1912 in History

Brings an end to the Manchu Dynasty

Abdelhafid abdicates in favor of his brother Yusef after signing the Treaty of Fez, which makes Morocco a French protectorate

The Emperor abdicates

Improves centralized planning for intelligence, operations and mobilization.

France establishes a full protectorate over Morocco, ending what remained of the countrys formal independence

Challenges conventional attitudes toward women, work and sexual independence.

Austria denounces Serbian gains in the Balkans; Russia and France backed Serbia while Italy and Germany backed Austria

Austria denounces Serbian gains in the Balkans; Russia and France backed Serbia while Italy and Germany back Austria

Turkey, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria sign a weapons pact

The party discovers that Amundsen's Norwegian team arrived first.

Scott examines Amundsen's tent and the records left by the Norwegian polar party before turning north.

Discusses naval competition and possible political understandings.

Is appointed Wreck Commissioner to conduct the British formal investigation into Titanic's loss.

Inaugurates the railway connecting Arica with La Paz as part of Chile's obligations toward Bolivia.

Cassel warns Churchill & Lloyd George about German naval expansion

Cassel warns Churchill & Lloyd George about German naval expansion

Learns plans to deepen the Kiel Canal, Britain will need 40 battleships within 24 hrs

Circulates the new German Navy Law to the Cabinet

Announces in the Commons that for every German battleship built Britain should build 2

Present for the King's inspection of the Fleet

The new Naval Law is passed by the Reichstag in order to expand the German navy

Arrested by the Austrian police as a spy & enemy alien

Released by the Austrians because he is an "enemy of tsarism"

Defends Lenin & Zinoviev in Austria, they are released as "an enemy of tsarism"

Arrested by the Austrian police as a spy & enemy alien

Released by the Austrians because he is an "enemy of tsarism"

Death of Eloy Alfaro Delgado, assassinated

He waits six days hoping to meet Scott's returning party.

Organizes a Vienna conference seeking to unite anti-Bolshevik and non-factional Social Democratic groups in the August Bloc.

Austria denounces Serbian gains in the Balkans; Russia and France backed Serbia while Italy and Germany back Austria

The signing of a secret bilateral defensive alliance between Serbia and Bulgaria. Serbia and Bulgaria sign treaties to split between them the land of Vardarrr Macedonia

Expanded by a military contract

This agreement is later followed by a similar one between Bulgaria and Montenegro, thus forming a network of alliances in the Balkans, aimed at Turkey.

The first state to declare war is Montenegro, starting the First Balkan War. After issuing an ultimatum to the Porte on October 13, Bulgaria declares war on Turkey on October 17

The First Balkan War breaks out following an impossible ultimatum given to the Porte

Greece, not wishing to be left out of a possible alliance against the Ottoman Empire and the corresponding partition of territory, begins negotiations with Bulgaria on a defensive alliance resulting in the Greco-Bulgarian Treaty

Signing of the Greco-Bulgarian Treaty

The first state to declare war is Montenegro, starting the First Balkan War

After issuing an ultimatum to the Porte on October 13, Greece declares war on Turkey on October 17

The first state to declare war is Montenegro, starting the First Balkan War

Flies the prototype BE2 at Farnborough.

Promises Conservative support for Ulster opposition to Home Rule.

Places maritime safety and lifeboat regulation under public examination.

The searchers recover records and build a snow cairn over the tent.

Retreats through the engineering spaces as flooding spreads and the boiler-room situation becomes untenable.

Is on duty in boiler room 6 when seawater enters rapidly after Titanic strikes the iceberg.

Defends Lenin & Zinoviev in Austria, they are released as "enemies of tsarism". Defends Lenin & Zinoviev in Austria, they are released as "an enemy of tsarism"

Arrested by the Austrian police as a spy & enemy alien

Released by the Austrians because he is an "enemy of tsarism"

Leaves Vienna bound for Switzerland in an Austrian military mail train

Losif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili took the name Stalin, meaning "man of steel"

Arrested by the Austrian police as a spy & enemy alien

Released by the Austrians because he is an "enemy of tsarism"

Leaves Vienna bound for Switzerland in an Austrian military mail train

Scott adds Bowers to the final group of five continuing toward the South Pole.

Gives evidence to the British inquiry about bridge activity, distress signals and lifeboat operations.

Hands the evening bridge watch to First Officer Murdoch at 10 p.m. before retiring to his cabin.

Begins producing aircraft for sporting and military use.

Gives evidence about the rockets and conversations on Californian's bridge during Titanic's sinking.

Gives evidence about the ship seen from Californian before the rockets are observed.

Gives evidence about Californian's position, the nearby vessel and the rockets observed during Titanic's sinking.

Gives evidence about the rockets, Morse signalling and the nearby ship observed from Californian.

Gives evidence about receiving Titanic's distress call and Carpathia's wireless work during the rescue.

Chairs hearings examining navigation, construction and emergency procedures.

Gives evidence about provisioning lifeboats, Titanic's final plunge and his survival.

Gives evidence to the British inquiry about Titanic's design, lifeboat arrangements and shipbuilding practice.

