President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Historical events in 1865
140 historical records
January 18653 historical events
Death of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon dies at Passy near Paris, aged fifty-six.
On Proudhon
Writes to J. B. Schweitzer assessing Proudhon's ideas and political significance.
February 18652 historical events
Fire
Fire breaks causing considerable damage, the cause is never discovered
President of Uruguay
Becomes provisional President after the Colorado victory over the government of Bernardo Berro
March 18659 historical events
Hampton Roads Conference
Confederate commissioners seek terms that might preserve Southern political authority after the war
Hampton Roads Conference
Conference ends without agreement as Union leaders demand reunion and Confederate leaders reject surrender terms
Hampton Roads Conference
Lincoln insists that restoration of the Union is required before any peace settlement can be made
Hampton Roads Conference
Lincoln meets Confederate commissioners aboard the steamer River Queen to discuss possible peace terms
Hampton Roads Conference
Lincoln meets Confederate representatives but no peace settlement is reached
Hampton Roads Conference
Lincoln refuses to recognize Confederate independence during the peace conference
Central Council Conflict in the Paris Section
Drafts resolutions for the International's Central Council concerning conflict in its Paris section.
Breach with the Social-Democrat
Publishes a statement explaining the causes of the break with the German newspaper Social-Demokrat.
Prime Minister of Greece
Koumoundouros begins his first premiership.
April 186516 historical events
President of USA
Lincoln begins his 2nd term as President of the United States
Second Inaugural Address
Lincoln delivers his second inaugural address as victory over the Confederacy approaches
Second Inauguration
Lincoln is inaugurated for his second presidential term
Second Term
Lincoln begins his 2nd term as President of the United States
Second Inaugural Address
Lincoln speaks of reunion and reconstruction in his second inaugural address
Burial
Lincoln is buried in Springfield Illinois
The President of Mankind
Publishes The President of Mankind during his political work for the First International.
Battle of Appomattox
The remains of the Army of Northern Virginis are defeated
Result of Surrender of Army of Northern Virginia
Lee's surrender to Grant effectively ends the principal Confederate field army in Virginia.
Surrender of Army of Northern Virginia
General Lee surrenders to General Grant at Appomattox courthouse
Result of Surrender of Army of Northern Virginia
The Army of Northern Virginia is removed from the war, ending major Confederate resistance in Virginia.
Surrender of Army of Northern Virginia
The army of Northern Virginia, 29,000, are under Unionist control. General Lee surrenders to General Grant at Appomattox courthouse. Defeat ends the war in Virginia
Corrientes Invasion
Orders Paraguayan forces into Corrientes after Argentina refuses passage toward Uruguay.
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Assassinates President Lincoln by shooting him in the back at Fords Theatre
War Entry
Leads Argentina into war after Paraguayan forces occupy Corrientes.
Death of John Wilkes Booth
Death of John Wilkes Booth, shot in a barn refusing to surrender
May 18656 historical events
Treaty of the Triple Alliance
Aligns Uruguay with Brazil and Argentina against Paraguay in the War of the Triple Alliance.
Address to President Andrew Johnson
Drafts an International address to United States President Andrew Johnson after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
Arrest of Jefferson Davis
Captures the defeated Confederates President Jefferson Davis
Arrest of Jefferson Davis
Captured by the Union cavalry led by Benjamin Pritchard
Declaration of Amnesty
Officially ends the civil war
War Effort
Commits Brazil to the alliance against Paraguay.
June 18653 historical events
Battle of Riachuelo
Suffers a major naval defeat that weakens Paraguay's river strategy.
Value Price and Profit
Marx presents an explanation of wages, value and profit to the International's General Council.
Royal Society
Huggins is elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
July 18652 historical events
Birth of Phillip Scheidemann
Birth of Phillip Scheidemann
Religious Tolerance Law
Permits non-Catholic religious worship within privately owned buildings.
August 186511 historical events
Gastein Convention
Negotiates the Gastein Convention, temporarily dividing administration of the Elbe duchies.
Gastein Convention
Signs the convention as an interim settlement of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg.
Gastein Convention
Treats the Gastein arrangement as a temporary compromise rather than a final solution.
