President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Historical events in 1909
370 historical records
January 190922 historical events
Death of Chang Chidong
Death of Shihkai & Chidong, power is passed to the Manchus. Death of Chang Chidong
Death of Yuan Shihkai
Death of Shihkai & Chidong, power is passed to the Manchus
Discovery of South Pole
Writes, "The end is in sight...we are weakening rapidly"
Discovery of South Pole
Shackleton stops at 88 degrees 23S, 111 miles short of the South Pole. Names the area where they stop as King Edward VII Plateau
Farthest South
Turns back at about 88 degrees 23 minutes south, within roughly 97 nautical miles of the South Pole
South Pole
Names the area where they stop as King Edward VII Plateau
Farthest South
Accompanies Shackleton, Jameson Adams and Eric Marshall to the Nimrod Expedition farthest south point
Farthest South
Reaches the farthest south point with Shackletons party.
Nimrod Southern Party
Provides medical expertise during the exhausting polar journey.
Farthest South
Turns back after reaching a new farthest south record.
Nimrod Southern Party Turns Back
Chooses survival rather than continuing toward the South Pole.
Farthest South
Reaches the new farthest south record with Shackleton.
Nimrod Southern Party
Helps haul the expedition sledge during the southern journey.
Farthest South
Reaches the expeditions farthest south point with Shackleton.
Nimrod Southern Party
Turns north with the weakened four-man southern party.
Farthest South Record
Shackleton's four-man party reaches 88 degrees 23 minutes south, setting a new furthest-south record before turning back because supplies are dangerously low.
Rule of Panama
Colombia signs a convention with the USA recognizing Panama
Discovery of South Pole
Reaches the South Magnetic Pole
Magnetic Pole Journey
Completes the hazardous northern journey across Victoria Land.
South Magnetic Pole
Reaches the South Magnetic Pole with David and Mawson.
Inauguration
Sworn in as President of Cuba
February 190911 historical events
Labour Exchanges
Visits the 1st 17 Labour Exchanges, all of which open this day
Agreement on Support the independence of Morocco
France & Germany agree to support the independence of Morocco
Independence of Germany
France & Germany agree to support the independence of Morocco
Independence of Morocco
France & Germany agree to support the independence of Morocco
Birth of Joseph Leo Mankiewicz
Birth of Joseph Leo Mankiewicz
Minority Report on the Poor Law
Co-authors the Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission.
Poor Law Reform Analysis
Advocates replacing the Poor Law with coordinated public services.
National Welfare Reform Proposal
Argues for preventive public services and coordinated social administration.
Poor Law Minority Report
Helps write the Minority Report on Poor Law reform.
Fabian Welfare Reform Programme
Advocates specialized public services instead of the traditional workhouse system.
Minority Report on the Poor Law
Co-authors the Poor Law Commissions Minority Report.
March 190917 historical events
South Pole
The Nimrod spots Shackleton from Cape Royds & pick him up
Nimrod Expedition Leaves Antarctica
Nimrod departs Antarctica with Shackleton's expedition after the southern party returns safely from its record-setting journey.
Birth of Hector Jose Campora Demaestre
Birth of Hector Jose Campora Demaestre
HMS Invincible Commissioned
HMS Invincible enters Home Fleet service, embodying Fisher's fast heavily armed cruiser concept.
Discovery of South Pole
Arrives in New Zealand having led an expedition to within 111 miles of the South Pole
Antarctic Geological Work Completed
Brings back geological observations from the Ross Sea region.
Nimrod Expedition Return
Returns from Antarctica after geological work with the Nimrod expedition.
Depot and Sledge Work Completed
Completes a second major Antarctic expedition as an experienced seaman.
Nimrod Expedition Return
Returns after serving on sledging and depot-laying parties.
Invasion of Persia
Russian troops invade northern Persia & occupy Tabriz
Bjorn Jonsson Ministry
Begins the Bjorn Jonsson Ministry and serves as Minister for Iceland.
First Hannes Hafstein Ministry
The First Hannes Hafstein Ministry ends, concluding this period as Minister for Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Titanic Keel Laid
Titanic's keel is laid at Harland and Wolff, beginning construction of Yard Number 401.
Dreadnought Construction Programme
Supports construction intended to preserve Britains naval superiority.