Begins giving evidence about boiler-room flooding, watertight doors and his escape from Titanic.

Describes his officer duties, command of lifeboat 5 and the debate over returning toward people in the water.

Gives evidence about his engineering duties and lifeboat 13 during the British investigation.

Gives evidence about the evacuation and his escape in emergency lifeboat 1.

Gives evidence about engineering conditions and the conduct of emergency lifeboat 1.

Gives evidence about deck activity, shipboard lights and the evacuation.

Gives evidence about lookout duties and his command of emergency lifeboat 1.

Describes the loading of emergency boat 2, its occupants and the decisions made after Titanic disappeared.

Gives evidence about Titanic's lookout organisation and the watch preceding Fleet and Lee.

Gives evidence about lookout duties and conditions aboard Titanic before the collision.

Gives evidence about the crow's-nest watch, visibility and the iceberg sighting.

Gives evidence to the British inquiry about emergency lifeboat 1 and payments later made to its crew.

Gives evidence to the British inquiry about her experience aboard emergency lifeboat 1.

Gives evidence about the helm orders at the collision and his command of lifeboat 6.

Gives evidence about lights seen from Titanic and signalling activity during the sinking.

Gives evidence about deck work, lifeboat operations and the final evacuation.

Gives evidence about Titanic's lifeboats and his experience during the sinking.

Gives evidence about emergency lifeboat 1 and events seen from the boat after Titanic sank.

Gives evidence about the evacuation and instructions received during Titanic's final hours.

Gives evidence about passenger assistance, lifeboat loading and events after the collision.

Gives evidence about guiding third-class passengers and the loading of lifeboat 15.

Explains Titanic's structure, flooding calculations and damage assumptions to the British inquiry.

Gives evidence about engineering work, the evacuation and his escape from Titanic.

Gives evidence about Californian's wireless communications and the ice warning sent to Titanic.

Opens the formal British inquiry into Titanic's loss.

Answers questions concerning speed, lifeboats and company policy.

Is buried at Fairview Lawn Cemetery in Halifax after his body is recovered following the Titanic disaster.

Assumes the government's senior legal and judicial office.

Reconstructs his cabinet after political conflict with Hertzog.

Abolishes the 10 day lunar calendar for the western calendar with weeks of 7 days

Sends Titanic a wireless message warning that Californian is stopped among ice.

Takes the midnight watch aboard Californian while the ship is stopped among ice.

Stops Californian for the night after encountering a field of ice in the North Atlantic.

Takes command at Cape Evans after Evans is invalided home.

Italy captures the Dodecanese Islands from Turkey

Occupies Lemnos as a base near the Dardanelles.

Leads the Serbian Third Army into Pristina.

Withdraws Ottoman formations as Serbian forces enter Kosovo.

The Italians capture Rhodes

Accepts the surrender of Salonika.

The Turkish garrison of 20,000 surrenders and Constantine occupies the city

Abandons Skopje as the Vardar Army retreats southward.

Serbian forces occupy Skopje after Kumanovo.

Orders the Serbian advance into Skopje after victory at Kumanovo.

Arrives in New York aboard Carpathia after surviving Titanic in lifeboat 4.

Disembarks from Carpathia in New York after surviving Titanic in lifeboat 13.

Brings Titanic survivors to New York aboard Carpathia.

Describes Carpathia's response and rescue work to the United States Senate inquiry.

Brings Carpathia to the disaster area and begins recovering people from Titanic's lifeboats.

Responds after Carpathia receives Titanic's wireless distress message.

Orders Carpathia prepared to receive large numbers of survivors while the ship races toward Titanic's reported position.

Helps organise assistance for fellow survivors after being rescued by Carpathia.

Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but was twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos

Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but was twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos

Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but is twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos

Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but is twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos

Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but was twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos

Bulgarian forces fail to break the Chatalja line.

Defends the line protecting Constantinople.

Is later recovered after supporting evacuation efforts.

Secures passage of the Coal Mines Minimum Wage Act.

Secures passage of the Coal Mines Minimum Wage Act.

Creates district boards to set minimum underground wage rates.

Survives the sinking by reaching overturned collapsible B after being swept into the sea.

Survives on overturned collapsible lifeboat B after Titanic disappears beneath the water.

Supervises work around collapsible C during the final stages of the starboard evacuation.

Helps supervise collapsible D during the final lifeboat operations on Titanic's port side.

Supervises loading of collapsible D during the final minutes of Titanic's evacuation.

Reports to Captain Smith that the flooding is beyond Titanic's designed ability to remain afloat.

Carries out the helm order during the attempted avoidance manoeuvre.

Reaches the end of the year with working capital effectively exhausted despite the major Persian oil discovery.

The London Peace Conference, composed of delegates from the Balkan allies, including Greece, who had not signed the armistice, and Turkey, holds its 1st day

Receives congressional recognition for leading Carpathia's prompt rescue response to the Titanic disaster.

Is convicted after the WSPU window-smashing campaign.

Is convicted with WSPU leaders over militant protest organization.

