Knighthood
Knighted for humanitarian work in the Congo & Brazil.
Historical events in 1911
745 historical records
January 191150 historical events
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Mount Erebus Sighted
Scott records Mount Erebus in sight as Terra Nova approaches Ross Island.
Constitution of Great Britain
Advises Asquith to create 500 peers if necessary to pass the Parliament Act
Siege of Sydney St
Instructs the firebrigade to let the house burn, 1 is shot & another asphyxiated. Deploys Scots guards to cover an east London house when 2 anarchists fire on police. "better to let the house burn down than spend good British lives". 3 policemen are murderred by a gang & then trapped in Sydney St
Home Office Crisis Response
Faces controversy over his visible involvement in the armed confrontation.
Siege of Sidney Street
Attends the police operation during the Siege of Sidney Street.
Cape Evans Site Selected
Scott selects the west Ross Island site that becomes the expedition's main winter station.
Cape Evans Named
Scott names Cape Evans in honour of his second in command while selecting the winter-quarters site.
Cape Evans Hut Construction Begins
Construction begins on the expedition's main hut at Cape Evans.
Cape Evans Landing
Lands the shore party and stores at Cape Evans.
Cape Evans Naming
Scott renames the selected winter-quarters site Cape Evans in honour of expedition second-in-command Edward Evans.
Winter Quarters Established
Cape Evans becomes the principal base of the Terra Nova expedition.
Cape Evans Landing Support
Evans joins the shore party during the landing and establishment of the Cape Evans base.
Cape Evans Landing
The expedition lands at Cape Evans on 4 January. Evans joins the shore party while Lieutenant Harry Pennell takes command of Terra Nova.
Cape Evans Naming
Cape Evans is named in his honour.
Terra Nova Expedition
Scott names the west Ross Island winter-quarters site Cape Evans in honour of Edward Evans.
Motor Tractor Lost
One of the expedition's three motor tractors is lost through sea ice during the unloading operation at Cape Evans.
Main Stores Landed
Scott records that the expedition is effectively landed with its essential stores ashore at Cape Evans.
Framheim
Establishes Framheim at the Bay of Whales as the Norwegian base for the South Pole attempt
South Pole Expedition
The expedition arrived at the eastern edge of the Ross Ice Shelf (then known as "the Great Ice Barrier"), at a large inlet called the Bay of Whales
South Pole Expedition
Amundsen established his base camp there, calling it Framheim
South Pole
The expedition arrived at the eastern edge of Ross Ice Shelf at a large inlet called the Bay of Whales where Amundsen located his base camp and named it Framheim
Discovery Hut Inspected
Scott inspects the old Discovery hut at Hut Point.
Hut Point Shelter Assessed
He finds the building heavily filled with snow and ice.
Cape Evans Hut Occupied
The shore party moves into the completed Cape Evans hut and begins organised winter-quarters life.
Cape Evans Hut Interior Built
Bowers constructs internal partitions and storage arrangements as the expedition settles into the Cape Evans hut.
Meteorological Corner Established
Simpson establishes his meteorological working area within the Cape Evans hut for regular atmospheric observations.
Cape Evans Hut Completed
The main expedition hut at Cape Evans is completed.
Expedition Base Completed
The shore party now has permanent winter accommodation.
Siege of Sydney St
Gives evidence at the Sydney St inquest
Terra Nova Grounding
Terra Nova briefly grounds near Cape Evans while manoeuvring around the ice edge.
Birth of Bruno Kreisky
Birth of Bruno Kreisky
Election
The Liberals win the election with 275 seats. The Government depends on 41 Labour & 71 Irish. Conservatves increase their seats from 116 to 273
Terra Nova Leaves Winter Quarters
Pennell takes Terra Nova away from Cape Evans to continue ship operations and return toward New Zealand.
Der Rosenkavalier Premiere
Der Rosenkavalier receives its world premiere at the Royal Opera.
Royal Opera Dresden Premiere
The new comic opera establishes an immediate international success.
First Western Geological Journey
Debenham begins the first Western Party field journey after Terra Nova lands the geological team near Butter Point.
Western Party Landing
Wright lands with the Western Party near Butter Point for geological and glaciological fieldwork.
Eastern Party Reconnaissance
Campbell's party searches for a suitable eastern base before conditions force Terra Nova away from Cape Colbeck.
Western Party Landed
Terra Nova lands Taylor's Western Party near Butter Point.
Western Geological Journey Begins
The group begins geological exploration west of McMurdo Sound.
Motor Sledge Lost During Landing
A motor sledge is lost through the sea ice during unloading, reducing the expedition's mechanical transport resources.
Cape Evans Hut Construction
Davies supervises construction of the expedition hut after its prefabricated components and stores are landed at Cape Evans.
Cape Crozier Base Assessment
Scott examines Cape Crozier as a possible base location but abandons the site before establishing winter quarters farther west.
Cape Evans Hut
Establishes the expedition hut on Ross Island.
Western Party
Leads geological work west of McMurdo Sound.
Cape Evans Stores Annex
Bowers organizes expedition stores and builds an annex from packing cases along the south side of the Cape Evans hut.
Depot Laying
Helps lay depots for the southern journey.
Liberal Parliamentary Dependence
The government depends on Labour and Irish Nationalist support in Parliament.
February 191138 historical events
Fram Encounter at Bay of Whales
Campbell is aboard Terra Nova when the ship unexpectedly encounters Amundsen's Fram at the Bay of Whales.
Amundsen Base Reconnaissance
Pennell's shipboard party gathers direct information about the Norwegian expedition at the Bay of Whales.
Amundsen Expedition Encounter
Pennell's shipboard party meets members of the Norwegian expedition.
Fram Found at Bay of Whales
Terra Nova reaches the Bay of Whales and finds Amundsen's Fram.
Labour Leadership Election
Is elected leader of the Parliamentary Labour Party.
Parliamentary Labour Party Leadership
Succeeds George Barnes as Labour's principal Commons spokesman.
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Labour Party, 2nd term
Birth of Ronald Reagan
Birth of Ronald Reagan
Depot Journey
Begins depot-laying journeys across the Ross Ice Shelf to prepare the route toward the Pole
Constitution of Great Britain
Threatens to topple the Government if the Lords veto is not abolished
Lords Veto Campaign
Links Irish parliamentary support to constitutional reform.
Parliament Act Pressure
Presses the Liberal government to remove the Lords' permanent veto.
One Ton Depot Established
One Ton Depot is established on the Ross Ice Shelf during the 1911 depot-laying journey.
One Ton Depot Stores
Bowers helps organise and leave the food, fuel and fodder cached at One Ton Depot.
One Ton Depot Established
Scott establishes One Ton Depot at about 79 degrees 29 minutes south.
Southern Supply Depot Laid
The depot is placed north of the originally intended latitude.
One Ton Depot Laying
Part of the 13-man party who laid "One Ton Depot" 130 statute miles (210 km) from Hut Point, the depot being named because of the large amount of food and equipment cached there.
One Ton Depot Laying
Crean participates in the depot-laying journey that establishes One Ton Depot for the later southern march.
Northern Party Lands at Cape Adare
Priestley lands with Campbell's six-man Northern Party to begin geological work from Cape Adare.
Cape Adare Base Established
The six-man party prepares to winter and conduct scientific work.
Northern Party Landed
Terra Nova lands Campbell's Northern Party at Cape Adare.
Northern Party Landing
Leads the Northern Party landed at Cape Adare.
Constitution of Great Britain
Introduces the Parliament Bill to the House of Commons. Admits that Edward VII had not promised to create new Peers to reform the Lords
Parliament Bill Introduction
Introduces the Parliament Bill in the House of Commons.
Black Friday
Accounts are published of police confrontation outside the Commons with Suffragettes
Demonstrations
The WSPU claim police act under Churchills instructions during Black Friday. Accounts are published of police confrontation outside the Commons with Suffragettes
Dry Valleys Geological Mapping
Debenham maps geological features and collects specimens during the Western Party's first field season.
Western Party Glaciology
Wright contributes physical and glaciological observations during the Western Party's work west of McMurdo Sound.
Health of Gustav Mahler
Mahlefallls seriously ill with a streptococcal blood infection, and conducts his last concert in a fever
Antarctic Geological Fieldwork
Maps rock formations and glacial features west of McMurdo Sound.
Western Mountains Survey
Conducts geological fieldwork with the western exploration party.
Western Geological Survey
Taylor leads geological exploration of the western mountains and Dry Valleys during the first Western Party journey.
McMurdo Sound Survey
Directs surveys of valleys, glaciers and mountain formations.
Western Geological Expedition
Leads the western party during geological exploration in Victoria Land.
One Ton Depot
Depot work supports the coming polar attempt.
Western Geological Work
Studies geology with Taylor's Western Party.
Western Geological Work
Works with the Western Party in McMurdo Sound.
Election
Claims that Edward VII had promised to create new peers to reform the House of Lords
March 191122 historical events
Devolution
Proposes Britain be divided into 10 with a local administration & elected assembly
President of Uruguay
Begins his second presidency and intensifies social, labour and state-led reform
Resignation of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
Stolypin resigns as Prime Minister
Bjorn Jonsson Ministry
The Bjorn Jonsson Ministry ends, concluding this period as Minister for Iceland.
