1902 in History

Great Britain & Japan sign an alliance, ends British "splendid isolation"

Great Britain & Japan sign an alliance

Roosevelt convenes miners and operators to resolve the prolonged anthracite coal strike.

Has an appendix operation 2 days before his planned coronation

Assassination of Dimitri Sergeevich Sipiagin

Assassinated by a student from Kiev University who had been expelled

Returns to the Bavarian State Ministry of the Interior as a Regierungsrat, working particularly on folk art and monument preservation.

Supports negotiations ending prolonged resistance to British forces.

Launches major offensives against the Boers

Represents British imperial policy in the postwar settlement.

British forces occupy the Orange Free State and rename it the Orange River Colony.

Recaptures Riyadh and begins the formation of the modern Saudi state.

Takes part in the assault that restores Saudi control of Riyadh.

Presides over the board when Madrid Football Club is formally constituted.

The Fisher-Selborne scheme proposes common early training for executive, engineering and marine officer entrants.

Under the new Cuban constitution the US retains the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations. Under the new Cuban constitution, however, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations

Crean accompanies Lieutenant Michael Barne on three sledging trips across the Ross Ice Shelf, then known as the "Great Ice Barrier" including the 12-man party led by Barne which set out on 30 October 1902 to lay depots in support of the main southern journey undertaken by Scott, Shackleton and Edward Wilson

Discovery arrives in McMurdo Sound, where she anchors at a spot designated as "Hut Point", & establish the base from which they will launch scientific and exploratory sledging journeys, Crean proves to be one of the most consistent man-haulers in the party

Crean accompanies Lieutenant Michael Barne on three sledging trips across the Ross Ice Shelf, then known as the "Great Ice Barrier" including the 12-man party led by Barne which set out on 30 October 1902 to lay depots in support of the main southern journey undertaken by Scott, Shackleton and Edward Wilson

The Barne party passes the previous furthest south mark,set by Carsten Borchgrevink in 1900 at 78 degrees 50S, a record which they held briefly until the southern party itself passed it on its way to an eventual 82 degrees 17S

Evans is seconded from the Navy to be second officer aboard the relief ship, the Morning, an ageing ex-whaler, The Morning sails from London in July

The Morning sails from London in July 1902, and after a severe storm and a refit in Christchurch, New Zealand, heads for the Antarctic on 6 December to search for the expedition in their winter quarters.

somewhere in the Ross Sea. after a severe storm and a refit in Christchurch, New Zealand, headed for the Antarctic on 6 December to search for the expedition in their winter quarters, somewhere in the Ross Sea.

After working steadily south-east from Cape Adare and along the ice-front to Cape Crozier, the limit of their search range, they found a message from the expedition, directing them back towards McMurdo Sound, the two ships are separated by fifteen miles of ice, requiring long sledge journeys with Evans among the first party to greet the Discoverys crew

The Discovery arrives at Cape Adare

The Discovery follows the Barrier to its eastern extremity where, on 30 January, the land predicted by Ross was confirmed, and named King Edward VII Land

Scott lands on the Barrier and unpacks an observation balloon which he had acquired for aerial surveys

The Discovery enters McMurdo Sound and later that day anchors in a spot near its southern limit which was afterwards christened Winter Quarters Bay. Of the entire party, none were skilled skiers and only Bernacchi and Armitage had any experience with dog-sledges. The results of the mens early efforts to master these techniques were not encouraging, and tended to reinforce Scotts preference for man-hauling

Scott, Wilson and Shackleton left on 2 November 1902 with dogs and supporting parties. Their goal was "to get as far south in a straight line on the Barrier ice as we can, reach the Pole if possible, or find some new land"

Scott, Wilson and Shackleton left on 2 November 1902 with dogs and supporting parties. Their goal was "to get as far south in a straight line on the Barrier ice as we can, reach the Pole if possible, or find some new land"

The first significant milestone was passed on 11 November, when a supporting party passed Borchgrevinks Farthest South record of 78 degrees 50 mins

On 30 December 1902, without having left the Barrier, they reached their Furthest South at 82 degrees 17 mins S

Leaves with Scott and Shackleton on the southern sledging journey during the Discovery Expedition

The Discovery follows the Barrier to its eastern extremity where, on 30 January, the land predicted by Ross was confirmed, and named King Edward VII Land

The Discovery enters McMurdo Sound and later that day anchors in a spot near its southern limit which was afterwards christened Winter Quarters Bay

The Second Johannes Steen Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.

Scheepers is executed by British authorities after his capture and conviction by court martial during the guerrilla war.

With Shackleton and Wilson reaches a farthest south of about 82 degrees 17 minutes south before turning back

Launches final drives against remaining commandos.

Edgbaston hosts its first Test match as England plays Australia.

Begins the First Otto Blehr Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.

Carden is appointed captain of HMS Magnificent, flagship of the Channel Squadron's second-in-command.

Cuba gains independence from Spain

Under the Platt Amendment, Cuba agrees to lease to the U.S. the naval base at Guantanamo Bay. Under the new Cuban constitution, however, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations. The Republic of Cuba gains formal independence, with the independence leader Tomas Estrada Palma becoming the countrys first President

Cuba gains independence from Spain

Helps arrange Iskra printing at Clerkenwell Green in London.

