1799 in History

Hears of the formaion of the 2nd Coalition of Austria, Britain & Russia against France

Fouche served as French ambassador in Holland before being recalled to take charge of the Ministry of Police.

Surrenders to Murat & is arrested

Brunel lands at Falmouth and travels to London to pursue his engineering proposals.

Napoleon arrived in Paris as the Directory faced military, political and financial instability.

Launches an assault on the Turks followed by the surrender of the citadel of Aboukir

The Citadel of Aboukir surrenders to Napoleon

Launches an assault on the Turks followed by the surrender of the citadel of Aboukir

The Citadel of Aboukir surrenders to Napoleon

Arrives in Cairo amid much pomp & ceremony

Napoleon's army captured the fortress of El Arish during the advance from Egypt into Ottoman Syria.

Napoleon's army captured Jaffa during the Syrian campaign, gaining a coastal position on the route toward Acre.

Ranjit Singh takes Lahore and establishes it as the centre of his growing Sikh state.

As Minister of Police, Fouche closed the meeting place at the Manege used by the revived Jacobin political club.

Massena became provisional commander in chief of the combined Armies of the Danube and Helvetia after Jourdan left command.

Helps overthrow the Directory & replace it with the Consulate

The Constitution of Year VIII comes into force

Appointed Consul, 1 of 3 in the Directory

Appointed Consul, 1 of 3 in the Directory

Appointed Consul, 1 of 3 in the Directory

Appointed Consul, 1 of 3 in the Directory

Helps overthrow the Directory & replace it with the Consulate

Helps overthrow the Directory & replace it with the Consulate

Napoleon joined Sieyes and allied politicians in the coup that began on 18 Brumaire and transferred the councils away from Paris.

The parliamentary crisis of 30 Prairial weakened the Directory and reduced Barras's ability to control the political situation.

Napoleon left Egypt aboard the frigate Muiron, leaving General Kleber in command of the Army of the Orient.

Barras hosted Bonaparte for dinner as political manoeuvring intensified shortly before the coup of Brumaire.

Helps overthrow the Directory & replace it with the Consulate

Receives the Sicilian title Duke of Bronte.

Sieyes returned from Berlin after being chosen to replace Rewbell as a member of the Executive Directory.

Napoleon decided to abandon the siege of Acre after repeated assaults failed to break the defenders.

Appointed Commander of the French forces in Egypt after Napoleon returns to France

Appointed Commander of the French forces in Egypt

Appointed General de Division during the 2nd Battle of Aboukir Bay

Appointed General de Division during the 2nd Battle of Aboukir Bay

Appointed Governor of Mysore

The earliest recorded use of the term "Industrial Revolution" seems to have been in a letter written by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that France had entered the race to industrialise

The Anglo-Turkish armada begins to bombard Alexandria

Napoleon's troops gather to face a probable invasion of Egypt by the Army of Rhodes

Leaves Egypt for France to save the Revolution

Drives the French back across the Rhine

Launches an invasion of Switzerland

Brunel marries Sophia Kingdom after the couple are reunited in London.

Continues developing mechanical inventions after arriving in Britain.

Fouche met Bonaparte shortly before Brumaire and positioned the police ministry to accommodate the coming change of government.

Napoleon met Joseph Fouche during preparations for the political operation that became the coup of Brumaire.

Napoleon met Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes and Pierre Roger Ducos as political discussions intensified over replacing the Directory.

Fouche became Minister of Police during the final months of the Directory, replacing Bourguignon.

Assembles a Marmaluke force to re-occupy Egypt after its invasion by Napoleon

Sieyes became president of the Directory while working toward a constitutional transformation of the unstable regime.

The coup of Brumaire ended the Directory, and Napoleon became a provisional consul alongside Sieyes and Roger Ducos.

Barras resigned as the coup of Brumaire destroyed the Directory and ended his central role in revolutionary government.

The crisis of 30 Prairial forced La Revelliere-Lepeaux to resign from the Directory after pressure from the legislative councils.

Talleyrand resigned as Minister of Foreign Relations after political attacks increased during the renewed Jacobin influence of 1799.

Resigns as Under Secretary at the Foreign Office

Resigns due to ill health

Napoleon returned to Cairo after withdrawing from the failed Syrian campaign.

After Brumaire, Talleyrand returned to the Ministry of Foreign Relations and aligned himself closely with Bonaparte's new government.

