1905 in History

Abdicates from the Norwegian throne after Norway declares independence from Sweden

Creates Alberta and Saskatchewan as new provinces.

Habibullah confirms earlier agreements with British India while retaining authority over internal affairs.

Sends out orders to arrest Gapon but Gapon goes into hiding

Is arrested as the government attacks the Soviet.

Is arrested after chairing the revolutionary workers' Soviet.

Is arrested after the Soviet is suppressed.

Is arrested when the 1905 Soviet is suppressed.

Arrested for expressing sympathy with the Saint Petersburg marchers

Is arrested after chairing the revolutionary workers' Soviet.

Is arrested after the Soviet is suppressed.

Is arrested when the 1905 Soviet is suppressed.

Is arrested as the government attacks the Soviet.

Supports Socialist Revolutionary terrorist activity against officials.

The Tsar's uncle is assassinated

Assassinates Grand Duke Sergei

Assassinates Grand Duke Sergei with a bomb.

Is killed by Ivan Kalyayev in Moscow.

The Tsar's uncle is assassinated

The D'Arcy syndicate concludes an agreement with Bakhtiari chiefs to facilitate operations in southwestern Persia.

Builds Bolshevik organisation during the upheaval after January.

Attempts to contain the strike and petition movement before the march.

Denounces the shootings and is arrested during the aftermath.

Is arrested after condemning the Bloody Sunday shootings.

Encourages women and families to join the peaceful procession.

Later leads the Soviet born from the revolutionary wave.

Interprets the massacre as the opening of revolution.

Mensheviks analyse the massacre as a mass political awakening.

Liberal opposition gains strength after the massacre.

Interprets the new Soviet movement as a revolutionary opportunity.

Is absent from the capital as troops confront petitioning workers.

Troops fire on workers marching to the Winter Palace.

Uses the crisis to press demands for constitutional reform.

Permits a petition but tries to restrict the workers' route.

Is dismissed after the crisis caused by Bloody Sunday.

Military repression helps turn protest into revolution.

Becomes associated with repression after the massacre.

Returns secretly to Russia after Bloody Sunday.

Returns to Russia after the revolutionary crisis begins.

Putilov dismissals help ignite the strike wave before Bloody Sunday.

Bloody Sunday turns reform pressure into national crisis.

Warns that repression alone cannot stabilise the empire.

Urges reform as disorder spreads after Bloody Sunday.

Earlier police-union experiments collapse under the crisis.

Helps organise Bolshevik activity during the revolution.

Appointed Chairman of the Lugansk Soviet, 1st term

Annalen der Physik receives Einstein's paper explaining Brownian motion through molecular collisions.

Develops proposals for a consultative Duma.

Proposes a consultative assembly without full legislative power.

Approves a consultative Duma proposal that fails to satisfy opposition.

Attempts to create a more coordinated ministerial government.

Appointed Chairman of the Lugansk Soviet, 1st term

Begins the Christensen Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.

Begins the Christian Michelsen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.

Tries to manage promises of civil liberties amid unrest.

All secondary schools and universities are closed for the remainder of the year

Fisher establishes and chairs the Committee on Designs to examine new battleship and armoured-cruiser concepts.

Asks for "suggestions" "concerning improvement of the state and the nations well-being"

The Duma has advisory powers but is without legislative authority. Signs a manifesto summoning the Imperial Duma

Issues a manifesto granting the right of Labour to organize. Issues a manifesto granting freedom of speech, conscience and Assembly. Issues a manifesto granting a suffrage law for elections to the Duma

Begins organising government after the October Manifesto.

Warns Nicholas II that Russia is close to revolution.

Forms the new government after the October Manifesto.

Receives the title count after the Portsmouth negotiations.

Warns Nicholas II that revolution is spreading.

Troops fire on demonstrators, helping spark the 1905 Revolution.

Allows the demonstration but forbids demonstrators to go near the Winter Palace

Loses authority after the failure to contain the crisis.

Dismissed as Minister of the Interior after demonstrations in Saint Petersburg

Submits A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions as his doctoral dissertation at the University of Zurich.

The University of Zurich faculty unanimously approves Einstein's doctoral dissertation.

The final HMS Dreadnought design emerges from the Fisher-era design process with heavy uniform guns and turbine propulsion.

The Committee on Designs approves preliminary plans for the all-big-gun battleship that becomes HMS Dreadnought.

The Duma has advisory powers but is without legislative authority

Helps implement electoral law for the first Duma.

Works to implement the Duma promised in the manifesto.

Works on arrangements for the promised State Duma.

Graduates from the Military Academy Staff College with the rank of Captain

Balfour loses his seat in Manchester East

Resigns over the policy of Imperial Preference rather then call an election

Polling will commence from 12 January & finish 8 February. Announces a general election

Avoids a split in the party by offering Asquith the Chancellorship

Offerred the post of Financial Secretary at the Treasury, prefers a smaller department

Issues a manifesto granting a suffrage law for elections to the Duma

Issues electoral rules for the new State Duma.

The Deuntzer Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.

The Second Francis Hagerup Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.

Spencer captains Villa to its fourth FA Cup triumph.

