrutiny of former agents Barras
As the Convention reviewed the actions of officials associated with the Terror, Barras participated in a political environment demanding accountability. The reaction reshaped both policing and the careers of revolutionary deputies.
Cordeliers agitation tests Commune alliances
Calls from Hébertist circles for renewed revolutionary action put municipal associates in a difficult position. The government treated threats of another uprising as evidence of factional danger.
Hébert arrested with prominent Cordeliers allies
Authorities arrested Jacques René Hébert in March as part of an alleged conspiracy. His newspaper no longer protected him against the centralized government he had earlier supported.
Hébert executed at the Place de la Révolution
Hébert was guillotined on 24 March with prominent defendants in the case. His death ended one of the Revolution's most influential populist newspaper campaigns.
Hébertist uprising call fails to mobilize Paris
The appeal for renewed popular intervention gained insufficient backing from the sections. Without a broad rising, the movement's leaders became exposed to arrest by the government.
Hébertists demand a fresh revolutionary surge
Hébert and his associates discussed new pressure against alleged moderates and hoarders in early March. Their language was interpreted by opponents as preparation for another insurrection.
Thermidor Opens Parliamentary Reassessment
The fall of Robespierre reopened debates over legal safeguards and institutional restraint that were central to Sieyes constitutional concerns.
Anti Jacobin Reaction
Tallien supports the campaign against surviving Robespierrists and radical Jacobins
Anti Jacobin Reaction
Tallien supports the campaign against surviving Robespierrists and radical Jacobins.
Thermidorian Reaction
Fouche survives the fall of Robespierre and aligns with the Thermidorian order
Thermidorian Reaction
Fouche survives the fall of Robespierre and aligns with the Thermidorian order.
Anti Jacobin Reaction
Freron encourages young anti Jacobin militants during the reaction against the Terror
Anti Jacobin Reaction
Freron encourages young anti Jacobin militants during the reaction against the Terror.
American commercial prospects occupy exiled diplomat
Talleyrand investigated opportunities in finance, trade and land during his American residence. These interests complemented his longstanding attention to economic foundations of state power.
British expulsion order forces departure
The British government ordered Talleyrand to leave the country amid wartime suspicion. His position as a displaced French political figure had become untenable.
French exile settles temporarily in Philadelphia
Talleyrand spent time in Philadelphia, then a major political center of the young United States. He encountered businessmen and diplomats while observing the new republic.
Talleyrand sails to the United States
After leaving Britain, Talleyrand crossed the Atlantic and sought refuge in the United States. The journey broadened his exposure to republican institutions and commercial society.
Thermidor Makes Political Return Possible
Robespierres fall changed the balance inside the Convention and reduced the danger faced by politicians previously associated with the moderate opposition.
Arrest of Desmoulins during Dantonist roundup
Authorities arrested Desmoulins on 31 March as part of the campaign against the Indulgents. His prominent revolutionary record offered no protection from the committees' decision.
Dantonists accused of endangering emergency government
By March, critics presented Desmoulins and Danton as members of a faction seeking to weaken the Republic. The allegations converted disagreement over policy into a supposed security threat.
Desmoulins condemned with Dantonists
The tribunal pronounced a death sentence against Desmoulins and his associates. His advocacy of clemency had become inseparable from the government's charge of factional conspiracy.
Desmoulins executed on 5 April
Camille Desmoulins was guillotined alongside Danton and other condemned men on 5 April. His death ended the career of a journalist who had helped mobilize the Revolution in 1789.
Desmoulins outlives Hébertists only briefly
The executions of Hébertist leaders did not secure the position of Desmoulins and the Indulgents. Within weeks, the government arrested and executed their rival faction as well.
Desmoulins resists calls to abandon journal
Pressure mounted for Desmoulins to retract or suppress his controversial arguments. His refusal to retreat contributed to his isolation among government supporters.
Jacobin Club debates censorship of Desmoulins
Members of the Jacobin Club disputed whether his newspaper undermined revolutionary government. The debate exposed the narrowing tolerance for dissent within radical politics.
