President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Historical events in 1870
302 historical records
January 18703 historical events
Standard Oil Company
Rockefeller and his partners incorporate Standard Oil of Ohio.
Mobilization
Bavaria & Baden mobilize under the terms of the 1866 military treaties
February 18703 historical events
Legislation
Introduces the Irish Land Act to give Irish peasants comparible rights with England
Reform of Land Ownership
Introduces the Irish Land Act to give Irish peasants comparible rights with England
English Government and the Fenian Prisoners
Writes on British government policy toward imprisoned Irish Fenians.
March 18706 historical events
Battle of Cerro Cora
Dies at Cerro Cora as the War of the Triple Alliance ends.
Succession
Issues a memo saying a Hohenzollern is Spain would tie down 2 French Divs
Succession
William & the Crown Prince oppose Charles Anthonys Spanish succession. Urges Charles Anthony to accept the Spanish crown
Alliance Agreement
Publishes alliances with south German states, German Armies are under Prussian control
Alliance Bismarck and the south German states
Publishes alliances with south German states, German Armies are under Prussian control
Confidential Communication on Bakunin
Writes a confidential communication analysing Bakunin's political activity and disputes inside the International.
April 18702 historical events
April Revolution
Antonio Guzman Blanco entered Caracas after the April Revolution and established a new administration.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela, 1st term
May 18706 historical events
Manitoba Act
Negotiates protections that help create Manitoba as a province.
Manitoba Act
Oversees passage of the Manitoba Act.
Birth of Jan Christian Smuts
Birth of Jan Christian Smuts
Education
Completes law studies at Christs College
Frijs Government
The Frijs Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Holstein-Holsteinborg Government
Begins the Holstein-Holsteinborg Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
June 18703 historical events
Succession
Persuades Leopold to accept the Spanish offer of the throne. Leopolds acceptance of the offer of the Spanish throne is telegramed to Madrid
Succession
The President of Spain dissolves the Cortes
Public Education Decree
The government decreed free and compulsory primary education under national supervision.
July 187057 historical events
Jules d'Anethan Government
Begins the Jules d'Anethan Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
First Frere-Orban Government
The First Frere-Orban Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Birth of Richard Bedford Bennett
Birth of Richard Bedford Bennett
Succession
The offer to Leopold becomes public when the French press expose it to the world
Succession
Announces "the interests & the honour of France are in peril"
Meeting with Gorchakov & secures an understanding with Russia
Meets Gorchakov & secures an understanding with Russia
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Following the protests by France, Leopold had withdrawn his acceptance in July 1870. This was already considered a diplomatic defeat for Prussia.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
In early 1870, the German Prince Leopold, of the Roman Catholic cadet branch Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, had been offered the vacant Spanish throne.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
The French were not yet satisfied with this and demanded further commitments, especially a guarantee by the Prussian king that no member of any branch of his Hohenzollern family would ever be a candidate for the Spanish throne
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
The Government of French Emperor Napoleon III voiced concern over a possible Spanish alliance with the Protestant House of Hohenzollern that ruled the Kingdom of Prussia, protested against it, and hinted about a war.
Succession
Forces Charles Anthony to reject the Spanish throne on behalf of his son Leopold
Succession
William compels Charles Anthony to renounce the Spanish throne for his son Leopold. Charles Anthonys renunciation of the throne is "a humiliation worse than Olmutz"
Succession
Asks William for "assurance that he never authorize a renewal of the candidacy"
Declaration of War
Ordered by William to telegram Bismarck of the telegram received from Gramont. Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Ems Telegram
Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Bismarck took it upon himself to edit the report, sharpening the language. He cut out Wilhelm's conciliatory phrases and emphasized the real issue. The French had made certain demands under threat of war; and Wilhelm had refused them.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Certainly the edit of the telegram, released on the evening of the same day (13 July) to the media and foreign embassies, gave the impression both that Benedetti was rather more demanding and that the King was exceedingly abrupt.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
It was designed to give the French the impression that King Wilhelm I had insulted Count Benedetti; likewise, the Germans interpreted the modified dispatch as the Count insulting the King
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
The King's secretary Heinrich Abeken wrote an account, which was passed on to Otto von Bismarck in Berlin. Wilhelm described Benedetti as "very importunate." The King gave permission to Bismarck to release an account of the events.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
This was no forgery; it was a clear statement of the facts.
Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Ems Telegram
Bismarck uses Abeken's telegram to declare war
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Benedetti had been instructed by his superior, Foreign Minister Agenor, the Duc de Gramont, to present the French demand that the king should guarantee that he would never again permit the candidacy of a Hohenzollern prince to the Spanish throne.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
King Wilhelm I of Prussia, on his morning stroll in the Kurpark in Ems, was stopped by Count Vincent Benedetti, the French ambassador to Prussia since 1864.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Politely, and in a friendly manner, the king refused to bind himself to any course of action into the indefinite future. After their exchange, "the two departed coolly."
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
The meeting was informal and took place on the promenade of the Kursaal with the king's entourage at a discreet distance.
Succession
Gramont wants "assurance that he will never authorize a renewal of the candidacy". Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Ems Dispatch
Wilhelm I rejects further French demands over the Hohenzollern candidacy, and Bismarck's edited dispatch hardens opinion in both countries.
Declaration of War
Bismarck uses Abekens telegram as provocation of war
Mobilization
The Landwehr is mobilized
Declaration of War
Expects a decisive victory "we shall come across the glorious tracks of our fathers". Declares war on Germany
Declaration of War
France declares war on Prussia after the Ems Dispatch crisis, beginning the Franco-Prussian War.
Declaration of War
War is declared against France. Germany is supported by England & Russia who see Napoleon III emulating Napoleon I
First Address on the Franco-Prussian War
Drafts the International's first address on the Franco-Prussian War.
Neutrality
Forced to produce a Belgium neutrality Treaty to be signed by Prussia & France
Treaty of Benedetti
The Treaty is leaked to the Times. Forced to produce a Belgium neutrality Treaty to be signed by Prussia & France
Battle of Gravelotte
The Germans lose 20,000 to the French 12,000. Steinmetz sends the German First Army to be massacred by the French who counter-attack. Decisive German victory which the French could have avoided
First Army
Steinmetz sends the German First Army to be massacred by the French who counter-attack
Mobilization
France mobilizes its forces but the frontier fortresses are not ready for a siege
Siege of Metz
France mobilizes its forces but the frontier fortresses are not ready for a siege
Battle of Gravelotte
The Germans lose 20,000 to the French 12,000. Loses to the French by sending his First Army to be massacred in a ravine. Decisive German victory which the French could have avoided
First Army
Mobilizes the First Army in the north
First Army
Loses to the French by sending his First Army to be massacred in a ravine
Mobilization
Mobilizes the First Army in the north
Mobilization
Mobilizes the German forces, uses the same plan against the Austrians in 1866
Mobilization
Mobilizes the Second Army in the centre
Second Army
Mobilizes the Second Army in the centre
Mobilization
Sets out from Berlin to assume command of his armies in the field
Mobilization
Sets out as a major-general with William to command the armies in the field
Alliance Agreement with The Protestant House of Hohenzollern that
The Government of French Emperor Napoleon III voiced concern over a possible Spanish alliance with the Protestant House of Hohenzollern that ruled the Kingdom of Prussia, protested against it, and hinted about a war.
French were not yet satisfied with this and demanded further commitments
The French were not yet satisfied with this and demanded further commitments, especially a guarantee by the Prussian king that no member of any branch of his Hohenzollern family would ever be a candidate for the Spanish throne
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Following the protests by France, Leopold had withdrawn his acceptance in July 1870. This was already considered a diplomatic defeat for Prussia.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
In early 1870, the German Prince Leopold, of the Roman Catholic cadet branch Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, had been offered the vacant Spanish throne.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
The French were not yet satisfied with this and demanded further commitments, especially a guarantee by the Prussian king that no member of any branch of his Hohenzollern family would ever be a candidate for the Spanish throne
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
The Government of French Emperor Napoleon III voiced concern over a possible Spanish alliance with the Protestant House of Hohenzollern that ruled the Kingdom of Prussia, protested against it, and hinted about a war.