Kristjan Jonsson Ministry
Begins the Kristjan Jonsson Ministry and serves as Minister for Iceland.
International Womens Day
Supports nationwide Social Democratic events demanding votes for women.
SPD Womens Suffrage Campaign
Mobilizes working women through the party's first International Women's Day.
First International Womens Day
Helps organize the first International Women's Day in Germany.
Women Workers Mobilization
Campaigns for women's suffrage through coordinated socialist demonstrations.
Birth of Jacob Rubenstein
Birth of Jacob Rubenstein
Peerage Creation
Continues directing War Office reform after entering the peerage.
Viscount Haldane
Is created Viscount Haldane of Cloan.
Birth of Heinz Maier-Leibnitz
Heinz Maier-Leibnitz is born in Esslingen.
German Nuclear Physicist Born
The future German nuclear physicist and research leader is born.
Birth of Elisabeth Grummer
Elisabeth Grummer is born in German-administered Alsace-Lorraine.
German Soprano Born
The future German lyric soprano is born near Diedenhofen.
Court Councillor
Receives the title of court councillor from Duke Carl Eduard.
Meiningen Court Appointment
Prepares for a new musical appointment connected with the Meiningen court.
Education
Begins studies at the Royal Officer Cadet Academy
Danzig Cadet Course
Completes an officer-training course at the Royal Cadet School.
Royal Cadet School Training
Studies military subjects before receiving his lieutenant's commission.
Sea Ice Rescue
Helps survive a dangerous sea-ice incident.
April 191126 historical events
Commissioned Cavalry Officer
Receives a commission in the First Uhlan Regiment.
First Uhlan Regiment
Begins active service as a Prussian cavalry officer.
WSPU
Davison hides in a cupboard in the Palace of Westminster overnight so that on the census form she could legitimately give her place of residence that night as the "House of Commons", Tony Benn Member of Parliament placed a plaque there to commemorate the event
Census Protest
Hides overnight in Parliament during the national census.
House of Commons Cupboard Protest
Records the House of Commons as her census residence.
Nationalization
Creates the National Insurance Institute as the state expands control over life insurance
Birth of Feodor Lynen
Feodor Lynen is born in Munich.
German Biochemist Born
The future Nobel-winning biochemist is born in Bavaria.
First Western Party Returns
Taylor returns from the first Western Party journey after extended geological fieldwork west of McMurdo Sound.
Western Party Returns
Taylor and his companions complete the first Western Party journey by returning across the sea ice to Cape Evans.
Birth of George de Mohrenschildt
Birth of George de Mohrenschildt. Birth of George de Mohrenschildt
Cape Evans Geological Study
Debenham examines the local terrain around Cape Evans as part of the expedition's geological programme.
Agadir Crisis
A rebellion breakss out In Morocco against the Sultan, Abdelhafid. by April the Sultan is besieged in his palace in Fez and the French prepare troops to help put down the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property
Agadir Crisis
Britain tries to restrain France from adopting over-hasty measures and to disuade her from sending troops to Fez, the efforts fail but Edward Grey the British Foreign Secretary felt that his hands were tied and that he is forced to support France.
Agadir Crisis
The French dispatch a flying column at the end of April 1911 and Germany gives approval for the occupation of Fez.
Rule of Fez
The French dispatch a flying column at the end of April 1911 and Germany gives approval for the occupation of Fez
Winter Stable Reorganisation
Oates enlarges and reorganises the pony stalls to improve animal management during the Antarctic winter.
Winter Zoological Work
Wilson continues zoological study, drawing and specimen work as the expedition settles into Antarctic winter.
Cape Evans Topographic Study
Taylor uses the remaining light to examine local geology and topography around the Cape Evans base.
Upper-Air Balloon Observations
Simpson conducts balloon experiments to investigate atmospheric conditions above Cape Evans.
Cape Evans Winter Photography
Ponting works from his Cape Evans studio to document expedition life, equipment, animals and surrounding landscapes.
Winter Parasitology Work
Atkinson sets up laboratory equipment for medical and parasitological investigations at Cape Evans.
Agadir Crisis
A rebellion breakss out In Morocco against the Sultan, Abdelhafid. by April the Sultan is besieged in his palace in Fez and the French prepare troops to help put down the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property
Agadir Crisis
A rebellion breakss out In Morocco against the Sultan, Abdelhafid. by April the Sultan is besieged in his palace in Fez and the French prepare troops to help put down the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property
Rule of Morocco
A rebellion breakss out In Morocco against the Sultan, Abdelhafid. by April the Sultan is besieged in his palace in Fez and the French prepare troops to help put down the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property
Teaty of Fez
A rebellion breakss out In Morocco against the Sultan, Abdelhafid. by April the Sultan is besieged in his palace in Fez and the French prepare troops to help put down the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property
May 19118 historical events
Buckingham Palace Memorial
Completes the monumental sculpture facing Buckingham Palace.
Victoria Memorial Unveiled
King George V unveils Brock's completed Victoria Memorial.
Death of Gustav Mahler
Taken to Paris, where a new serum had recently been developed, does not respond and is taken back to Vienna at his request where he dies from his infection on 18 May 1911 at the age of 50, leaving his Symphony No. 10 unfinished. Death of Gustav Mahler
Terra Nova Pony Management
Oates oversees the ponies at Cape Evans, monitoring their condition and exercising animals intended for the southern journey.
Birth of Randolph Churchill
Birth of Randolph Churchill, Winston Churchills only son
Olympic Delivery Attendance
Joins owner and builder representatives travelling to Olympic after Titanic's launch before Olympic departs Belfast for Liverpool.
Titanic Launch
Harland and Wolff launches Titanic from Slipway Number 3 in Belfast.
Titanic Hull Launch
Witnesses the completed hull enter the water before the fitting-out phase begins.
June 191134 historical events
Constitutional Revision of 1911
The government completes reforms strengthening rights, courts, administration and compulsory education.
Agadir Crisis
Spain occupies Laraiche and Alcazar
Siege of Alcazar
Spain occupies Laraiche and Alcazar
Siege of Laraiche
Spain occupies Laraiche and Alcazar
Scott Birthday at Cape Evans
The wintering party marks Scott's birthday with a special meal and cake while preparations continue for the southern journey.
First de Broqueville Government
Begins the First de Broqueville Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Frans Schollaert Government
The Frans Schollaert Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Midwinter Day Cake
Cherry-Garrard contributes a large cake to the expedition's Midwinter Day celebrations at Cape Evans.
Midwinter Day Celebration
Scott and the wintering party mark Midwinter Day with decorations and a special dinner at Cape Evans.
Midwinter Day at Cape Evans
Leads the expedition's Midwinter Day observance at Cape Evans.
Terra Nova Winter Celebration
Maintains morale during the Antarctic winter before the southern journey.
Coronation
Is crowned with Queen Mary at Westminster Abbey.
Coronation
Crowned King of Great Britain
Westminster Abbey Coronation
Marks the formal coronation of the new British monarch.
Gustav Mahlers 9th Symphony premieres in
Gustav Mahlers 9th Symphony premieres in Vienna
Emperor Penguin Egg Expedition
Travels to Cape Crozier seeking emperor penguin embryos.
Winter Journey Departure
Leaves Cape Evans with Wilson and Bowers during winter.
Cape Crozier Winter Journey Begins
Wilson leaves Cape Evans with Bowers and Cherry-Garrard for the winter journey to the emperor penguin rookery.
Winter Journey
Joins the winter journey to collect emperor penguin eggs.
Cape Crozier Journey
The party travels in darkness to study emperor penguin breeding.
Cape Crozier Winter Journey Begins
Wilson leads Bowers and Cherry-Garrard from Cape Evans on the winter journey to study emperor penguin breeding at Cape Crozier.
Winter Journey Begins
Wilson leaves Cape Evans with Bowers and Cherry-Garrard for Cape Crozier.
Cape Crozier Sledge Journey
Hauls supplies during the expedition's hazardous winter scientific journey.
Winter Journey Departure
Departs with Wilson and Cherry-Garrard for Cape Crozier.
Winter Journey
Travels with Wilson and Cherry-Garrard to Cape Crozier.
Cape Crozier Emperor Penguin Mission
Leads a scientific mission through severe Antarctic winter conditions.
Winter Journey Departure
Begins the winter journey to collect emperor penguin eggs.
Winter Journey
Begins the winter journey to Cape Crozier.
South Polar Times Production
Cherry-Garrard helps produce the expedition's South Polar Times, combining humour, reports and scientific material for the wintering party.
Cape Adare Wintering
Campbell's Northern Party winters at Cape Adare.
Northern Party Scientific Programme
The group conducts meteorological, geological and biological observations.
Bolshevik Party
Exiled to the Arkhangelsk region
Exile of Nikolai Bukharin
Exiled to the Arkhangelsk region
Light Deflection
Predicts that gravity should bend starlight and proposes a solar-eclipse test.
July 191146 historical events
Gunboat Diplomacy
Creates an international crisis through a calculated display of naval power.
Panther Jump to Agadir
Initiates the dispatch of the Panther to the Moroccan port.
Agadir Intervention
Uses naval pressure to strengthen Germany's colonial bargaining position.
Panther Dispatch Approved
Supports sending the gunboat Panther to Agadir.
