1866
A Warning
Issues A Warning in connection with organisational disputes inside the International Workingmen's Association.
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Browse historical records dated to 1866. Records are rendered from the World History Database into this page's initial HTML.
Issues A Warning in connection with organisational disputes inside the International Workingmen's Association.
Is forced to abdicate by political opponents.
Cuza abdicates after officers and political opponents force his removal.
Friedrich Karl moves the First Army through Saxony toward the Bohemian frontier.
The Crown Prince sends the Second Army through mountain passes from Silesia into Bohemia.
Cialdini advances across Venetia as Austrian forces withdraw toward the main theatre.
The Choshu & Satsuma clans make an alliance against the shogun
Joins an alliance with Prussia against Austria
Ludwig II aligns Bavaria with Austria and mobilizes against Prussia.
Wilhelm promulgates the law incorporating Prussia's defeated northern German opponents.
Prussian annexation legislation incorporates the Kingdom of Hanover.
The annexation law incorporates Hanover as a province of the Prussian monarchy.
Prussian annexation legislation incorporates the Electorate of Hesse-Kassel.
The annexation law incorporates Hesse-Kassel into the Prussian state.
The Peace of Prague confirms Prussian possession of Holstein before its provincial incorporation.
The annexation law incorporates Nassau and expands Prussia's western territory.
The Peace of Prague confirms Prussian possession of Schleswig before its provincial incorporation.
The peace leaves Austrian Silesia unchanged and rejects any territorial transfer to Prussia.
Tegetthoff forms his fleet into attacking wedges and closes rapidly with the Italians.
Wilhelm accepts negotiations after military advisers and the Crown Prince support Bismarck's restraint.
The Armistice of Cormons halts fighting between Austria and Italy.
Petitti Bagliani signs the armistice ending active operations between Italy and Austria.
Roon applies the army reforms and reserve system that accelerate Prussian mobilization.
Manteuffel replaces Falckenstein and continues operations against the southern German forces.
Carol arrives in Bucharest to assume the Romanian throne.
Convenes Egypt's first representative consultative assembly.
Persano begins operations against Lissa without achieving a decisive result before the Austrian fleet arrives.
The Hanoverian army capitulates after encirclement despite its tactical victory at Langensalza.
The Peace of Prague authorizes a new federal organization north of the Main.
Austria's referral of Holstein to the Federal Diet is treated as a breach of Gastein.
Prussia and Württemberg conclude peace and a secret defensive alliance.
Suspends the Bank Charter Act & raises the bank rate to 10%, causes panic & depression
Moltke plans converging advances by three armies to defeat Austria in Bohemia.
Signs a treaty defining the Chilean-Bolivian boundary at the twenty-fourth parallel.
Prussian annexation legislation incorporates the Free City of Frankfurt.
George V authorizes capitulation because his army is surrounded and lacks supplies.
Manteuffel receives the Hanoverian capitulation under terms sent from Berlin.
Falckenstein's converging forces surround the Hanoverian army and force its surrender.
Franz Joseph accepts the cession of Venetia through France under the Treaty of Vienna.
Benedek is relieved of northern command after the defeat at Königgrätz.
Appointed Commander of the Army of the Elbe
Friedrich Karl commands the First Army throughout the Bohemian campaign.
Drafts a resolution on procedures for discussing the International's congress programme.
The North German states agree to form a federal state based on the Prussian proposals of June 1866. They agree to have a Parliament elected to discuss a draft constitution
Establishes the consultative Assembly of Delegates, giving provincial representatives a limited role in government.
Carol promulgates the liberal Constitution of 1866.
Suspends the Bank Charter Act & raises the bank rate to 10%, causes panic & depression
The Bank of Overend & Gurney fails
La Marmora leads Italy's main army across the Mincio toward Austrian Venetia.
Cialdini crosses the lower Po and advances into Venetia after Austria redeploys troops northward.
Peru declares war on Spain
Peru declares war on Spain
Victor Emmanuel's government declares war on Austria under the alliance with Prussia.
George V loses his throne when Prussia formally annexes the Kingdom of Hanover.
Prussian troops detain the elector at Wilhelmshohe after he refuses neutrality.
Prussia declares the old Confederation dissolved after the Federal Diet's mobilization vote.
Suspends the Bank Charter Act & raises the bank rate to 10%, causes panic & depression
Franz Joseph supports the Federal Diet vote to mobilize against Prussia.