Fisher's design committee settles the outline of the fast armoured cruiser later developed as the Invincible class.

Supports the Soviet appeal against tsarist finances.

Scores the only goal against Athletic Club as Madrid win their first national title.

Hampton scores twice as Villa defeats Newcastle United 2-0 in the FA Cup final.

Is called upon as the general strike paralyses the empire.

The general strike forces Nicholas II to seek Witte's advice.

Railway strikes paralyse the Russian rail network.

Mensheviks hold a separate conference instead of joining the Bolshevik congress.

Mensheviks meet separately from the Bolshevik congress.

Appointed Governor General of Saint Petersburg

Is appointed governor general to restore order.

Military dictatorship is rejected as constitutional concessions are accepted.

HMS Dreadnought is laid down at Portsmouth under the naval construction programme associated with Fisher's reforms.

In a referndum 80% of Norwegians support the dissolution of the union with Sweden

The Admiralty Board approves the new fast armoured-cruiser design with only minor changes.

The Committee on Designs approves preliminary work on the fast armoured cruisers that become the Invincible class.

Helps found the Constitutional Democratic Party.

Helps restore authority after the Kronstadt naval unrest.

A rebellion breaks out among sailors at Kronstadt.

Leads Bolshevik activity in the Lugansk Soviet.

A six-inch gun accident aboard HMS Magnificent causes multiple casualties during Carden's period in command.

Following fleet reorganisation, HMS Magnificent becomes part of the Atlantic Fleet while Carden remains associated with the battleship.

Issues a manifesto promising speech, assembly rights and elections to the Duma.

Submits the paper deriving the relation between mass and energy from special relativity.

Argues that only constitutional concessions can restore order.

Joins an Italian regiment for military service

Appointed Minister of the Interior

Becomes minister of the interior during the revolutionary crisis.

The Russian Fleet departs Madagascar across the Indian Ocean

The Russian Fleet leaves Vladivostok

Mexico adopts a gold-exchange standard after falling silver prices destabilise the peso.

The government suppresses the Moscow uprising.

Supports Bolshevik agitation during the December uprising.

Commands forces suppressing the Moscow armed uprising.

Takes part in revolutionary activity during the uprising.

Orders repression as armed revolt spreads in Moscow.

Socialist Revolutionaries support armed resistance in Moscow.

Faces armed revolt in Moscow after the manifesto.

Emerges as a leader of the Potemkin mutineers.

Faces naval revolt during the wider revolutionary crisis.

The Potemkin Mutiny is followed by strikes all over Russia

His death helps trigger the Potemkin mutiny.

The Potemkin mutiny is followed by strikes across Russia.

Delivers the Nobel lecture on radioactive substances.

Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for outstanding achievement as an epic novelist.

Travels to Stockholm for the delayed Nobel ceremonies.

Issues the October Manifesto promising civil liberties and a Duma.

Nicholas II issues the October Manifesto, promising civil rights and a Duma.

Nicholas II signs the October Manifesto under Witte's influence.

Persuades Nicholas II to accept concessions during the revolutionary crisis.

The manifesto promises basic rights and an elected legislature.

Witte argues that concessions are needed to end the general strike.

Witte's advice shapes Nicholas II's constitutional concessions.

Helps secure the manifesto during the revolutionary strike wave.

Nicholas II issues the October Manifesto, promising civil rights and a Duma.

Nicholas II signs the October Manifesto under Witte's influence.

Persuades Nicholas II to accept concessions during the revolutionary crisis.

The manifesto promises freedom of conscience speech meeting and association.

Witte persuades Nicholas II to avoid a military dictatorship.

Witte's programme offers constitutional concessions to calm the empire.

Drafts concessions intended to end the general strike.

Drafts the manifesto promising liberties and representation.

Submits draft concessions to end the strike and save the monarchy.

Welcomes limited constitutional reform after the manifesto.

Stevens takes charge and reorganises the canal project's railway, housing and logistics.

Leads the Russian delegation at Portsmouth.

Is selected to negotiate peace with Japan.

Uses force against unrest in Saratov province.

The Union of Liberation presents a petition to the Tsar

Sends his light-quantum paper to Annalen der Physik, using quanta to explain the photoelectric effect.

Russia's defeat at Port Arthur deepens pressure on the government.

The Potemkin mutineers surrender to Romanian authorities.

Appointed President of Ecuador

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Uses artillery against rebel districts in Moscow.

Revolutionaries resist government troops in Moscow districts.

Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term

Offers to make Churchill Financial Secretary under Asquith, Churchill refuses

Becomes chairman of the Council of Ministers.

Appointed Russia's first chairman of the Council of Ministers.

Heads the new Council of Ministers after the manifesto.

Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 2nd term

A rebellion breaks out among the sailors of the Kronstadt fortress

Liberals want Campbell-Bannerman to serve as nominal PM from the Lords but he refuses

Signs the "October Manifesto", establishing the State Duma as the elected legislature

Calls for suggestions on improving state administration.

Government repression breaks the revolutionary wave by late December.

Resigns over the policy of Imperial Preference rather then call an election

The remaining Russian fleet is compelled to capitulate, confirming Japan's decisive victory at Tsushima.

