1870
Alliance Agreement
Publishes alliances with south German states, German Armies are under Prussian control
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Browse historical records dated to 1870. Records are rendered from the World History Database into this page's initial HTML.
Publishes alliances with south German states, German Armies are under Prussian control
The Government of French Emperor Napoleon III voiced concern over a possible Spanish alliance with the Protestant House of Hohenzollern that ruled the Kingdom of Prussia, protested against it, and hinted about a war.
Publishes alliances with south German states, German Armies are under Prussian control
Antonio Guzman Blanco entered Caracas after the April Revolution and established a new administration.
Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Made Field Marshal after the capture of Metz
Surrenders to the Germans at Sedan who then capture Paris
Appointed Commander of the French Army, takes over command from Napoleon III
Appointed Commander of the French Army, takes over command from Napoleon III
Appointed Commander of Paris
Appointed Commander of Paris
Writes a confidential communication analysing Bakunin's political activity and disputes inside the International.
Oversees a liberal constitution after Paraguay's defeat in the war.
Heads the new Provisional Government
Refuses the crown offered to him by the new Confeferation of a united Germany
After a popular uprising in Paris the Empire is toppled
Ordered by William to telegram Bismarck of the telegram received from Gramont. Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Bismarck uses Abekens telegram as provocation of war
War is declared against France. Germany is supported by England & Russia who see Napoleon III emulating Napoleon I
France declares war on Prussia after the Ems Dispatch crisis, beginning the Franco-Prussian War.
Expects a decisive victory "we shall come across the glorious tracks of our fathers". Declares war on Germany
Forced to relinquish command
Completes law studies at Christs College
Wilhelm I rejects further French demands over the Hohenzollern candidacy, and Bismarck's edited dispatch hardens opinion in both countries.
Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Bismarck uses Abeken's telegram to declare war
The First Frere-Orban Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
The Frijs Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Writes on British government policy toward imprisoned Irish Fenians.
Flees the Tuileries, fearful of the Paris mob after the French defeat at Sedan
Drafts the International's first address on the Franco-Prussian War.
Steinmetz sends the German First Army to be massacred by the French who counter-attack
Mobilizes the First Army in the north
Loses to the French by sending his First Army to be massacred in a ravine
The French were not yet satisfied with this and demanded further commitments, especially a guarantee by the Prussian king that no member of any branch of his Hohenzollern family would ever be a candidate for the Spanish throne
Gambetta leads the new provisional Government
Appointed Head of the Provisional Government. Appointed Head of State for France
Bismarck took it upon himself to edit the report, sharpening the language. He cut out Wilhelm's conciliatory phrases and emphasized the real issue. The French had made certain demands under threat of war; and Wilhelm had refused them.
Certainly the edit of the telegram, released on the evening of the same day (13 July) to the media and foreign embassies, gave the impression both that Benedetti was rather more demanding and that the King was exceedingly abrupt.
It was designed to give the French the impression that King Wilhelm I had insulted Count Benedetti; likewise, the Germans interpreted the modified dispatch as the Count insulting the King
The King's secretary Heinrich Abeken wrote an account, which was passed on to Otto von Bismarck in Berlin. Wilhelm described Benedetti as "very importunate." The King gave permission to Bismarck to release an account of the events.
This was no forgery; it was a clear statement of the facts.
Following the protests by France, Leopold had withdrawn his acceptance in July 1870. This was already considered a diplomatic defeat for Prussia.
In early 1870, the German Prince Leopold, of the Roman Catholic cadet branch Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, had been offered the vacant Spanish throne.
The French were not yet satisfied with this and demanded further commitments, especially a guarantee by the Prussian king that no member of any branch of his Hohenzollern family would ever be a candidate for the Spanish throne
The Government of French Emperor Napoleon III voiced concern over a possible Spanish alliance with the Protestant House of Hohenzollern that ruled the Kingdom of Prussia, protested against it, and hinted about a war.
Following the protests by France, Leopold had withdrawn his acceptance in July 1870. This was already considered a diplomatic defeat for Prussia.
In early 1870, the German Prince Leopold, of the Roman Catholic cadet branch Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, had been offered the vacant Spanish throne.
