President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Historical events in 1860
137 historical records
January 18605 historical events
Holy Roman Empire
Creates free trade between Europes 2 largest traders. Agreed by Napoleon & ratified by the British House of Commons
Treaty of Cobden
Creates free trade between Europes 2 largest traders. Agreed by Napoleon & ratified by the British House of Commons
Prime Minister of Italy
Appointed Prime Minister of Piedmont
Unification
Intends to unite the duchies of Parma, Modena, Romagna & Tuscany
February 186011 historical events
Rotwitt Government
The Rotwitt Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Budget
Gladstones budget is introduced with the Cobden-Chevalier Treaty between Britain and France that would reduce tariffs between the two countries.
Budget
Some of the duties Gladstone intended to abolish in 1860 were the duties on paper, a controversial policy because the duties had traditionally inflated the costs of publishing and thus hindered the dissemination of radical working-class ideas.
Budget
The Bill to abolish duties on paper narrowly passed Commons but was rejected by the House of Lords. As no money bill had been rejected by Lords for over two hundred years, a furore arose over this vote.
Budget
The budget "marked the final adoption of the Free Trade principle, that taxation should be levied for Revenue purposes alone, and that every protective, differential, or discriminating duty...should be dislodged".
Budget
The budget reduces the number of duties to 48, with 15 duties constituting the majority of the revenue but to finance these reductions in indirect taxation, the income tax, instead of being abolished, is raised to 10d. for incomes above pounds 150 and at 7d.
Budget
The next year, Gladstone included the abolition of paper duties in a consolidated Finance Bill (the first ever) to force the Lords to accept it, and accept it they did.
Budget
for incomes above pounds 100.
Income Tax
The budget reduces the number of duties to 48, with 15 duties constituting the majority of the revenue but to finance these reductions in indirect taxation, the income tax, instead of being abolished, is raised to 10d. for incomes above pounds 150 and at 7d. for incomes above pounds 100
Election
Elected President of the Confederacy
Second Hall Government
Begins the Second Hall Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
March 18601 historical events
President of Argentina
Appointed President of the Argentine Confederation
April 18602 historical events
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
Birth of Archibald James Murray
Birth of Archibald James Murray
May 18604 historical events
Hartford Speech
Lincoln addresses Hartford Republicans before the presidential campaign
Pre Election Campaign
Lincoln remains in Springfield on the eve of the presidential election
Burial
Death of Mikhail Dmitrievich and is buried, in accordance with his own wish, at Sevastopol
Death of Mikhail Dmitrievich
Death of Mikhail Dmitrievich and is buried, in accordance with his own wish, at Sevastopol
June 18606 historical events
Marriage
Grover Cleveland marries France's Folsom
Marriage
Grover Cleveland marries France's Folsom
New Haven Speech
Lincoln speaks to Connecticut Republicans during his New England tour
Presidential Election
Lincoln defeats Stephen Douglas John C Breckinridge and John Bell in the 1860 presidential election
Presidential Election
Lincoln is elected 16th President of the United States
Reform of Electoral System
Proposes enfranchising ล6 occupiers in the Boroughs & ล10 occupiers in the counties. Despite Palmerstons electoral proposals legislation is not passed
July 18603 historical events
Birth of Gustav Mahler
Birth of Gustav Mahler
Birth of Adolf Wild von Hohenborn
Birth of Adolf Wild von Hohenborn
First Banking Law
Promulgates Chile's first banking law during the expansion of the national financial system.
August 18601 historical events
Birth of Raymond Poincare
Birth of Raymond Poincare, son of a middle class familly in Eastern France
September 18603 historical events
Decatur Convention
Illinois Republicans promote Lincoln as the Rail Candidate
Illinois Republican Convention
Illinois Republicans endorse Lincoln for the presidency at Decatur
Rail Candidate
Lincoln supporters use the rail splitter image to strengthen his popular appeal
October 18607 historical events
Rule of Manchuria
Undder the Treaty of Peking parts of Outer Manchuria are ceded to the Russian Empire
Siege of Summer Palace
The Treaty of Peking is signed as a result of the Second Opium War under military and diplomatic pressure of British and French troops (who were burning the Old Summer Palace at the time)
Treaty of Peking
Also known as the First Convention of Peking, a Treaty between the Government of the Qing-Dynasty of China and each of the three European powers, the United Kingdom, France, and Russia
Treaty of Peking
Russia is granted the right to the Ussuri krai, a part of the modern day Primorye, the territory that corresponded with the ancient Manchu province of East Tartary.