Naval Estimates
Defends increased naval estimates during the dreadnought scare.
Home Fleet Unified Organisation
Home-water forces are reorganised into a unified Home Fleet with differing readiness levels and concentrated battle strength.
April 190918 historical events
Discovery of North Pole
Becomes the 1st person to reach the North Pole
Birth of Alain Poher
Birth of Alain Poher
Canonization
Joan of Arc is beatified at a Vatican ceremony
Independence of Bulgaria
Turkey recognizes Bulgarian independence
Independence of Bulgaria
The Triple Alliance recognizes the independence of Bulgaria
Legislation
Churchills Bill has its 2nd reading in the House of Commons
People's Budget
Lloyd George presents a redistributive budget financing welfare and naval expenditure through higher taxation.
Peoples Budget Introduced
Introduces the Peoples Budget to the House of Commons.
Redistributive Finance Programme
Proposes new taxes on land, high incomes and estates.
People's Budget
Introduces welfare finance later linked to social reform thinking.
Liberal Finance Programme
Links taxation reform with social spending and naval requirements.
Peoples Budget Cabinet Support
Backs Lloyd Georges radical budget in Cabinet and Parliament.
Finance and Social Spending Programme
Links taxation reform with social spending and naval requirements.
Peoples Budget Cabinet Backing
Supports Lloyd George's radical budget in Cabinet and Parliament.
Anglo-Persian Oil Company Incorporated
The Anglo-Persian Oil Company is incorporated to develop the D'Arcy concession and the Masjed Soleyman discovery.
Burmah Oil Majority Holding
Burmah Oil takes the majority of ordinary shares in the newly formed Anglo-Persian Oil Company.
D'Arcy Exploration Costs Compensated
Receives company shares compensating him for the heavy costs previously incurred in Persian exploration.
D'Arcy Joins Anglo-Persian Board
Becomes a director of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company after transfer of his concession interests.
May 19095 historical events
Birth of James Mason
Birth of James Mason
Employment Service Legislation
Creates machinery matching unemployed workers with available jobs.
Labour Exchanges Bill
Introduces legislation establishing a national labour exchange system.
Legislation
Introduces the Labour Exchanges Bill to the House of Commons
Reform of Parliament
Persuades Parliament to accept plans for the introduction of Labour Exchanges
June 190910 historical events
Department of External Affairs
Creates the Department of External Affairs.
Education
Graduates from the United States Military Academy at West Point
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil after the death of Afonso Pena
Return to London after Nimrod
Shackleton returns to London to a public welcome after the Nimrod expedition's major geographical and scientific achievements.
Government Suffrage Policy
Faces continuing WSPU pressure around Parliament and public meetings.
Womens Suffrage Deputations
Resists demands for immediate government legislation on womens suffrage.
WSPU Political Pressure
Faces continuing WSPU pressure around Parliament and public meetings.
Womens Suffrage Deputation Response
Resists demands for immediate government legislation on women's suffrage.
Bolshevik Centre Split
Breaks with Bogdanov's faction inside Bolshevism.
July 190916 historical events
Moor Street Station
Moor Street station opens to relieve congestion at Snow Hill.
University Campus Opening
Edward VII formally opens the University of Birmingham's Edgbaston campus.
Birth of Diana Churchill
Birth of Diana Churchill, daughter of Winston & Clemantine Churchill
Chancellor
Appointed Imperial Chancellor of Germany
Resignation of Bernhard Heinrich Martin Bulow
Resigns after his tax reforms are defeated in the Reichstag
Constitution of Great Britain
Declares giving equal rights to blacks in South Africa will threaten white civilization
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France
Resignation of Georges Clemanceau
Resigns after a debate on the condition of the French Navy
Constitution of Great Britain
The South Africa Union Bill has its 2nd reading but MPs
Limehouse Speech
Defends the Peoples Budget in a forceful Limehouse speech.
Peoples Budget Campaign
Attacks inherited wealth and argues for progressive taxation.
Prison Administration Response
Government prison policy is challenged by organized hunger striking.
Suffragette Hunger Strike Policy
Faces the first suffragette hunger strike in Holloway Prison.
Sweated Labour Reform
Targets exceptionally low pay in several poorly regulated trades.