Le Vieux Cordelier becomes testament to clemency debate
After Desmoulins's execution, his final newspaper remained associated with criticism of indiscriminate Terror. Its fate revealed how dangerous public opposition to emergency rule had become.
Revolutionary Tribunal tries Desmoulins and associates
Desmoulins appeared before the Revolutionary Tribunal with Danton and other defendants. Prosecutors treated their political activity as evidence of conspiracy against the Republic.
Robespierre criticizes Desmoulins's later issues
Robespierre became alarmed by the clemency arguments of Le Vieux Cordelier. Their disagreement strained a longstanding personal connection between the two revolutionaries.
Trial restrictions prevent full political defense
The Dantonist trial proceeded amid restrictions on the accused men's ability to contest witnesses and accusations. The process illustrated how emergency judicial measures could overwhelm political opponents.
Convention troops occupy Hôtel de Ville
The collapse of municipal resistance allowed troops loyal to the Convention to seize the Hôtel de Ville. Fleuriot-Lescot was arrested with other officials who had sheltered Robespierre.
Fleuriot-Lescot executed after failed rising
The former mayor was guillotined in the immediate aftermath of 9 Thermidor. His fate signaled the destruction of the Commune's leadership as an independent political force.
Fleuriot-Lescot installed as new mayor
Fleuriot-Lescot replaced Pache amid the reorganization of Paris municipal leadership. The new administration depended increasingly on support from Robespierre's allies.
Mayor rejects the Convention's Thermidor order
On 9 Thermidor, Fleuriot-Lescot backed municipal resistance to the arrest of Robespierre and his allies. The Hôtel de Ville became a gathering place for the embattled group.
Paris Commune leadership passes to Robespierrists
Fleuriot-Lescot's accession as mayor marked a shift away from the Hébertist municipal current. The city administration became more tightly identified with Robespierre's supporters.
Pache removed amid attack on Hébertists
After the leading Hébertists were suppressed, Pache lost the mayoralty and was arrested. His downfall showed how quickly the Commune's political alliances could be overturned.
Pache removed from Paris mayoralty
After the Hébertist prosecutions, Pache was dismissed and detained. His removal weakened the Commune's previous associations with militant sans-culotte leaders.
Jacobin Club
Robespierre tries to found the Republic of Virtue, until the Jacobins last purge, 9 Thermidor, in July 1794, executed Robespierre himself.
Jacobin Club
The ultimate political vehicle for the Jacobin movement was the Reign of Terror overseen by the Committee of Public Safety, who were given executive powers to purify and unify the Republic.
Jacobin Club
Thermidor is an alliance between those who felt Robespierre had gone too far and those who felt he had not gone far enough they were unable to maintain their control of the Convention
Jacobin Club
Thermidor is an alliance between those who felt Robespierre had gone too far and those who felt he had not gone far enough they were unable to maintain their control of the Convention.
Jacobin Club
eased out of power & the Jacobins dissolve
Jacobin Club
eased out of power and the Jacobins dissolve.
Thermidor
Robespierre tries to found the Republic of Virtue, until the Jacobins last purge, 9 Thermidor, in July 1794, executed Robespierre himself. Thermidor is an alliance between those who felt Robespierre had gone too far and those who felt he had not gone far enough, they were unable to maintain their control of the Convention, eased out of power & the Jacobins dissolve
Thermidor
Robespierre’s overthrow on 9 Thermidor united opponents of different factions and began a rapid decline in Jacobin power.
Artillery production and science
Carnot supported the application of scientific expertise to the Republic's production of military equipment and artillery.
Battle of Fleurus
The June victory at Fleurus supported the French advance into Belgium and reflected the strategic system Carnot helped organize.
Battle of Tourcoing
The French victory at Tourcoing formed part of the northern campaign supported by Carnot's coordination of forces and resources.
Campaign in Austrian Netherlands
Carnot's coordination of men and supplies supported French advances through the Austrian Netherlands after Fleurus.