Agadir Crisis
The German gunboat Panther arrives at the port of Agadir
Agadir Policy Approval
Approves the government's naval demonstration at Agadir.
Imperial Support for Panther Dispatch
Supports an assertive attempt to obtain colonial concessions from France.
Agadir Crisis
The German gunboat Panther arrives at the port of Agadir
Agadir Crisis
The German gunboat Panther arrives at the port of Agadir
Cabinet decides Germany should consult Britain over Morocco
Cabinet decides Germany should consult Britain over Morocco
Cabinet decides Germany should not influence Morocco without consulting Britain
Cabinet decides Germany should not influence Morocco without consulting Britain
Rule of Morocco
Cabinet decides Germany should consult Britain over Morocco
Rule of Morocco
Cabinet decides Germany should not influence Morocco without consulting Britain
German Congo Compensation Proposal
Receives Germany's demand for colonial compensation in French Equatorial Africa during negotiations over Morocco.
British Response to Agadir Congo Negotiations
Monitors the Franco-German negotiations linking the Moroccan settlement to territorial compensation in the Congo region.
Franco-German Congo Negotiations
Authorizes negotiations offering territory in Middle Congo as part of a settlement of the Agadir crisis.
Birth of Thomas Terry Hoar-Stevens
Birth of Thomas Terry Hoar-Stevens
Reich Insurance Code
Oversees enactment of the comprehensive Reich Insurance Code.
Social Insurance Consolidation
Consolidates major German social-insurance laws within one statutory framework.
Liverpool Waterfront Landmark
Creates an early large British building using reinforced concrete.
Royal Liver Building Completed
Completes the Royal Liver Building on Liverpool's waterfront.
Royal Liver Building
Completes the Royal Liver Building on Liverpool's waterfront.
Agadir Warning to Germany
Signals British willingness to defend its international position.
Mansion House Speech
Warns Germany against threatening British interests during the Agadir crisis.
Border Settlement
Warns Germany not to endanger peace over Morocco during his Mansion House speech. The Germans call Lloyd-Georges Mansion House speech, "warning bordering on menace"
Speech
The Germans call Lloyd-Georges Mansion House speech, "warning bordering on menace"
Diplomatic Proposal
In a letter to Grey proposes the British detach Spain from her pro-German position
Agadir Diplomatic Talks
Communicates German demands for compensation during the Moroccan crisis.
Franco-German Negotiations
Represents Germany in negotiations with the French government.
British Reaction to Agadir
Reports strong British opposition to Germany's Agadir policy.
London Diplomatic Reporting
Warns Berlin that the crisis is worsening relations with Britain.
Colonial Negotiating Position
Seeks territory in equatorial Africa through diplomatic pressure.
Congo Compensation Demand
Demands French colonial territory in the Congo region as compensation for accepting French predominance in Morocco.
Agadir Negotiations
Directs government policy during negotiations with France over Morocco.
Moroccan Crisis Management
Seeks colonial compensation while attempting to contain the international crisis.
Cape Crozier Zoological Work
The specimens are preserved despite extreme winter conditions.
Emperor Penguin Egg Collection
Cherry-Garrard helps recover emperor penguin eggs at Cape Crozier after a hazardous journey made in darkness and extreme winter cold.
Emperor Penguin Eggs Collected
Collects emperor penguin eggs with Wilson and Bowers at Cape Crozier.
Emperor Penguin Egg Collection
Wilson's winter party reaches the Cape Crozier rookery and obtains emperor penguin eggs for embryological study.
Cape Crozier Blizzard
Bowers endures a violent blizzard during the Cape Crozier winter journey.
Winter Journey Tent Lost
The party's tent is blown away before being recovered.
Cape Crozier Blizzard Survival
Bowers survives the violent Cape Crozier blizzard and helps recover the expedition tent after it is blown away from the party's shelter.
Emperor Penguin Eggs
Secures emperor penguin eggs after extreme hardship.
Political Support at Agadir
Because of Germany's action at Agidir Churchill supports France & informs Lloyd-George
Agadir Crisis Policy
Backs France while attempting to prevent escalation with Germany.
Support for France
Strengthens Anglo-French cooperation during the Moroccan confrontation.
August 191129 historical events
Cape Crozier Party Reaches Base
The three travellers arrive exhausted after severe cold and storms.
Winter Journey Returns
Returns to Cape Evans after the winter journey to Cape Crozier.
Winter Journey Return
Wilson returns exhausted to Cape Evans after five weeks of severe winter travel from Cape Crozier.
Cape Crozier Winter Journey Returns
Wilson, Bowers and Cherry-Garrard reach Cape Evans after five weeks of winter travel and severe exposure.
First Spring Balloon Launch
Simpson resumes upper-air observations by launching a balloon from Cape Evans.
Southern Journey Pony Assignments
Oates takes charge of Christopher as Scott assigns ponies and handlers for the southern journey.
Constitution of Great Britain
The Lords are denied a veto over "money bills" & have 2 yr veto for other bills. Passed by the House of Lords, the duration of Parliament is reduced from 7 to 5 yrs. MPs are to be payed for the first time, 400 pounds a year
Legislation
The Lords are denied a veto over "money bills" & have 2 yr veto for other bills
MP Salaries Introduced
Members of Parliament are to receive salaries of 400 pounds a year.
Money Bill Veto Removed
The Lords loses its veto over money bills.
Parliament Term Reduced
Maximum parliamentary duration is reduced from seven years to five.
Reform of Parliament
The Lords are denied a veto over "money bills" & have 2 yr veto for other bills
Two Year Lords Delay
The Lords receives only a two-year delaying power over other bills.
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
House of Lords Veto Restricted
Limits the Lords' veto and reduces maximum parliamentary duration.
Parliament Act Royal Assent
Secures Royal Assent for the Parliament Act.
Parliament Act Royal Assent
Secures Royal Assent for the Parliament Act.
Diplomatic Plan
Forecasts the Germans will cross the Meuse on the Twentieth day of the invasion on France. Forecasts German military plans in an attack on France at the Comm of Imperial Defence
Invasion of France
Forecasts the Germans will cross the Meuse on the Twentieth day of the invasion on France
Birth of Vo Nguyen Giap
Birth of Vo Nguyen Giap in Quang Binh Province
Diplomatic Proposal
Proposes to Grey France, Britain & Russia safeguard Belgium, Holland & Denmark
Cape Evans Marine Science
His measurements form part of the Terra Nova scientific programme.
Tidal Observations
Conducts tidal observations while working as expedition biologist.
Cape Evans Photography
Photographs expedition life, landscapes and wildlife around Cape Evans.
Terra Nova Expedition Documentation
His images create an extensive visual record of the expedition.
Cape Evans Physical Science
His work contributes to the expedition's scientific programme.
Gravity Observations
Conducts physical and gravity observations from the Cape Evans base.
Bolshevik Party
Escapes from exikle & returns to Russia during the February revolution
Exile of Nikolai Bukharin
Escapes from exikle & returns to Russia during the February revolution
September 191126 historical events
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Assassination of Nicholas II
Shot at the opera in Kiev in front of Tsar Nicholas II
Assassination of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
Dies in hospital after being shot 4 days previously
South Pole Attempt
Begins an early start for the Pole but turns back after severe cold shows that the attempt is premature
South Pole Expedition
A small group, including Hjalmar Johansen, Kristian Prestrud and Jørgen Stubberud, set out on 8 September 1911, but had to abandon their trek due to extreme temperatures
Jena Party Congress
Leads the Social Democratic Party congress in Jena.
SPD Congress Leadership
Guides debates on electoral reform, organization and political strategy.
Jena Party Congress
Participates in the SPD congress as a national executive member.
SPD Organization
Supports the party's organizational work before the coming Reichstag election.
Southern Journey Plans Completed
Scott completes detailed plans for the southern journey after checking transport and provisioning arrangements.
Southern Journey Calculations Checked
Bowers checks Scott's detailed figures for rations, transport and supporting-party arrangements.
Birth of Euilogio Cantillo
Birth of Euilogio Cantillo
Assassination of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
Shot at the opera in Kiev in front of Tsar Nicholas II
Death of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
Death of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, in hospital after being shot 4 days previously
Olympic Hawke Collision
Commands Olympic when the liner collides with the Royal Navy cruiser HMS Hawke in the Solent.
Olympic Returns after Hawke Collision
Returns Olympic toward Southampton after the collision with HMS Hawke leaves the liner seriously damaged.
Declaration of War
Italy declares war on Turkey to conquer Libya & gain a foothold in north Africa
Declaration of War
Italy declares war on Turkey
Party Leadership Election
Joins the national leadership of Germany's largest socialist organization.
SPD Chairmanship
Is elected chairman of the Social Democratic Party.
National Party Leadership
Takes a senior role within the national SPD organization.
SPD Executive Appointment
Is elected to the Social Democratic Party executive.
Southern Journey Preparation
Prepares sledges, ponies, dogs and depots for the southern march.
Motor Party Command
After wintering at Cape Evans, Evans is given command of the Motor Party, which is scheduled to leave before the main southern expedition.
Motor Party Preparation
The Motor Party takes four men and two tracked motor sledges south onto the Barrier carrying supplies for the following dog and pony groups.