Trade Boards Bill Commons Campaign
Promotes wage-board legislation through the House of Commons.
University of Geneva Honorary Doctorate
Receives his first honorary doctorate, awarded by the University of Geneva.
August 19098 historical events
Constitution of Great Britain
The main cause of difference beteen the parties is Irish home rule. Parliament enters the Summer recess without agreement between parties
Home Rule Summer Dispute
Parliament reaches its summer recess without agreement over Irish Home Rule.
Irish Home Rule
The main cause of difference beteen the parties is Irish home rule
President of Bolivia
Villazon begins a constitutional Liberal Party presidency.
Goudi Movement
The Military League launches a movement demanding administrative and military reform.
Holstein-Ledreborg Government
Begins the Holstein-Ledreborg Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
First Neergaard Government
The First Neergaard Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Strike
Succeeds in arbitrating a threatened coal miners strke
September 19097 historical events
Budget
Speaks against the Lords rejection of the Budget, refers to dangers of class warfare
Speech
Speaks against the Lords plan to vote against the Budget
Shakes hands with the Kaiser
Shakes hands with the Kaiser. A guest at military manoevres in Germany
South Africa Act
Welcomes enactment of the South Africa Act by Britain.
Union Constitution Approved
Sees the constitutional framework for the Union receive royal assent.
Second Antarctic Expedition Prospectus
Promotes scientific research alongside an attempt on the South Pole.
Terra Nova Expedition Planning
Develops plans for a new British Antarctic expedition.
October 190911 historical events
Election
Dissolves Parliament, the election war-cry is "The Peers versus the People"
October Parliament Dissolution
Dissolves Parliament during the campaign against the House of Lords.
Parliament
Dissolves Parliament, the election war-cry is "The Peers versus the People"
Assassination of Ito
Assassinated by a Korean Nationalist
Death of Ito
Assassinated by a Korean Nationalist
First Zahle Government
Begins the First Zahle Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Holstein-Ledreborg Government
The Holstein-Ledreborg Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Militant Suffrage Prison Response
Faces criticism over treatment of imprisoned suffragette campaigners.
Suffragette Imprisonment Policy
Oversees prison policy during escalating militant suffrage protests.
Minimum Wage Boards
Creates statutory machinery for fixing minimum rates in sweated industries.
Trade Boards Act
Secures legislation establishing wage boards in selected low-paid trades.
November 190921 historical events
Commons Budget Passage
Sends the controversial budget measure to the House of Lords.
Finance Bill Third Reading
Secures the Finance Bills third reading in the Commons.
Reform of Parliament
Finance Bill, the 3rd reading of the Finance Bill is passed in the House of Commons
Assault
Theresa Grant, a suffragette, attacks Winston Churchill at Bristol railway station
Assault
Theresa Grant, a suffragette, attacks Winston Churchill at Bristol railway station
Suffragette Attack
Theresa Grant attacks Churchill at Bristol railway station.
Budget Rejection
Leads Conservative peers during rejection of the Finance Bill.
Finance Bill Amendment
Moves that the Finance Bill be submitted to the electorate.
House of Lords Budget Challenge
Leads the Lords challenge to the Peoples Budget.
Lords Constitutional Crisis
Triggers a constitutional confrontation with the Liberal government.
Budget
The Lords reject the Budget by 350 votes to 75
Reform of Parliament
Finance Bill, The Finance Bill is rejected by the House of Lords, 350 votes to 75
Constitutional Crisis Intensifies
Prepares to seek an electoral mandate over the constitutional dispute.
Lords Rejection of Budget
Condemns the Lords refusal to pass the Finance Bill.
Budget
The Lords reject the Budget by 350 votes to 75
Condemnation of Lords Budget Rejection
Condemns the Lords for refusing to pass the Finance Bill.
Constitutional Election Mandate
Prepares to seek an electoral mandate over the constitutional crisis.
Lords Reject Finance Bill
The House of Lords rejects the Budget by 350 votes to 75.
Scandal
Loses confidence of Emperor William II in the Daily Telegraph affair
Constitutional Opposition Strategy
Argues that the electorate should judge the governments finance programme.
House of Lords Crisis
Backs the Lords during the escalating constitutional dispute.