Committee service after Thermidor
Carnot continued military work as revolutionary government changed personnel and procedures after the fall of Robespierre.
Conflict within Public Safety Committee
Carnot disagreed with Robespierre and Saint-Just over questions of governance while they shared responsibility for the wartime state.
Convention presidency election
Carnot was elected president of the National Convention in May while also holding responsibilities in emergency military government.
Convention presidency ends
Carnot completed his term as Convention president and continued the military administration that had made him prominent.
Integration of volunteer soldiers
Carnot promoted effective incorporation of volunteers and regular troops into an army capable of sustained offensive operations.
Military ballooning school
Carnot supported the establishment of a national school of military aerostation as new technologies were explored for reconnaissance.
Northern spring offensives
Carnot helped direct the strategy underlying renewed French offensives against Coalition forces in the north.
Reputation as organizer of victory
Carnot gained the epithet Organizer of Victory because of his central role in sustaining and coordinating French armies.
Semaphore communications
Carnot backed the adoption of Claude Chappe's semaphore telegraph as faster communication gained importance for national defense.
Thermidorian overthrow
Carnot remained in government after the overthrow of Robespierre, although accounts differ about the extent of his direct involvement in the coup.
Use of technical experts
Carnot valued specialists such as Gaspard Monge and Claude-Louis Berthollet in efforts to increase military capability.
Desmoulins remembered among condemned Indulgents
The paired executions of Danton and Desmoulins became a symbol of revolutionary leaders turning against one another. Their deaths illustrated the political costs of an expanding definition of conspiracy.
Hanriot tries to rally armed support at Thermidor
Hanriot attempted to deploy National Guard units against the Convention's arrest orders. His efforts failed as competing authorities claimed command of armed men.
Cordeliers veil the Rights of Man declaration
Militants at the Cordeliers employed mourning imagery around the Declaration of Rights to criticize the state of the Revolution. The theatrical gesture dramatized their dissatisfaction with the government.
Momoro condemned in Cordeliers conspiracy case
Momoro faced the Revolutionary Tribunal with other radical activists. The proceedings treated their political agitation as a coordinated danger to government.
Momoro executed after anti-clerical activism
The printer Momoro was executed on 24 March. His fate illustrated the rapid reversal from official tolerance of dechristianization to prosecution of its prominent advocates.
Revolutionary army general executed with radicals
Ronsin was executed as part of the March purge. His death removed a leading figure from the extraordinary military organization associated with the militant left.
Ronsin prosecuted as alleged conspirator
The prosecution grouped Ronsin with radical political associates accused of threatening the Republic. His revolutionary military service did not shield him from capital charges.
Ronsin released from earlier detention
Ronsin regained liberty after temporary confinement, but suspicion of his faction persisted. The episode did not restore trust between the militant Cordeliers and the national leadership.
Cloots included among Hébertist defendants
Anacharsis Cloots was prosecuted with Hébert and others despite the diversity of their political careers. His inclusion reflected the breadth of the conspiracy case constructed by prosecutors.
Arrest of Danton
Danton was arrested with prominent associates at the end of March as the revolutionary government moved against the Indulgents.
Colonial slavery abolition debate
Danton backed the Convention's abolition of slavery in the French colonies, speaking for the republic's claim to universal liberty.
Condemnation of Indulgents
The Revolutionary Tribunal sentenced Danton and several allies to death after proceedings marked by political intervention.
Confrontation with revolutionary committees
Danton's position became increasingly vulnerable as leading committee members regarded the Indulgents as a threat to unity.
Confrontational courtroom defense
Danton vigorously challenged the charges at his trial and attempted to address the court and spectators despite restrictions on his defense.
Desmoulins executed alongside Danton
The execution of journalist Camille Desmoulins alongside Danton destroyed a key personal and political partnership within the revolutionary movement.
End of Danton's Convention mandate
Danton's execution ended the parliamentary career of a deputy who had helped establish the Republic and then challenged its emergency leadership.
Execution at Place de la Révolution
Danton was guillotined on 5 April with Camille Desmoulins and other condemned associates, ending the Indulgent challenge to the committees.