Prime Minister of Russia
Appointed Prime Minister of Russia, after the assassination of Stolypin
October 191147 historical events
Prime Minister of Canada
Forms a Conservative government after the reciprocity election.
Abdication
A Kuomingtang revolt under Sun Yat-Sen overthrows the last Emperor of the Manchu Dynasty
Coup
A Kuomingtang revolt under Sun Yat-Sen overthrows the last Emperor of the Manchu Dynasty
Reballion of Kuomingtang
A Kuomingtang revolt under Sun Yat-Sen overthrows the last Emperor of the Manchu Dynasty
Reballion of Rebels in Wuhan
A rebellion begins in Wuhan against the Manchu Dynasty
South Pole Expedition
A second attempt, with a team made up of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen, depart base camp. They took four sledges and 52 dogs
South Pole Expedition
A second attempt, with a team made up of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen, depart base camp. They took four sledges and 52 dogs
South Pole Expedition
A second attempt, with a team made up of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen, depart base camp. They took four sledges and 52 dogs
South Pole Expedition
A second attempt, with a team made up of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen, depart base camp. They took four sledges and 52 dogs
South Pole Expedition
Sets out from Framheim with Bjaaland, Hanssen, Hassel and Wisting for the successful South Pole journey
Motor Party Departure
Day departs with the experimental motor sledges as part of the advance southern transport party.
Motor Party Mechanical Support
Day accompanies the Motor Party to operate and repair the motor sledges during their first sustained field use.
Motor Party Departure
Hooper joins the advance motor party carrying supplies for the following southern groups.
Motor Party Departure
Lashly travels south with the motor party and takes responsibility for one of the tracked machines.
Motor Party Departure
Evans leads the advance motor party onto the Barrier ahead of the main southern expedition.
Motor Party Departure
Evans leads the Motor Party south ahead of the main expedition to move supplies toward the polar route.
Motor Party Departure
Leaves first with motor sledges and supplies.
Motor Party Departs
Leads the motor party south from Cape Evans.
Southern Motor Sledge Journey Begins
Motor sledges carry supplies ahead of the main polar party.
Motor Party Sledge Support
Lashly travels with the Motor Party, helping manage the experimental tractors and the supply loads intended for later parties.
First Lord of Admiralty
Appointed First Sea Lord of the Admiralty
Admiralty Appointment
Becomes First Lord of the Admiralty in Asquith's government.
First Lord of the Admiralty
Assumes political responsibility for British naval administration.
Cabinet Office Transfer
Assumes responsibility for policing, prisons and domestic administration.
Home Secretary Appointment
Becomes Home Secretary when Churchill moves to the Admiralty.
Naval War Staff
Completes a memorandum advocating the creation of a Naval War Staff
First Solvay Conference
Participates in the Solvay meeting devoted to radiation and quanta.
Radiation and Quanta Conference
Engages in international debate on quantum and thermodynamic problems.
Experimental Radiation Physics
Contributes expertise from precision measurements of infrared radiation.
First Solvay Conference
Attends the first Solvay Conference as an experimental physicist.
First Solvay Conference
Attends the first Solvay Conference on radiation theory.
Quantum Physics Discussions
Contributes to discussions concerning emerging quantum concepts.
First Solvay Conference
Participates in the first Solvay Conference on radiation and quanta.
Quantum Theory Conference
Discusses quantum theory with leading European physicists in Brussels.
First Motor Abandoned
Day's motor suffers a major mechanical failure and is abandoned on the Barrier.
First Tractor Breaks Down
The first motor tractor fails permanently on the Ross Ice Shelf.
Motor Sledge Failure
Works on the expedition's motor sledges during the southern journey.
First Motor Sledge Failure
The motor sledges prove unreliable, often refusing to start until heated or stopping after short distances. The first machine fails permanently on 30 October.
Motor Sledge Failure
Works with motor sledges as mechanical failures mount.
Motor Sledge Hauling
Helps continue hauling after motor sledge failures.
Second Motor Abandoned
The second motor sledge fails, forcing Lashly and his companions to continue by man-hauling.
Second Motor Sledge Failure
The second motor sledge fails the following day. The four men reorganise their loads and continue south, pulling a single sledge carrying about 740 pounds of supplies.
Constitution of China
The Emperors sole power will be to appoint a Prime Minister. The Emperor agrees to a constitution as demanded by the republican National Assembly. Parliament will control treaties & budgets
National Assembly
The Emperor agrees to a constitution as demanded by the republican National Assembly
Narrative Poem Published
Portrays a violent man's religious conversion through vigorous narrative verse.
The Everlasting Mercy
Publishes The Everlasting Mercy after magazine serialization.
Solvay Conference
Attends the first Solvay Conference on radiation and quanta.
November 191168 historical events
Pony Party Starts South
Oates leaves Cape Evans with the pony groups supporting Scott's southward march.
Main Southern Party Departure
Wilson leaves with the main southern expedition as the pony and dog groups begin their staged advance.
Pony Transport South
Travels south with responsibility for the expedition ponies.
Southern Journey Animal Management
Oates monitors the animals as conditions become increasingly difficult.
Southern Journey Pony Convoy
Oates travels south with the pony teams, taking responsibility for animal welfare as conditions become increasingly difficult.
Southern Journey Pony Management
Manages expedition ponies during the main march south.
Terra Nova Transport Support
Advises Scott on animal condition and transport limitations.
South Pole Expedition
Sets out from Cape Evans on the main southern journey toward the South Pole
South Pole March Starts
Motor, pony, dog and man-hauling groups support the advance.
Southern Journey Begins
The march south begins on 1 November 1911 with motor, dog and pony groups hauling loaded sledges at different rates along the planned route.
Southern Journey Begins
Begins the main journey toward the South Pole.
Southern Journey Begins
Begins the main southern journey toward the South Pole.
Southern Journey Support Plan
Scott's transport groups are arranged to provide staged support for the smaller party that will eventually continue toward the South Pole.
Main Southern Party Departure
Crean begins the southern journey with the pony-supported groups travelling across the Barrier.
Southern Journey Main Party
Crean leaves with the main southern party, contributing extensive sledging experience as the expedition advances toward the Beardmore Glacier.
Agadir Crisis
A 275 000 km territory, known as Neukamerun, becomes part of the German colony of Kamerun and part of German West Africa, which only lasts briefly until they are captured by the allies in World War I
Treaty of Fez
A 275 000 km territory, known as Neukamerun, becomes part of the German colony of Kamerun and part of German West Africa, which only lasts briefly until they are captured by the allies in World War I
French-German Convention
Obtains parts of French Equatorial Africa for German Kamerun.
Morocco-Congo Agreement
Concludes the November settlement by which Germany accepts France's Moroccan position in exchange for territory adjoining Cameroon.
Agadir Crisis Settlement
Recognizes French predominance in Morocco in exchange for African territory.
Morocco-Congo Agreement
Supports the Franco-German agreement transferring parts of French Equatorial Africa to German Cameroon.
Agadir Crisis
Under the Treaty of Fez Germany cedes France a small area of territory to the south-east of Fort Lamy, now part of Chad. A 275 000 km territory, known as Neukamerun, becomes part of the German colony of Kamerun and part of German West Africa, which only lasts briefly until they are captured by the allies in World War I
Rule of Cameroons
A 275 000 km territory, known as Neukamerun, becomes part of the German colony of Kamerun and part of German West Africa, which only lasts briefly until they are captured by the allies in World War I
Rule of Chad
Under the Treaty of Fez Germany cedes France a small area of territory to the south-east of Fort Lamy, now part of Chad
Rule of Fort Lamy
Under the Treaty of Fez Germany cedes France a small area of territory to the south-east of Fort Lamy, now part of Chad
Rule of German South West Africa
A 275 000 km territory, known as Neukamerun, becomes part of the German colony of Kamerun and part of German West Africa, which only lasts briefly until they are captured by the allies in World War I
Rule of Neukamerun
A 275 000 km territory, known as Neukamerun, becomes part of the German colony of Kamerun and part of German West Africa, which only lasts briefly until they are captured by the allies in World War I
Treaty of Fez
Under the Treaty of Fez Germany cedes France a small area of territory to the south-east of Fort Lamy, now part of Chad
Agadir Crisis Convention
Approves territorial gains for Kamerun while abandoning claims in Morocco.
Moroccan Settlement Accepted
Accepts the agreement ending the confrontation with France.
Southern Journey Dog Support
Girev drives dogs in support of the southern journey, helping move supplies and maintain communication along the route.
Reballion of Rebels in Chekiang
Participates in revolutionary action in Zhejiang during the 1911 Revolution.
Balfour Party Leadership
Ends nine years leading the Conservative opposition.
Conservative Leadership Resignation
Resigns as Conservative Party leader after mounting internal criticism.
Irish Home Rule
Resigns as Conservative Party leader over Irish Home Rule
Resignation of Arthur James Balfour
Resigns as Conservative Party leader over Irish Home Rule
Greater Birmingham Extension
Oversees major expansion of Birmingham's municipal boundaries.
Municipal Boundary Expansion
Incorporates Aston Manor, Erdington, Handsworth and surrounding districts.
Carlton Club Selection
Succeeds Arthur Balfour as leader of the parliamentary party.
Conservative Leadership Election
Is unanimously chosen Conservative leader at the Carlton Club.