Napoleon landed in France after leaving Egypt and began the journey back to Paris.

French soldiers discovered the Rosetta Stone during the Egyptian expedition, providing a text that later proved central to deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Helps force the Turks to surrender after 1 week

The Turkish forces are forced to surrender after 1 weeks siege of Aboukir Castle

Napoleon commences a 61 day siege of Acre against the Turks & British

Napoleon began the siege of Acre after advancing north from Jaffa, but Ottoman and British-supported defenders resisted repeated assaults.

Napoleon departs from Acre after failing to capture it

Napoleon commences a 61 day siege of Acre against the Turks & British

Napoleon departs from Acre after failing to capture it

Napoleon is intercepted on his march to Cairo

Tipu Sultan dies fighting during the British-led storming of Srirangapatna.

Fouche suppressed eleven Paris newspapers as the police ministry tightened control over political agitation and the press.

Napoleon left Cairo with the main expeditionary force for the Syrian campaign against Ottoman forces.

Takes out a British patent for a writing and drawing machine.

Birth of Heinrich Wilhelm August Freiherr von Gagern, son of Hans Christoph Ernst, Baron von Gagern,a liberal statesman from Hesse

Tipu Sultan is killed while defending Srirangapatna during the final assault on 4 May 1799.

Napoleon defeated an Ottoman landing force at Aboukir, securing a major French battlefield victory before his departure from Egypt.

Napoleon's 17 year old stepson fights at the Battle of Aboukir

Appointed General de Division during the 2nd Battle of Aboukir Bay

Leads a division at the Battle of Aoukir

Launches an assault on the Turks followed by the surrender of Aboukir

Leads the French left

Opens the attack by leading a cavalry charge. Appointed General de Division during the 2nd Battle of Aboukir Bay. Accepts the surrender of the Turkish leader Mustapha Pasha

18,000 Turks land at Aboukir, Napoleon marches with 6,000 to the Delta

Gathers 10,000 infantry & 1,000 cavalry within striking distance of Aboukir. Decides to strike at the Turkish Army. Claims the battle will, "decide the fate of the world"

The French are defeated & lose 13 of their 17 ships. Nelson's 5 ships intercept the French at Aboukir Bay. Marches back to Egypt & rallies his forces to defeat the Turks

The Turks are defeated with 2,000 killed & 4,000 drowned, the French suffer 220 killed. Napoleon is intercepted on his march to Cairo

Offers surrender terms to the Turks who have fled to Aboukir castle they refuse

Lands the Turkish forces at Aboukir, 60 transports & 15,000 troops. General Marmont is forced to withdraw to Alexandria & await Napoleon's orders

Sits tight for 2 weeks on the beaches due to extensive sickness. Assembles 10,000 infantry & 1,000 cavalry within striking distance of Aboukir

Surrenders to Murat at the Battle of Aboukir & is arrested

Massena fought at Coire during operations against Coalition forces in the Swiss theatre.

Massena fought at Feldkirch during the difficult spring campaign against Austrian forces near the eastern Swiss frontier.

Tipu Sultan's army contests the British-led advance at Malavelly before withdrawing toward Srirangapatna.

The Austrian army, led by Suvarov, attacks French positions, in the early moments of the battle, Joubert dies, but the French resist the Austrian attack and counter-attack. Results in a victory for the Austrians and Russians under Fieldmarshal Alexander Suvorov over the French under General Barthelemy Catherine Joubert

Results in a victory for the Austrians and Russians under Fieldmarshal Alexander Suvorov over the French under General Barthelemy Catherine Joubert. Fights at the Battle of Novi

The Austron army, led by Suvarov, attacks French positions, in the early moments of the battle, Joubert dies, but the French resist the Austrian attack and counter-attack. Results in a victory for the Austrians and Russians under Fieldmarshal Alexander Suvorov over the French under General Barthelemy Catherine Joubert

Defeats the French under Jourdan in Italy

Tipu Sultan attacks allied forces at Seedaseer during the opening stages of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.

Jourdan was defeated by Archduke Charles at Stockach and withdrew toward Strasbourg during the War of the Second Coalition.

Defeats the French under Jourdan in Italy

Replaces the wounded Lefebvre at the Battle of Stokach. Fights at the Battle of Stokach, French General Jourdan is defeated

Charles of Austria defeats Massena at Zurich

Massena defeated Russian and Austrian forces at Zurich, helping force Suvorov's army into a difficult retreat through Switzerland.