In early 1870, the German Prince Leopold, of the Roman Catholic cadet
In early 1870, the German Prince Leopold, of the Roman Catholic cadet branch Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, had been offered the vacant Spanish throne.
Withdrawal Negotiations
Following the protests by France, Leopold had withdrawn his acceptance in July 1870. This was already considered a diplomatic defeat for Prussia.
August 187033 historical events
Battle of Saarbrucken
Napoleon divides his armies between MacMahon & Bazaine. A skirmish between 1st German army & French II corps
Resignation of Antoine Alfred Agenor de
After the defeat of Weissenburg Gramont resigns his office
Battle of Weissenburg
The outnumbered French are forced to defend the Lauter
Battle of Weissenburg
The crown Prince surprises MacMahon on the Lauter River
Battle of Wissembourg
Leads the Third Army in victory at Wissembourg.
Battle of Worth
At Worth the German 3rd Army loses 10,500 killed to the French 11,000 under MacMahon
Siege of Worth
At Worth the German 3rd Army loses 10,500 killed to the French 11,000 under MacMahon
Third Army
At Worth the German 3rd Army loses 10,500 killed to the French 11,000 under MacMahon
Battle of Spichern
The German 1st & 2nd armies move into Lorraine where Bazaines forces are dispersed. Frossards II corps is outflanked on the Spichern heights
Battle of Froschwiller
The Vosges barrier is broken opening the road to Paris. The Crown Prince of Prussia forces MacMahon back to Chalons-sur-Marne
Battle of Froschwiller
The Prussian Crown Prince marches toward the Meuse
Battle of Worth
At Worth the German 3rd Army loses 10,500 killed to the French 11,000 under MacMahon
Third Army
At Worth the German 3rd Army loses 10,500 killed to the French 11,000 under MacMahon
Battle of Worth
Is defeated by Frederick's Third Army.
Battle of Worth
Defeats MacMahon's forces in the early campaign.
Commander of French Army
Appointed Commander of the French Army, takes over command from Napoleon III
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander
Mobilization
MacMahon regroups his forces at Chalons
Dismissal
Forced to relinquish command
Commander of French Army
Appointed Commander of the French Army, takes over command from Napoleon III
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander
Battle of Borny
The Prussian 1st army forces Bazaine to retreat across the Moselle. Bazaine hopes to join up with MacMahon but the German Second Army cuts him off
Second Army
Bazaine hopes to join up with MacMahon but the German Second Army cuts him off
Battle of Mars-la-Tour
Bazaine is forced back to Metz
Battle of Rezonville
Bazaine is forced back to Metz
Battle of Vionville
Bazaine is forced back to Metz
Battle of Gravelotte
Commands the Prussian forces which defeat the French under bazaine
Battle of Gravelotte
Commands the siege at the hamlet of St Privatla Montaigne
Red River Expedition
Leads imperial and Canadian forces into Red River.
Battle of Metz
Crosses the River Meuse but is driven back toward Sedan
Battle of Metz
Wounded in battle
Battle of Metz
Encircled at Metz
President of Paraguay
Leads Paraguay during the first postwar political reconstruction.
September 187036 historical events
Battle of Sedan
Wimpfen surrenders to the Germans who then take Paris. The French who lose 17,000 & 104,000 taken prisoner. The French lose 17,000 plus 104,000 taken prisoner. Forced to surrender to the Germans who move on to take Paris
Battle of Sedan
Defeated by the Germans
Battle of Sedan
French defeat followed by the fall of Paris. Deputed by William to accept the surrender of the French. Commands a hill top over the Meuse valley looking into Sedan 2 miles away. Arrives with 150,000 , travelling 50 miles in 3 days through the Argonne Forest
Battle of Sedan
Participates in the victory that captures Napoleon III.
Battle of Sedan
Commands, with Moltke his right hand man, a victory which leads to the fall of Paris
Siege of Paris
Commands, with Moltke his right hand man, a victory which leads to the fall of Paris
Battle of Sedan
Commands the Third Army during the decisive campaign against France.