Neutrality
Uses discussions with Napoleon III to reduce the risk of French intervention during a future German war.
Rule of Holstein
Accepts Austrian administration of Holstein while Prussia administers Schleswig under the convention.
Rule of Lauenburg
Secures Prussian possession of Lauenburg after Austria transfers its rights for financial compensation.
Rule of Schleswig
Obtains administrative control of Schleswig while joint Austro-Prussian sovereignty formally continues.
Lord of the Bedchamber
Appointed Lord of the Bedchamber to the Prince of Wales from 1866 to 1885
Birth of Johann Franz Encke
Death of Johann Franz Encke
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
First Successful Antiseptic Fracture Treatment
Successfully treats a compound fracture using carbolic acid at Glasgow Royal Infirmary.
September 18655 historical events
Treasury Appointment
Lincoln appoints Hugh McCulloch as Secretary of the Treasury
Surrender at Appomattox
Robert E Lee surrenders to Ulysses S Grant at Appomattox Court House
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Convocation of General Congress in 1866
Drafts a resolution calling for a general congress of the International Workingmen's Association in 1866.
London Conference of the International
Participates in the London Conference of the International and its organisational deliberations.
October 18654 historical events
Leaves Biarritz believing France might remain neutral
Leaves Biarritz believing France might remain neutral, although Napoleon gives no binding territorial commitment.
Meeting with Napoleon III at Biarritz to test whether
Meets Napoleon III at Biarritz to test whether France would remain neutral in a Prussian-Austrian conflict.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Sits in the Lords while Gladstone leads the Government in the Commons
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term
November 18653 historical events
Birth of Warren Harding
Birth of Warren Harding
Second Bluhme Government
The Second Bluhme Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Frijs Government
Begins the Frijs Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
December 18654 historical events
13th Amendment
The Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery, is passed
Constitution of USA
The Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery, is passed
Slavery
The Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery, is passed
Birth of Albrecht of Wurttemberg
Birth of Albrecht of Wurttemberg
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
John Wilkes Booth enters the presidential box at Fords Theatre and shoots Lincoln during a performance of Our American Cousin
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln at Fords Theatre
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
After being shot Lincoln is carried across the street to Petersen House where doctors attend him through the night
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Members of the cabinet military officers and family gather at Lincolns bedside during his final hours
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
News of Lincolns death spreads across the United States triggering national mourning and memorial services
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Vice President Andrew Johnson prepares to assume the presidency following Lincolns death
Death of Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln dies after being assassinated at Fords Theatre the previous night
Chancellor
Appointed Prime Minister of Austria
Minister of State
Appointed Minister of State
President of Austria
Appointed President of the Austrian Supreme Court
Succession
Succeeds as ing of Belgium, son of Leopold I
Harland and Wolff Draughtsman
Advances from apprenticeship into draughting work while gaining practical knowledge of ship design and construction.
War against Spain
Joins Peru in war against Spain during the Chincha Islands crisis.
Education
Enrolled in the Escuela de Instruccion Primaria Superior Municipal de Varones
Rule of Habesh
Extends Egyptian rule over the Ottoman province of Habesh, including Massawa and Suakin.
Rule of Suakin
Receives Ottoman authority over Suakin and Massawa, extending Egyptian administration along the Red Sea.
