President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Historical events in 1878
228 historical records
January 18784 historical events
Succession
Succeeds as King of Italy
Invention of Telephone
Watches a demonstration of the telephone
Birth of Frederick Arthur Stanley
Birth of Frederick Arthur Stanley
February 18783 historical events
Kulturkampf
Moderates his struggle with the Catholic Church and in the wake of Pius IXs death on February 7, 1878, reconciled with the new Pope, Leo XIII, lifting some sanctions
Bland-Allison Act
Congress requires Treasury silver purchases while gold remains the principal redemption standard.
Bland-Allison Veto
Hayes vetoes the Bland-Allison Act because compulsory silver purchases could weaken the gold-based monetary system, although Congress immediately overrides the veto.
March 18786 historical events
Treaty of San Stefano
Through the Treaty of San Stefano, the Russians, led by Chancellor Alexander Gorchakov, creating the Bulgarian autonomous principality under Ottoman Empires nominal rule
Treaty of San Stefano
Negotiates the Treaty of San Stefano creating independent states of Bulgaria & Serbia
Treaty of San Stefano
The Treaty of San Stefano ends the war and creates a large autonomous Bulgaria while recognising the independence of Serbia, Montenegro, and Romania.
Capture of Kars
Russia captures Kars from the Ottoman Empire
Congress of Berlin
The congress aims to revise the Treaty of San Stefano and keep Constantinople in Ottoman hands and disavow Russias victory over the decaying Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78
Treaty of San Stefano
Turkey capitulates & signs the Treaty of San Stefano with Russia. Independence of Serbia, Bulgaria & Romania is recognized by the Treaty of San Stefano
May 18782 historical events
Prime Minister of South Africa
Appointed Prime Minister of the Cape Colony, 1st term
Birth of Gustav Streseman
Birth of Gustav Streseman, son of an innkeeper
June 187834 historical events
French Delegation
Leads the French delegation when the Congress of Berlin begins.
Congress of Berlin
Represents Germany at the Congress of Berlin
Congress Presidency
Opens the Congress of Berlin as host and presiding statesman for the negotiations.
Congress of Berlin
Opening day of the Congress of Berlin to resolve the "Eastern Question"
Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin redistributes back to the Ottoman Empire certain Bulgarian territories that the previous Treaty had given to the Principality of Bulgaria, most notably Macedonia.
Congress of Berlin
The congress aims to revise the Treaty of San Stefano and keep Constantinople in Ottoman hands and disavow Russia's victory over the decaying Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78.
Congress of Berlin
The congress revises or eliminates 18 of the 29 articles in the Treaty of San Stefano using as a foundation the treaties of Paris (1856) and London (1871).
Congress of Berlin
The meetings are held at Chancellor Bismarck's residence, the Reichskanzlei (Chancellery), the former Radziwill Palace, from June 13, 1878 until July 13, 1878.
Treaty of San Stefano
The congress revisedsor eliminates 18 of the 29 articles in the Treaty of San Stefano using as a foundation the treaties of Paris (1856) and London (1871)
Congress Delegation
Serves with Disraeli and Salisbury in the British delegation to the Congress of Berlin.
Italian Delegation
Represents Italy as foreign minister at the opening of the Congress of Berlin.
Congress Delegation
Serves as a Russian plenipotentiary at the Congress of Berlin.
Russian Delegation
Leads the Russian delegation seeking to preserve as much as possible of the San Stefano settlement.
Congress Delegation
Joins the Ottoman delegation as ambassador at the German imperial court.
Congress of Berlin
Opening day of the Congress of Berlin to resolve the "Eastern Question"
Congress Delegation
Represents the Ottoman Empire at Berlin as a senior military plenipotentiary.
Ottoman Delegation
Serves as a senior Ottoman plenipotentiary defending the empire's interests at the Congress of Berlin.
Congress of Berlin
Faces the Congress of Berlin, which revises San Stefano, preserves Ottoman suzerainty over Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia, and later requires Ottoman cessions to Russia in Asia.