Battle of Sedan
Present in battle as a Major General, victory leads to the German fall of Paris
Battle of Sedan
Defeat at the Battle of Sedan is followed by the establishment of the third Republic
Battle of Sedan
Forced to surrender
Battle of Sedan
Surrenders to Bismarck at Donchery, later held at Wihelmshohe near Cassel
Battle of Sedan
Joins the Army but is capture in battle & held as a prisoner near Kassel in Germany
Constitution of France
Heads the new Provisional Government
Head of State
Appointed Head of the Provisional Government. Appointed Head of State for France
Provisional Government
Heads the new Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Head of the Provisional Government
Coup
After a popular uprising in Paris the Empire is toppled
Government
Gambetta leads the new provisional Government
Provisional Government
Gambetta leads the new provisional Government
Commander of Paris
Appointed Commander of Paris
President of France
Appointed President of the Government of National Defence
Exile of Eugenie
Flees the Tuileries, fearful of the Paris mob after the French defeat at Sedan
Commander of Paris
Appointed Commander of Paris
President of France
Appointed President of the Government of National Defence
Second Address on the Franco-Prussian War
Drafts the International's second address after the fall of Napoleon III and proclamation of the French Republic.
Battle of Metz
Begins to besiege Bazaine at Metz
Siege of Paris
Requests honourable peace from Bismarck who demands Alsace, Metz, Strasburg & a port
Peace
Favre requests an honourable peace from Bismarck who demands Alsace, Metz & Strasburg
Siege of Paris
Favre requests an honourable peace from Bismarck who demands Alsace, Metz & Strasburg
Siege of Paris
Organizes the "francs-tireurs", French resistance fighters
Siege of Paris
Paris is surrounded, Moltke believes it can be starved out in 6 weeks
Siege of Paris
Moltke & the Crown Prince join forces at St-Germain-en-Laye
Reballion of Rebels in Paris
Escapes in a balloon and organizes "the war of the people" with armed civilians
Reballion of Rebels in Paris
Escapes in a balloon and organizes "the war of the people" with armed civilians
Capture of Paris
Surrenders to the Germans at Sedan who then capture Paris
Reballion of Rebels in Paris
Escapes in a balloon and organizes "the war of the people" with armed civilians
October 18707 historical events
Siege of Paris
Moves the Royal HQ from Ferrieres to the Royal Palace until the following Jan
Result of Surrender of Bazaine's Army at Metz
The loss of Bazaine's army at Metz removes a huge French force and further weakens hopes of restoring Napoleon III.
Siege of Metz
The fortress of Metz capitulates. Surrenders 180,000 men denying hope of a Napoleonic restoration
Siege of Paris
After victory at Metz the German forces move on Paris
Surrender of Bazaine's Army at Metz
Surrenders 180,000 men denying hope of a Napoleonic restoration
Battle of Metz
Forces Bazaine to surrender
Capture of Metz
Made Field Marshal after the capture of Metz
November 18705 historical events
Unification
Baden & Hesse join the Confederation of Germany
Unification
Germany is united under a single Confederation
Constitution
Oversees a liberal constitution after Paraguay's defeat in the war.
Battle of Beaunne-La-Rolande
9,000 Prussians successfully defend against 60,000 French during the Franco-Prussian War
Battle of Beaunne-La-Rolande
Defeats General Crouzat
December 18704 historical events
Battle of Orleans
Defeats General de Paladines Army of the Loire
Constitution of Germany
Refuses the crown offered to him by the new Confeferation of a united Germany
Succession
Refuses the crown offered to him by the new Confeferation of a united Germany
Unification
Refuses the crown offered to him by the new Confeferation of a united Germany
Discovery of Entropy
The statistical definition is developed by Ludwig Boltzmann in the 1870s by analyzing the statistical behavior of the microscopic components of the system
Prime Minister of Belgium
Appointed Prime Minister of Belgium
Arrest of Jose Perez
Marti confesses to the charges and is condemned to six years in prison
Arrest of Jose Perez
Transferred to another part of Cuba known as Isla de Pinos
Alfred
Composition of "Alfred"
Public Works
Expands roads, schools, irrigation works and urban development during his modernization campaign.
