1909 in History

France & Germany agree to support the independence of Morocco

The Anglo-Persian Oil Company is incorporated to develop the D'Arcy concession and the Masjed Soleyman discovery.

The company's public share offering attracts heavy demand as investors back development of Persian oil.

Brings back geological observations from the Ross Sea region.

Assassinated by a Korean Nationalist

Theresa Grant, a suffragette, attacks Winston Churchill at Bristol railway station

Theresa Grant, a suffragette, attacks Winston Churchill at Bristol railway station

Begins the Bjorn Jonsson Ministry and serves as Minister for Iceland.

Breaks with Bogdanov's faction inside Bolshevism.

The Lords reject the Budget by 350 votes to 75

Speaks against the Lords rejection of the Budget, refers to dangers of class warfare

The Lords reject the Budget by 350 votes to 75

Leads Conservative peers during rejection of the Finance Bill.

Burmah Oil takes the majority of ordinary shares in the newly formed Anglo-Persian Oil Company.

Joan of Arc is beatified at a Vatican ceremony

Appointed Imperial Chancellor of Germany

Sends the controversial budget measure to the House of Lords.

Condemns the Lords for refusing to pass the Finance Bill.

The main cause of difference beteen the parties is Irish home rule. Parliament enters the Summer recess without agreement between parties

Declares giving equal rights to blacks in South Africa will threaten white civilization

The South Africa Union Bill has its 2nd reading but MPs

A Royal Proclamation creates the self-governing body of South Africa

Prepares to seek an electoral mandate over the constitutional dispute.

Prepares to seek an electoral mandate over the constitutional crisis.

Argues that the electorate should judge the governments finance programme.

Receives company shares compensating him for the heavy costs previously incurred in Persian exploration.

Becomes a director of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company after transfer of his concession interests.

Leads the civil war against President Bonila

Creates the Department of External Affairs.

Completes a second major Antarctic expedition as an experienced seaman.

Becomes the 1st person to reach the North Pole

Writes, "The end is in sight...we are weakening rapidly"

Shackleton stops at 88 degrees 23S, 111 miles short of the South Pole. Names the area where they stop as King Edward VII Plateau

Reaches the South Magnetic Pole

Arrives in New Zealand having led an expedition to within 111 miles of the South Pole

Supports construction intended to preserve Britains naval superiority.

Graduates from the United States Military Academy at West Point

Dissolves Parliament, the election war-cry is "The Peers versus the People"

Creates machinery matching unemployed workers with available jobs.

The First Hannes Hafstein Ministry ends, concluding this period as Minister for Iceland.

The First Neergaard Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.

The Holstein-Ledreborg Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.

Advocates specialized public services instead of the traditional workhouse system.

Reaches the expeditions farthest south point with Shackleton.

Reaches the farthest south point with Shackletons party.

Turns back at about 88 degrees 23 minutes south, within roughly 97 nautical miles of the South Pole

Turns back after reaching a new farthest south record.

Accompanies Shackleton, Jameson Adams and Eric Marshall to the Nimrod Expedition farthest south point

Reaches the new farthest south record with Shackleton.

Links taxation reform with social spending and naval requirements.

Moves that the Finance Bill be submitted to the electorate.

Secures the Finance Bills third reading in the Commons.

Begins the First Zahle Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.

The Military League launches a movement demanding administrative and military reform.

Faces continuing WSPU pressure around Parliament and public meetings.

Sets a historical romance during the reign of Henry VIII.

HMS Invincible enters Home Fleet service, embodying Fisher's fast heavily armed cruiser concept.

Begins the Holstein-Ledreborg Government in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.

Home-water forces are reorganised into a unified Home Fleet with differing readiness levels and concentrated battle strength.

Parliament reaches its summer recess without agreement over Irish Home Rule.

Leads the Lords challenge to the Peoples Budget.

Backs the Lords during the escalating constitutional dispute.

Secures major housing and town-planning legislation.

Sworn in as President of Cuba

Turkey recognizes Bulgarian independence

The Triple Alliance recognizes the independence of Bulgaria

France & Germany agree to support the independence of Morocco

A Royal Proclamation creates the self-governing body of South Africa

France & Germany agree to support the independence of Morocco

A Royal Proclamation creates the self-governing body of South Africa

Russian troops invade northern Persia & occupy Tabriz

The main cause of difference beteen the parties is Irish home rule

Visits the 1st 17 Labour Exchanges, all of which open this day

Introduces legislation establishing a national labour exchange system.