First Jules Malou Government
The First Jules Malou Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Second Frere-Orban Government
Begins the Second Frere-Orban Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Anglo-Russian Negotiations
Negotiates directly with Salisbury to narrow British and Russian differences over the San Stefano settlement.
Congress of Berlin
Territory ceded by the Ottoman empire at San Stefano is returned
Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Serbia. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Romania. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Montenegro. The Congress of Berlin cedes Kars to Russia.
Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin promises Crete constitutional Government. The Congress of Berlin places Macedonia under Ottoman sovereignty. The Congress of Berlin places Bosnia-Hercegovina under Austro-Hungarian control. The Congress of Berlin creates a quasi-autonomous Ottoman province of Eastern Roumelia.
Constitution of Turkey
The Congress of Berlin promises Crete constitutional Government
Independence of Serbia, Romania and Montenegro
The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Serbia. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Romania. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Montenegro
Independence of Turkey
The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Serbia. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Romania. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Montenegro
Rule of Batum
The Congress of Berlin cedes Batum to Russia
Rule of Bosnia
The Congress of Berlin places Bosnia-Hercegovina under Austro-Hungarian control
Rule of Crete
The Congress of Berlin promises Crete constitutional Government
Rule of Cyprus
The Congress of Berlin cedes Cyprus to Britain
Rule of Kars
The Congress of Berlin cedes Kars to Russia
Rule of Macedonia
The Congress of Berlin places Macedonia under Ottoman sovereignty
Rule of Roumelia
The Congress of Berlin creates a quasi-autonomous Ottoman province of Eastern Roumelia
July 187879 historical events
Alashkerd Boundary Agreement
Signs an agreement with Shuvalov providing for an Anglo-Russian-Ottoman commission to delimit the Alashkerd frontier.
Alashkerd Agreement
Signs the supplementary agreement with Salisbury on the commission that will delimit the Alashkerd frontier.
Balkan Balance
Uses the congress to expand Austro-Hungarian influence in the western Balkans while limiting Russian predominance.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Wins congressional approval for Habsburg occupation and civil administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Iron Gates Works
Gains responsibility for Austria-Hungary to carry out navigation works at the Iron Gates and Danube cataracts.
Novi Pazar
Obtains the right for Austria-Hungary to station garrisons and maintain military and commercial roads in the Sanjak of Novi Pazar.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin as the leading Austro-Hungarian plenipotentiary.
Greek Mediation
Supports a treaty mechanism for Great Power mediation over a possible Greek-Ottoman frontier rectification.
Religious Rights
Supports treaty guarantees of religious liberty and the continued protection of established French rights in the Holy Places.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Berlin settlement on behalf of the French Republic.
Bosnia Settlement
Presides over agreement allowing Austria-Hungary to occupy and administer Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Bulgaria Settlement
Helps secure a compromise that replaces the large San Stefano Bulgaria with a smaller autonomous principality.
Congress of Berlin
Closing day of the Congress of Berlin
European Balance
Uses the congress to revise San Stefano while trying to prevent a wider conflict between Russia and Britain.
Honest Broker
Presents Germany as an intermediary between the competing Russian, British, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman interests.
Treaty Signature
Signs the final Treaty of Berlin after a month of negotiations among the Great Powers.
Treaty of Berlin
Presides over the settlement that recognizes Romanian, Serbian and Montenegrin independence, reduces Bulgaria from the San Stefano settlement, and transfers southern Bessarabia to Russia.
Treaty of Berlin
Signs the Treaty of Berlin as British prime minister and First Lord of the Treasury.
Bosnia Occupation
Supports Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as part of the revised Balkan settlement.
Bulgarian Revision
Supports reducing the Bulgarian state created at San Stefano to limit Russian influence in the Balkans.
Eastern Rumelia
Accepts creation of Eastern Rumelia as an autonomous Ottoman province south of the new Bulgarian principality.