Bismarck proposes a reformed German federation with a directly elected national parliament.
The Government relaxes statutory note limits to contain the Overend Gurney panic.
Bismarck concludes the August alliance with northern German states, founding the future confederation.
Friedrich Karl directs the First Army's advance toward the Austrian centre near Sadowa.
Wilhelm approves the First Army's pursuit from Münchengrätz toward Gitschin.
Introduces a franchise for occupiers in boroughs & occupiers in counties
Informs Liverpool the Government is staking its life on the Franchise Bill
1st test of the Franchise Bill, the Government wins the 1st reading in the Commons
The Peace of Prague dissolves the German Confederation and ends Austria's federal role.
Napoleon III keeps France neutral while expecting a prolonged struggle between Austria and Prussia.
Victory enables Prussia to pursue German unification without Austrian participation.
Marx is elected to the International's General Council while absent from its Geneva congress.
Prussian forces invade Hanover to prevent its army joining Austria's southern allies.
Austria recognizes the dissolution of the German Confederation and Prussian predominance north of the Main.
The annexation of Nassau consolidates Prussian territory along the Rhine and Main.
Grants rights of primogeniture to Ismail, Khedive of Egypt
Arentschildt orders the counterattack that drives the Prussians from the battlefield.
George V orders the Hanoverian army to concentrate and seek contact with Austria's allies.
Mensdorff-Pouilly submits the Schleswig-Holstein question to the Federal Diet, challenging the Gastein arrangement.
Prepares instructions for International delegates on major questions to be considered at the Geneva Congress.
Prussian forces enter Hesse-Kassel and isolate the elector's army.
Prussia occupies Holstein after Austria submits the duchy dispute to the Federal Diet.
Prussian troops invade Saxony, whose army retreats to join Austria in Bohemia.
Prussian troops enter Austrian-administered Holstein, escalating the constitutional crisis toward war.
The Peace of Prague establishes a Kleindeutsch solution excluding Austria from the northern federation.
Herwarth leads the Army of the Elbe into Saxony and drives toward Dresden.
The August Alliance binds twenty-two northern German states to Prussian military leadership.
The Peace of Prague excludes Austria from the new Prussian-led organization of Germany.
Helps finalize Confederation terms at the London Conference.
Cappellini remains aboard Palestro when fire reaches its magazine and destroys the ship.
Wilhelm authorizes preparations that place Prussia's reformed army on a rapid war footing.
Moltke's railway-based mobilization plan concentrates three armies for the invasion of Bohemia.
Bismarck argues against marching on Vienna or imposing territorial losses upon Austria.
Persano faces investigation after transferring his flag during the unsuccessful battle of Lissa.
The treaty ends Austro-Prussian hostilities and confirms the broad Nikolsburg terms.
Bismarck seeks advice from conservative and democratic politicians and presents a draft constitution to the other state Governments. It is his intention to make the new federal state look like a confederation in the tradition of the German Confederation
Prussia and a large number of North and Central German states sign a Bundnis (alliance). The treaty created a military alliance for one year
The North German states agree to form a federal state based on the Prussian proposals of June 1866. They agree to have a Parliament elected to discuss a draft constitution
The North German Confederation is the alliance of 22 German states (Augustbundnis)
Benedek concentrates the Austrian Northern Army around Olmutz before moving toward Bohemia.
Carol takes the constitutional oath as ruling prince.
Herwarth leads the Army of the Elbe into Dresden after Saxon forces evacuate the capital.
The Army of the Elbe occupies Dresden after the Saxon army withdraws into Bohemia.
Falckenstein's forces occupy Hanover after the royal army withdraws southward.
Moltke directs Prussian occupation of Holstein after Austria refers the dispute to the Federal Diet.
Beyer occupies Kassel and blocks the Hanoverians from joining southern federal forces.
Manteuffel enters Wurzburg as hostilities on the Main front come to an end.
Gladstone authorises emergency liquidity after the collapse of Overend Gurney triggers panic.
The Crown Prince helps reconcile Wilhelm with Bismarck's proposal for a moderate settlement.
Austria accepts dissolution of the Confederation and Prussian reorganization north of the Main.
Bismarck secures a moderate settlement and rejects demands to annex Austrian territory.
