President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Historical events in 1866
298 historical records
January 18665 historical events
Declaration of War
Peru declares war on Spain
Declaration of War
Peru declares war on Spain
Congress Programme Discussion Procedure
Drafts a resolution on procedures for discussing the International's congress programme.
North German Confederation
Bismarck seeks advice from conservative and democratic politicians and presents a draft constitution to the other state Governments. It is his intention to make the new federal state look like a confederation in the tradition of the German Confederation
February 18667 historical events
Princely Regency
Catargiu joins the three-member regency governing after Cuza's abdication.
Princely Regency
Golescu joins the provisional regency established after Cuza's removal.
Princely Regency
Haralambie represents the army in the three-member princely regency.
Abdication of Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Cuza abdicates after officers and political opponents force his removal.
Reballion of Rebels in London
Habeas Corpus is suspended in Ireland
Abdication
Is forced to abdicate by political opponents.
Succession
Succeeds as King of Romania
March 18663 historical events
Chemical Society Presentation
Presents the Law of Octaves to the Chemical Society, arguing that elemental properties repeat in a pattern analogous to musical octaves.
Franchise
Introduces a franchise for occupiers in boroughs & occupiers in counties
Reform of Electoral System
Introduces a franchise for occupiers in boroughs & occupiers in counties. Gladstones proposals are based on rents rather than rates
April 18669 historical events
Franchise
Informs Liverpool the Government is staking its life on the Franchise Bill
Reform of Electoral System
Informs Liverpool the Government is staking its life on the Franchise Bill
Prussian-Italian Alliance
Bismarck concludes a three-month offensive alliance linking Prussia with Italy against Austria.
Alliance Victor Emmanuel II and Prussia
Joins an alliance with Prussia against Austria
Prussian-Italian Alliance
La Marmora's government promises to attack Austria if Prussia begins war within three months.
Rule of Venetia
Acquires Venetia after making an alliance with Prussia against Austria
Franchise
1st test of the Franchise Bill, the Government wins the 1st reading in the Commons
Reform of Parliament
1st test of the Franchise Bill, the Government wins the 1st reading in the Commons
Reform of Parliament
The Government has a majority of 5 & many in cabinet wish to dissolve Parliament
May 186617 historical events
A Warning
Issues A Warning in connection with organisational disputes inside the International Workingmen's Association.
Overend Gurney Assistance Refused
Henry Holland refuses emergency assistance to Overend Gurney after an examination concludes that the discount house is insolvent.
Birth of Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Birth of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, one of the founding social and political leaders during the Indian Independence Movement against the British Empire in India
Bank Charter Act
Suspends the Bank Charter Act & raises the bank rate to 10%, causes panic & depression
Crisis
Suspends the Bank Charter Act & raises the bank rate to 10%, causes panic & depression
Crisis
The Bank of Overend & Gurney fails
Economy of Great Britain
Suspends the Bank Charter Act & raises the bank rate to 10%, causes panic & depression
Arrival of Carol I
Carol arrives in Bucharest to assume the Romanian throne.
Oath as Prince
Carol takes the constitutional oath as ruling prince.
Overend Gurney Crisis
Gladstone authorises emergency liquidity after the collapse of Overend Gurney triggers panic.
Overend Gurney Crisis Liquidity Response
Henry Holland oversees exceptional Bank of England lending during the panic following the failure of Overend Gurney.
Financial Crisis
The Government relaxes statutory note limits to contain the Overend Gurney panic.
Ordination of William Joseph Walsh
Walsh is ordained to the Catholic priesthood after advanced study and begins an academic career closely associated with Maynooth.
Battle of Tuyuti
Commands Paraguay during one of the largest battles in South American history.
Grants rights of primogeniture to Ismail, Khedive of Egypt
Grants rights of primogeniture to Ismail, Khedive of Egypt
Army Mobilization
Roon applies the army reforms and reserve system that accelerate Prussian mobilization.
Mobilization
Wilhelm authorizes preparations that place Prussia's reformed army on a rapid war footing.
June 186675 historical events
Holstein Dispute
Mensdorff-Pouilly submits the Schleswig-Holstein question to the Federal Diet, challenging the Gastein arrangement.