December 190914 historical events
Zurich Physical Society Membership
Becomes a member of the Physical Society of Zurich.
Resignation of Jose Zelaya
Resigns under pressure from the US Marines
Constitution of Great Britain
A Royal Proclamation creates the self-governing body of South Africa
Independence of Great Britain
A Royal Proclamation creates the self-governing body of South Africa
Independence of South Africa
A Royal Proclamation creates the self-governing body of South Africa
Nobel Prize in Literature
Becomes the first woman awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, recognised for imagination and spiritual perception.
Historical Novel Published
Sets a historical romance during the reign of Henry VIII.
The Lady of Blossholme
Publishes The Lady of Blossholme in book form.
Borussia Dortmund Club Foundation
Helps establish Ballspielverein Borussia 09 Dortmund with fellow young football enthusiasts who seek an independent club separate from their church youth organisation.
President of Venezuela
Declares himself as the President of Venezuela
President of Nicaragua
Appointed President of Nicaragua
Housing and Town Planning Act
Secures major housing and town-planning legislation.
Urban Planning Reform
Expands public powers over housing standards and planned development.
Declaration of Civil War
Leads the civil war against President Bonila
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia, 3rd term
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia, 3rd term
Death of Kasimierz Felix Graf von Badeni
Death of Kasimierz Felix Graf von Badeni
Experimental Physics Training
Gains practical experience in experimental physics through work associated with Franz Exner and Fritz Kohlrausch while completing his university studies.
Discovery of Bakelite
Baekeland patents bakelite
General Bakelite Corp
Founds the General Bakelite Corp
Constitution of Belgium
Appointed Head of State, constitutional ruler of Belgium after the death of Leopold II
Head of State
Appointed Head of State, constitutional ruler of Belgium after the death of Leopold II
Succession
Succeeds as King of Belgium
Olympic Class Fitting Supervision Plan
Plans to take close personal interest in fitting, decoration and interior arrangements as the Olympic-class ships near completion.
Yard Number 401 Construction
Harland and Wolff begins building Titanic as Yard Number 401 under Pirrie's chairmanship.
First Sanitary Code
Leads the government when Chile adopts its first comprehensive sanitary code.
Education
Mao enrols at Hsiangtan School
President of Cuba
Appointed President of Cuba
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Minister of Justice
Appointed Minister of Justice, 1st term
Prime Minister of Denmark
Appointed Prime Minister of Denmark, 1st term
Hydrogen Ion Measurement
Creates a logarithmic measure of hydrogen ion concentration.
pH Scale
Introduces the pH scale for expressing acidity and alkalinity.
Minister of Public Works
Appointed Minister of Public Works, 3rd term
1st Flight
Flies across the Channel in 36 minutes, from Calais to Dover Castle
Education
Pases the entrance examination to St Cyr
Capture of Mauritania
Completes the capture of Mauritania on behalf of France
Das Lied von der Erde
Completes Symphony No. 9 in D major. Completes Symphony Das Lied von der Erde (subtitled A Symphony for One Tenor and One Alto (or Baritone) Voice and Orchestra, After Hans Bethges "The Chinese Flute")
Symphony No 9 in D major
Completes Symphony No. 9 in D major. Completes Symphony Das Lied von der Erde (subtitled A Symphony for One Tenor and One Alto (or Baritone) Voice and Orchestra, After Hans Bethges "The Chinese Flute")
International Agreement
Persues a policy of detente with Britain, hoping to come to some agreement that would put a halt to the two countries ruinous naval arms race, but failed, largely due to the opposition of German Naval Minister Alfred von Tirpitz
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Prime Minister of Germany
Appointed Prime Minister of Prussia
Under Secretary
Appointed Under Secretary of state to the Prussian Treasury in Berlin
University of Freiburg Studies
Heidegger begins university studies at Freiburg, initially preparing for the priesthood.
Deputy Mayor
Appointed Deputy Mayor of Cologne
DAP
Joins the DAP
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for contributions to wireless telegraphy, including important improvements in radio transmission and receiver technology.