Russian Asian Gains
Accepts Russian possession of Kars, Ardahan and Batum while opposing wider Russian expansion in Ottoman Asia.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin for Great Britain alongside Salisbury and Odo Russell.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin as Britain's ambassador at the German imperial court.
Anglo-Russian Compromise
Works with Count Shuvalov to settle major Anglo-Russian differences before and during the congress.
Batum Free Port
Accepts Russian possession of Batum after Russia declares its intention to make the port essentially commercial and free.
Greek Frontier Mediation
Supports provisions allowing the Great Powers to mediate if Greece and the Ottoman Empire cannot agree on frontier changes.
Ottoman Asian Settlement
Helps shape the compromise that leaves Kars, Ardahan and Batum to Russia but restores Bayazid and Alashkerd to the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty Signature
Signs the final settlement as Britain's foreign secretary.
Great Power Mediation
Joins the other Great Powers in reserving the right to mediate between Greece and the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin as Italy's senior plenipotentiary.
Montenegrin Frontier
Receives a substantially enlarged territory under the new frontier defined by the Berlin settlement.
Navigation on Boyana
Receives complete freedom of navigation on the Boyana while accepting limits on fortification and warships.
Port of Antivari
Gains access to the Adriatic through Antivari, although the treaty imposes restrictions on naval use and coastal fortifications.
Recognition of Montenegrin Independence
The treaty gives international recognition to Montenegro's independence.
Recognition of Independence
Bratianu's government secures international recognition of Romanian independence through the Berlin settlement.
Acquisition of Dobruja
Romania receives most of northern Dobruja and territory toward the Danube delta as compensation for southern Bessarabia.
Recognition of Independence
Romanian independence receives international recognition under the Treaty of Berlin, subject to treaty conditions.
Religious Equality Condition
Romanian independence is tied to guarantees that religious differences will not exclude people from civil and political rights.
Southern Bessarabia
Romania is required to restore southern Bessarabia to Russia despite objections from the Romanian government.
Treaty Signature
Adds his seal to the final settlement as a Russian plenipotentiary based at the German imperial court.
Asian Frontier
Defends Russian territorial gains in the Caucasus while accepting the return of Bayazid and Alashkerd to Turkey.
British-Russian Accommodation
Helps prevent an Anglo-Russian confrontation by converting earlier bilateral compromises into the congress settlement.
Bulgarian Compromise
Helps negotiate Russian acceptance of a smaller Bulgaria north of the Balkan Mountains.
Treaty Signature
Signs the final Berlin settlement as one of Russia's three plenipotentiaries.
Batum
Secures recognition of Russian possession of Batum under the Asian territorial settlement.
Kars and Ardahan
Secures international recognition of Russian possession of Kars and Ardahan in the Caucasus.
Reduced Bulgaria
Accepts a much smaller Bulgarian principality than Russia had obtained under the Treaty of San Stefano.
Southern Bessarabia
Accepts the settlement restoring southern Bessarabia from Romania to Russia.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin for the Russian Empire.
Batum Free Port Declaration
Accepts a treaty declaration that Batum is intended to become an essentially commercial free port.
Bessarabia Settlement
Receives southern Bessarabia from Romania under the territorial provisions of the Treaty of Berlin.
Bulgarian Revision
Accepts the reduction of the large Bulgaria established at San Stefano in return for international recognition of other Russian gains.
Caucasus Gains
Retains Kars, Ardahan and Batum as major Russian gains from the war with the Ottoman Empire.
Return of Bayazid
Accepts restoration of Bayazid and the Alashkerd valley to the Ottoman Empire.
Recognition of Serbian Independence
The Treaty of Berlin recognizes the independence of Serbia from the Ottoman Empire.
Religious Equality
Serbian independence is accompanied by guarantees that religious differences cannot restrict civil or political rights.
Serbian Territorial Gains
Serbia receives additional territory, including districts around Nis, under the Berlin settlement.