Gastein Convention
Victory enables Prussia to pursue German unification without Austrian participation.
Invasion of Holstein
Prussian troops enter Austrian-administered Holstein, escalating the constitutional crisis toward war.
Invasion of Holstein
Prussian troops invade Saxony, whose army retreats to join Austria in Bohemia.
Occupation of Holstein
Moltke directs Prussian occupation of Holstein after Austria refers the dispute to the Federal Diet.
Federal Reform Plan
Bismarck proposes a reformed German federation with a directly elected national parliament.
Federal Mobilization
Franz Joseph supports the Federal Diet vote to mobilize against Prussia.
German Confederation
Prussian forces invade Hanover to prevent its army joining Austria's southern allies.
Hanoverian Mobilization
George V orders the Hanoverian army to concentrate and seek contact with Austria's allies.
Invasion of Saxony
Herwarth leads the Army of the Elbe into Saxony and drives toward Dresden.
Invasion of Hanover
Prussian forces enter Hesse-Kassel and isolate the elector's army.
Invasion of Hesse-Kassel
Prussia occupies Holstein after Austria submits the duchy dispute to the Federal Diet.
Invasion of Saxony
The Peace of Prague establishes a Kleindeutsch solution excluding Austria from the northern federation.
Northern Army Concentration
Benedek concentrates the Austrian Northern Army around Olmutz before moving toward Bohemia.
Occupation of Hanover
Falckenstein's forces occupy Hanover after the royal army withdraws southward.
Occupation of Dresden
Herwarth leads the Army of the Elbe into Dresden after Saxon forces evacuate the capital.
Occupation of Dresden
The Army of the Elbe occupies Dresden after the Saxon army withdraws into Bohemia.
Reform of Government
The Government is defeat by a proposal from Lord Dunkellin
Vote of Confidence
The Government is defeated in Parliament by 11 votes
Commander of Army of the Elbe
Appointed Commander of the Army of the Elbe
Occupation of Kassel
Beyer occupies Kassel and blocks the Hanoverians from joining southern federal forces.
Declaration of War
Victor Emmanuel's government declares war on Austria under the alliance with Prussia.
Detention of Elector
Prussian troops detain the elector at Wilhelmshohe after he refuses neutrality.
Advance into Bohemia
Friedrich Karl moves the First Army through Saxony toward the Bohemian frontier.
Crossing of Mincio
La Marmora leads Italy's main army across the Mincio toward Austrian Venetia.
Battle of Custoza
Albrecht defeats the larger Italian army at Custoza and protects the approaches to Verona.
Battle of Custoza
Victor Emmanuel accompanies the army during the defeat at Custoza and subsequent withdrawal.
Battle of Huhnerwasser
Clam-Gallas withdraws after Prussian forces defeat his advance guard at Huhnerwasser.
Battle of Podol
Clam-Gallas fails to prevent the Prussian First Army from seizing the Iser crossing at Podol.
Battle of Huhnerwasser
Herwarth's troops win the opening clash at Huhnerwasser and continue into Bohemia.
Advance into Bohemia
The Crown Prince sends the Second Army through mountain passes from Silesia into Bohemia.
Battle of Podol
Friedrich Karl's troops secure Podol after a fierce night engagement.
Battle of Podol
The First Army wins the night engagement at Podol, opening the route into Bohemia.
Battle of Nachod
Ramming's VI Corps attacks at Nachod but is repulsed by Steinmetz.
Battle of Trautenau
Gablenz defeats the Prussian I Corps at Trautenau, Austria's notable victory in Bohemia.
Battle of Langensalza
Flies attacks the larger Hanoverian army and is forced to retreat after heavy fighting.
Battle of Langensalza
Arentschildt's Hanoverians defeat an outnumbered Prussian force at Langensalza.
Hanoverian Counterattack
Arentschildt orders the counterattack that drives the Prussians from the battlefield.
Battle of Trautenau
Bonin's I Corps retreats after failing to dislodge Gablenz from the heights near Trautenau.
Battle of Nachod
Steinmetz defeats repeated Austrian attacks and secures the Nachod pass.
Battle of Náchod
The Second Army's V Corps defeats the Austrian VI Corps at Náchod.