Minister of Justice
Appointed Minister of Justice
Alliance France with Austria
Supports an alliance of France with Austria
Foreign Secretary of France
Appointed Foreign Minister
Mayor
Appointed Mayor of Montmartre
Constitution of France
Wins a plebiscite approving Constitutional Monarchy
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Constitution of France
A plebiscite approves a constitutional monarchy
Referendum
A plebiscite approves a constitutional monarchy
Constitution of France
Wins a plebiscite approving Constitutional Monarchy
Referendum
Wins a plebiscite approving Constitutional Monarchy
General
Appointed Commander r of the French forces after an injury to MacMahon
Battle of Hallue River
The Prussian 1st army forces the French back. Attempts to join up the Northern army with Ducrot, break out of Paris & take Amiens
Battle of Mars-la-Tour
Attempts to regroup at the Marne but his supply line is cut off at Mars-la-Tour
Diplomatic Negotiations
responsible for the bungling of the negotiations between France and Prussia arising out of the candidature of Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen for the throne of Spain, which led to the disastrous war of 1870-71
Ems Telegram
Sends Benedetti at Ems the fatal telegram demanding the King of Prussia's guarantee that the candidature would not be revived
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Benedetti had been instructed by his superior, Foreign Minister Agenor, the Duc de Gramont, to present the French demand that the king should guarantee that he would never again permit the candidacy of a Hohenzollern prince to the Spanish throne.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
King Wilhelm I of Prussia, on his morning stroll in the Kurpark in Ems, was stopped by Count Vincent Benedetti, the French ambassador to Prussia since 1864.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Politely, and in a friendly manner, the king refused to bind himself to any course of action into the indefinite future. After their exchange, "the two departed coolly."
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
The meeting was informal and took place on the promenade of the Kursaal with the king's entourage at a discreet distance.
Succession
Wilhelm admits Prussia was behind Leopolds acceptance of the Spanish throne. Refuses to allow foreign powers to install a prince on the throne of Charles V
Succession
Telegrams Berlin demanding details of the Prussian "Hohenzollern intrigue"
Commander of III Army Corps
Appointed Commander of III Army Corps
General
Appointed Commander r of the French forces after an injury to MacMahon
Marshal
Appointed Marshal of France
Rhapsody
Composes, "Rhapsody"
Die Walkure
Composes, "Die Walkure"
Catholic Department
Abolishes the Catholic Dept of the Prussian Ministry of Public Worship & Education
Election
The Centre Party win 57 seats, their new popularity shocks Bismarck into action
North German Confederation
The North German Confederation becomes a member of the Zollverein, the German customs union of 1834
North German Confederation
The North German Confederation establishes a common penal code
Sets up a schools inspectorate in Prussia
Sets up a schools inspectorate in Prussia
Zollverein
The North German Confederation becomes a member of the Zollverein, the German customs union of 1834
Chancellor
Appointed Imperial Chancellor of the 1st Reich
Reform of Education
Draws up legislation for the inspection of Prussian schools
Birth of Sophia
Birth of Sophia, 6th child of Emperor Frederick & Victoria
Election
The Catholic based Centre Party wins 57 seats. The Catholic based Centre Party wins 53 seats
Atomic Volume Periodicity
Publishes a graph of atomic volume against atomic weight that visually demonstrates repeating trends in elemental properties.
Succession
Replies to Gramonts telegram saying Prussia knew nothing of Leopolds acceptence
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Tenth Army Corps
Tenth Army
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Tenth Army Corps
Battle of Quentin
Commands the Second Army to victory
Commander of Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Second Army
Second Army
Commands the Second Army to victory
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief-of General Staff
Alliance Louis II and Prussia
Supports Prussia
Third Army Command
Commands the Third Army during the Franco-Prussian War.
Third Army
Leads the southern German contingents integrated into the Third Army.
Battle of Metz
Foils Bazaines efforts to break out of Metz
Commander of Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Second Army
Capture of Le Mans
Captures Le Mans
Capture of Orleans
Captures Orleans
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal after the victory at Metz
Declaration of War
The Ems Dispatch, sometimes called the Ems Telegram, incited France to declare the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870.
Declaration of War
The Ems Telegram was sent from the Prussian Kaiser, Wilhelm I, to his Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck which, when published (and as anticipated by Bismarck) precipitated the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71.