Measures increasing ionization at high altitude during a balloon flight.

Depicts family conflict within a controlling industrial household.

Continues wireless work until electrical power fails.

Crean begins a solitary 35-mile march to Hut Point to obtain help for the critically ill Edward Evans.

Evans suffers another fall during the difficult descent toward the Beardmore Glacier.

Scott falls into a crevasse while descending toward the Beardmore Glacier and continues after being recovered.

Uses technical calculations to explain how flooding across multiple compartments caused Titanic to founder.

After issuing an ultimatum to the Porte on October 13, Bulgaria declares war on Turkey on October 17

After issuing an ultimatum to the Porte on October 13, Greece declares war on Turkey on October 17

Montenegro declares war on Turkey

Faces Montenegro's declaration of war.

Following an ultimatum to the Ottomans, the remaining members of the Balkan alliance enter the conflict

Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia declare war on Turkey

Declares war on the Ottoman Empire.

Organises Ottoman resistance at Scutari.

Climbs down a rope into lifeboat 6 after offering his sailing experience to help the short-handed boat.

Proposes a "Naval holiday", a suspension of naval construction by Britain & Germany

Concludes that penetrating radiation reaches Earth from outer space.

Announces King Haaken & Queen Maude agree to use their names for discovered areas. Announces his discovery of the South Pole

Renews the Liberal programme for Welsh religious reform.

Assists officers with emergency signalling from the after part of Titanic during the distress response.

Campaigns for improved wages and conditions across dock employment.

Attempts to meet Scott's returning party with dog teams.

Girev assists the dog-team operation sent from Hut Point to bring Edward Evans and Lashly safely back from the Barrier.

The 4th & last Duma opens

The 4th & last Duma opens, 1912-1917

Evans reaches safety after severe scurvy and is later evacuated from Antarctica aboard Terra Nova for medical recovery.

Atkinson organizes a dog-team rescue after Crean reaches Hut Point with news that Edward Evans is dangerously ill.

Crean and Lashly haul the severely ill Edward Evans north after the last supporting party turns back.

Lashly helps pull the scurvy-stricken Edward Evans toward Hut Point during the supporting party's return.

Loses the Bow by-election when standing as an independent womens suffrage supporter

The Liberal Party wins a commanding parliamentary majority under Venizelos.

Roosevelt splits the Republicans by forming the Progressive Party. Elected President of the USA

Takes charge of emergency lifeboat 1 after it is lowered from Titanic.

Escapes with his wife in emergency lifeboat 1, which is lowered with only twelve occupants.

Escapes Titanic with her husband in emergency lifeboat 1.

Helps supervise emergency lifeboat 1 as it is lowered from the starboard side.

Escapes in emergency lifeboat 1 with other crew members and first-class passengers.

Escapes in emergency lifeboat 1 and helps crew the lightly loaded boat.

The Kristjan Jonsson Ministry ends, concluding this period as Minister for Iceland.

The Wollert Konow Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.

Turns Greek forces toward Ioannina after Salonika.

Approves equal secondary study programmes for male and female students.

Begins work as professor of theoretical physics at ETH Zurich.

Campbell establishes the Northern Party at Evans Coves for a planned six-week programme of geological and glaciological exploration.

Stays with Edward Evans while Crean seeks help.

Lashly helps place the seriously weakened Edward Evans on a sledge when scurvy leaves him unable to continue walking.

Cares for Edward Evans after severe scurvy develops.

Directs suffrage strategy from France through clandestine communications.

Leaves Vienna bound for Switzerland in an Austrian military mail train

Leaves Vienna bound for Switzerland in an Austrian military mail train

Dies with Wilson and Bowers near One Ton Depot.

After walking a further 20 miles, the three remaining men made their final camp on 19 March, 11 miles (18 km) short of One Ton Depot, but 24 miles (38 km) beyond the original intended location of the depot.

Bowers reaches the final camp with Scott and Wilson while a worsening blizzard prevents further progress.

Wilson reaches the final camp with Scott and Bowers approximately eleven miles short of One Ton Depot.

Writes his final diary entry near One Ton Depot.

Scott writes his final diary entry while the surviving polar party remains trapped by a blizzard near One Ton Depot.

Is added to Scott's final polar party.

Continues south with Scott's final party.

Continues with Scott toward the South Pole.

Chooses a five-man party for the final polar march.

Continues south with Scott's final polar party.

Scott announces his decision: five men (Scott, Edward Wilson, H. R. Bowers, Lawrence Oates and Edgar Evans) would go forward to the South Pole.

Scott announces his decision: five men (Scott, Edward Wilson, H. R. Bowers, Lawrence Oates and Edgar Evans) would go forward to the South Pole.

Scott announces his decision: five men (Scott, Edward Wilson, H. R. Bowers, Lawrence Oates and Edgar Evans) would go forward to the South Pole.

Scott announces his decision: five men (Scott, Edward Wilson, H. R. Bowers, Lawrence Oates and Edgar Evans) would go forward to the South Pole.

Leads the Serbian First Army south toward Kumanovo.