Battle of Trautenau
Austrian forces win at Trautenau, but the Prussian Second Army continues advancing.
Second Army
The Second Army breaks through the Náchod pass and secures its route into Bohemia.
Second Army
I Corps suffers a setback at Trautenau while other Second Army formations keep advancing.
Battle of Náchod
The Second Army wins at Náchod under the Crown Prince's overall command.
Battle of Skalitz
Leopold's VIII Corps is defeated while attempting to block the Prussian advance at Skalitz.
Battle of Skalitz
Steinmetz wins at Skalitz and pushes the Austrian VIII Corps away from the Elbe.
Battle of Münchengrätz
The First Army and Army of the Elbe defeat Austro-Saxon forces at Münchengrätz.
Battle of Skalitz
The Second Army defeats Austrian forces at Skalitz and continues toward the Elbe.
Battle of Münchengrätz
The First Army defeats Clam-Gallas and the Saxons at Münchengrätz.
Battle of Soor
The Guards Corps defeats Gablenz near Soor and reverses the previous day's setback.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 3rd term
Battle of Gitschin
Clam-Gallas loses Gitschin and retreats with the Saxon contingent toward the main Austrian army.
Battle of Schweinschadel
Festetics withdraws after his IV Corps is defeated at Schweinschadel.
Capitulation of Hanover
Falckenstein's converging forces surround the Hanoverian army and force its surrender.
Battle of Schweinschadel
Steinmetz defeats the Austrian IV Corps and clears another route toward Koniggratz.
Capitulation of Hanover
Manteuffel receives the Hanoverian capitulation under terms sent from Berlin.
Battle of Gitschin
Moltke coordinates the First Army and Army of the Elbe victory at Gitschin.
Battle of Gitschin
Albert directs Saxon troops during the unsuccessful defence of Gitschin.
Capitulation of Hanover
George V authorizes capitulation because his army is surrounded and lacks supplies.
First Army
Wilhelm approves the First Army's pursuit from Münchengrätz toward Gitschin.
Royal Headquarters
Wilhelm receives reports of Münchengrätz while the Prussian armies converge in Bohemia.
Battle of Gitschin
Friedrich Karl captures Gitschin and links his army with the Army of the Elbe.
Capitulation of Hanover
Prussian annexation legislation incorporates the Free City of Frankfurt.
Royal Headquarters
Royal headquarters reaches Gitschin as the First Army links with the Army of the Elbe.
Royal Headquarters
Wilhelm joins royal headquarters after the Gitschin victory and approves the continued advance.
French Neutrality
Napoleon III keeps France neutral while expecting a prolonged struggle between Austria and Prussia.
V Corps
Steinmetz commands V Corps during the Second Army's advance from Silesia into Bohemia.
Bohemian Campaign Plan
Moltke plans converging advances by three armies to defeat Austria in Bohemia.
Mobilization
Moltke's railway-based mobilization plan concentrates three armies for the invasion of Bohemia.
Second Army
The Crown Prince commands the Second Army from Silesia into Bohemia.
Alliance with Austria
Ludwig II aligns Bavaria with Austria and mobilizes against Prussia.
Commander of First Army
Friedrich Karl commands the First Army throughout the Bohemian campaign.
Siege of Osaka
The Choshu defeat the shogun Prince who dies the following month
Russian Neutrality
Alexander II maintains Russian neutrality and declines to rescue Austria from Prussian pressure.
July 186647 historical events
Constitution of Romania
Carol promulgates the liberal Constitution of 1866.
Battle of Koniggratz
Benedek deploys the Northern Army near Koniggratz but cannot prevent Prussian envelopment.
Battle of Königgrätz
Commands the Austrian Northern Army but suffers decisive defeat at Königgrätz.
Battle of Königgrätz
Franz Joseph learns that defeat ends Austria's bid for leadership within Germany.
Battle of Koniggratz
Blumenthal directs the Second Army's march toward the Austrian right flank at Chlum.
Battle of Koniggratz
Fransecky's division holds the Swiepwald against repeated Austrian counterattacks.
Battle of Koniggratz
Hiller leads the Guards into Chlum and is killed during the decisive assault.
Battle of Königgrätz
He times the convergence of three Prussian armies against Benedek's defensive position.