Prussia and Baden conclude peace and a secret defensive alliance.
The settlement protects the separate sovereignty of southern Germany while allowing Prussian alliances.
The treaty confirms transfer of Austrian rights in Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia.
Franz Joseph accepts a lenient peace that preserves Austria's core territory.
Franz Joseph ratifies the settlement dissolving the German Confederation and recognizing Prussian gains.
The Peace of Prague permits Prussia to organize a confederation north of the Main.
Wilhelm accepts the final treaty ending the war with Austria on comparatively moderate terms.
Prussia and Bavaria conclude peace and a secret military convention.
The Nikolsburg preliminaries stop the Prussian advance and outline the final settlement.
The annexation law ends Frankfurt's centuries-old status as a Free City.
Bismarck secures Austrian consent to Prussian reorganization of Germany north of the Main.
The Peace of Prague leaves the southern German states outside the northern confederation.
Franz Joseph accepts preliminary terms ending Austria's struggle for leadership in Germany.
The Preliminary Peace of Nikolsburg accepts Austrian withdrawal from German affairs without territorial loss to Prussia.
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 3rd term
Catargiu joins the three-member regency governing after Cuza's abdication.
Golescu joins the provisional regency established after Cuza's removal.
Haralambie represents the army in the three-member princely regency.
Drafts a resolution defining the programme for the International's Geneva Congress.
Bismarck directs legislation annexing Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, Frankfurt, and other territories.
Bismarck concludes a three-month offensive alliance linking Prussia with Italy against Austria.
La Marmora's government promises to attack Austria if Prussia begins war within three months.
Crete rebels against Turkey & decrees union with Greece
Habeas Corpus is suspended in Ireland
The Sultan of Turkey recognizes the succession of Carol I in Romania
The Sultan of Turkey recognizes the succession of Carol I in Romania
Introduces a franchise for occupiers in boroughs & occupiers in counties. Gladstones proposals are based on rents rather than rates
Informs Liverpool the Government is staking its life on the Franchise Bill
The Government is defeat by a proposal from Lord Dunkellin
1st test of the Franchise Bill, the Government wins the 1st reading in the Commons
The Government has a majority of 5 & many in cabinet wish to dissolve Parliament
Wilhelm receives reports of Münchengrätz while the Prussian armies converge in Bohemia.
Royal headquarters reaches Gitschin as the First Army links with the Army of the Elbe.
Wilhelm joins royal headquarters after the Gitschin victory and approves the continued advance.
Crete rebels against Turkey & decrees union with Greece
Crete rebels against Turkey & decrees union with Greece
Prussian annexation legislation incorporates the Duchy of Nassau.
The North German Constitution creates a federal state under Prussian leadership.
Acquires Venetia after making an alliance with Prussia against Austria
Alexander II maintains Russian neutrality and declines to rescue Austria from Prussian pressure.
The Crown Prince commands the Second Army from Silesia into Bohemia.
The Second Army breaks through the Náchod pass and secures its route into Bohemia.
I Corps suffers a setback at Trautenau while other Second Army formations keep advancing.
Begins his second presidential term during the transition toward more liberal constitutional politics.
The Choshu defeat the shogun Prince who dies the following month
Faa di Bruno dies when Tegetthoff's flagship rams and sinks Re d'Italia.
Austrian Silesia remains under Habsburg rule because Prussia demands no Austrian territory.
The Sultan of Turkey recognizes the succession of Carol I in Romania
Succeeds as King of Romania
The Treaty of Vienna transfers Venetia from Austria through France to Italy.
Victor Emmanuel's kingdom receives Venetia following the peace settlement with Austria.
Crete rebels against Turkey & decrees union with Greece
The North German Confederation is the alliance of 22 German states (Augustbundnis)
Crete rebels against Turkey & decrees union with Greece
Steinmetz commands V Corps during the Second Army's advance from Silesia into Bohemia.
The Government is defeated in Parliament by 11 votes
Birth of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, one of the founding social and political leaders during the Indian Independence Movement against the British Empire in India
Goeben defeats federal troops at Aschaffenburg and secures the Main crossing.
Garibaldi defeats Austrian forces at Bezzecca during the campaign in Trentino.
Helps deliver a major defensive victory against Allied forces.
Albrecht defeats the larger Italian army at Custoza and protects the approaches to Verona.