Commands Bulgaria's First Army in Thrace.

Concentrates the Ottoman Vardar Army to oppose the Serbian advance.

Agrees an armistice with most Balkan League states.

Accepts an armistice while negotiations begin in London.

Measures the Doppler shift of M31 and finds a very large approach velocity, the first radial-velocity measurement made for a spiral nebula.

Gives evidence to the British inquiry about the lookout watch, iceberg sighting and absence of binoculars.

Escapes to Paris to avoid arrest for militant conspiracy.

Privately financed rail connection between Key West and mainland Florida, built by Henry Morrison Flagler, is completed

The Board of Trade formally orders an investigation under the Merchant Shipping Act into Titanic's loss.

Leads the Bolshevik Duma group while secretly serving police interests.

Evans suffers worsening frostbite to his hands and nose during the return across the polar plateau.

Forms a new cabinet without Hertzog

Greece, not wishing to be left out of a possible alliance against the Ottoman Empire and the corresponding partition of territory, begins negotiations with Bulgaria on a defensive alliance resulting in the Greco-Bulgarian Treaty

Concludes a defensive treaty with Greece.

Greece, not wishing to be left out of a possible alliance against the Ottoman Empire and the corresponding partition of territory, begins negotiations with Bulgaria on a defensive alliance resulting in the Greco-Bulgarian Treaty

Joins Bulgaria in a treaty against Ottoman power.

Remains aboard for the maiden voyage so the Guarantee Group can test systems and address problems.

Sails with Harland and Wolff's Guarantee Group to observe Titanic's performance and identify defects during the maiden voyage.

Visits Berlin seeking improved relations with Germany.

Brings national health insurance contributions into operation.

Excludes Hertzog as divisions among Afrikaner politicians deepen.

Hindle Wakes opens at the Aldwych Theatre.

Home Rule Bill, The Irish Home Rule Bill is introduced in the House of Commons

Pledges Conservative-Unionist support for Ulster resistance to Home Rule proposals

Orders an emergency change of course and engine action when the iceberg is reported directly ahead.

Home Rule Bill, The Irish Home Rule Bill is introduced in the House of Commons. Asquith renews Liberal efforts to establish Irish Home Rule

Home Rule Bill, The Irish Home Rule Bill is introduced in the House of Commons. Asquith renews Liberal efforts to establish Irish Home Rule

Campbell's men begin converting a snowdrift into a cramped winter shelter after accepting that ship relief will not arrive.

Northern Party winters in a snow cave after ship pickup fails.

Leads the Northern Party through winter in a snow cave.

Endures the Northern Party's winter at Inexpressible Island.

Survives the Northern Party's snow-cave winter.

Members of the Balkan League attack Turkey and win quick victories

Montenegro invades Shkodra, with secondary operations in the Novi Pazar area

After the liberation of Thessaloniki, the Greek army links up with the Serb army north and they turns west

Greece captures Thessaloniki

Home Rule Bill, The Irish Home Rule Bill is introduced in the House of Commons. Asquith renews Liberal efforts to establish Irish Home Rule

Introduces the Irish Home Rule Bill in the House of Commons.

Begins the Jens Bratlie Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.

Completes the King Edward VII railway bridge across the Tyne.

Begins the return journey with Evans and Lashly.

Turns back with Crean and Lashly from 87 degrees south.

Begins the difficult return with Evans and Crean.

Lashly and Crean help bring their commander back alive.

Crean helps haul the weakened Evans toward safety.

Crean turns north with Edward Evans and Lashly when Scott reduces the southbound group to the final five.

Evans leads Crean and Lashly north after Scott orders the final supporting party to turn back.

Lashly starts the long return journey with Edward Evans and Crean after the final polar party is selected.

Evans starts the return journey with Lashly and Crean after the last supporting party is dismissed from the southbound expedition.

Evans, Lashly and Crean turn north on 4 January, about 160 miles from the Pole, while Bowers remains with Scott's final party.

Scott orders Evans and the Last Supporting Party to turn back. Evans is physically exhausted after hauling a loaded sledge for much of the southward journey.

William Lashly joins Edward Evans and Tom Crean in the last supporting party ordered to turn back before Scott's final advance to the Pole.

Turns north with Crean and Lashly as the last supporting party.

Wilson strains a tendon during the return journey but continues travelling with the polar party.

Home Rule Bill, The Irish Home Rule Bill is introduced in the House of Commons

Lenin is released as an "enemy of tsarism" & escorted in a train to Switzerland

Venizelos wins an overwhelming parliamentary mandate for his reform programme.

Commands a lifeboat and later signals the approaching Carpathia.

Assists with lifeboat 8 on the port side during the evacuation.

Oversees the port-side departure of lifeboat 8, one of the earlier boats lowered during the evacuation.

Escapes in lifeboat 8 and assists with steering and rowing after the boat leaves Titanic.

Escapes in lifeboat 11 while carrying her musical toy pig.

Assists with lifeboat 11 as passengers are moved toward the starboard boats.