Treaty of Peking
The Treaty of Peking is signed as a result of the Second Opium War under military and diplomatic pressure of British and French troops (who were burning the Old Summer Palace at the time)
Treaty of Peking
The Treaty of Peking is signed as a result of the Second Opium War under military and diplomatic pressure of British and French troops (who were burning the Old Summer Palace at the time). The peace Treaty is signed by Prince Gong & Lord Elgin.
Treaty of Peking
Under the treat of Peking 11 ports are opened & part of Kowloon is ceded to Britain. Undder the Treaty of Peking parts of Outer Manchuria are ceded to the Russian Empire.
Republican National Convention
Republicans open their national convention in Chicago
Republican Platform
Republicans adopt a national platform opposing the expansion of slavery
Party Leader
Lincoln becomes the national standard bearer of the Republican Party
Republican Nomination
Lincoln is chosen as the Republican candidate for the 1860 presidential election
Republican Nomination
Lincoln wins the Republican presidential nomination on the third ballot
Vice Presidential Ticket
Republicans nominate Hannibal Hamlin as Lincolns running mate
Secession of South Carolina
South Carolina votes to secede after Lincolns election
Acceptance Letter
Lincoln formally accepts the Republican presidential nomination
Cooper Union Address
Lincoln delivers the Cooper Union Address and impresses eastern Republicans
New England Speaking Tour
Lincoln speaks across New England after the Cooper Union Address
Nomination Notification
Republican leaders notify Lincoln of his nomination for President
Campaign Biography
Republicans circulate campaign biographies presenting Lincoln as a self made western candidate
Campaign Headquarters
Lincoln conducts much of the presidential campaign from Springfield
Republican Newspapers
Republican newspapers promote Lincoln as a moderate and electable candidate
Campaign Strategy
Lincoln avoids major public speaking while Republican organizers run the national campaign
Wide Awakes
Republican Wide Awake clubs campaign for Lincoln with public rallies and torchlight parades
Four Way Contest
Lincoln campaigns in a four candidate presidential race
Northern Electoral Strategy
Republicans focus on winning free state electoral votes
Campaign Correspondence
Lincoln manages political correspondence with Republican allies across the country
Republican Rallies
Republican rallies promote Lincoln as the candidate of free labor and national growth
Final Campaign Weeks
Republicans intensify campaign work before the national election
October State Elections
Republican state victories strengthen confidence in Lincolns presidential campaign
Governor
Appointed Governor of Silesia
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Constitution of Austria
Agrees to co-operate with the Diets in the crown lands & central Reichsrat
Primary Instruction Law
Promulgates the Organic Law of Primary Instruction, establishing free state primary education without making attendance compulsory.
Rule of Kowloon
Under the treat of Peking 11 ports are opened & part of Kowloon is ceded to Britain
Rule of Peking
British and French forces occupy Beijing
Siege of Peking
British and French forces occupy Beijing
Capture of Beijing
An Anglo-French Army occupies Beijing
Treaty of Cobden
Reduces French duties on coal & manufactured goods & British duties on wine & brandy. Recognizes Anglo-French interests. Negotiated jointly by Michel Chevalier & Richard Cobden
Holy Roman Empire
Piedmont annexes central Italy, France gains Savoy & Nice
Piedmont annexes central Italy, France gains Savoy & Nice
Piedmont annexes central Italy, France gains Savoy & Nice
Rule of Nice
Piedmont annexes central Italy, France gains Savoy & Nice
Rule of Piedmont
Piedmont annexes central Italy, France gains Savoy & Nice
Rule of Savoy
Piedmont annexes central Italy, France gains Savoy & Nice
Unification
Piedmont annexes central Italy, France gains Savoy & Nice
Vulcan Hypothesis
Le Verrier proposes an unseen planet inside Mercury's orbit as one possible explanation for the unexplained advance of Mercury's perihelion.
Invention of Gas Engine
Builds a gas fuelled internal-combustion engine
Capture of Nice
Captures Nice
Capture of Savoy
Captures Savoy
Die Geschicte Des Romischen Munzwesens
Publication of "Romische Geschicte". Publication of "Die Geschicte Des Romischen Munzwesens"
Romische Geschicte
Publication of "Romische Geschicte". Publication of "Die Geschicte Des Romischen Munzwesens"
Budget
The Landtag rejects Roons army reform bill but makes a loan
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Reform of Government
Roons plans are rejected because the Crown would gain too much power. Plans to increase troops in line with population growth are rejected by the Landtag
Birth of Charlotte
Birth of Charlotte, 2nd child of Emperor Frederick & Victoria
Death of Arthur Schopenhauer
Arthur Schopenhauer dies in Frankfurt.