Battle of Königgrätz
Moltke's operational concentration produces the decisive Prussian victory at Königgrätz.
Battle of Königgrätz
His timely arrival near Chlum helps secure the decisive Prussian victory.
Battle of Königgrätz
The Crown Prince leads the Second Army's arrival that turns the Austrian flank at Königgrätz.
Battle of Königgrätz
As supreme commander, Wilhelm presides over the decisive Prussian victory at Königgrätz.
Battle of Königgrätz
Friedrich Karl commands the Prussian centre while the Crown Prince attacks the Austrian flank.
Battle of Königgrätz
The First Army holds the centre and presses Austrian positions at Königgrätz.
Battle of Sadowa
His army's sustained pressure fixes Austrian forces until the Second Army arrives.
First Army
Friedrich Karl directs the First Army's advance toward the Austrian centre near Sadowa.
Battle of Königgrätz
Kraft Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen serves with Prussian Guard artillery during the battle of Königgrätz.
First Army
Bismarck concludes the August alliance with northern German states, founding the future confederation.
Battle of Monte Suello
Garibaldi is wounded while his volunteers fight Austrian troops near Monte Suello.
Battle of Dermbach
Falckenstein begins the Main campaign by driving Bavarian units from positions near Dermbach.
Moderate Peace Policy
Bismarck argues against marching on Vienna or imposing territorial losses upon Austria.
French Mediation
The Peace of Prague dissolves the German Confederation and ends Austria's federal role.
Crossing of the Po
Cialdini crosses the lower Po and advances into Venetia after Austria redeploys troops northward.
Battle of Kissingen
Goeben defeats Bavarian troops at Kissingen and opens the route toward the Main.
Battle of Hammelburg
Beyer's division captures Hammelburg while the Prussian Main Army advances southward.
Command Relieved
Benedek is relieved of northern command after the defeat at Königgrätz.
Battle of Aschaffenburg
Goeben defeats federal troops at Aschaffenburg and secures the Main crossing.
Advance into Venetia
Cialdini advances across Venetia as Austrian forces withdraw toward the main theatre.
Attack on Lissa
Persano begins operations against Lissa without achieving a decisive result before the Austrian fleet arrives.
Army of the Main
Manteuffel replaces Falckenstein and continues operations against the southern German forces.
Battle of Lissa
Tegetthoff defeats the larger Italian fleet at Lissa using aggressive close-range tactics.
Approach to Lissa
Tegetthoff forms his fleet into attacking wedges and closes rapidly with the Italians.
Battle of Lissa
Tegetthoff wins a major naval victory despite Italian superiority in ironclads and guns.
Loss of Palestro
Cappellini remains aboard Palestro when fire reaches its magazine and destroys the ship.
Sinking of Re d'Italia
Faa di Bruno dies when Tegetthoff's flagship rams and sinks Re d'Italia.
Battle of Bezzecca
Garibaldi defeats Austrian forces at Bezzecca during the campaign in Trentino.
Peace Mediation
The Crown Prince helps reconcile Wilhelm with Bismarck's proposal for a moderate settlement.
Armistice Decision
Wilhelm accepts negotiations after military advisers and the Crown Prince support Bismarck's restraint.
Battle of Tauberbischofsheim
Goeben defeats the VIII Federal Corps during fighting along the Tauber.
Battle of Helmstadt
Manteuffel presses the federal forces eastward after the engagement at Helmstadt.
Battle of Gerchsheim
Karl's Bavarian army fails to coordinate effectively with the VIII Federal Corps at Gerchsheim.
Preliminary Peace of Nikolsburg
Franz Joseph accepts preliminary terms ending Austria's struggle for leadership in Germany.
Preliminary Peace of Nikolsburg
The Preliminary Peace of Nikolsburg accepts Austrian withdrawal from German affairs without territorial loss to Prussia.
Battle of Rossbrunn
Karl's Bavarians resist the Prussian advance near Rossbrunn before withdrawing toward Wurzburg.
Preliminary Peace of Nikolsburg
Bismarck secures Austrian consent to Prussian reorganization of Germany north of the Main.
Preliminary Peace of Nikolsburg
The Peace of Prague leaves the southern German states outside the northern confederation.
