1813 in History

Simon Bolivar entered Caracas after the Admirable Campaign and restored republican government.

Murat deserts Napoleon for the Allies

Murat deserts Napoleon for the Allies

The armistice of Pleischwitz

Awarded the Order of the Garter

Awarded the Order of the Garter

Captures Caracas from the Spanish, gains the title of "el Libertador"

Forces Napoleon's forces to the Ebro River where they are defeated at Vittorio. Captures Madrid

Appointed Colonel General of the Imperial Guard

Appointed Colonel General of the Imperial Guard

Pius VII signs a concordat with Napoleon

Pius VII signs a concordat with Napoleon

Shares consular authority before becoming dominant ruler.

Becomes one of Paraguay's two consuls under the new republican system.

Prussia declares war on France

Austria declares war on France

Bavaria joins the Allies

Saxony joins the Allies

The French evacuate Madrid

Suchet evacuates Tarragona

Appointed Field Marshal

Appointed Head of the Confederation, 2nd term

The Allied forces under Blucher cross the Rhine

Crosses into France

Advances into Silesia to engage Blucher but Blucher retreats

Raises a volunteer army & invades Venezuela

The French surrender the city of Danzig to Russians

Defeats Oudinot at Gross Beeren & Klein Beeren halting the French march on Berlin

Defeats Ney at Dennewitz during his march on Berlin

Bavaria withdraws from the war & German states waver in their support of the French

Wellington marches in triumph through Cadiz

The French surrender the city of Danzig to Russians

The French surrender the city of Danzig to Russians

Storms Halle

1st day of the siege of Hamburg

Marches on New York from Montreal but is turned back at Lake Champlan

1st day of the siege of Pamplona

Triumphantly enters Salamanca

1st day of the siege of San Sebastian

Failure to storm San Sebastian

San Sebastian falls

1st day of Wellingtons siege of San Sebastian

Makes an assault on San Sebastian

San Sebastian falls

1st day of the siege of Torgau

The fall of Torgau

1st day of the 2nd siege of Torgau

The Treaty of Gulistan confirms major Russian territorial gains in the South Caucasus after war with Persia.

The Treaty of Gulistan ends the Russo-Persian War and confirms extensive Russian gains in the South Caucasus.

Russia and Prussia conclude the Treaty of Kalisch, creating an alliance against Napoleon.

Bavaria leaves the Rhine Confederation & joins the Alliance against France

Birth of Henry Bessemer

Birth of John Fremont

Birth of Richard Wagner

Bolivar defeats General Juan Domingo Monteverde

Bolivar defeats General Juan Domingo Monteverde

Royalists defeat Belgrano again, weakening patriot hopes in Upper Peru

Russian and Prussian armies fight Napoleon at Bautzen before withdrawing in good order.

Leads the Prussian troops under Russian command during the War of Liberation

Wishes to inflict a defeat on Prussia for deserting his cause. Follows Napoleon's capture of Dresden

Helps Napoleon defeat a combinec force of Prussians & Russians

Helps Napoleon defeat a combinec force of Prussians & Russians

Wittgenstein is allowed to retreat because of Neys late attack. The Russians & Prussians are driven from the east bank of the Spree

Defeats Ney at Dennewitz during his march on Berlin. Bulow comes to Bernadottes relief & drives Ney back. Bulow assumes overall Allied command of the battle from Bernadotte. Bavaria withdraws from the war & German states waver in their support of the French

Attempts to capture Berlin but is defeated

Napoleon wins at Dresden against the allied armies, including Russian forces, during the 1813 campaign.

The French lose 10,000 & the Allies 38,000. French victory against the Prussians & Russians

Defeats Oudinot at Gross Beeren & Klein Beeren halting the French march on Berlin

Retreats from Leipzig & battles through an Austrian-Bavarian force

Defeats Oudinot at Gross Beeren & Klein Beeren halting the French march on Berlin

Marches on New York from Montreal but is turned back at Lake Champlan

Defeats a Spanish force

Russia joins Prussia, Austria and other allies in defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig.