Pony Condition at One Ton Depot
Oates assesses the ponies at One Ton Depot as the southern party prepares to continue.
One Ton Depot Reached on Southern Journey
Scott's southbound party reaches One Ton Depot and rests the ponies before continuing.
Birth of Josef Mengele
Birth of Josef Mengele
Launch
Launches the Centurion
Launch
Attends the launch of the HMS Centurion
South Pole
A second attempt with a team, consisting of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen himself, depart taking four sledges and 52 dogs
South Pole
A second attempt with a team, consisting of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen himself, depart taking four sledges and 52 dogs
South Pole
A second attempt with a team, consisting of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen himself, depart taking four sledges and 52 dogs
South Pole
A second attempt with a team, consisting of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen himself, depart taking four sledges and 52 dogs
South Pole
A second attempt with a team, consisting of Olav Bjaaland, Helmer Hanssen, Sverre Hassel, Oscar Wisting, and Amundsen himself, depart taking four sledges and 52 dogs
Motor Party Rejoined
The motor party maintains its pace after the breakdowns and reaches the rendezvous six days early, where the main party catches up on 21 November.
Rendezvous with Scott
Motor party meets Scott's main party ahead of schedule.
South Pole Expedition
The expedition arrives at the edge of the Polar Plateau
South Pole
Using a route along the previously unknown Axel Heiberg Glacier Amundsen arrives at the edge of the Polar Plateau after a four-day climb
Jehu Pony Put Down
Oates's transport group loses the weakened pony Jehu as the southward journey continues.
First Supporting Men Turn Back
Day is ordered back toward Cape Evans after the motor party has completed its supporting role.
Dog Team Support
Drives dog teams in support of Scott's southern journey.
Southern Journey Dog Transport
The dog parties transport supplies before returning north.
Motor Party Manhauling
After motor failures, Hooper continues south with the party by manhauling supplies across the Ross Ice Shelf.
Pony Management
Manages ponies during the early southern journey.
Pony Transport
Uses ponies to move supplies during the southern journey.
Dog Teams
Drives dog teams in support of the southern journey.
Cape Evans Meteorological Observations
Simpson recorded the temperature and wind observations at the base camp at Cape Evans.
Cape Evans Weather Station
Given the nickname Sunny Jim by the other expedition members, George Simpson constructed one of the continent's first weather stations, conducting balloon experiments to test the atmosphere and determine how altitude affects temperature.
Weather Station Command
Simpson is given command of the Cape Evans weather station for several months when Scott and the southern parties leave in November 1911.
Pony Support
Assists with expedition ponies during depot work.
Barrier Stage of Southern Journey
The opening stage of the southern journey requires roughly 400 miles of travel across the Barrier before the party reaches the Beardmore Glacier.
Southern Journey Participation
Crean joins Scott's southern party. The route crosses the Barrier, climbs the crevassed Beardmore Glacier to the Polar Plateau, then continues across the plateau toward the South Pole.
December 191181 historical events
Southern Journey Blizzard Begins
A prolonged blizzard halts the southbound parties and consumes precious time and supplies.
Man-Hauling Party
Leads a man-hauling party after the motor sledge failure.
Motor Party Blizzard
The Motor Party becomes the Man-hauling Party under Evans with Lashly, Atkinson and Wright. On 5 December a four-day blizzard halts their progress.
Imperial Army
The Regent Prince resigns after the rebellion of the Imperial Army
Resignation of Chun
The Regent Prince resigns after the rebellion of the Imperial Army
Southern Journey Blizzard Continues
Scott records worsening concern as the blizzard prevents travel and pony fodder runs short.
Final Ponies Sacrificed
The remaining ponies are killed at the foot of the Beardmore Glacier after completing their transport role.
Beardmore Glacier Reached
The expedition reaches the foot of the Beardmore Glacier after the difficult Barrier stage.
Shambles Camp Established
Bowers helps establish Shambles Camp and organise stores at the foot of the Beardmore Glacier.
Pony Losses
Remaining ponies are destroyed before the glacier ascent.
Beardmore Glacier Reached
Scott's travelling parties reach the foot of the Beardmore Glacier, ending the pony stage and beginning the climb toward the Polar Plateau.
Last Ponies Killed
At the foot of the Beardmore Glacier, the last ponies are killed and the expedition prepares for the glacier ascent.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for imaginative dramatic and literary works.
Heat Radiation Recognition
Is honored for foundational discoveries concerning black-body heat radiation.
Nobel Prize in Physics
Receives the Nobel Prize for laws governing thermal radiation.
Beardmore Glacier
Begins the ascent from the Barrier toward the polar plateau.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Wins the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for radium and polonium.
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on radium and polonium, including the isolation and study of radium.
Dioptrics of the Eye
Advances understanding of image formation through the human lens.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Receives the medicine prize for research on optical refraction in the eye.
Laws of Thermal Radiation
Reviews experimental and theoretical work leading toward quantum physics.
Nobel Lecture
Delivers his Nobel lecture on the laws of thermal radiation.
Dog Teams Turn Back
Meares turns north with the dog teams after their planned supporting stage ends near the Beardmore Glacier.
Beardmore Glacier Ascent Begins
Scott's remaining parties begin man-hauling their sledges up the Beardmore Glacier.
Glacier Man-Hauling Begins
After the dog teams turn back, the remaining southbound groups continue by man-hauling their sledges up the Beardmore Glacier.
Dog Team Return Journey
Girev accompanies the dog teams north after the supporting run toward the Beardmore Glacier is completed.
Coronation Durbar
Becomes the first reigning British monarch attending an Indian durbar.
Delhi Durbar
Attends the Delhi Durbar with Queen Mary.
South Pole Expedition
Amundsens team of five, with 16 dogs, arrives at the Pole (90° 0 S). They arrived 3334 days before Scotts group. Amundsen named their South Pole camp Polheim, meaning "Home on the Pole." Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VIIs Plateau. They left a small tent and letter stating their accomplishment, in case they did not return safely to Framheim
South Pole
Reaches the South Pole with Amundsen's party and helps navigate the final approach
South Pole Expedition
Amundsens team of five, with 16 dogs, arrives at the Pole (90° 0 S). They arrived 3334 days before Scotts group. Amundsen named their South Pole camp Polheim, meaning "Home on the Pole." Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VIIs Plateau. They left a small tent and letter stating their accomplishment, in case they did not return safely to Framheim
South Pole
Reaches the South Pole as a member of Amundsen's five-man Norwegian party
South Pole Expedition
Amundsens team of five, with 16 dogs, arrives at the Pole (90° 0 S). They arrived 3334 days before Scotts group. Amundsen named their South Pole camp Polheim, meaning "Home on the Pole." Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VIIs Plateau. They left a small tent and letter stating their accomplishment, in case they did not return safely to Framheim
South Pole
Reaches the South Pole with Amundsen, Bjaaland, Hanssen and Hassel
South Pole Expedition
Amundsens team of five, with 16 dogs, arrives at the Pole (90° 0 S). They arrived 3334 days before Scotts group. Amundsen named their South Pole camp Polheim, meaning "Home on the Pole." Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VIIs Plateau. They left a small tent and letter stating their accomplishment, in case they did not return safely to Framheim
South Pole
Reaches the South Pole as one of Amundsen's Norwegian sledging party
1st South Pole
1st person to reach the South Pole, beating Captain Scott
Discovery of South Pole
Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VIIs Plateau. Amundsen names their South Pole camp Polheim, "Home on the Pole.". Amundens team of six, with 16 dogs, arrived at the Pole (9000S). they arrive 35 days before Scotts group. 1st person to reach the South Pole, beating Captain Scott
South Pole Expedition
Amundsens team of five, with 16 dogs, arrives at the Pole (90° 0 S). They arrived 3334 days before Scotts group. Amundsen named their South Pole camp Polheim, meaning "Home on the Pole." Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VIIs Plateau. They left a small tent and letter stating their accomplishment, in case they did not return safely to Framheim
South Pole
Amundsen renamed the Antarctic Plateau as King Haakon VIIs Plateau
South Pole
Becomes the first expedition leader to reach the Geographic South Pole
Contributory Welfare Insurance
Creates contributory health and unemployment insurance for covered workers.
National Insurance Act
Secures Royal Assent for the National Insurance Act.
National Insurance Act
The National Insurance Act creates contributory health and unemployment insurance schemes.
Health and Unemployment Insurance
Establishes contributory protection against sickness and unemployment.
National Insurance Act Royal Assent
Secures enactment of the National Insurance Act.
National Insurance Act
Creates health insurance for many workers, a precursor to later NHS debates.
Beardmore Glacier Photography
Scott takes photographs during the glacier stage, adding his own images to the expedition's visual record.
First Support Party Return
Turns back with the first supporting party.
Support Party Return
Returns from the southern journey support work.
Support Party Return
Returns with the first supporting party.
Support Party Return
Returns north with the first supporting party.
First Supporting Party Turns North
Wright turns north with the first four-man support group after reaching the upper Beardmore Glacier.
First Supporting Party Turns North
Cherry-Garrard begins the return journey after his supporting party is ordered back.
Upper Beardmore Crevasse Crossing
Scott's parties encounter difficult crevassed ice while climbing toward the polar plateau.
First Supporting Party Turns North
Keohane joins Atkinson, Cherry-Garrard and Wright in the first supporting party ordered back.