Programme of the Geneva Congress
Drafts a resolution defining the programme for the International's Geneva Congress.
August 186637 historical events
Occupation of Wurzburg
Manteuffel enters Wurzburg as hostilities on the Main front come to an end.
Boundary Treaty with Bolivia
Signs a treaty defining the Chilean-Bolivian boundary at the twenty-fourth parallel.
Armistice of Cormons
The Armistice of Cormons halts fighting between Austria and Italy.
Armistice of Cormons
Petitti Bagliani signs the armistice ending active operations between Italy and Austria.
Peace with Württemberg
The annexation law ends Frankfurt's centuries-old status as a Free City.
Peace with Baden
Prussia and Bavaria conclude peace and a secret military convention.
Constitution
The North German states agree to form a federal state based on the Prussian proposals of June 1866. They agree to have a Parliament elected to discuss a draft constitution
North German Confederation
Prussia and a large number of North and Central German states sign a Bundnis (alliance). The treaty created a military alliance for one year
North German Confederation
The North German states agree to form a federal state based on the Prussian proposals of June 1866. They agree to have a Parliament elected to discuss a draft constitution
North German Confederation
The North German Confederation is the alliance of 22 German states (Augustbundnis)
Unification
The North German Confederation is the alliance of 22 German states (Augustbundnis)
August Alliance
The Hanoverian army capitulates after encirclement despite its tactical victory at Langensalza.
August Alliance
The Peace of Prague authorizes a new federal organization north of the Main.
Peace with Bavaria
The Nikolsburg preliminaries stop the Prussian advance and outline the final settlement.
German Confederation
Austria recognizes the dissolution of the German Confederation and Prussian predominance north of the Main.
Kleindeutschland
The Peace of Prague excludes Austria from the new Prussian-led organization of Germany.
Peace of Prague
Franz Joseph accepts a lenient peace that preserves Austria's core territory.
Peace of Prague
Franz Joseph ratifies the settlement dissolving the German Confederation and recognizing Prussian gains.
Peace of Prague
The Peace of Prague permits Prussia to organize a confederation north of the Main.
Peace of Prague
Wilhelm accepts the final treaty ending the war with Austria on comparatively moderate terms.
Austrian Silesia
Austria's referral of Holstein to the Federal Diet is treated as a breach of Gastein.
Austrian Silesia
Prussia and Württemberg conclude peace and a secret defensive alliance.
Dissolution of German Confederation
Prussia declares the old Confederation dissolved after the Federal Diet's mobilization vote.
German Unification
The annexation of Nassau consolidates Prussian territory along the Rhine and Main.
Kleindeutschland
The August Alliance binds twenty-two northern German states to Prussian military leadership.
North German Confederation
The treaty ends Austro-Prussian hostilities and confirms the broad Nikolsburg terms.
Peace of Prague
Austria accepts dissolution of the Confederation and Prussian reorganization north of the Main.
Peace of Prague
Bismarck secures a moderate settlement and rejects demands to annex Austrian territory.
Peace of Prague
Prussia and Baden conclude peace and a secret defensive alliance.
Peace of Prague
The settlement protects the separate sovereignty of southern Germany while allowing Prussian alliances.
Peace of Prague
The treaty confirms transfer of Austrian rights in Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia.
Rule of Holstein
Prussian annexation legislation incorporates the Duchy of Nassau.
Rule of Schleswig
The North German Constitution creates a federal state under Prussian leadership.
South German Settlement
Austrian Silesia remains under Habsburg rule because Prussia demands no Austrian territory.
Instructions for Congress Delegates
Prepares instructions for International delegates on major questions to be considered at the Geneva Congress.
Naval Command Inquiry
Persano faces investigation after transferring his flag during the unsuccessful battle of Lissa.
Alliance Choshu and Satsuma clans make an alliance
The Choshu & Satsuma clans make an alliance against the shogun
September 186619 historical events
Rule of Crete
Crete rebels against Turkey & decrees union with Greece
Unification
Crete rebels against Turkey & decrees union with Greece
Reballion of Crete
Crete rebels against Turkey & decrees union with Greece
Rule of Crete
Crete rebels against Turkey & decrees union with Greece
Unification
Crete rebels against Turkey & decrees union with Greece
Second Presidential Term
Begins his second presidential term during the transition toward more liberal constitutional politics.