Assists with lifeboat 15 during the evacuation from Titanic's starboard side.

Escapes in lifeboat 15 after assisting third-class passengers toward the boat deck.

Helps supervise the loading and lowering of lifeboat 5 on Titanic's starboard side.

Supervises preparations for lifeboat 4 and directs women and children into the boat.

Assists Fifth Officer Lowe with preparations around lifeboat 14.

Helps prepare and load lifeboat 9 during the evacuation.

Gives evidence on Board of Trade ship-survey standards and the regulations governing lifesaving appliances.

Survives Titanic in lifeboat 7, the first standard lifeboat lowered from the starboard side.

Supervises the starboard evacuation and helps send lifeboat 7 away, the first boat lowered from that side.

Escapes Titanic in lifeboat 7 after earlier serving as a lookout.

Survives Titanic in lifeboat 6 during the port-side evacuation.

Survives Titanic in lifeboat 6 after leaving the ship during the port-side evacuation.

Directs women into lifeboat 6 and sends the under-manned boat away from Titanic's port side.

Escapes Titanic in lifeboat 6 after completing lookout duties on the night of the collision.

Helps supervise lifeboat 16 during the port-side evacuation.

Escapes Titanic in lifeboat 13 after leaving the engineering spaces.

Escapes Titanic in lifeboat 13 after men are permitted to fill remaining places on the starboard side.

Survives in lifeboat 13 after boarding from A deck during the starboard evacuation.

Helps oversee lifeboat 13 during the crowded starboard evacuation.

Escapes in lifeboat 13 and helps manage the heavily loaded boat after it reaches the water.

Begins evidence to the British inquiry about navigation, ice warnings, the collision and lifeboat loading.

Represents Ottoman interests as peace negotiations begin.

Supports Serbian territorial claims during the London negotiations.

Helps organize workers during the London transport strike.

Rings the warning bell and telephones the bridge.

Becomes Lord Chancellor after leaving the War Office.

Gives evidence to the British inquiry about lifeboats, ice information and his actions during the evacuation.

Carden assumes responsibility for dockyard administration, repair capacity and naval support facilities at Malta.

Carden becomes Admiral Superintendent of Malta Dockyard in August 1912.

Losif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili took the name Stalin, meaning "man of steel"

Milestones receives its first London production.

Is arrested during renewed militant action for women's voting rights.

Organizes army aviation units, training and operational doctrine.

Supports coordinated action across Britain's principal coalfields.

Presses Parliament for statutory protection of minimum wages.

Becomes Staatsrat and Ministerialdirektor, serving as a senior official and deputy to the Bavarian Interior Minister.

Declares war on the Ottoman Empire, opening the First Balkan War.

Prepares Serbia to join Montenegro and the other Balkan allies.

Attempts to contact the nearby vessel from Californian by Morse lamp but receives no reply.

Helps lead the national miners' strike over minimum wages.

Creates district boards to establish minimum underground wage rates.

Supports miners during the national coal strike.

Extends contributory medical and sickness benefits to insured workers.

Brings naval aviation into a formal military organization.

Establishes a Naval War Staff within the Admiralty.

Supports creation of the Royal Flying Corps naval wing.

Observes a nearby passenger vessel while Californian is stopped for ice and tries to signal it by Morse lamp.

Creates a major rail connection into Newcastle Central Station.

Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for varied and outstanding dramatic writing.

Levick combines medical duties with biological observations while Campbell's party works from its temporary Evans Coves camp.

Dickason contributes seaman's skills and sledging labour to Campbell's isolated Northern Party during its coastal exploration.

Browning supports the Northern Party's field programme, hauling equipment and supplies between the coastal camp and survey areas.

Priestley and his companions find a previously laid food cache, improving the party's prospects during the final stage of their return.

Priestley studies local geology and glaciers during the Northern Party's summer field programme around Evans Coves.

Campbell leads the weakened Northern Party away from Inexpressible Island on the long journey back toward Cape Evans.

Levick provides medical oversight while the Northern Party endures an unexpected winter on Inexpressible Island.

Campbell returns to the pickup area, but heavy sea ice prevents Terra Nova from reaching the stranded six-man party.

Campbell brings all six members of the Northern Party safely to Cape Evans after their second Antarctic winter and overland return.

Campbell brings the complete Northern Party safely back to Cape Evans after its unexpected second winter.

Priestley reaches Cape Evans with the Northern Party after the difficult coastal return journey.

Browning's condition improves after the returning party reaches cached food that provides a welcome change from its winter diet.

Northern Party reaches Cape Evans after surviving winter.

Campbell leads the Northern Party away from its winter cave and south toward Cape Evans.

Priestley leaves Inexpressible Island with the Northern Party for the long sledge journey back to Cape Evans.

Abbott undertakes sledging and camp work during the Northern Party's survey season on the Victoria Land coast.

Becomes stranded when Terra Nova cannot return through heavy ice.

Campbell's Northern Party leaves Cape Adare aboard Terra Nova for a second season of geological work farther south.

Priestley helps the stranded Northern Party survive the Antarctic winter in an ice cave on Inexpressible Island.