Hébertist faction eliminated
The execution of Hébertist leaders removed one of Danton's political adversaries but did not protect the Indulgent group.
Imprisonment at Luxembourg
Danton and several fellow accused were held at the Luxembourg prison after their arrest and before their revolutionary trial.
Indulgent network suppressed
After the April executions the Indulgent network was effectively broken, leaving its surviving sympathizers under considerable suspicion.
Political aftermath of the Danton trial
The elimination of Danton removed a prominent advocate of clemency and heightened fears that no leading revolutionary was secure from prosecution.
Restriction of defendants' speech
The Convention authorized exceptional measures that curtailed the Dantonists' ability to contest proceedings when their trial became disorderly.
Revolutionary Tribunal hearing
Danton appeared before the Revolutionary Tribunal, where the prosecution combined political allegations with charges relating to financial misconduct.
Saint-Just's accusations
Saint-Just presented the Convention with allegations against Danton and his allies, clearing the way for proceedings against them.
Trial as factional turning point
The prosecution of Danton signaled that even veterans of the August uprising were exposed to the escalating factional struggle within the Republic.
Vincent brought before Revolutionary Tribunal
Vincent was tried with prominent figures of the militant Cordeliers network. The tribunal proceedings transformed longstanding factional rivalries into an alleged plot against the state.
Vincent returns to renewed Cordeliers agitation
After detention, Vincent remained connected to revolutionary activists who distrusted the committees. Their increasingly confrontational meetings alarmed national officials.
War administrator executed in factional purge
Vincent died on the guillotine alongside Hébertist defendants. The execution curtailed a radical network within military administration.
Lucile Desmoulins attempts to defend husband
Lucile sought to intervene after Camille was imprisoned and condemned. Her efforts were overtaken by accusations against her and the accelerating proceedings of the Terror.
Lucile Desmoulins executed on 13 April
Lucile Desmoulins was guillotined eight days after Camille. The execution left their young son without either parent.
Lucile arrested after Camille's condemnation
Lucile was arrested during the repression that followed the Dantonist proceedings. Authorities accused her of involvement in a plot connected with efforts to aid the condemned.
Exile of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord
Forced to leave Britain by Pitts expulsion order, then arrives at the United States until his return to France in 1796
Exile of Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Perigord
Forced to leave Britain by Pitts expulsion order, then arrives at the United States until his return to France in 1796.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Commander in Chief
Paul Francois Barras was appointed commander in chief.
Death of Alexandre de Beauharnais
Death of Alexandre Beauharnais, guillotined for his failure to relieve Metz
Execution
Guillotined for his failure to relieve Metz
National Assembly
Alexandre de Beauharnais was appointed secretary of the National Assembly.
National Assembly
Appointed Secretary of the National Assembly
Secretary of National Assembly
Appointed Secretary of the National Assembly
American Inland Navigation Feasibility Examined
Brunel investigated routes that could integrate waterways and improve connections between inland trade and New York. It helped establish the city as a centre of technical research.
Hudson Champlain Canal Route Survey
Marc Brunel surveyed a proposed canal joining the Hudson River to Lake Champlain after moving to the United States. The work created a practical link between experimentation and infrastructure.
Canal Route Survey
His engineering ability brings increasing responsibility on the canal project.
Hudson-Lake Champlain Canal Survey
Surveys a proposed canal linking the Hudson River and Lake Champlain.
French Frigate Engineering Supports Fleet Needs
Standard hull design and established construction methods continued to inform the building of French cruising ships. The development helped engineers reproduce tested proportions.
French Occupation
French revolutionary forces occupy Bruges during the Flanders campaign.
Flanders Campaign
French revolutionary armies advance through Flanders near Ypres.
Adjutant
Appointed Adjutant General Chef de Brigade
General
Appointed General
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
National Assembly
Appointed Secretary of the National Assembly
Secretary of National Assembly
Appointed Secretary of the National Assembly
General
Appointed General after the Battle of Fleurus
Jena Professorship
Fichte takes up a professorship at the University of Jena.