Deposition of George V
George V loses his throne when Prussia formally annexes the Kingdom of Hanover.
Annexation Law
Wilhelm promulgates the law incorporating Prussia's defeated northern German opponents.
Annexation of Frankfurt
Prussian annexation legislation incorporates the Kingdom of Hanover.
Annexation of Frankfurt
The annexation law incorporates Hanover as a province of the Prussian monarchy.
Annexation of Hanover
Prussian annexation legislation incorporates the Electorate of Hesse-Kassel.
Annexation of Hanover
The annexation law incorporates Hesse-Kassel into the Prussian state.
Annexation of Hesse-Kassel
The Peace of Prague confirms Prussian possession of Holstein before its provincial incorporation.
Annexation of Hesse-Kassel
The annexation law incorporates Nassau and expands Prussia's western territory.
Annexation of Nassau
The Peace of Prague confirms Prussian possession of Schleswig before its provincial incorporation.
Annexation of Nassau
The peace leaves Austrian Silesia unchanged and rejects any territorial transfer to Prussia.
Prussian Annexations
Bismarck directs legislation annexing Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, Frankfurt, and other territories.
Battle of Curupayty
Helps deliver a major defensive victory against Allied forces.
Geneva Congress
Marx is elected to the International's General Council while absent from its Geneva congress.
October 18666 historical events
Cession of Venetia
Franz Joseph accepts the cession of Venetia through France under the Treaty of Vienna.
Treaty of Vienna
The Treaty of Vienna transfers Venetia from Austria through France to Italy.
Treaty of Vienna
Victor Emmanuel's kingdom receives Venetia following the peace settlement with Austria.
Recognition of the succession of Carol I in Romania
The Sultan of Turkey recognizes the succession of Carol I in Romania
Recognition of the succession of Carol I in Romania
The Sultan of Turkey recognizes the succession of Carol I in Romania
Succession
The Sultan of Turkey recognizes the succession of Carol I in Romania
November 18662 historical events
Assembly of Delegates
Convenes Egypt's first representative consultative assembly.
Constitution of Egypt
Establishes the consultative Assembly of Delegates, giving provincial representatives a limited role in government.
December 18661 historical events
London Conference
Helps finalize Confederation terms at the London Conference.
Capture of Kabul
Mohammad Afzal Khan seizes Kabul and displaces Sher Ali from the throne.
Succession
Succeeds as Amir of Afghanistan
Experiments on Plant Hybridization
Publishes experiments showing discrete hereditary factors in pea plants.
Mendelian Inheritance Paper
Establishes principles later known as segregation and independent assortment.
Indigenous Land Decrees
Melgarejo issues measures that threaten communal Indigenous landholding.
State Lands in Araucania
Approves measures declaring Mapuche lands subject to state control during territorial expansion in Araucania.
Birth of Sun Yat-Sen of peasant stock
Birth of Sun Yat-Sen of peasant stock
Education
Signs up at the Escuela Professional de Pintura y Escultura de La Habana
Education
Enters the Instituto de Segunda Ensacanza
Marriage
Marries Alexander III
Construction of Suez Canal
Relies increasingly on mechanical excavation as forced labour is curtailed during the later construction phase.
Institute of Plant Physiology (IPP)
Founds the Institute of Plant Physiology
President of Germany
Appointed President of the Prussian House of Representatives
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Foreign Secretary
Minister President
Appointed Minister President of Prussia
Budget
The new, largely conservative House is on much better terms with Bismarck than previous bodies; at the Minister Presidents request, it retroactively approved the budgets of the past four years, which had been implemented without Parliamentary conse
Election
The new, largely conservative House is on much better terms with Bismarck than previous bodies; at the Minister Presidents request, it retroactively approved the budgets of the past four years, which had been implemented without Parliamentary conse. In the elections to the House of Deputies the liberals suffer a major defeat, losing their large majority
Election
The election is held during the Battle of Konigratz. Has a sufficient majority to raise an army reform budget for the 1st time in 5 yrs. Conservative victory in the chamber of 142
North German Confederation
The North German Confederation had nearly 30 million inhabitants, of which eighty percent lived in Prussia
Reform of Parliament
No need to guarantee accountability of Minister's to Parliament. Gets Bill of Indemnity passed
Zollverein
The Zollverein is effectively ended in 1866 with the advent of the Austro-Prussian War
Basel Professorship
Dilthey takes up a professorship at the University of Basel.