Churchills Bill has its 2nd reading in the House of Commons

Introduces the Labour Exchanges Bill to the House of Commons

Links taxation reform with social spending and naval requirements.

Defends the Peoples Budget in a forceful Limehouse speech.

Triggers a constitutional confrontation with the Liberal government.

The House of Lords rejects the Budget by 350 votes to 75.

Condemns the Lords refusal to pass the Finance Bill.

Completes the hazardous northern journey across Victoria Land.

Faces criticism over treatment of imprisoned suffragette campaigners.

Creates statutory machinery for fixing minimum rates in sweated industries.

Co-authors the Minority Report of the Poor Law Commission.

Co-authors the Poor Law Commissions Minority Report.

Moor Street station opens to relieve congestion at Snow Hill.

Argues for preventive public services and coordinated social administration.

Defends increased naval estimates during the dreadnought scare.

Returns after serving on sledging and depot-laying parties.

Returns from Antarctica after geological work with the Nimrod expedition.

Turns north with the weakened four-man southern party.

Provides medical expertise during the exhausting polar journey.

Helps haul the expedition sledge during the southern journey.

Chooses survival rather than continuing toward the South Pole.

Becomes the first woman awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, recognised for imagination and spiritual perception.

Dissolves Parliament during the campaign against the House of Lords.

Dissolves Parliament, the election war-cry is "The Peers versus the People"

Lloyd George presents a redistributive budget financing welfare and naval expenditure through higher taxation.

Introduces welfare finance later linked to social reform thinking.

Supports Lloyd George's radical budget in Cabinet and Parliament.

Backs Lloyd Georges radical budget in Cabinet and Parliament.

Attacks inherited wealth and argues for progressive taxation.

Introduces the Peoples Budget to the House of Commons.

Helps write the Minority Report on Poor Law reform.

Advocates replacing the Poor Law with coordinated public services.

Villazon begins a constitutional Liberal Party presidency.

Appointed President of Brazil

Appointed President of Brazil after the death of Afonso Pena

Appointed President of Nicaragua

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Declares himself as the President of Venezuela

Appointed Prime Minister of France

Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland

Government prison policy is challenged by organized hunger striking.

Proposes new taxes on land, high incomes and estates.

Persuades Parliament to accept plans for the introduction of Labour Exchanges

Finance Bill, the 3rd reading of the Finance Bill is passed in the House of Commons

Finance Bill, The Finance Bill is rejected by the House of Lords, 350 votes to 75

Resigns after his tax reforms are defeated in the Reichstag

Resigns after a debate on the condition of the French Navy

Resigns under pressure from the US Marines

Colombia signs a convention with the USA recognizing Panama

Loses confidence of Emperor William II in the Daily Telegraph affair

Promotes scientific research alongside an attempt on the South Pole.

Shakes hands with the Kaiser. A guest at military manoevres in Germany

Welcomes enactment of the South Africa Act by Britain.

Reaches the South Magnetic Pole with David and Mawson.

Names the area where they stop as King Edward VII Plateau

The Nimrod spots Shackleton from Cape Royds & pick him up

Speaks against the Lords plan to vote against the Budget

Succeeds in arbitrating a threatened coal miners strke

Theresa Grant attacks Churchill at Bristol railway station.

Faces the first suffragette hunger strike in Holloway Prison.

Oversees prison policy during escalating militant suffrage protests.

Targets exceptionally low pay in several poorly regulated trades.

Develops plans for a new British Antarctic expedition.

Publishes The Lady of Blossholme in book form.

Titanic's keel is laid at Harland and Wolff, beginning construction of Yard Number 401.

Secures legislation establishing wage boards in selected low-paid trades.

Promotes wage-board legislation through the House of Commons.

Sees the constitutional framework for the Union receive royal assent.

Edward VII formally opens the University of Birmingham's Edgbaston campus.

Receives his first honorary doctorate, awarded by the University of Geneva.

Expands public powers over housing standards and planned development.

Resists demands for immediate government legislation on women's suffrage.

Resists demands for immediate government legislation on womens suffrage.

Faces continuing WSPU pressure around Parliament and public meetings.

Becomes a member of the Physical Society of Zurich.

Birth of Alain Poher

Birth of Diana Churchill, daughter of Winston & Clemantine Churchill

Birth of Hector Jose Campora Demaestre

Birth of James Mason

Birth of Joseph Leo Mankiewicz

Death of Shihkai & Chidong, power is passed to the Manchus. Death of Chang Chidong

Assassinated by a Korean Nationalist

Death of Shihkai & Chidong, power is passed to the Manchus