Declaration of War
The actual dispatch was an internal message from the Prussian King's holiday to Otto von Bismarck in Berlin, reporting demands made by the French ambassador; it was Bismarck's released statement to the press that became known as the Ems Dispatch.
Declaration of War
The name referred to Bad Ems, a resort spa east of Koblenz on the Lahn river
Declaration of War
The telegram's contents outlined the details of a disagreement between Wilhelm and the French ambassador concerning the succession to the Spanish throne. Bismarck subtly doctored the telegram to give the impression that each side had insulted the other.
Ems Despatch
The Ems Dispatch, sometimes called the Ems Telegram, incited France to declare the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870.
Ems Despatch
The Ems Telegram was sent from the Prussian Kaiser, Wilhelm I, to his Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck which, when published (and as anticipated by Bismarck) precipitated the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71.
Ems Despatch
The actual dispatch was an internal message from the Prussian King's holiday to Otto von Bismarck in Berlin, reporting demands made by the French ambassador; it was Bismarck's released statement to the press that became known as the Ems Dispatch.
Ems Despatch
The name referred to Bad Ems, a resort spa east of Koblenz on the Lahn river
Ems Despatch
The telegram's contents outlined the details of a disagreement between Wilhelm and the French ambassador concerning the succession to the Spanish throne. Bismarck subtly doctored the telegram to give the impression that each side had insulted the other.
Ems Dispatch
Bismarck's released statement of the telegram to the press becomes known as the Ems Dispatch
Ems Dispatch
The Ems Dispatch, sometimes called the Ems Telegram, incites France to declare the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870
Ems Dispatch
The name refers to Bad Ems, a resort spa east of Koblenz on the Lahn river
Ems Telegram
Bismarck's released statement of the telegram to the press becomes known as the Ems Dispatch
Ems Telegram
Originally a message from the Prussian King to Otto von Bismarck in Berlin, reporting demands made by the French Ambassador
Ems Telegram
The Ems Dispatch, sometimes called the Ems Telegram, incites France to declare the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870
Ems Telegram
The Ems Telegram is sent from the Prussian Kaiser, Wilhelm I, to his Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck
Ems Telegram
The telegram's contents outline details of a disagreement between Wilhelm and the French ambassador concerning the succession to the Spanish throne. Bismarck doctors the telegram to give the impression that each side had insulted the other
Ems Telegram
When the Ems Telegram is published (as anticipated by Bismarck) it precipitates the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71
Unification
Prussian victory establishes German unity
Siege of Paris
Participates in the siege of Paris
Alliance Bismarck and the southern German states
The publication of the Emms telegram rallies southern German states
Succession
Leopold is offered the Spanish throne for a 2nd time, Bismarck recommends acceptence
Wilhelm has Abeken telegram Gramonts terms to Bismarck
Wilhelm has Abeken telegram Gramonts terms to Bismarck who prints it
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff to the Tenth Army Corps
Tenth Army
Appointed Chief of Staff to the Tenth Army Corps
Commander of Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Second Army
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff, right hand man of the Commander in Chief, the King
Commander of Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Second Army
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal after the victory at Metz
Chief Cashier Becomes Sole Banknote Signatory
George Forbes becomes the sole official whose signature appears on Bank of England banknotes, establishing a tradition that continues thereafter.