Victor Emmanuel accompanies the army during the defeat at Custoza and subsequent withdrawal.
Falckenstein begins the Main campaign by driving Bavarian units from positions near Dermbach.
Karl's Bavarian army fails to coordinate effectively with the VIII Federal Corps at Gerchsheim.
Clam-Gallas loses Gitschin and retreats with the Saxon contingent toward the main Austrian army.
Friedrich Karl captures Gitschin and links his army with the Army of the Elbe.
Moltke coordinates the First Army and Army of the Elbe victory at Gitschin.
Albert directs Saxon troops during the unsuccessful defence of Gitschin.
Beyer's division captures Hammelburg while the Prussian Main Army advances southward.
Manteuffel presses the federal forces eastward after the engagement at Helmstadt.
Clam-Gallas withdraws after Prussian forces defeat his advance guard at Huhnerwasser.
Herwarth's troops win the opening clash at Huhnerwasser and continue into Bohemia.
Goeben defeats Bavarian troops at Kissingen and opens the route toward the Main.
Benedek deploys the Northern Army near Koniggratz but cannot prevent Prussian envelopment.
Blumenthal directs the Second Army's march toward the Austrian right flank at Chlum.
Fransecky's division holds the Swiepwald against repeated Austrian counterattacks.
Hiller leads the Guards into Chlum and is killed during the decisive assault.
Commands the Austrian Northern Army but suffers decisive defeat at Königgrätz.
Franz Joseph learns that defeat ends Austria's bid for leadership within Germany.
Kraft Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen serves with Prussian Guard artillery during the battle of Königgrätz.
Friedrich Karl commands the Prussian centre while the Crown Prince attacks the Austrian flank.
The First Army holds the centre and presses Austrian positions at Königgrätz.
His timely arrival near Chlum helps secure the decisive Prussian victory.
The Crown Prince leads the Second Army's arrival that turns the Austrian flank at Königgrätz.
As supreme commander, Wilhelm presides over the decisive Prussian victory at Königgrätz.
He times the convergence of three Prussian armies against Benedek's defensive position.
Moltke's operational concentration produces the decisive Prussian victory at Königgrätz.
Arentschildt's Hanoverians defeat an outnumbered Prussian force at Langensalza.
Flies attacks the larger Hanoverian army and is forced to retreat after heavy fighting.
Tegetthoff defeats the larger Italian fleet at Lissa using aggressive close-range tactics.
Tegetthoff wins a major naval victory despite Italian superiority in ironclads and guns.
Garibaldi is wounded while his volunteers fight Austrian troops near Monte Suello.
The First Army defeats Clam-Gallas and the Saxons at Münchengrätz.
The First Army and Army of the Elbe defeat Austro-Saxon forces at Münchengrätz.
Ramming's VI Corps attacks at Nachod but is repulsed by Steinmetz.
Steinmetz defeats repeated Austrian attacks and secures the Nachod pass.
The Second Army wins at Náchod under the Crown Prince's overall command.
The Second Army's V Corps defeats the Austrian VI Corps at Náchod.
Clam-Gallas fails to prevent the Prussian First Army from seizing the Iser crossing at Podol.
Friedrich Karl's troops secure Podol after a fierce night engagement.
The First Army wins the night engagement at Podol, opening the route into Bohemia.
Karl's Bavarians resist the Prussian advance near Rossbrunn before withdrawing toward Wurzburg.
His army's sustained pressure fixes Austrian forces until the Second Army arrives.
Festetics withdraws after his IV Corps is defeated at Schweinschadel.
Steinmetz defeats the Austrian IV Corps and clears another route toward Koniggratz.
Leopold's VIII Corps is defeated while attempting to block the Prussian advance at Skalitz.
The Second Army defeats Austrian forces at Skalitz and continues toward the Elbe.
Steinmetz wins at Skalitz and pushes the Austrian VIII Corps away from the Elbe.
The Guards Corps defeats Gablenz near Soor and reverses the previous day's setback.
Goeben defeats the VIII Federal Corps during fighting along the Tauber.
Bonin's I Corps retreats after failing to dislodge Gablenz from the heights near Trautenau.
Gablenz defeats the Prussian I Corps at Trautenau, Austria's notable victory in Bohemia.
Austrian forces win at Trautenau, but the Prussian Second Army continues advancing.
Commands Paraguay during one of the largest battles in South American history.
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