Religious Liberty
Accepts treaty provisions requiring broad religious liberty and equal civil access regardless of religion in the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Berlin settlement on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.
Territorial Settlement
Participates in negotiations that restore some San Stefano territories to Ottoman control while confirming major losses elsewhere.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of Berlin as one of the Ottoman representatives.
Bosnia Administration
Accepts the congress decision permitting Austria-Hungary to occupy and administer Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Bulgarian Suzerainty
Accepts a settlement preserving Ottoman suzerainty over an autonomous Bulgarian principality.
Eastern Rumelia Settlement
Accepts the creation of Eastern Rumelia as an autonomous province remaining under the Sultan's direct political and military authority.
Treaty Signature
Formally accepts the negotiated settlement as a member of the Ottoman delegation.
Armenian Reforms
Undertakes to introduce reforms in Armenian-inhabited provinces and report their implementation to the Great Powers.
Bulgaria Settlement
Retains formal suzerainty over the autonomous Principality of Bulgaria created by the treaty.
Cession of Kars Ardahan and Batum
Accepts the cession of Kars, Ardahan and Batum to Russia under the treaty's Asian settlement.
Eastern Rumelia
Retains direct political and military authority over Eastern Rumelia while accepting its administrative autonomy.
Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin recognizes the independence of Bulgaria
Independence of Bulgaria
The Congress of Berlin recognizes the independence of Bulgaria
Independence of Bulgaria
Independence of Serbia, Bulgaria & Romania is recognized by the Treaty of San Stefano
Independence of Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania
Independence of Serbia, Bulgaria & Romania is recognized by the Treaty of San Stefano
Congress of Berlin
Returns home claiming, "peace with honour"
Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin awards Cyprus to Britain. Returns home claiming, "peace with honour". Disraeli signs a Treaty, 1st time the title "Prime Minister" is officially used
Return from Berlin
Returns to Britain presenting the Berlin settlement as a diplomatic success that preserved the European balance.
Rule of Cyprus
Disraeli signs a Treaty, 1st time the title "Prime Minister" is officially used
Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin recognizes the Independence of Romania
August 18784 historical events
Ratification Exchange
Represents Britain when the principal instruments of ratification are exchanged in Berlin.
Ratification Declaration
Announces at Berlin that the Sultan has ratified the treaty and considers it valid from the date of the ratification meeting.
European Cabinet
Forms a cabinet under European financial pressure and becomes Egypt's first modern Prime Minister.
Treaty Ratification
Ratifies the Treaty of Berlin after the Ottoman delegation accepts the revised postwar settlement.
September 18784 historical events
Birth of Werner von Blomberg
Birth of Werner von Blomberg
Birth of George Clarke Simpson
Birth of George Clarke Simpson
National Policy
Returns to power advocating tariffs, railways and western settlement.
Birth of Shigeru Yoshida
Born into the samurai family of the Tosa Clan
November 18783 historical events
Death of Jean Jacob Fazy
Death of Jean-Jacob Fazy
President of Paraguay
Becomes president amid continuing factional struggles after the war.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela
December 18781 historical events
Birth of William Aberhart
Birth of William Aberhart
British Mission
Sher Ali refuses an uninvited British diplomatic mission, contributing to the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
Prime Minister of Canada
Appointed Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada
Attorney General
Appointed Attorney General in the provincial Government of Simon Holmes
Minister of Argentina
Serves as Chilean diplomatic representative in Argentina before joining the cabinet.
Cuban Revolutionary Committee
Joins the Comite Revolucinario Cubano de Nueva York (Cuban Revolutionary Committee of New York)
Exile of Jose Juian Marti Perez
Returns from Spain
Guatemala
Marti returns to Guatemala and publishes his book Guatemala
book Guatemala
Marti returns to Guatemala and publishes his book Guatemala
his book Guatemala
Marti returns to Guatemala and publishes his book Guatemala
Marriage
Marries Carmen Zayas on Havanas Calle Tulipan Street
Pact between Spain and Cuban Rebels
Signs the Pact of Zanjon which ends the Cuban Ten Years War
Latin Monetary Union Silver Closure
The Latin Monetary Union permanently halts unrestricted minting of full-value silver coins, leaving gold as the effective monetary anchor of the union.