Campbell commands the stranded Northern Party as the men prepare an improvised winter shelter on Inexpressible Island.

The British team confirms the Norwegian expedition's earlier arrival.

Bowers spots a dark marker ahead, leading the party to discover clear evidence that Amundsen has preceded them.

Finds Amundsen's tent and evidence of Norwegian success.

Takes command of Number Two Squadron Royal Flying Corps.

Oates's frostbitten feet worsen severely as the polar party struggles north across the Barrier.

His sacrifice is intended to improve his companions' survival chances.

Scott records Oates's farewell before Oates, badly weakened and scarcely able to walk, leaves the tent during a blizzard and walks to his death.

Cherry-Garrard travels south with dog teams to One Ton Depot in an attempt to meet the returning Polar Party.

Reaches One Ton Depot with a dog team and supplies.

Girev accompanies the dog journey to One Ton Depot, where worsening conditions prevent any farther attempt to locate Scott's party.

A founder member of the Order of Teutons

Founder member of the Order of Teutons

A founder member of the Order of Teutons

Continues inspecting Titanic's passenger spaces and technical systems during the voyage before the collision.

Gives evidence about emigration inspection and passenger certification requirements applying to Titanic.

The armistice for the cessation of the First Balkan War is signed

Due to a stalemate on the Chatalja Line a truce is agreed

Adrianople remains in Turkish hands

Gran's ski is used in the cross erected above the snow cairn covering the final camp of Scott, Wilson and Bowers.

Scott, Wilson and Bowers die in their tent soon afterward.

Searchers find the tent containing Scott, Wilson and Bowers.

The five men face worsening weather and declining health.

He is the first member of the polar party to die.

Atkinson's search party recovers diaries, letters and expedition records from the tent before building a cairn over the dead.

Joins the search party that finds the polar party's final tent.

Atkinson leads the spring search south to determine the fate of Scott and the missing Polar Party.

The bodies of Scott and his companions were discovered by a search party on 12 November 1912 and their records retrieved.

Atkinson leads the search party south from Cape Evans to determine the fate of Scott's polar party.

Wright is among the searchers who locate the final camp containing Scott, Wilson and Bowers on the Ross Ice Shelf.

Examines evidence left by Amundsen's party at the South Pole.

Crean joins the search that discovers the fate of Scott and companions, months after he last saw the southbound party alive.

Hooper hauls with the search party sent south from Cape Evans to investigate the disappearance of the Polar Party.

Girev supports the search expedition that finds the Polar Party's final camp and recovers its written records.

Atkinson's search party finds the final camp containing Scott, Wilson and Bowers and recovers their records.

Hooper is among the search party that discovers the tent containing Scott, Wilson and Bowers.

Survives after reaching an overturned collapsible boat.

Organises the conference that creates a distinct Bolshevik party apparatus.

Is elected to the Bolshevik Central Committee.

Is co-opted into the Bolshevik Central Committee after Prague.

Works with Bolshevik press activity around Pravda.

Appointed acting President of Ecuador

Appointed acting President of Ecuador

Appointed President of Ecuador, 2nd term

Appointed President of Panama

Takes office as a Liberal president after years of instability.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Nominated presidential candidate

Receives the title and rank of Geheimrat, or Privy Councillor, in the Bavarian civil service.

Roosevelt splits the Republicans by forming the Progressive Party

Jodl is commissioned as a lieutenant in the Bavarian artillery.

Receives the lookout's telephone warning from the crow's nest and passes the danger to the bridge watch.

Abolishes the 10 day lunar calendar for the western calendar with weeks of 7 days

Receives reports from the bridge that white rockets are being seen in the direction of a nearby vessel.

Resigns from the Labour Party

Resigns after Hertzogs "South Africa First" speech

Turns back with Edward Evans and William Lashly.

The three begin a difficult return journey toward Hut Point.

The Polar Party begins the roughly 800-mile return journey from the South Pole on 18 January.

Begins the return journey north with Scott's polar party.

Returns safely to Framheim with the South Pole party after completing the polar journey

Rows back toward the wreckage after Titanic sinks to search for people still alive.

Creates the Royal Flying Corps

Reports to Captain Lord that eight white rockets have been observed and that the nearby ship has disappeared from view.

Develops an aircraft type adopted for reconnaissance and training.

Becomes commander of the Royal Flying Corps Military Wing.

Leads one of Britain's first organized military flying units.

Traces changing family attitudes across several generations.

Adrianople remains in Turkish hands

Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but was twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos

In the Treaty of Ouchy Turkey cedes the Dodecanese to Italy

Pledges Conservative-Unionist support for Ulster resistance to Home Rule proposals

France establishes a full protectorate over Morocco, ending what remained of the countrys formal independence

France establishes a full protectorate over Morocco, ending what remained of the countrys formal independence

In the Treaty of Ouchy Turkey cedes Rhodes to Italy

Representitives in the Church of St Spyridon vote that Samos unite with Greece

Under the leadership of Themistoklis Sofoulis Samos is united with Greece

Greece captures Thessaloniki

Rutherford and Son receives its London premiere.