Special Relativity
Planck promotes and develops relativistic dynamics after Einstein and helps establish special relativity among physicists
Commander of High Seas Fleet
Appointed Commander of the High Seas Fleet
Mobilization
Opposes expansion by Tirpitz & concentration of naval forces in the North Sea
Commander of High Seas Fleet
Appointed Commander of the High Seas Fleet
Dismissal
Dismissed for opposing the naval policies of Heinrich
High Seas Fleet
Appointed Commander of the High Seas Fleet
Grand Admiral
Appointedrand Admiral
Inspector
Appointed Inspector General to the Navy
Tono-Bungay
Publication of "Tono-Bungay"
Ann Veronica
Publication of "Tono-Bungay". Publication of "Ann Veronica"
Tono-Bungay
Publication of "Tono-Bungay". Publication of "Ann Veronica"
Socialism and Government
Publication of "Socialism & Government"
Campaign against Congo Free State Abuses
Uses public campaigning and writing to condemn the forced-labour system and violence associated with the Congo Free State.
The Crime of the Congo
Publishes The Crime of the Congo, attacking the record of forced labour and violence under Leopold II's Congo regime.
Childrens Book Published
Creates a village shop story featuring familiar animal characters.
The Tale of Ginger and Pickles
Publishes The Tale of Ginger and Pickles.
Childrens Novel Published
Continues the magical world introduced in The House of Arden.
Hardings Luck
Publishes the childrens novel Hardings Luck.
Science Fiction Story Published
Imagines a technologically dependent society living beneath the earth.
The Machine Stops
Publishes the science fiction story The Machine Stops.
Romantic Novel Published
Creates a sentimental romance moving between London and Venice.
The City of Beautiful Nonsense
Publishes The City of Beautiful Nonsense.
Novel Published
Uses comic adventure to explore religious belief and scepticism.
The Ball and the Cross
Publishes the novel The Ball and the Cross.
Historical Biography Published
Interprets the French queen within the politics of revolutionary France.
Marie Antoinette
Publishes a biography of Marie Antoinette.
Comic Novel Published
Uses family life to explore humor, affection and domestic misunderstanding.
They and I
Publishes the comic novel They and I.
Fraternity
Publishes the social novel Fraternity.
Novel Published
Examines class division, philanthropy and urban poverty in London.
Detective Story Collection
Applies scientific and medical reasoning to a series of mysteries.
John Thorndykes Cases
Publishes John Thorndykes Cases.
Actions and Reactions
Publishes the collection Actions and Reactions.
Short-Story Collection Published
Collects stories and poems addressing empire, society and human character.
Horror Novel Published
Describes a doomed ship threatened by mysterious hostile beings.
The Ghost Pirates
Publishes the supernatural sea novel The Ghost Pirates.
Budget Land Valuation Proposals
Uses land taxation to help finance expanding social expenditure.
Land Taxes
Proposes taxes based on increases in land values.
Finance Bill Administration
Supports Treasury administration of the governments Finance Bill.
Treasury Budget Support
Assists Lloyd George during the prolonged parliamentary budget struggle.
Crusader Castle Survey
Travels on foot through Syria and neighbouring areas to study Crusader castles for his Oxford thesis.
Crusader Castle Survey
Travels through Syria studying medieval Crusader fortifications.
Levant Archaeological Journey
Develops detailed knowledge of geography, architecture and local communities.
Oxford Thesis Fieldwork
Collects measurements and observations for his Oxford history thesis.
Walking Survey of Syria
Travels extensively on foot between historic fortified sites.
Knighthood
Recieves a hroes welcome & a knighthood
Antarctic Biology Research
Studies microscopic Antarctic life around the expedition base.
Nimrod Scientific Work
Completes biological investigations during the Nimrod expedition.
Expedition Merger with Scott
Abandons his separate Antarctic project and joins Scott.
Terra Nova Support Transferred
Transfers supporters and resources to the Terra Nova expedition.
Edward Evans Antarctic Expedition Proposal
At the same time, Robert Falcon Scott began planning a new expedition after Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition.
Edward Evans Expedition Proposal
Evans succumbs to the lure of the Antarctic, and announces, with Markhams blessing, that he will organise an expedition to explore King Edward VII Land.
Edward Evans Support Transfer
Scott and Edward Evans were then rivals, but Evans abandoned his own project and transferred its funding and support to Scott.