Beardmore Crevasse Fall
Evans falls into a crevasse during the upper glacier ascent and receives a severe shake.
Beardmore Crevasse Fall
Atkinson falls into a crevasse during the difficult upper Beardmore Glacier crossing but is recovered.
First Supporting Party Turns North
Atkinson turns back with the first four-man supporting party from the Beardmore Glacier.
Beardmore Glacier Man-Hauling
The remaining teams continue man-hauling their sledges after the first supporting party turns north.
First Supporting Party Turnback
The first four-man supporting party turns back from the Beardmore Glacier, leaving eight men to continue south.
Southern Party Reorganisation
The southbound expedition reorganises after the first supporting party turns back on the Beardmore Glacier.
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador after the death of Emilio Estrada
Exile of Sun Yat-Sen
Returns from 14 years of exile to lead the republican revolution
Birth of Klaus Fuchs
Klaus Fuchs is born in Russelsheim in the German Empire.
German Physicist Born
The future theoretical physicist is born into a German family.
President of China
Appointed President of the Chinese Republic
Beardmore Support Turnaround
Wright leaves the southbound expedition with the returning support group, ending his chance of selection for the final polar party.
Battle of Nanking
Defeated by the Republicans
Colonial Secretary Appointment
Becomes state secretary of the Imperial Colonial Office.
Imperial Colonial Office
Assumes responsibility for Germany's overseas colonial administration.
Supporting Party Return Journey
Cherry-Garrard begins the long return from the Beardmore Glacier after completing his assigned supporting role for the polar attempt.
Beardmore Glacier Man-Hauling
Wilson man-hauls with the southbound parties during the ascent of the Beardmore Glacier.
Polar Support Journey
He turns back before Scott selects the final polar party.
Southern Supporting Party
Travels as a member of a supporting party on the southern journey.
First Supporting Party Returns
Atkinson turns north with a supporting group after hauling supplies partway up the Beardmore Glacier for Scott's continuing party.
Oil Fuel Committee Evidence
Gives evidence with Lord Strathcona to a government committee examining oil fuel and future naval requirements.
Beardmore Glacier Ascent
The Beardmore Glacier stage covers about 120 miles and climbs to roughly 10,000 feet before the southbound party reaches the Polar Plateau.
Beardmore Return Support
Keohane turns back with Atkinson's party and helps haul the returning sledge toward Cape Evans.
Southern Support Party
Keohane hauls supplies with a supporting party on the Beardmore Glacier before turning back toward the expedition base.
Health of Marie Sklodowska Curie
Is hospitalised after severe strain following her second Nobel Prize.
Koettlitz Glacier Survey
Debenham records geological evidence around the Koettlitz Glacier during the Western Party's first extended field season.
Early Solar Deflection Numerical Estimate
Einstein calculated an early value for the deflection of starlight passing close to the Sun and proposed that a total solar eclipse could make the displacement observable.
Freundlich Eclipse Test Discussions
Einstein encouraged astronomer Erwin Freundlich to pursue eclipse observations capable of testing the predicted gravitational bending of starlight near the Sun.
Gravitational Time Dilation Prediction
Einstein argued that clocks deeper in a gravitational field should run more slowly than clocks at higher gravitational potential, giving gravity a measurable effect on elapsed time.
Prague Paper on Gravitational Influence on Light
Einstein published a study of how gravitation affects light, deriving observable consequences from the equivalence principle while his full theory of curved spacetime was still incomplete.
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Prime Minister of Austria
Appointed Prime Minister of Austria
Marriage
Marries Emperor Charles I
Marriage
Marries Zita, Princess of Bourbon & Parma
Gesichte der Medizin
Publication of "Gesichte der Medizin"
Assistant to Franz Exner
Becomes an assistant in experimental physics under Franz Exner and gains laboratory experience that later informs his theoretical reasoning.
Break with Psychoanalysis
Begins developing individual psychology as a distinct therapeutic school.
Individual Psychology Society
Forms an independent society after separating from Freuds circle.
Resignation of Franz Conrad von Hotzendorf
Resigns after his proposal to attack Italy
General
Appointed the rank of General der Kavallerie
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature
Balkan League
The Balkan League forms against the Ottoman Empire.
Coup
Following Italy's victory in the Italo-Turkish War of 1911-1912 the Young Turks fell from power after a coup, the Balkan countries see this as an opportunity to attack and fulfill their desires of expansion
Cape Evans Magnetic Observations
Wright conducts magnetic observations from an ice cave behind the magnetic hut, away from interference caused by the main building.
Election
Elected on a platform of resistance to US economic influence
Prime Minister of Canada
Appointed Prime Minister of Canada
Coup
Helps overtrow the Manchu Dynasty
Reballion of Rebels in Wuchang
The Wuchan mutiny spreads throughout the Yangtze Valley. The South & North West of China are in now rebel hands
Coup
Participates in the Republican overthrow of the Manch Dynasty
Prime Minister of China
Appointed Prime Minister of China after the Assembly is recalled
Capture of Hanoi
Imperial soldiers Capture Hanoi
Reballion of Rebels in Hanoi
Imperial soldiers refuse to put down a revolt in Hanoi & sack the Governors residence
Capture of Shanghai
The republicans capture the garrison at Shanghai
Siege of Canton
A republican Government is declared in Canton
Siege of Shanghai
The republicans capture the garrison at Shanghai
Siege of Yangtze
The naval commander in the Yangtze transfers his loyalties & fleet to the republicans
Education
Graduates from the Yunnan Military Academy
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Northern forces after the death of the Emperor
Prime Minister of China
Appointed Prime Minister of China after the Assembly is recalled
Reballion of Rebels in Hanoi
Imperial soldiers refuse to put down a revolt in Hanoi & sack the Governors residence
Early Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
Develops an early form of the diagram later bearing his name.
Stellar Colour-Luminosity Relation
Plots stellar colour against absolute brightness to reveal systematic sequences.
Cavendish Laboratory Research
Moves to Cambridge and works around J. J. Thomson's Cavendish Laboratory while continuing theoretical studies on electrons and atomic physics.
Doctoral Thesis on Electron Theory
Defends his doctoral thesis on the electron theory of metals, confronting limitations in classical electron theory and the implications of Planck's quantum ideas.
Minister of Labour
Appointed Minister of Labour
Agadir Crisis
A rebellion breaks out In Morocco against the Sultan, Abdelhafid. by April the Sultan is besieged in his palace in Fez and the French prepare troops to help put down the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property.
Agadir Crisis
Britain tries to restrain France from adopting over-hasty measures and to dissuade her from sending troops to Fez, the efforts fail but Edward Grey the British Foreign Secretary felt that his hands were tied and that he is forced to support France.
Agadir Crisis
The British support France as in the First Moroccan Crisis again showing the strength of the Entente Cordiale
Entente Cordiale
The British support France as in the First Moroccan Crisis again showing the strength of the Entente Cordiale
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief-of General Staff
beginning-to-end
Symphony No. 10 (1910-1911) (unfinished; a continuous "beginning-to-end" draft of 1,945 bars exists, but much of it is not fully elaborated and most of it not orchestrated.)
German Performance of Konigskinder
The revised fairy-tale opera reaches a major German stage.
Konigskinder in Berlin
His opera Konigskinder is performed at the Berlin court opera.
First Major Conducting Appointment
Begins his first substantial appointment leading an established German orchestra.
Lubeck Music Director
Becomes music director in Lubeck at the age of twenty-five.
Personal Nobility
Receives Bavarian personal nobility for his work preserving folk culture and thereafter uses the title Ritter von Kahr.
Fleet Programme
Resists foreign-policy concessions that might restrict naval development.
Naval Expansion Policy
Continues advocating expansion of the German battle fleet.
Promotion to Grand Admiral
Is promoted to the rank of grand admiral.
Senior Naval Rank
Reaches the highest naval rank while directing imperial naval policy.
Domestic Government Coordination
Manages federal legislative business during the Bethmann Hollweg government.
Imperial Administration
Coordinates domestic administration as vice chancellor and interior secretary.
Death of Wilhelm Dilthey
Wilhelm Dilthey dies in Seis am Schlern.
SDP
Appointed Member of SDP executive
Syphilis Serological Diagnosis
Supports international adoption of the serological method bearing his name.
Wassermann Reaction
Continues promoting the complement-fixation test for diagnosing syphilis.
Chemotherapy for Syphilis
Advances targeted antimicrobial treatment through compound 606.
Salvarsan Clinical Reports
Oversees expanding clinical use of Salvarsan against syphilis.
Salvarsan Safety Debate
Responds to medical controversy concerning Salvarsan administration and toxicity.
Treatment Guidance
Emphasizes careful preparation, dosage and intravenous treatment procedures.
Discovery of Wiens Law
Winner of the Nobe Prize for Physics. Wiens law states that the hotter the body the shorter its radiation wavelegnth
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for discoveries concerning the laws governing thermal radiation, including the displacement law bearing his name.
Bavarian War School Training
Jodl attends the Bavarian War School as part of his preparation for commissioned service.
General Staff
Blomberg enters the General Staff
Captain
Appointed Captain
Retirement
Retires from active service as a General
Inspector
Appointed Inspector of the Artillery
Artillery Inspector
Serves as inspector responsible for German field artillery.