Appears in the film Saved from the Titanic only weeks after surviving the disaster.

Scott records serious frostbite in his right foot as the three survivors approach One Ton Depot.

Collapses with scurvy near One Ton Depot.

Uses skis from the search party to mark the burial cairn.

Keohane participates in the search for Oates, whose body is not found, while the party identifies evidence near his final route.

Leads the search for Scott's missing polar party.

Joins the search party that finds Scott's last camp.

Helps find the final camp of Scott's party.

Begins the Second Hannes Hafstein Ministry and serves as Minister for Iceland.

The ship brings supplies and additional transport animals.

Cherry-Garrard presents another issue of the South Polar Times during the subdued second winter at Cape Evans.

Leads the move for a Senate investigation immediately after news of Titanic's loss reaches the United States.

Faces declarations of war from Serbia and its Balkan allies.

Leads the Serbian government as it declares war on the Ottoman Empire.

Leads Serbian troops westward from Kosovo toward the Adriatic coast.

Supports the campaign intended to secure Serbian access to the Adriatic.

Reaches the Adriatic coast with Serbian forces.

Presses Serbia's claim for an Adriatic outlet during the campaign.

Approves the secret alliance with Serbia.

Signs the alliance establishing Serbian-Bulgarian cooperation against the Ottoman Empire.

Signs alliance with Bulgaria against the Ottoman Empire.

Supports the alliance with Bulgaria directed against Ottoman rule in the Balkans.

Negotiates operational cooperation between the Bulgarian and Serbian armies.

Helps prepare Serbian military cooperation with Bulgaria.

Agrees military cooperation with Serbia as the Balkan crisis intensifies.

Coordinates Serbian policy with Montenegro before war with the Ottoman Empire.

Begins operations against Adrianople.

The Bulgarian forces are driven back from Constantinople

Montenegrin forces besiege Scutari.

Titanic founders at about 2:20 a.m. on 15 April after striking an iceberg; Smith dies with the ship.

After the iceberg collision, Smith ordered lifeboats uncovered and passengers mustered; Titanic sank at about 02:20 on 15 April 1912.

The men survive largely on seals and penguins.

Leads mass Unionist resistance to the proposed Dublin parliament.

Crean walks the final distance alone to Hut Point to summon help for Edward Evans and Lashly.

Walks alone to Hut Point to seek help for Evans.

Establishes the Sopwith Aviation Company.

The team return to Framheim with 11 dogs

Amundsens success is publicly announced on March 7, 1912, when he arrives at Hobart, Australia

Reaches the South Pole and finds that Amundsen's Norwegian party has arrived first

Stands with Scott, Oates, Bowers and Evans at the South Pole after the Norwegian party has already departed

Announces from Hobart that his party has reached the South Pole

Bowers reaches the South Pole as a member of Scott's five-man polar party.

Edgar Evans reaches the South Pole with Scott's five-man party after the Norwegian expedition.

Oates reaches the South Pole with Scott's party and learns that Amundsen has won the race.

Reaches the South Pole after Amundsen's party.

Wilson reaches the South Pole with Scott, Bowers, Oates and Edgar Evans after the Norwegians have already arrived.

The team returned to Framheim with 11 surviving dogs

The Expedition makes its way to Hobart, Australia, where Amundsen publicly announces his success

Bowers photographs Scott's party and the polar camp before the five men begin their return journey.

Reaches the South Pole with Wilson, Bowers, Oates and Edgar Evans.

Scott's five-man party reaches the South Pole on 17 January 1912 and discovers that Roald Amundsen's Norwegian party has arrived first.

Wilson sketches at the South Pole while the party records evidence of the Norwegian expedition.

Advocates, "South Africa First" & should use imperialism for its own sel-interest

Inspects starboard lifeboats and their equipment with Sixth Officer Moody before the maiden voyage.

Loses the Bow by-election when standing as an independent womens suffrage supporter

Receives imprisonment for conspiracy connected with militant suffrage action.

Surrenders Salonika to the Greek army.

Campbell's six men face an unexpected Antarctic winter.

Terra Nova returns to Cape Evans during the expedition's second season.

Guides a group of third-class women and children toward lifeboat 15 during the evacuation.

Leads Bulgarian armies into Eastern Thrace.

Strikes three bells from the crow's nest immediately after sighting the iceberg ahead.

White Star Line accepts Titanic after successful sea trials and completion at Belfast.

Gives evidence about survey work carried out on Titanic at Belfast before she entered service.

Telephones the bridge after sighting the iceberg ahead of Titanic.

Takes charge of Titanic's bridge watch at 10 p.m. on the night of the collision.

Concludes the British formal investigation and delivers the Wreck Commissioner's report on Titanic's loss.

Survives the sinking after leaving Titanic in collapsible lifeboat C.

Directs emergency manoeuvring after the lookout reports the iceberg ahead.

Returns to the bridge and takes charge after Titanic strikes the iceberg.

Has charge of Titanic's bridge watch when the iceberg is sighted.