Second-in-Command Appointment
Scott appoints Evans second-in-command, as well as Captain of the Terra Nova.
Expedition Prospectus
Promotes scientific research and a South Pole attempt.
Conservative Budget Campaign
Supports Conservative resistance to the Liberal finance programme.
Peoples Budget Opposition
Opposes Lloyd Georges Peoples Budget and its new taxation.
Constitution of Great Britain
The Government introduces the Parliament Bill to curb the power of the Lords
Legislation
The Conservatives defeat the budget in the Lords. Balfours mis-handling of the Parliament Act leads to a "Balfour Must Go" campaign
Reform of Parliament
The Conservatives defeat the budget in the Lords. Balfours mis-handling of the Parliament Act leads to a "Balfour Must Go" campaign
Abadan Refinery Site Selected
Selects Abadan Island as the refinery site and begins establishing the company's Persian Gulf refining base.
Bakhtiari Oil Interests Consolidated
The company consolidates interests connected with the Bakhtiari Oil Company as its Persian structure expands.
Concessions Syndicate Rights Acquired
The new company acquires the petroleum rights and shares held through the Concessions Syndicate.
Sheikh Khazal Operating Agreement
The company reaches an agreement with Sheikh Khazal securing local cooperation for operations near the Persian Gulf.
Budget League
Appointed President of the Budget League, defends Lloyd George
Budget
Defends free trade & attacks the Lords for rejecting the Finance Bill
Economy of Great Britain
Appointed President of the Budget League, defends Lloyd George
Health Reform
Churchill proposes a National Insurance Bill but is turned down by Asquith
Labour Exchange Network Planning
Plans a nationwide network of publicly operated labour exchanges.
Labour Exchanges
Lays plans for the foundation of 200 Labour Exchanges
Labour Exchanges
Visits the Labour Bureaux in Strasburg & Frankfurt am Main
Legislation
Helps eliminate sweated labour. Gets the Trade Boards Bill passed. Gets the Labour Exchanges Bill passed. Establishes the principle of a minimum wage & breaks for meals & refreshment
National Employment Offices
Uses continental employment bureaux as models for British reform.
Reform of Social Welfare
Churchill proposes a National Insurance Bill but is turned down by Asquith
Tour
Defends free trade & attacks the Lords for rejecting the Finance Bill
Budget
Raises taxes on upper incomes & large Estates
Armament
Agrees to the construction of 4 new battleships
Election
The rallying cry is, "The Peers versus the People"
Four Battleships Approved
Agrees to construction of four new battleships.
Peers versus People Campaign
Uses the political cry 'The Peers versus the People' during the constitutional dispute.
IGS
Creates the Imperial General staff
Army Staff Reorganization
Strengthens professional links between British and imperial army staffs.
Imperial General Staff
Develops the Imperial General Staff for coordinated military planning.
Education
Enters the Royal Naval College
Liberalism and The Social Problem", an exposition of the New Liberalism
Publication of "Liberalism & The Social Problem", an exposition of the New Liberalism
Liberalism and The Social Problem
Publication of "Liberalism & The Social Problem", an exposition of the New Liberalism
Liberalism and the Social Problem
Publishes Liberalism and the Social Problem.
New Liberal Essays Published
Collects speeches advocating social reform within a Liberal framework.
Poor Law
Submits minority report in favour of the Poor Law anticipating the Welfare State
Reform of Poor Relief
Submits minority report in favour of the Poor Law anticipating the Welfare State
Assistant Director
Appointed Assisstant Director of the Territorial Forces
Promoted to Field Marshal
Receives promotion to field marshal after completing his long period of senior imperial command.
Major General
Appointed Major General
Destroyer Strengthening Priority
The Admiralty addresses destroyer deficiencies while maintaining capital-ship superiority in the accelerating naval competition.
Four Additional Dreadnoughts Supported
Fisher's administration supports stronger capital-ship construction as concern grows over Germany's naval building programme.
Invitation to Athens
The Military League invites Venizelos to advise on political and constitutional reform.
Military League Reform Programme
Venizelos persuades the Military League to pursue reform through constitutional politics.