Field Artillery Oversight
Oversees artillery readiness, organization and professional development.
General Staff Career
Continues professional staff training within the Prussian Army.
Promotion to Captain
Is promoted to captain after joining the Great General Staff.
General Staff Second Section
Develops deployment arrangements for a possible European war.
Mobilization Planning
Leads the General Staff section responsible for mobilization planning.
Field Marshal Promotion
Is promoted to field marshal while already retired.
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Honorary Senior Rank
Receives the army's highest rank for his long military service.
Agadir Crisis Military Planning
Reviews German mobilization requirements amid heightened European tension.
General Staff Leadership
Leads the Great General Staff during the Agadir crisis.
Prewar Military Career
Retires three years before his wartime recall.
Retirement from Army
Leaves active military service after commanding an army corps.
Army Strength Planning
Directs the Prussian War Ministry during army-strength planning.
Prussian War Ministry
Prepares military legislation connected with the 1911 quinquennial programme.
Grand Admiral Promotion
Receives promotion to grand admiral in the Imperial Navy.
Imperial Navy Leadership
Continues directing the fleet programme as Germany's senior naval official.
Berlin Staff Education
Studies staff duties and operational planning before the First World War.
War Academy Training
Begins professional military education at the Prussian War Academy.
Commissioned Lieutenant
Is commissioned lieutenant in Infantry Regiment Number 111.
Infantry Regiment Appointment
Begins commissioned service after entering the army as an officer cadet.
The Secret Garden
Publication of "The Secret Garden"
The New Machiavelli
Publication of "The New Machiavelli"
Under Western Eyes
Publication of "Under Western Eyes"
Zuleika Dobson
Publication of "Zuleika Dobson"
Short-Story Collection
Collects fantasies exploring imagination, convention and spiritual discovery.
The Celestial Omnibus
Publishes The Celestial Omnibus and Other Stories.
Father Brown Collection
Introduces twelve mysteries featuring the priestly amateur detective.
The Innocence of Father Brown
Publishes the first collection of Father Brown detective stories.
The Country of the Blind
Publishes The Country of the Blind and Other Stories.
Wells Short-Story Collection
Collects speculative tales addressing science, society and human perception.
Peter Pan Novel Published
Reworks the Peter Pan story into its enduring prose form.
Peter and Wendy
Publishes Peter and Wendy as a novel in Britain.
Denry Machin
Chronicles Denry Machin's rise through ingenuity and social ambition.
The Card
Publishes The Card as a comic novel.
St Cyprian's School
Begins schooling at St Cyprian's in Eastbourne.
Saki Short-Story Collection
Collects satirical stories about Edwardian society and mischievous protagonists.
The Chronicles of Clovis
Publishes The Chronicles of Clovis under the name Saki.
Poems
Publication of "Poems"
Epic Historical Poem
Retells King Alfred's struggle against Danish invasion in epic verse.
The Ballad of the White Horse
Publishes The Ballad of the White Horse.
First Poetry Collection
Establishes his early reputation among Georgian-era British poets.
Poems First Edition
Publishes his first collected volume titled Poems.
Health Insurance Administration
Helps design administrative arrangements for national health insurance.
National Insurance Implementation Planning
Develops institutional machinery needed to implement the new scheme.
Labour Exchange Policy
Links insurance administration with the national labour exchange system.
Unemployment Insurance Planning
Contributes expertise to the new unemployment insurance provisions.
Sea Ice Temperature Studies
Nelson obtains seawater temperatures from the sea ice, contributing regular marine observations to the expedition's scientific programme.
Antarctic Cinematography
Films and photographs expedition work throughout the Antarctic winter.
Cape Evans Visual Record
Creates an extensive visual record of people, wildlife and landscape.
Ferrar Glacier Survey
Taylor's party investigates the Ferrar Glacier and surrounding mountains as part of a broad geological survey of western Victoria Land.
Taylor Valley Geological Survey
Taylor leads geological investigations through the Dry Valleys, recording landforms and rock exposures west of McMurdo Sound.
Motor Tractor Track Work
Day machines replacement track rollers for the motor tractors using a lathe driven by a petrol engine inside the expedition base.
Titanic Fitting Out Engineering
Continues technical work while Titanic is fitted out at Harland and Wolff.
Cape Evans Darkroom
Ponting works from a dedicated darkroom inside the hut, processing photographs that document expedition life, landscapes and scientific activity.
Cape Evans Lantern Lectures
Ponting gives illustrated evening talks using lantern slides, providing education and entertainment during the Antarctic winter.
Titanic White Star Preparation
Follows preparations for Titanic to enter White Star Line's Southampton to New York service.
Olympic Maiden Voyage Command
Commands Olympic on her maiden voyage as White Star places its newest Olympic-class liner under his authority.
Balloon Experiments
Uses balloon observations to study upper-air conditions.
Cape Evans Meteorological Programme
Directs regular weather measurements at the expedition base.
Cape Evans Weather Network
Simpson operates meteorological stations around Cape Evans using recording instruments to maintain a continuous local weather record.
Upper-Air Balloon Observations
Uses balloons to investigate temperature and winds above Antarctica.
Weather Station
Maintains meteorological instruments at Cape Evans.
Antarctic Coastal Survey
Commands Terra Nova during coastal survey and resupply operations.
Terra Nova Scientific Cruise
Supports charting and scientific observations around the Ross Sea.
Motor Sledge Responsibility
On Scott's second expedition in Terra Nova in 1911-1913, Lashly was initially in charge of one of the expedition's two motor sledges which were to haul supplies southward in support of the polar party.
Cape Evans Photography
Photographs expedition life and Antarctic scenery.
Party Leader
Appointed Party Party Leader of the Conservative Party
Governor
Appointed Governor General of Australia
Labour Party Secretary
Becomes secretary of the Labour Party.
National Party Administration
Takes responsibility for national organization and parliamentary coordination.
Secretary of Labour Party
Appointed Secretary of the Labour Party
Irish Government Policy
Advises ministers on Irish administration and parliamentary strategy.
Irish Home Rule Committee
Participates in cabinet planning for a new Irish Home Rule measure.
Legislation
Churchill is responsible for Part II of Lloyd George's National Insurance Act
Committee of Home Rule
Appointed Member of Irish Home Rule Committee
Constitution of Great Britain
Favours an Imperial Parliament. Favors "Home Rule All Round", Parliaments for Ireland, Scotland, England & Wales
Home Rule
Appointed Member of Irish Home Rule Committee
Irish Home Rule
Appointed Member of Irish Home Rule Committee
Home Rule Policy Planning
Contributes to policy discussions preceding the 1912 Home Rule Bill.
Irish Home Rule Committee
Serves on the cabinet committee preparing Irish Home Rule proposals.
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Health Reform
Introduces Health & Unemployment Insurance
Legislation
Responsible for Part I of the National Insurance Act, introducing Health Insurance
Reform of Unemployment Support
Introduces Health & Unemployment Insurance
Health Reform
The Liberal Government introduce unemployment insurance
Home Rule
Sets up a Home Rule Comm of Lloyd George, Birrell, Churchill, Grey, Haldane & Samuel. Sets up a Committee on Home Rule for Ireland under the chairmanship of Lord Loreburn
Independence of Great Britain
Sets up a Home Rule Comm of Lloyd George, Birrell, Churchill, Grey, Haldane & Samuel. Sets up a Committee on Home Rule for Ireland under the chairmanship of Lord Loreburn
Independence of Ireland
Sets up a Home Rule Comm of Lloyd George, Birrell, Churchill, Grey, Haldane & Samuel. Sets up a Committee on Home Rule for Ireland under the chairmanship of Lord Loreburn
Irish Home Rule Committee
Creates a committee to develop Liberal policy on Irish Home Rule.
Legislation
The Liberal Government introduce unemployment insurance
Loreburn Home Rule Committee
Establishes a Home Rule committee under Lord Loreburn.
Reform of Unemployment Support
The Liberal Government introduce unemployment insurance
Unemployment Insurance Introduced
The Liberal government introduces unemployment insurance.
Agadir Crisis
A rebellion breakss out In Morocco against the Sultan, Abdelhafid. by April the Sultan is besieged in his palace in Fez and the French prepare troops to help put down the rebellion under the pretext of protecting European lives and property.
Agadir Crisis
Backs France against Germany in the Agadir Incident
Agadir Crisis
Britain tries to restrain France from adopting over-hasty measures and to disuade her from sending troops to Fez, the efforts fail but Edward Grey the British Foreign Secretary felt that his hands were tied and that he is forced to support France.
Agadir Crisis
Instead of scaring France into turning to Germany, the main result of the Agadir Crisis is to increase British fear and hostility and to draw Britain closer to France.
Agadir Crisis
The British support France as in the First Moroccan Crisis again showing the strength of the Entente Cordiale. The British believe that the Germans meant to turn Agadir into a naval base on the Atlantic.
Entente Cordiale
The British support France as in the First Moroccan Crisis again showing the strength of the Entente Cordiale. Instead of scaring France into turning to Germany, the main result of the Agadir Crisis is to increase British fear and hostility and to draw Britain closer to France
Instead of scaring France into turning to Germany, the main result of
Instead of scaring France into turning to Germany, the main result of the Agadir Crisis is to increase British fear and hostility and to draw Britain closer to France
Secretary of State for Agriculture
Appointed Minister of Agriculture
Peerage
Created Viscount Cloan
Greater Birmingham Extension
Major boundary extensions incorporate surrounding districts into the city.