The French were not yet satisfied with this and demanded further commitments, especially a guarantee by the Prussian king that no member of any branch of his Hohenzollern family would ever be a candidate for the Spanish throne
The Government of French Emperor Napoleon III voiced concern over a possible Spanish alliance with the Protestant House of Hohenzollern that ruled the Kingdom of Prussia, protested against it, and hinted about a war.
Benedetti had been instructed by his superior, Foreign Minister Agenor, the Duc de Gramont, to present the French demand that the king should guarantee that he would never again permit the candidacy of a Hohenzollern prince to the Spanish throne.
King Wilhelm I of Prussia, on his morning stroll in the Kurpark in Ems, was stopped by Count Vincent Benedetti, the French ambassador to Prussia since 1864.
Politely, and in a friendly manner, the king refused to bind himself to any course of action into the indefinite future. After their exchange, "the two departed coolly."
The meeting was informal and took place on the promenade of the Kursaal with the king's entourage at a discreet distance.
Begins the Holstein-Holsteinborg Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
In early 1870, the German Prince Leopold, of the Roman Catholic cadet branch Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, had been offered the vacant Spanish throne.
Begins the Jules d'Anethan Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Introduces the Irish Land Act to give Irish peasants comparible rights with England
Oversees passage of the Manitoba Act.
Negotiates protections that help create Manitoba as a province.
Meets Gorchakov & secures an understanding with Russia
Bavaria & Baden mobilize under the terms of the 1866 military treaties
The Landwehr is mobilized
Sets out as a major-general with William to command the armies in the field
Mobilizes the Second Army in the centre
MacMahon regroups his forces at Chalons
Mobilizes the German forces, uses the same plan against the Austrians in 1866
France mobilizes its forces but the frontier fortresses are not ready for a siege
Mobilizes the First Army in the north
Sets out from Berlin to assume command of his armies in the field
Forced to produce a Belgium neutrality Treaty to be signed by Prussia & France
Favre requests an honourable peace from Bismarck who demands Alsace, Metz & Strasburg
Appointed President of the Government of National Defence
Appointed President of the Government of National Defence
Leads Paraguay during the first postwar political reconstruction.
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Appointed President of Venezuela, 1st term
Heads the new Provisional Government
Appointed Head of the Provisional Government
Gambetta leads the new provisional Government
The government decreed free and compulsory primary education under national supervision.
Escapes in a balloon and organizes "the war of the people" with armed civilians
Escapes in a balloon and organizes "the war of the people" with armed civilians
Escapes in a balloon and organizes "the war of the people" with armed civilians
Leads imperial and Canadian forces into Red River.
Introduces the Irish Land Act to give Irish peasants comparible rights with England
After the defeat of Weissenburg Gramont resigns his office
The loss of Bazaine's army at Metz removes a huge French force and further weakens hopes of restoring Napoleon III.
Drafts the International's second address after the fall of Napoleon III and proclamation of the French Republic.
Bazaine hopes to join up with MacMahon but the German Second Army cuts him off
Mobilizes the Second Army in the centre
The fortress of Metz capitulates. Surrenders 180,000 men denying hope of a Napoleonic restoration
France mobilizes its forces but the frontier fortresses are not ready for a siege
After victory at Metz the German forces move on Paris
Favre requests an honourable peace from Bismarck who demands Alsace, Metz & Strasburg
Requests honourable peace from Bismarck who demands Alsace, Metz, Strasburg & a port
Paris is surrounded, Moltke believes it can be starved out in 6 weeks
Moltke & the Crown Prince join forces at St-Germain-en-Laye
Organizes the "francs-tireurs", French resistance fighters
Commands, with Moltke his right hand man, a victory which leads to the fall of Paris
Moves the Royal HQ from Ferrieres to the Royal Palace until the following Jan
At Worth the German 3rd Army loses 10,500 killed to the French 11,000 under MacMahon
Rockefeller and his partners incorporate Standard Oil of Ohio.