Coup
The Military League a group of Greek officers takes action against the Government to reform their countrys national Government and reorganize the army
Exile of Constantine I
Forced into exile by army officers
Military League
The Military League a group of Greek officers takes action against the Government to reform their countrys national Government and reorganize the army
National Government
The Military League a group of Greek officers takes action against the Government to reform their countrys national Government and reorganize the army
Marriage
Marries M rta Ziegler
Executive Council
Appointed Member of Executive Council.
Minto-Morley Reforms
Banerjea supports the Minto-Morley reforms, resented and ridiculed as insufficient and meaningless by the vast majority of the Indian public and nationalist politicians
Terra Nova Expedition
After Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition fails to reach the South Pole despite setting a furthest-south record, Scott tells Crean that they should attempt the Pole themselves.
Titanic Hull Design
Oversees design principles used while Titanic's steel hull takes shape in Belfast.
Titanic Construction Inspection
Inspects construction work as Titanic's hull rises on Slipway Number 3.
Titanic Drawing Office Supervision
Supervises detailed drawing-office work as Titanic's design is translated into construction plans.
Titanic Keel Preparation
Helps oversee preparations for construction of Harland and Wolff Yard Number 401.
Futurist Manifesto" in Le Figaro
Publication of "Mafarka le Futuriste". Publication of "Futurist Manifesto" in Le Figaro
Futurist Manifesto
Publication of "Mafarka le Futuriste". Publication of "Futurist Manifesto" in Le Figaro
Mafarka le Futuriste
Publication of "Mafarka le Futuriste". Publication of "Futurist Manifesto" in Le Figaro
Chamber of Labour
Appointed Secretary to the Chamber of Labour in Trentino, Austria
Arrest of Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini
Arrested in Austria
Editor
Appointed Sub-Editor of The Popolo, owned by the Italian patriot Cesare Battisti
Editor
Appointed Editor of LAvvenire del Lavoratore
Exile of Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini
Expeeled from Austria
Secretary of Chamber of Labour
Appointed Secretary to the Chamber of Labour in Trentino, Austria
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy and long-distance radio communication.
Ottoman Parliament
Abdullah entered the Ottoman Chamber of Deputies as a representative of Mecca, gaining parliamentary experience before the First World War.
The Wooden Horse
Publication of "The Wooden Horse"
Gold Foil Scattering Experiment Performed
Geiger and Marsden investigated alpha particle scattering in experiments directed by Rutherford. Its consequences influenced later approaches to production or experimentation.
Discovery of Antarctica
After hearing that Frederick Cook and Robert Peary claim the North Pole, decides to redirect his polar ambitions toward Antarctica
Discovery of North Pole
Wants to be the 1st to reach the North Pole but Peary & Henson beat him to it so decides to head for the South Pole
Discovery of South Pole
Decides to be the 1st to the South Pole after being beaten to the North Pole
South Pole Decision
Redirects plans from the North Pole to Antarctica after claims that the North Pole has already been reached
South Pole Expedition
Plans to become the first explorer to reach the South Pole after the North Pole has apparently been claimed by American expeditions
Death of Zygmunt Noskowski
Death of Zygmunt Noskowski
The Quarrel About the Boundary Wall
Composes, "The Quarrel About the Boundary Wall"
Brudzinski Neck Sign
Describes involuntary leg flexion produced during neck movement in meningitis.
Meningitis Diagnostic Sign
Introduces a neurological sign used in clinical assessment of meningeal irritation.
Radium Institute Plan
Supports plans for a dedicated radium research institute.
The Firebird
Commissioned to write, "The Firebird"
Piano Concerto No 3
Composes, "The Island of Death". Composes, "Piano Concerto No 3"
The Island of Death
Composes, "The Island of Death". Composes, "Piano Concerto No 3"
The Pale Horse
Publication of "The Pale Horse"
Birth of Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko
Birth of Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko
Move to Donbas
Moves with his family to the Donbas industrial region, where his father seeks mining work.
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Memoir Writing
Records his view of the October Manifesto and 1905 crisis.
Arrest at Temperance Congress Meeting
Police arrested Malinovsky at a preliminary meeting connected with a workers' delegation to the Temperance Congress, interrupting his trade-union leadership.
Arrest of Nikolai Bukharin
Placed under arrest
Bolshevik Party
Placed under arrest
Vpered Group
Forms the Vpered group after disputes with Lenin.