Foundation of the Entire Wissenschaftslehre
Fichte publishes the foundational version of his Wissenschaftslehre, or Doctrine of Science.
Birth of Daughter Fanny
Wollstonecraft gave birth to Fanny Imlay during her years abroad, an experience reflected in personal correspondence.
Historical View of French Revolution
Wollstonecraft published An Historical and Moral View of the French Revolution, interpreting its early history.
Book of Urizen
Publication of "Europe: A Prophecy". Publication of "Book of Urizen"
Chimney Sweeper Experience Appears
Blake's Songs of Experience included a second chimney sweeper poem criticizing social hypocrisy.
Europe: A Prophecy
Publication of "Europe: A Prophecy". Publication of "Book of Urizen"
London Poem Appears
Blake's London appeared in Songs of Experience, portraying institutional power and urban suffering.
Songs of Experience Published
Blake issued Songs of Experience alongside Songs of Innocence, contrasting social corruption with childhood hope.
Tyger Poem Appears
The Tyger appeared in Songs of Experience, interrogating the mysteries of creation through rhythmic questions.
Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
Appointed Secretary for War
Member of Parliament
1st elected Member of Parliament
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State for War
Peerage
Created Earl Bathurst, 3rd
Birth of George
Birth of George, son of William IV & Dorothy Jordan
Rule of Corsica
The Corsican Nationalist Assembly proclaims the British King sovereign
Bankruptcy
Forced to marry a wife of his fathers choice, Caroline of Brunswick
Birth of George
Birth of George, son of William IV & Dorothy Jordan
Retirement from Parliament
Burke retired from the House of Commons after decades of political argument and parliamentary service.
Release from Luxembourg Prison
Paine was released from prison after political changes in revolutionary France and diplomatic intervention.
The Age of Reason First Part
Paine published the first part of The Age of Reason, presenting a deist critique of revealed religion.
Lord Privy Seal
Appointed Lord Privy Seal
Dalton Studies Human Colour Vision
Dalton presented a study of colour perception based in part on his own visual experience. It connected industrial practice with more systematic technical investigation.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander
Vice Admiral
Appointed Vice Admiral
Vice Admiral
Appointed Vice Admiral
Admiral
Appointed the rank of full Admiral
Vice Admiral
Appointed Vice Admiral
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander
Calvi
Takes part in the siege of Calvi after the Bastia operation.
Constitution of Poland
Proclaims a provisional constitution & dictatorial powers
Coup
Leader of group of exiled Polish patriots & supported by dissident Polish officers
Arrest of Tadeusz Kosciuszko
Arrested by the Russians for leading a rebellion
Reballion of Polish
Calls a Polish rebellion against Russia
New Russia
Odessa is founded as a capital province of "New Russia" & window to the sth
Odessa
Odessa is founded as a capital province of "New Russia" & window to the sth
Battle of Cassano dAdda
Defeats the French at the Battle of Cassano dAdda
Constitution of USA
Madison leads the unsuccessful attempt to block Alexander Hamiltons proposed Bank of the United States, arguing the new Constitution did not explicitly allow the federal Government to form a bank
Democratic Republican Party
To oppose the Federalists, Madison and Jefferson organize the Democratic Republican Party. Madison leads the unsuccessful attempt to block Alexander Hamiltons proposed Bank of the United States, arguing the new Constitution did not explicitly allow the federal Government to form a bank. All across the country, voters divided for and against the Jay Treaty and other key issues, and thus became Federalists or Democratic Republicans
Jay Treaty
George Washington avoids a trade war with Britain and secures friendly trade relations with through the Jay Treaty, a Treaty that Madison tried but failed to defeat
Treaty of Jay
George Washington avoids a trade war with Britain and secures friendly trade relations with through the Jay Treaty, a Treaty that Madison tried but failed to defeat. All across the country, voters divided for and against the Jay Treaty and other key issues, and thus became Federalists or Democratic Republicans
Invention of Cotton Gin
Patents the Cotton Gin