Announces "the interests & the honour of France are in peril"
Asks William for "assurance that he never authorize a renewal of the candidacy"
Issues a memo saying a Hohenzollern is Spain would tie down 2 French Divs
William & the Crown Prince oppose Charles Anthonys Spanish succession. Urges Charles Anthony to accept the Spanish crown
Persuades Leopold to accept the Spanish offer of the throne. Leopolds acceptance of the offer of the Spanish throne is telegramed to Madrid
The offer to Leopold becomes public when the French press expose it to the world
William compels Charles Anthony to renounce the Spanish throne for his son Leopold. Charles Anthonys renunciation of the throne is "a humiliation worse than Olmutz"
The President of Spain dissolves the Cortes
Forces Charles Anthony to reject the Spanish throne on behalf of his son Leopold
Gramont wants "assurance that he will never authorize a renewal of the candidacy". Bismarck uses Abekens telegram to declare war
Refuses the crown offered to him by the new Confeferation of a united Germany
Appointed Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander
Surrenders 180,000 men denying hope of a Napoleonic restoration
At Worth the German 3rd Army loses 10,500 killed to the French 11,000 under MacMahon
At Worth the German 3rd Army loses 10,500 killed to the French 11,000 under MacMahon
The Treaty is leaked to the Times. Forced to produce a Belgium neutrality Treaty to be signed by Prussia & France
Baden & Hesse join the Confederation of Germany
Germany is united under a single Confederation
Refuses the crown offered to him by the new Confeferation of a united Germany
Following the protests by France, Leopold had withdrawn his acceptance in July 1870. This was already considered a diplomatic defeat for Prussia.
Birth of Jan Christian Smuts
Birth of Richard Bedford Bennett
9,000 Prussians successfully defend against 60,000 French during the Franco-Prussian War
Defeats General Crouzat
The Prussian 1st army forces Bazaine to retreat across the Moselle. Bazaine hopes to join up with MacMahon but the German Second Army cuts him off
Dies at Cerro Cora as the War of the Triple Alliance ends.
The Vosges barrier is broken opening the road to Paris. The Crown Prince of Prussia forces MacMahon back to Chalons-sur-Marne
The Prussian Crown Prince marches toward the Meuse
The Germans lose 20,000 to the French 12,000. Steinmetz sends the German First Army to be massacred by the French who counter-attack. Decisive German victory which the French could have avoided
Commands the siege at the hamlet of St Privatla Montaigne
The Germans lose 20,000 to the French 12,000. Loses to the French by sending his First Army to be massacred in a ravine. Decisive German victory which the French could have avoided
Commands the Prussian forces which defeat the French under bazaine
Bazaine is forced back to Metz
Begins to besiege Bazaine at Metz
Forces Bazaine to surrender
Crosses the River Meuse but is driven back toward Sedan
Wounded in battle
Encircled at Metz
Defeats General de Paladines Army of the Loire
Bazaine is forced back to Metz
Napoleon divides his armies between MacMahon & Bazaine. A skirmish between 1st German army & French II corps
Present in battle as a Major General, victory leads to the German fall of Paris
Participates in the victory that captures Napoleon III.
Commands the Third Army during the decisive campaign against France.
Forced to surrender
French defeat followed by the fall of Paris. Deputed by William to accept the surrender of the French. Commands a hill top over the Meuse valley looking into Sedan 2 miles away. Arrives with 150,000 , travelling 50 miles in 3 days through the Argonne Forest
Defeated by the Germans
Surrenders to Bismarck at Donchery, later held at Wihelmshohe near Cassel
Joins the Army but is capture in battle & held as a prisoner near Kassel in Germany
Defeat at the Battle of Sedan is followed by the establishment of the third Republic
Commands, with Moltke his right hand man, a victory which leads to the fall of Paris
Wimpfen surrenders to the Germans who then take Paris. The French who lose 17,000 & 104,000 taken prisoner. The French lose 17,000 plus 104,000 taken prisoner. Forced to surrender to the Germans who move on to take Paris
The German 1st & 2nd armies move into Lorraine where Bazaines forces are dispersed. Frossards II corps is outflanked on the Spichern heights
Bazaine is forced back to Metz
The outnumbered French are forced to defend the Lauter
The crown Prince surprises MacMahon on the Lauter River
Leads the Third Army in victory at Wissembourg.
At Worth the German 3rd Army loses 10,500 killed to the French 11,000 under MacMahon
Defeats MacMahon's forces in the early campaign.
At Worth the German 3rd Army loses 10,500 killed to the French 11,000 under MacMahon
Is defeated by Frederick's Third Army.
Provenance
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