The Bankruptcy of Individual Terrorism
Writes The Bankruptcy of Individual Terrorism, arguing against individual assassination as a substitute for mass politics.
The Young Turks
Writes The Young Turks while following revolutionary and constitutional developments in the Ottoman Empire.
Carrer Industria Ground Era
Plays during the period when Barcelona establish their first ground with a grandstand at Carrer Industria.
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature
Directional Momentum Assigned to Light Quanta
Einstein's radiation arguments associated localized quanta with directed momentum as well as energy, moving the light-quantum concept closer to the later photon picture.
Particle Contribution Identified in Radiation Fluctuations
A second term in Einstein's fluctuation analysis had the form associated with independently moving energy quanta, strengthening his argument that radiation also possesses particle-like properties.
Radiation Fluctuation Formula Separates Two Terms
Einstein derived a thermal-radiation fluctuation expression containing two distinct contributions, one with wave-like behaviour and another with the statistical form expected from independent quanta.
Radiation Pressure Fluctuations Analyzed
Einstein studied statistical fluctuations in radiation pressure and used them to expose both continuous-wave and discrete-quantum aspects of thermal radiation.
Salzburg Address Defends Dual Radiation Structure
At the Salzburg meeting Einstein presented radiation as a problem requiring both electromagnetic waves and quantum-like localized events, highlighting a central unresolved issue of early quantum theory.
Thermal Radiation Statistics Support Quantum Picture
Einstein used the statistical behaviour of black-body radiation to argue that purely classical wave theory could not account for all observed fluctuations in radiant energy.
Wave Contribution Identified in Radiation Fluctuations
Einstein interpreted one part of the radiation fluctuation formula as the signature of interference and wave structure within the electromagnetic field.
Wave-Particle Duality Proposed for Radiation
Einstein argued that a future theory of light would need to combine wave structure with localized quantum structure instead of choosing only one classical description.
Birth of Elia Kazan
Birth of Elia Kazan
Abdication
Forced to abdicate by the Young Turks
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of Turkey
Coup
Take part in Mahmud Pashas march on Istanbul to depose Sultan Abdul-Hamid II
Three Lives
Publication of "Three Lives"
Martin Eden
Publication of "Martin Eden"
Constitution of USA
Supports the 16th Amendment, which allows for a federal income tax.
Constitution of USA
Supports the 17th Amendment, mandating the direct election of senators by the people, replacing the previous system whereby they were selected by state legislatures.
Constitution of USA
To solve an impasse during the 1909 tariff debate, Taft proposes income taxes for corporations and a constitutional amendment to remove the apportionment requirement for taxes on incomes from property (taxes on dividends, interest, and rents).
Economy of USA
To solve an impasse during the 1909 tariff debate, Taft proposes income taxes for corporations and a constitutional amendment to remove the apportionment requirement for taxes on incomes from property (taxes on dividends, interest, and rents)
Election
Supports the 17th Amendment, mandating the direct election of senators by the people, replacing the previous system whereby they were selected by state legislatures
Income Tax
To solve an impasse during the 1909 tariff debate, Taft proposes income taxes for corporations and a constitutional amendment to remove the apportionment requirement for taxes on incomes from property (taxes on dividends, interest, and rents). Supports the 16th Amendment, which allows for a federal income tax
President of USA
Appointed President of the USA, 27th President
Vice President
Appointed Vice President of the USA
Discovery of Pluto
Lowell and William H. Pickering suggest several possible celestial coordinates for the predicted Planet X.
Salzburg Quantum Lecture
Presents a major lecture arguing that radiation displays both wave-like and particle-like properties.
University of Zurich Appointment
Becomes associate professor of theoretical physics at the University of Zurich.
Oil-Drop Experiment Development
Develops the use of slowly evaporating oil droplets for precision measurements of elementary electric charge.
Oil Drop Charge Experiment
Begins oil-drop measurements that isolate elementary electric charge by balancing electrical and gravitational forces on charged droplets.
Second Lieutenant
Appointed 2nd Lieutenant in the 15th cavalry Regiment
Studies French Literary History
Strachey deepened his engagement with French letters, later reflected in his major studies.