Meets Boer representatives as serious negotiations begin over possible peace terms.

Treaty of Wisconsin ends major fighting of the Thousand Days War on the isthmus

Soon after taking command, Carden takes HMS Magnificent to Gibraltar during a Channel Squadron cruise.

Carden takes HMS Magnificent to Tetuan during the same early command cruise that includes Gibraltar.

Questions policies that risk conflict over Manchuria.

Mahler marries Alma Schindler (1879 -1964), twenty years his junior and the stepdaughter of the noted Viennese painter Carl Moll

Elected Member of Parliament for Clitheroe

Appointed Minister of the Interior

Britain, Germany, and Italy imposed a naval blockade to press Venezuela over unpaid foreign claims.

Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on sugar and purine synthesis.

Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his historical writing, especially A History of Rome.

Receives the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research explaining malaria transmission.

Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for research on the influence of magnetism on radiation.

Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the effect of magnetism on light spectra.

The Order of Merit is instituted by Edward VII

Accepts Boer surrender terms ending the South African War.

Under the Platt Amendment, Cuba agrees to lease to the U.S. the naval base at Guantanamo Bay

Appointed President of Brazil

The Republic of Cuba gains formal independence, with the independence leader Tomas Estrada Palma becoming the countrys first President

British troops enter Pretoria during Roberts's advance.

British troops enter Pretoria during Roberts's advance.

Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, succeeds his uncle, Lord Salisbury

Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 2nd term

Bulgarians cross into Macedonia & declare a provisional Government

Supports comparatively conciliatory postwar terms intended to help secure a durable settlement.

Supports railway and financial interests linked to Manchuria.

Accepts peace while seeking future self-government for Afrikaners.

Appointed 2nd Lord of the Admiralty

Fisher becomes Second Sea Lord with responsibility for naval personnel, training and related administrative reform.

Concludes his South African command after the peace settlement ends organised Boer resistance.

Great Britain & Japan sign an alliance, ends British "splendid isolation"

Organizes a major industrial strike

Appointed Technical Expert, third class, at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern.

Conducts the first public performance of Symphony No 2 in Helsinki.

Conducts the first public performance of The Origin of Fire in Helsinki.

The plan was a five-week tour from May 31 to July 5; however, this proved too daunting, with only 15 entrants, so Desgrange cut the length to 19 days, changed the date to run from July 1 to 19, and offered a daily allowance which attracted 60 entrants. LAuto announces the 1st Tour de France

Desgrange is credited with founding the Tour de France in 1903 but the idea came from one of his journalists Geo Lefevre

The idea for a round stage race came from LAutos chief cycling journalist, 26-year-old Go Lefevre, he and the editor, Henri Desgrange then discussed it after lunch at what is now the TGI Friday bar in Montmartre in Paris.

who said he blurted out the idea because he felt under pressure to say something at a crisis meeting held at the newspapers headquarters at 10 rue faubourg Montmartre to resolve its poor circulation

LAuto announces the 1st Tour de France

This record states: All the major towns are begging for cycle races, and they are bound to go along with the idea."

This record states: Henri Desgrange then discussed it after lunch at what is now the TGI Friday bar in Montmartre in Paris.

This record states: Suggests "a several-day race, longer than anything now going on, something more on the order of a track six day race, only this time on the road.

This record states: The idea for a round stage race came from LAutos chief cycling journalist, 26-year-old George's Lefevre, he and the editor.

The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War.

Signs the Treaty of Vereeniging ending the Second Boer War.

Burger signs the Treaty of Vereeniging as a senior Transvaal representative, formally ending the war.

De Wet signs the peace settlement that ends the Second Boer War after the Boer representatives accept British sovereignty.

The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War.

Signs the final peace agreement at Melrose House.

The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War.

Signs the peace settlement ending the war.

Supports negotiations that move Boer delegates toward acceptance of British peace terms.

The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War.

Participates in the Boer peace conference at Vereeniging.

Sets out the argument for a disciplined revolutionary organisation.

Publishes What Is to Be Done?, setting out his vanguard party argument.

Birth of Georgi Maksimilanovich Malenkov

Birth of Henry Cabot Lodge

Birth of Jacques Philippe Leclerc

Birth of Ralph David Richardson

Death of Dimitri Sergeevich Sipiagin, assassinated

Death of John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton

Death of Vyacheslav Konstantinovich Plehve, assassinated

Hamilton coordinates the wider British operations that bring Kemp's commandos against the prepared position at Rooiwal.

Kekewich's entrenched force defeats a mounted Boer attack at Rooiwal in one of the war's final major battles.

Kemp leads a mounted Boer attack against the entrenched British position at Rooiwal and is repulsed.

Rawlinson commands one of the British columns participating in the western Transvaal operations around Rooiwal.

Captures Methuen during a major Boer success.

Kemp fights with De la Rey's commandos during the Boer victory over Methuen's column at Tweebosch.

Is wounded and captured by De la Rey.

De la Rey attacks a British convoy at Ysterspruit and captures large quantities of transport and supplies.

Kemp joins De la Rey's attack on the British convoy at Ysterspruit during the western Transvaal campaign.

Delayed by six weeks due to appendicitis