Ecole Normale Superieure
Bergson enters the Ecole Normale Superieure to study philosophy and the humanities.
Physics Education
Earns his licence in physics from the Sorbonne.
Secretary Archivist
Appointed Secretary of Archivist at the Congress of Berlin
Kulturkampf
Pope Pius dies & is replaced by the more conciliatory Leo X. Falk is dismissed & most anti-Catholic laws dismantled
Alliance Bismarck and the Conservatives
Abandons the National Liberals in favour of the Conservatives after the Kulturkampf
Catholic Centre Party
The struggle against socialism unites Bismarck with the Catholic Centre Party, bringing an end to the Kulturkampf, which had led to far greater Catholic unrest than existed beforehand and had strengthened rather than weakened Catholicism
Kulturkampf
The struggle against socialism unites Bismarck with the Catholic Centre Party, bringing an end to the Kulturkampf, which had led to far greater Catholic unrest than existed beforehand and had strengthened rather than weakened Catholicism. Abandons the National Liberals in favour of the Conservatives after the Kulturkampf
Kulturkampf
Pius dies & is replaced by the conciliatory Leo X. Falk is dismissed & most anti-Catholic laws are dismantled
Reform of Political Repression
Prohibition of the Socialist Party press & organisation
SDP
The SPD defends itself by conventions in London & Switzerland
Marriage
Marries the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen
Human All Too Human
Nietzsche publishes Human, All Too Human, marking a major shift in his philosophical style.
Field Marshal
Appointed Member of General Staff
Reballion of Rebels in London
Many of the rebel leaders under Sulieman are rounded up & shot
Peerage
Created a Viscount
Parliamentary Private Secretary
Appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to his uncle, Lord Salisbury
Purchase of Suez Canal Shares
Presents the Suez Canal shareholding as a symbol of imperial foresight and British influence in Egypt.
Constitution of Great Britain
Disraeli signs a Treaty, 1st time the title "Prime Minister" is officially used
Rule of Cyprus
On returning to London announce "I bring peace with honor & Cyprus". Demands Cyprus as the price for mediating a peace between Turkey & Russia
Secretary of State for India
Appointed Secretary of State for India
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State for War
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
A Defence of Philosophic Doubt
Publication of "A Defence of Philosophic Doubt"
Home Rule Confederation
Appointed President of the Home Rule Confederation
Home Rule
Appointed President of the Home Rule Confederation
Great Red Spot Tracking
Begins systematic observations of Jupiter's Great Red Spot and its changing longitude.
Reballion of Rebels in London
Many of the rebel leaders under Sulieman are rounded up & shot
Cyprus Survey Duty
Undertakes survey and administrative work in Cyprus after Britain assumes control of the island.
Congress of Berlin
Returns home claiming, "peace with honour". Attends the Congress of Berlin with Lord Salisbury
Birth of Rezah Shah Pahlavi
Birth of Rezah Shah Pahlavi
Abdication
Abdicates in favor of his son, Humbert II
Death of Victor Emmanuel II
Death of Victor Emmanuel II, in Egypt
Pope
Appointed Pope
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant
Constitution of Japan
Establishment of Provincial Parliaments
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Assassination of Toshimichi Okubo
Assassinated by the followers of Saigo
Death of Toshimichi Okubo
Death of Toshimichi Okubo, assassinated by the followers of Saigo
Treasurer
Appointed Colonial Treasurer
Independence of Romania
Independence of Serbia, Bulgaria & Romania is recognized by the Treaty of San Stefano
Independence of Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania
Independence of Serbia, Bulgaria & Romania is recognized by the Treaty of San Stefano
Assassination of Fyodor Fyodorovich Trepov
Assassinates Trepov the Chief of Saint Petersburg Police
Trial
The Jury refuse to convict Zasulich because of Trepovs repressive measures
Assassination of Fyodor Fyodorovich Trepov
The Jury refuse to convict because of Trepovs repressive measures. Shot by Vera Zasulich
Death of Fyodor Fyodorovich Trepov
Death of Fyodor Fyodorovich Trepov, assasinated
Trial
The Jury refuse to convict Zasulich because of Trepovs repressive measures
Odessa Railways
Builds experience in railway administration and traffic management.