Herr Vogt
Marx publishes Herr Vogt to answer political and personal accusations.
General
Appointed General
Poems and Songs
Publication of "Poems & Songs"
Death of George Hamilton-Gordon
Death of George Hamilton-Gordon
Occupation
China forbids the existance of embassies in Beijing leading to Anglo-French occupation
Rule of Kowloon
Under the treat of Peking 11 ports are opened & part of Kowloon is ceded to Britain
Special Envoy
Appointed Special Envoy to China & Japan
Treaty of Peking
11 Chinese ports are re-opened & Kowloon is ceded to Britain
Treaty of Peking
A peace Treaty is signed by Prince Gong & Lord Elgin
1st tour of the USA undertaken by a British Prince
1st tour of the USA undertaken by a British Prince
Budget
The Budget is rejected by the Lords because they oppose the abolition of paper duties. Tariffs on 400 articles & paper are removed. National debt interest is reduced by 2 million pounds. Direct tax is raised from 9d to 10d, due to extra defence spending
Budget
The Lords refuse to abolish paper duties & reject the budget. The Cabinet decides to refer the Budget to the Commons Committee of Privileges
Editor
Appointed Editor of The National Reformer
Death of James Hamilton
Enters Parliament as Conservative Member of Parliament for County Donegal, a constituency he represents from 1860 to 1880
Parliament
Enters Parliament as Conservative Member of Parliament for County Donegal, a constituency he represents from 1860 to 1880
Treaty of Cobden
Reduces French duties on coal & manufactured goods. Puts the Cobden Treaty with France through Parliament as part of the Gladstone budget. Negotiated by Michel Chevalier & Cobden marking the recognition of common interests. Lowers British duties on wine & brandy
Spectral Analysis
The beginning of spectral analysis of stars by Sir William Huggins
Telegraph Connections Carry Greenwich Time
The national time service linked astronomical observations to clocks used in transportation and commerce. Its influence reached maritime practice beyond the Observatory itself.
Clifton Suspension Bridge
Chains from Brunel's dismantled Hungerford Suspension Bridge are purchased for use in completing the Clifton bridge.
Victorian Frome Culverting Campaign Begins
A prolonged programme began covering the watercourse to improve sanitation and create usable street space. The project reduced a particular obstacle to waterfront development.
Dockyard Industrial Architecture Adapts
Changes in naval requirements led to continued reuse of the early steam powered workshops. The installation demonstrates the adaptation of existing dock infrastructure.
Interconnected Liverpool Basin Network Matures
The dock operated alongside Canning and Wapping connections within the expanded southern port system. It linked the salt trade with new waterfront capacity.
Professor of Surgery Appointment
Is appointed Professor of Surgery at the University of Glasgow.
Capture of Beijing
Present at the capture of Peking
Convention
The Treaty of Tianjin is accepted by China at the Convention of Bejing
Treaty of Tianjin
The Treaty of Tianjin is accepted by China at the Convention of Bejing
Governor
Appointed Governor of Messina
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Unification
Tuscany, Parmam, Modena & Romagna vote in favor of union with Piedmont
Karlsruhe Congress Atomic Weights
Distributes his views on atomic and molecular weights at the Karlsruhe Congress, helping chemists adopt more reliable numerical values for comparing elements.
Unification
Piedmont annexes central Italy, France gains Savoy & Nice
Succession
Succeeds as Crown Prince of Japan
Nakanune
Publication of "Nakanune"
Saint Petersburg Police
Appointed Chief of the Saint Petersburg Police
Treaty of Peking
Settles the Sinon border & gains considerable territorry for Russia. Negotiates the Treaty of Peking
Convention of Peking
Russia gains territory east of the Ussuri River through the Convention of Peking with Qing China.
State Bank
Establishes the State Bank of the Russian Empire as part of wider financial modernisation.
Birth of Paul Alexandrovich
His youngest son, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich, is born.
Pretoria Becomes Capital
Pretoria becomes the capital of the South African Republic.
Transvaal Government Seat
The republican government establishes its permanent administrative centre there.
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant
Enthronement of Twelfth Dalai Lama
Trinley Gyatso is enthroned as the twelfth Dalai Lama.
State Engineer-in-Chief
Appointed State Engineer-in-Chief
Resignation of Robert Edward Lee
Resigns his commission & joins the Confederacy, alongside one third of Army Officers
Nikola Assumes Montenegrin Throne
Nikola succeeds Danilo and inherits unresolved frontier disputes with the Ottoman Empire.
Nikola Assumes Montenegrin Throne
Nikola succeeds Danilo and inherits unresolved frontier disputes with the Ottoman Empire.