Commands Russian army on the right wing

To the North, the unexpected arrival of Bluchers Army of Silesia ties down French reserves badly needed for the French main effort. Leads the Prussian forces at the Battle of Leipzig

The 6th Coalition is arranged with Field Marshal Blucher (Prussian) & Crown Prince Carl Johan of Sweden to the north, Generals Barclay De Tolly, Bennigsen (Russian) & Prince von Hessen-Homburg (Austrian) to the south & Gyulay (Austrian) to the north

French retreat is underway with most of the armys trains and cavalry & infantry corps cross the Lindeneau bridge & march to safety

Helps defeat the Napoleonic forces

Witnesses what he regards as the horror of war at Leipzig, "It haunts one night & day"

The Confederation dissolves after Napoleon's defeat at Leipzig. Reinforcements fail to arrive & the Saxons change sides. Napoleon flees into the city having lost 60,000 men

This record states: In total, the French have around 190,000 soldiers and the Allies almost 330,000 with both sides having significant artillery, there were over two and a half thousand pieces of ordnance on the field.

This record states: The Battle beginswith an attack by 78,000 Allied troops from the south and 54,000 from the north, with Napoleon using the bulk of his army in the south.

This record states: The allied offensives achieve little and are soon forced back, but Napoleon's outnumbered forces are unable to break the allied lines, resulting in a hard fought stalemate.

Blucher gains ground in the North but is stopped short of blocking the French retreat route, a number of Saxon and Wurttemberger units defect to the Coalition

The 6th Coalition is arranged with Field Marshal Blucher (Prussian) & Crown Prince Carl Johan of Sweden to the north, Generals Barclay De Tolly, Bennigsen (Russian) & Prince von Hessen-Homburg (Austrian) to the south & Gyulay (Austrian) to the north

The Allies launch a huge assault from all sides, in over nine hours of fighting, in which both sides suffer heavy casualties, the French troops prevent a breakthrough but are slowly forced back towards Leipzig

During the fighting, 5,400 Saxons of Jean Reyniers VII Corps defect to the Allies, Napoleon sees that the battle is a lost cause and on the night of the 18th-19th he begins to withdraw the majority of his army across the river Elster

Napoleon arranges his army around Leipzig, but concentrates his force from Taucha through St”tteritz (where Napoleon placed his command), The Prussians advance from Wartenberg, the Austrians & Russians from Dresden & the Swedish force from the north. Defeated by the 4th Coalition

During the fighting, 5,400 Saxons of Jean Reyniers VII Corps defect to the Allies, Napoleon sees that the battle is a lost cause and on the night of the 18th-19th he begins to withdraw the majority of his army across the river Elster

Helps defeat Napoleon

Defeats Oudinot & Grossbeeren at Luckau

Leads the Prussian troops under Russian command during the War of Liberation

Wittgenstein is allowed to retreat because of Neys late attack. The Russians & Prussians are driven from the east bank of the Spree. The French lose 25,000 to the Allies 11,000. Napoleon's Army of 110,000 defeat the Allied Army of 73,000. Napoleon breaks through Wittgensteins centre. A technical victory because Wittgenstein retreats into Silesia

Alexander accompanies the allied campaign as Napoleon defeats Russian and Prussian forces at Lützen.

Fights at the Battle of Mockern

Defeats Soult

Defeats Soult

Defeats Soult

Belgrano's Army of the North is defeated by royalist forces in Upper Peru

The French are defeated by Wellington & Joseph is forced to retreat over the Pyrenees. The decisive victory by Wellington in the Peninsular War

Arrives at Miranda do Douro in an effort to outflank the French

Wellingtons 2 main Armies unite at Touro, north of the River Douro

Wellingtons 78,000 army defeat 57,000 French, 5,000 French & 6,0000 Allied casualties. Decisive victory of the Peninsular war, Joseph Bonaparte retreats to France

Joseph blows up Burgos while retreating from Wellingtons forces

Establishes a 3 line defensive formation of 57,000 behind the River Zadorra

Wellington forces the French across the Pyrenees. Manages to get 55,000 French back into France over the Pyrenees

The brother of Wellingtons former wife is killed in battle

Forces the French back across the Pyrenees. Defeats King Joseph. Calls off the battle 5 miles up the Pamplona road. Attempts to stop the French retreating to France

Blucher defeats Bertrand