Acquisition of Batum and Ardahan
Russia retains Batum and Ardahan as territorial gains confirmed by the Congress of Berlin.
Congress of Berlin
Accepts a revised Balkan settlement after the European powers reduce many Russian gains from San Stefano.
Return of Southern Bessarabia
Russia recovers southern Bessarabia under the settlement reached at the Congress of Berlin.
Congress of Berlin Reaction
Views the diplomatic reduction of Russian gains after the Russo-Turkish War with deep dissatisfaction.
Capture of Adrianople
Russian forces occupy Adrianople as the Ottoman army retreats toward Constantinople.
Birth of Michael Alexandrovich
His son Michael Alexandrovich is born and later becomes a prominent member of the imperial family.
Anti-Annexation Protest
Opposes British annexation before open rebellion begins.
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Capture of Adrianople
Russia captures Adrianople
Independence of Serbia, Bulgaria and Romania
Independence of Serbia, Bulgaria & Romania is recognized by the Treaty of San Stefano
Independence of Turkey
Independence of Serbia, Bulgaria & Romania is recognized by the Treaty of San Stefano
Civil Rights
The Turkish Government agrees to obey the Organic Law of 1868, and to guarantee the civil rights of non-Muslim subjects
Congress of Berlin
The Turkish Government agrees to obey the Organic Law of 1868, and to guarantee the civil rights of non-Muslim subjects
Organic Law
The Turkish Government agrees to obey the Organic Law of 1868, and to guarantee the civil rights of non-Muslim subjects
Siege of Pleven
Forced to surrender Pleven to the Russians
Civil Rights
The Turkish Government agrees to obey the Organic Law of 1868, and to guarantee the civil rights of non-Muslim subjects
Congress of Berlin
The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Serbia. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Romania. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Montenegro. The Congress of Berlin cedes Kars to Russia. The Congress of Berlin cedes Cyprus to Britain.
Congress of Berlin
Under the Congress of Berlin Bosnia and Herzegovina are placed under the administration of Austria. The Turkish Government agrees to obey the Organic Law of 1868, and to guarantee the civil rights of non-Muslim subjects
Organic Law
The Turkish Government agrees to obey the Organic Law of 1868, and to guarantee the civil rights of non-Muslim subjects
Treaty of San Stefano
Revised after Britain threatens war & Bismarck promises to act as "honest broker"
Dismissal
Dismissed after an investigation into the corrupt practices of the customs house
Education
Graduates from Yale, ranking second in his class out of 121
Berlin Congress Recognizes Montenegro
The Treaty of Berlin grants formal international recognition of Montenegro's independence and revises its boundaries.
Montenegro Obtains Adriatic Coast
The Berlin settlement gives Montenegro a recognized coast, while placing restrictions on its naval position.
Bar Becomes Montenegrin Port
The port of Bar enters Montenegro as part of the territorial changes recognized after the Russo Turkish War.
Berlin Congress Recognizes Montenegro
The Treaty of Berlin grants formal international recognition of Montenegro's independence and revises its boundaries.
Montenegro Obtains Adriatic Coast
The Berlin settlement gives Montenegro a recognized coast, while placing restrictions on its naval position.
Bar Becomes Montenegrin Port
The port of Bar enters Montenegro as part of the territorial changes recognized after the Russo Turkish War.