Port Arthur passes to Japanese control, removing a major Russian base from the war.

Returns from exile during the 1905 Revolution.

Returns from exile during the revolutionary upheaval.

Under the Treaty of Portsmouth Korea is recognized as Japans sphere of influence

Russia agrees to evacuate Manchuria in the Treaty of Portsmouth

Russia surrenders Port Arthur to Japan in the Treaty of Portsmouth

Russia surrenders half of Sakhalin to Japan in the Treaty of Portsmouth

Helps lead the workers' Soviet created during the 1905 Revolution.

Chairs the Saint Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies.

Is appointed chairman of the workers' Soviet during the 1905 Revolution.

Studies the Soviet as a new form of revolutionary organisation.

Supports socialist activity around the workers' Soviet.

Influences Trotsky and Soviet revolutionary strategy.

Influences socialist strategy around the workers' Soviet.

Becomes a central organiser and speaker in the Soviet.

Becomes a major speaker and organiser in the 1905 Soviet.

Emerges as a leading figure in the workers' Soviet.

Closes universities and secondary schools amid unrest.

Nogi accepts the Russian surrender

Russia offers terms of surrender at Port Arthur to Japan

Nogi accepts the Russian surrender

Sinn Fein is founded when in the Rotunda, Dublin when the first annual Convention of the National Council is held

Assumes leading authority after Khrustalev-Nosar's arrest.

Helps found the Saint Petersburg Soviet, 50 such Soviets are soon founded all over Russia

Government repression follows the arrest of Soviet leaders.

Submits On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, establishing the special theory of relativity.

Describes the Conservative Party as a party of "great vested interests"

Supports Free Trade while speaking at a mass meeting in Manchester

Speaks against the persecution of Jews in Russia at the Palace Theatre Manchester

Appointed Spokesman for the Colonial Office because Lord Elgin is a peer

Appeals to workers to stay away from the demonstrations threatening to use force

Gapon asks the Tsar to reduce the working day to 8 hrs and improve conditions and wages. 82,000 workers go out on strike

More than 80,000 workers go on strike in Saint Petersburg

120,000 workers go out on strike

Troops open fire and 200 are killed and 800 injured

The Government appeals in vain for the workers to return to work

Strikers in Warsaw loot and burn shops, 93 are killed by Russian troops

During a strike in Riga troops charge demonstrators and 70 are killed

93 are killed during strikes in Warsaw

Strikers are joined by the crew of the Potemkin, 2,000 demonstrators are killed

Prince Troubetskoi visits the Tsar saying revolution is underway

2,000 are killed during unrest and the Potemkin mutiny

Railworkers go on strike and paralyze the whole Russian rail network

Prince Troubetskoi visits the Tsar saying revolution is underway

Strikes expand after the Potemkin mutiny.

Succeeds as King of Norway. Accepts the offer of the crown after the dissolution of the Swedish-Norwegian union

Issues a manifesto granting a suffrage law for elections to the Duma

Authorities arrest Soviet leaders in Saint Petersburg.

Authorities move against the Saint Petersburg Soviet.

Surrenders Port Arthur to Japanese forces.

The 12 remaining ships of the Russian Fleet are surrounded by submarines

Russia's offer of surrender is accepted by Japan

Leads Bolshevik delegates at the Third Congress in London.

Leads Bolshevik delegates at the Third Congress.

Uses naval commemoration while reforming the Royal Navy.

Trafalgar centenary events commemorate Nelson and the victory.

Russia surrenders Port Arthur, half of Sakhalin & evacuates Manchuria. Russia & Japan make peace. Korea is recognized as Japans sphere of influence

Accepts peace after military defeats and domestic unrest.

Negotiates the peace settlement ending the Russo-Japanese War.

Nicholas II recalls Witte to negotiate peace with Japan.

Secures peace terms less severe than expected.

Faces prosecution after the suppression of the Soviet.

Publishes Two Tactics of Social Democracy during the 1905 Revolution.

Publishes his strategy for the democratic revolution.

Organises monarchist reaction against revolutionary movements.

Helps organise liberal professional groups demanding reform.

Birth of Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer

Birth of Howard Hughes

Jean-Paul Sartre is born in Paris to Jean-Baptiste Sartre and Anne-Marie Schweitzer.

Birth of Jean-Paul Sartre

Birth of Ivan Alexandrovich Serov

Birth of Wladyslaw Gomulka

His death becomes a rallying point for Moscow workers.

Death of Henrik Ibsen

Serves during the fighting around Mukden.

Commands Russian forces during the defeat at Mukden.

Russia suffers a crushing naval defeat against Japan.

Orders the Russian Fleet to Vladivostok but it is ambushed and defeated

Within a few days the Russian Fleet is destroyed. Leads the Russians in the Suvarov but the Russians are defeated

Leads the Baltic Fleet into defeat at Tsushima.

Lays a trap for the Russian Fleet & scores a spectacular success which ends the War

Sinks 7 Russian battleships without loss. All but 12 minor ships of the Russian fleet are sunk, captured or driven aground. 12 remaining ships of the Russian Fleet are surrounded by submarines & surrender