Succession
Assumes the throne of Shewa
Rule of Schleswig
Prussia gains Schleswig but nothing is given to Napoleon despite being the mediator
Rule of Schleswig
The joint administration of Schleswing-Holstein by Austria & Prussia is settled
Tristan Und Isolde
Composes, "Tristan Und Isolde"
Reform of Navy
The Prussian Navy HQ is moved from Danzig to Kiel, despite protests from Vienna
Alliance Otto Eduard Leopold Furst von Bismarck-Schonhausen and Prussian armed forces
Schleswig Holstein swears allegiance to Prussia & joins the Prussian armed forces
February Conditions
Under the "February Conditions" Schleswig & Holstein enter the Zollverein. Schleswig Holstein swears allegiance to Prussia & joins the Prussian armed forces
Unification
Under the "February Conditions" Prussian troops garrison a Confederate fortress
Unification
Under the "February Conditions" Schleswig & Holstein enter the Zollverein
Zollverein
Under the "February Conditions" Schleswig & Holstein enter the Zollverein
Peerage
Created Graf von Bismarck-Schonhausen
Discovery of Entropy
Introduces the concept of entropy
Birth of Erich von Ludendorf
Birth of Erich von Ludendorf
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Publication of "Alices Adventures In Wonderland"
Discovery of Nile
Launches an expedition to discover the source of the Nile. Discovers the source of the River Nile
Atlantic Cable
Engineer in Chief of Atlantic cable laying exhibition in steamship great Eastern
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 3rd term
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister, 2nd term
Election
Gladstones support for electoral reform and disestablishment of the Anglican Church in Ireland alienates him from his constituents in his Oxford University seat, and he loses it in the 1865 general election
Oxford University
Gladstones support for electoral reform and disestablishment of the Anglican Church in Ireland alienates him from his constituents in his Oxford University seat, and he loses it in the 1865 general election
Election
Wins the election with a Liberal majority with 360 supporters against 290 for Derby
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain
Birth of George V
Birth of George V, 2nd eldest son of Edward VII & Alexandra of Denmark
Birth of George V
Birth of George V, 2nd eldest son of Edward VII & Alexandra of Denmark
Birth of George V
Birth of George V, 2nd eldest son of Edward VII & Alexandra of Denmark
Birmingham Free Library
Birmingham opens a municipal free library serving readers and students.
Election
Stands as a candidate in South Lancashire, where he is elected its third Member of Parliament (South Lancashire at this time elected three MPs)
Election
Leads the Liberals to election victory but Palmerston dies before the first Cabinet
Leader of House of Commons
Leads the Liberals to election victory but Palmerston dies before the first Cabinet
Franchise
Earl Russell forms his second ministry, Russell & Gladstone (now the senior Liberal in the House of Commons) attempt to pass a reform bill, which is defeated in the House of Commons because of the refusal of the "Adullamite" Whigs, led by Robert Lowe, to support it
Reform of Church Governance
Announces he can no longer support the establishment of the Irish Anglican Church
1st Woman Doctor
Licensed by the Scottish Society of Apothecaries. 1st English woman to qualify in medicine
Health Reform
Licensed by the Scottish Society of Apothecaries. 1st English woman to qualify in medicine
Burial
Buried in Westminster Abbey
Death of Henry John Temple
Death of Henry John Temple
Law of Octaves
Formulates the Law of Octaves after observing that similar chemical properties recur at intervals when elements are arranged by increasing atomic weight.
Health of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
1st English woman to qualify in medicine
Electromagnetic Theory
Publishes equations showing electromagnetic waves can propagate through space.
Commander of Royal Engineers
Appointed Commander of the Royal Engineers at Gravesend
Battle of Chan-Chu-Fu
Ends the Tai Ping rebellion
Death of Antonios Kriezis
Antonios Kriezis dies in Athens in 1865.
Coup
Overthrows President Juan Antonio Pezet & becomes a dictator
Governor
Appointed Military Governor of Turkistan, 1st term
Capture of Tashkent
Russian forces capture Tashkent during the expansion into Central Asia.
Censorship Reform
Introduces temporary censorship regulations that reduce prior censorship for parts of the press.
Rule of Tashkent
Russian administration establishes control over Tashkent after its capture.
Change of Heir
After Nicholas Alexandrovich dies, Alexander Alexandrovich becomes heir to the Russian throne.
Death of Tsarevich Nicholas
His eldest son and heir, Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich, dies after a prolonged illness.
Succession
Becomes heir apparrent on the death of his elder brother Nikolay
Heir Apparent Duties
Begins assuming broader state and dynastic responsibilities after becoming heir to the throne.
Capture of Tashkent
Captures Tashkent
Minister of Colonies
Appointed Minister of the Colonies
President of United States of America
Appointed President of the USA, 17th President
Major General
Appointed Major General
Siege of Carolinas
Sherman devastates the Carolinas, the "cockpit of seccession"
Major General
Appointed Major General