Science and Culture
Publication of "Science & Culture"
Legislation
Spokesman for the Education League. Objects to the Education Act as denominational schools would be rate subsidized
Reform of Education
Spokesman for the Education League. Objects to the Education Act as denominational schools would be rate subsidized
Legislation
Passes the Education Act which establishes an elementary education system in Britain
Reform of Education
Passes the Education Act which establishes an elementary education system in Britain
Act of Union
Founds the Home Rule Association, to repeal the Act of Union with Ireland
Home Rule
Founds the Home Rule Association, to repeal the Act of Union with Ireland
Legislation
Founds the Home Rule Association, to repeal the Act of Union with Ireland
Chief Secretary
Appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland
Budget
Proposes cuts in the arms expenditure but dies before carrying them out
Conference of London
The Black Sea loses its neutrality. The Black Sea clauses of the Treaty of Paris are abrogated
Legislation
The secret ballot is introduced. The Civil Service will recruit by competition using the Civil Service Commission. Forsters Education Act introducing primary education is passed
Legislation
The secret ballot is introduced. The Irish Land Act is passed. The Civil Service will recruit by competition using the Civil Service Commission. Forsters Education Act introducing primary education is passed
Neutrality
The Black Sea loses its neutrality. Gets France & Prussia to sign a Treaty recognizing Belgian neutrality
Reform of Civil Service
The secret ballot is introduced. The Civil Service will recruit by competition using the Civil Service Commission. Forsters Education Act introducing primary education is passed
Treaty Negotiations
Tells France the Spanish succession is a matter between Spain & the Hohenzollerns. Gets France & Prussia to sign a Treaty recognizing Belgian neutrality
Treaty of Belgian Neutrality
Gets France & Prussia to sign a Treaty recognizing Belgian neutrality
The Irish Land Question
Publication of "The Irish Land Question"
Editor
Appointed Editor of Punch
Act of Union
Founds the Home Rule Association, to repeal the Act of Union with Ireland
Home Rule Association
Founds the Home Rule Association, to repeal the Act of Union with Ireland
Home Rule
Founds the Home Rule Association, to repeal the Act of Union with Ireland
Independence of Great Britain
Founds the Home Rule Association, to repeal the Act of Union with Ireland
Independence of Ireland
Founds the Home Rule Association, to repeal the Act of Union with Ireland
Greenwich Meridian Supports Nautical Charts
The Observatory's adopted north south reference increasingly underpinned charting and positional work. The episode illustrates the growing value of calibrated scientific instruments.
Broad Weir River Covering Advances
Urban engineering progressively enclosed the Frome around Broad Weir as transport and public health needs changed. This changed how vessels navigated or goods reached Bristol quays.
Square Rigged Ships Continue Using Basin
Salthouse remained suited to the loading and accommodation of traditional sailing vessels despite advancing steam transport. The intervention adapted an old dock to later demands on port infrastructure.
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Royal Navy Entry
Carden joins the Royal Navy and begins the naval career that eventually takes him to senior command.
Rule of Rome
Rome is freed of French troops & becomes Italy's capital
Cabinet
Appointed Cabinet Officer
Constitution of Romania
Inspirational figure behind the foundation of the Republic of Ploiesti
Republic of Ploiesti
Inspirational figure behind the foundation of the Republic of Ploiesti
Romeo and Juliet
Composes, "Romeo & Juliet"
Railway Career
Begins railway work after university instead of entering academic life.
Gorchakov Circular
Backs the declaration that Russia will no longer observe the Black Sea restrictions imposed after the Crimean War.
Municipal Reform
Introduces elected municipal institutions in towns and cities as part of the Great Reforms.
Dismissal
Transvaal is Annexed by the British & Kruger is dismissed
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
Following the protests by France, Leopold had withdrawn his acceptance in July 1870. This was already considered a diplomatic defeat for Prussia.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
In early 1870, the German Prince Leopold, of the Roman Catholic cadet branch Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, had been offered the vacant Spanish throne.
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
The French were not yet satisfied with this and demanded further commitments, especially a guarantee by the Prussian king that no member of any branch of his Hohenzollern family would ever be a candidate for the Spanish throne
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen Candidacy
The Government of French Emperor Napoleon III voiced concern over a possible Spanish alliance with the Protestant House of Hohenzollern that ruled the Kingdom of Prussia, protested against it, and hinted about a war.
Succession
Offerred the throne by the head of the provisional Spanish Government, Marshal Prim
Reddish Jovian Oval
Describes a reddish elliptical marking in Jupiter's southern hemisphere during telescopic observations.
Pneumatic Caissons Support East River Piers
Pressurised caisson work enabled foundation excavation beneath water during construction of the Brooklyn Bridge. The work created a practical link between experimentation and infrastructure.
Washington Roebling Leads Bridge Engineering
Washington Roebling continued the major suspension bridge project after his father's death. The development expanded the tools available for subsequent innovation.
Coup
Leads the successful revolution of Regeneration Movement
Law Moves to Scotland
Following his mother's death, the young Bonar Law moves to Scotland and joins relatives who help raise him.