Election
Insists an election is held to precede any reform to the House of Lords
Reform of Parliament
Insists an election is held to precede any reform to the House of Lords
National Insurance Parliamentary Advocacy
Churchill supported the National Insurance Act and argued for social protection within Liberal reform politics.
Reform of Parliament
During the crisis over the Parliament Act of 1911, Halsbury is one of the principal leaders of the rebel faction of Tory peers labelled the "Ditchers" who resolve on all out opposition to the Governments bill whatever happened
National Insurance Act Lectures
Tours Britain explaining the new National Insurance Act.
Official Public Information Tour
Builds political experience through public lectures on social reform.
National Insurance Act
Tours the country as an official explainer for David Lloyd George's National Insurance Act
Entry into Coal Mining
Enters the South Wales labour movement through mining employment.
Ty-Trist Colliery Employment
Begins working underground at Ty-Trist Colliery.
Colliery Work
Begins work at Ty-Trist Colliery.
INV
Helps found the Irish National Volunteers
Report
Completes the Putuymayo Report on the exploitation of rubber workers in Brazil
Excavation
Joins British Museum excavations at Carchemish, gaining field knowledge of Ottoman Syria.
British Museum Archaeological Mission
Supervises excavation, recording and interpretation of the ancient site.
Carchemish Excavation Leadership
Directs archaeological work at Carchemish with British Museum support.
Carchemish Excavations
Joins British Museum excavations at the ancient city of Carchemish.
Ottoman Syria Fieldwork
Develops archaeological and regional knowledge through fieldwork in Syria.
University of Birmingham
Serves as principal of the University of Birmingham during its early expansion.
Scientific Higher Education
Promotes scientific research and technical higher education.
University of Birmingham Leadership
Serves as principal of the University of Birmingham.
Cloud Chamber Particle Tracks
Develops the expansion cloud chamber, allowing tracks of fast charged particles including electrons to be photographed.
Admiralty Posting Begins
Carden returns to London for an Admiralty posting after his Atlantic Fleet service.
Captain
Appointed Adjutant of the Oxford OTC
British Agent in Egypt Appointed
Returns to Egypt as Britain's senior representative and begins a broad programme of administrative reform.
Military Governor
Appointed Military Governor of Egypt
Inspector General
French is Inspector General before the Ypres campaign.
Army Inspection
Continues inspecting British Army training and readiness.
British Expeditionary Force Preparation
Influences preparations for a future continental expeditionary force.
Continental Expeditionary Planning
Refines plans for deploying an expeditionary force to France.
War Office Planning
Directs operational planning within the British War Office.
Churchill Naval Advice Resumed
Fisher returns from Italy to advise Winston Churchill on naval preparation and the possibility of war with Germany.
Balkan League
The Balkan League is the alliance of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria against the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars
Krishna Raja Sagara Dam
As chief engineer of Mysore, M. Visvesvaraya helps advance the Krishna Raja Sagara dam and associated irrigation engineering.
One Ton Depot
Part of the 13-man party who laid "One Ton Depot" 130 statute miles (210 km) from Hut Point, the depot being named because of the large amount of food and equipment cached there
Assistant Doctor Room Enlargement Proposal
Recommends enlarging the assistant doctor's room while reviewing accommodation improvements for the Olympic-class liners.
Docking Bridge Pilot Proposal
Recommends placing the pilot on the after docking bridge when an Olympic-class liner is maneuvered stern-first at Southampton.
Officer Accommodation Improvement Proposal
Suggests changes to officer accommodation after observing Olympic's arrangements during her early service.
Olympic Improvement Notes
Records practical notes during Olympic's maiden voyage for improvements that could also influence Titanic and later sister ships.
Olympic Maiden Voyage Observation
Sails on Olympic's maiden voyage to observe the new liner in service and identify improvements for later Olympic-class ships.
Propeller Notice Board Proposal
Recommends permanently fitted propeller notice boards to reduce repeated handling and possible damage during ship operations.
Titanic Fitting Out
Oversees fitting-out work after Titanic's launch, including machinery, interiors and shipboard systems.
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
Prime Minister of Italy
Appointed Prime Minister of Italy, 4th term
Arrest of Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini
Imprisoned for 5 months, while in prison writes his autobiography. Arrested for trying to stop troops at Forli during the Italian invasion of Libya
John Huss, the Man of Truth", a booklet aimed against the Church
Publication of "John Huss, the Man of Truth", a booklet aimed against the Church
John Huss, the Man of Truth
Publication of "John Huss, the Man of Truth", a booklet aimed against the Church
Invasion of Libya
Leads an invasion of Libya
Invasion of Libya
Decides to invade Libya
Alliance Agreement
Japan completes the Angloese Alliance, 3rd
Alliance Angloese Alliance
Japan completes the Angloese Alliance, 3rd
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
President of Mexico
Appointed President of Mexico
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Nuclear Atom Model Proposed
Rutherford explained large angle alpha scattering by placing most atomic mass in a small concentrated nucleus. The project established a technique that other researchers could build upon.
South Pole
Using skis and dog sleds for transportation Amundsen and his men created supply depots at 80, 81 and 82 South on the Barrier, along a line directly south to the Pole
President of Portugal
Appointed President of Portugal, the 1st President of the Republic
Petrushka
Composes, "Petrushka", completes music for the ballet
Piano Concerto No 1
Composes, "Piano Concerto No 1", awarded Anton Rubenstein Prize
Rubenstein Prize
Composes, "Piano Concerto No 1", awarded Anton Rubenstein Prize
Cor Ardens
Publication of "Cor Ardens"
Assassination of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
Shoots Stolypin the Duma Prime Minister at the opera in front of Tsar Nicholas II
Assassination of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin
A Jewish police informer, the incident provokes anti-Jewish tension
Duma
Shoots Stolypin the Duma Prime Minister at the opera in front of Tsar Nicholas II
Stolypin Era
Observes later reform politics from outside government.
Regimental Command
Returns to command duties before the First World War.
Longjumeau School
Lectures party workers at the Longjumeau school.
Party School
Helps train Bolshevik cadres near Paris.
Why Marxists Oppose Individual Terrorism
Writes Why Marxists Oppose Individual Terrorism, emphasizing organized class struggle over isolated acts of violence.
Balkan League
The Balkan League is the alliance of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria against the Ottoman Empire during the Balkan Wars
South African Party Formation
Leads formation of the South African Party after Union.
Union Government Party Organised
Creates a broad governing organization around reconciliation and union.
South African Party Formation
Becomes a leading figure in Botha's South African Party.
Union Party Leadership
Helps shape the governing party's national programme.
Death of Piet Arnoldus Cronje
Death of Piet Arnoldus Cronje
Bundesrat
Appointed Member of Bundesrat
War Office
Appointed staff member of the War Office
Ethan Frome
Publication of "Ethan Frome"
Alexanders Ragtime Band
Popular songwriter Irving Berlin completes "Alexanders Ragtime Band," his first hit; culmination of ragtime craze
Secretary of State for War
Appointed Secretary of State for War, 1st term
Peace Negotiations
Secures the ratification of arbitration treaties that he had successfully negotiated with Britain and France and thereafter was known as one of the foremost advocates of world peace and arbitration
Solar Eclipse Relativity Test Proposal
Urges astronomers to test gravitational light bending during a total solar eclipse, linking his theoretical calculation directly to a possible astronomical observation.
Solar Light Deflection Prediction
Calculates that the Sun's gravitational field should bend passing starlight, turning the emerging gravitational theory into a prediction accessible to eclipse astronomy.
First Solvay Conference
Participates in the first Solvay Conference, discussing radiation and quantum theory with leading physicists.
Gravitational Redshift Prediction
Derives the expectation that light climbing through a gravitational field should lose frequency, providing an early relativistic prediction of gravitational redshift.
Prague Gravitation Research Programme
Uses his Prague professorship to intensify work on a relativistic theory of gravitation, concentrating on how acceleration, clocks and light behave in gravity.
Professor at Prague
Becomes professor of theoretical physics at the German University in Prague.
Elementary Electron Charge
Reports a precise value for the elementary electric charge from oil-drop measurements, strengthening the case for quantized charge.
Adopts Rebecca West Pen Name
Cicely Fairfield adopted the pen name Rebecca West from a character in Henrik Ibsen's Rosmersholm.
Bloomsbury Literary Exchanges
Strachey participated in debates about biography and artistic freedom among Bloomsbury writers.
Law Becomes Opposition Leader
Bonar Law assumes leadership of the Conservatives and Unionists in the House of Commons.
Albanian Revolt Destabilizes Frontier
Albanian resistance to Ottoman rule generates unrest near Montenegro's southern border.
Border Refugee Movements Increase
Conflict in Ottoman Albania produces refugee movements affecting Montenegrin frontier districts.
Albanian Revolt Destabilizes Frontier
Albanian resistance to Ottoman rule generates unrest near Montenegro's southern border.
Border Refugee Movements Increase
Conflict in Ottoman Albania produces refugee movements affecting Montenegrin frontier districts.