National Liberal Party
Helps found the National Liberal Party
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army
Budget
Raises a budget for the 1st time since 1862. Admits that the budget is unconstitutional in a bid to pacify the Liberals
Constitution of Germany
Admits that the budget is unconstitutional in a bid to pacify the Liberals
Royal Academy
Appointed President of the Royal Academy
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament
Lord Chancellor
Appointed Lord Chancellor, 2nd term
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister, 1st term
Poor Law Board
Appointed President of the Poor Law Board
Poor Law
Appointed President of the Poor Law Board
Secretary of State for India
Appointed Secretary of State for India, 1st term, under Lord Derby
Bank Charter Suspension
Gladstone authorises emergency liquidity after the failure of Overend Gurney.
Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
Appointed Secretary of State for War, 1st term
Franchise
Cabinet agrees to enfranchise 7 pound occupiers in boroughs & 14 pound counties
Reform of Electoral System
Cabinet agrees to enfranchise 7 pound occupiers in boroughs & 14 pound counties
Dissolution of Parliament
Gladstone wants to dissolve Parliament & take the Bill to the electorate
Franchise
The Franchise Bill is defeated in the Commons. Russell refuses to take the defeated Franchise Bill to the electorate
Reform of Parliament
The Franchise Bill is defeated in the Commons. Gladstone wants to dissolve Parliament & take the Bill to the electorate
Resignation of William Ewart Gladstone
Russell refuses to take the defeated Franchise Bill to the electorate
Birth of James Ramsey MacDonald
Birth of James Ramsey MacDonald
Reform of Parliament
Presents a 1,499 name petition to Parliament for female enfracisement
Garrett Anderson
Opens a dispensary for women & children. Founds a hospital which in 1918 is called the Garrett Anderson Hospital
Health Reform
Founds a hospital which in 1918 is called the Garrett Anderson Hospital
Created Cardinal
Cullen becomes the first Irish bishop in modern times to be elevated to the College of Cardinals.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Mayor of Amsterdam
Begins serving as Mayor of Amsterdam during the 1866-1868 municipal term.
Mayoral Term
Concludes service as Mayor of Amsterdam after the 1858-1866 municipal term.
Abdication of Alexandru Ioan Cuza
Takes part in the deposition of Prince Carol of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
Prime Minister of Romania
Ghica leads the government during the transition to Carol's reign.
National Assembly
Elected by Romanias National Assembly to guarantee German protection of independence
Succession
Elected by Romanias National Assembly to guarantee German protection of independence
Crime and Punishment
Publication of "Crime And Punishment"
Plot
Begins a policy of repression against universities after an attempt on the Tsars life
Minister of Education
Appointed Minister of Education
Emancipation of State Peasants
Extends emancipation arrangements to state peasants, completing another stage of the peasant reforms.
Assassination of Alexander II
Dmitry Karakozov attempts to shoot Alexander II in Saint Petersburg, but the attack fails.
Assassination of Alexander II
The failed Karakozov assassination attempt contributes to a more conservative and repressive political climate.
Education
The Karakozov assassination attempt is followed by tighter government supervision of universities.
Plot
Dmitry Karakozov's failed attack becomes the first major assassination attempt against Alexander II.
Marriage
Marries Dagmar, daughter of Christian IX of Denmark & sister of Queen Alexandra
Conversion of Dagmar
Welcomes Princess Dagmar of Denmark into the Russian Orthodox Church before their marriage.
Birth of Yuri Danilov
Birth of Yuri Danilov
Birth of James Hertzog
Birth of James Hertzog
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior, 2nd term
Captain
Appointed Captain of a ship during the naval war against Peru
Captain
Appointed Captain of a ship during the naval war against Peru
1st Telegraph Cable
1857-1866, lays the 1st submarine telegraph cable between America & Europe
Birth of Herbert George Wells
Herbert George Wells was born in Bromley and became a major British writer.