Harland and Wolff completes Titanic after more than three years of construction and fitting out.

Hears technical evidence about Titanic's structure, watertight subdivision and damage.

Transmits CQD distress calls from Titanic's wireless room after the collision.

Shares the crow's nest watch with Frederick Fleet shortly before Titanic strikes the iceberg.

Inspects the ship after the collision and assesses flooding in the forward compartments.

Travels aboard Titanic on the delivery voyage from Belfast to Southampton.

Assists Phillips in transmitting Titanic's distress calls.

Receives Titanic's distress traffic and alerts Carpathia's bridge so the ship can turn toward the reported position.

Orders Titanic's wireless operators to call for assistance after the collision.

Helps send distress rockets from Titanic to attract the attention of nearby vessels.

Leads Titanic's engineering department as the crew works to maintain power and pumping after the collision.

Helps other officers prepare and launch lifeboats during the evacuation.

Remains aboard Titanic during the final evacuation and dies in the sinking.

Survives after entering the freezing sea during Titanic's final sinking.

Advises Captain Smith that the damaged ship cannot remain afloat.

Titanic is completed and handed over to White Star Line after her sea trials.

Stands at Titanic's wheel while the bridge attempts to avoid the iceberg.

Receives information that ice has been reported ahead on Titanic's North Atlantic route.

Sights the iceberg directly ahead of Titanic.

Nominates five assessors to assist Lord Mersey during the formal investigation into Titanic's loss.

Begins giving evidence before the British Wreck Commissioner's inquiry into Titanic's loss.

Commands Titanic as she leaves Queenstown for the open Atlantic and New York.

Leaves Titanic in lifeboat number 5 while assisting the evacuation.

Escapes the sinking aboard lifeboat number 4 while her husband remains aboard Titanic.

Takes command of lifeboat number 14 during Titanic's evacuation.

Examines lifeboat provision, launching and evacuation procedures during the British investigation.

Inspects port-side lifeboats and their equipment before Titanic enters passenger service.

Supervises loading and lowering lifeboats on Titanic's port side.

Helps organize lifeboat preparation and evacuation after the collision.

Helps supply lifeboats with bread while passengers and crew prepare to abandon ship.

Declines to take a lifeboat place while other passengers still await evacuation.

Survives Titanic's sinking aboard lifeboat number 6.

Escapes Titanic aboard lifeboat number 6 and helps other survivors during the disaster.

Survives the disaster after taking charge of lifeboat number 2.

Transfers passengers between boats so he can organize a return toward the wreckage.

Keeps lookout from Titanic's crow's nest with Reginald Lee on the night of the collision.

Learns by wireless that Titanic has sunk after resuming duty aboard Californian in the morning.

Responds publicly and corporately to the loss of Titanic as chairman of Harland and Wolff.

Gives technical evidence concerning Board of Trade engineering surveys and Titanic's machinery arrangements.

Helps his pregnant wife Madeleine reach a lifeboat before remaining aboard Titanic.

Commands Titanic as she leaves Southampton on 10 April 1912 for her maiden voyage to New York.

Boards Titanic at Southampton as a first-class passenger for the maiden voyage.

Joins Titanic at Southampton as a pianist, having previously worked as a professional shipboard musician.

Embarks at Southampton as the orchestra's French cellist for Titanic's first Atlantic crossing.

Boards Titanic at Southampton as an English bass player in the ship's orchestra.

Boards Titanic at Southampton as bandmaster and violinist for the ship's orchestra.

Boards Titanic at Southampton as a Scottish violinist in the ship's orchestra.

Boards Titanic at Southampton as a Belgian violinist assigned to the ship's musical ensemble.

Embarks at Southampton as one of Titanic's pianists for the transatlantic maiden voyage.

Joins the maiden voyage at Southampton as a cellist in Titanic's contracted orchestra.

Examines evidence concerning Titanic's navigation, speed, ice warnings and collision.

Works out Titanic's position for distress messages and communication with responding ships.

Commands Titanic during the first scheduled stop of her maiden voyage at Cherbourg.

Gives extensive evidence about Board of Trade marine administration, lifeboat rules and bulkhead regulation.

Completes recovery of Titanic survivors before Carpathia turns toward New York.

Observes a series of white rockets in the direction of the nearby vessel and reports them to Captain Lord.

Joins Titanic during sea trials in Belfast Lough before the ship is handed over.

Joins Titanic's officers for sea trials before the ship leaves Belfast for Southampton.

Speaks in the Senate when the Titanic investigation report and maritime safety issues are debated.

Continues the Senate investigation after hearings move from New York to Washington.

Gives evidence to the Senate investigation about ownership, operations and communications involving Titanic and White Star Line.

Serves on the Senate Commerce subcommittee examining testimony about the Titanic disaster.

Participates in the Senate investigation and questions witnesses about Titanic and maritime safety.

Serves on the Senate investigation examining crew testimony and the circumstances of Titanic's loss.

Participates in the Senate inquiry into the causes of the Titanic disaster and related safety issues.

Serves on the Senate Commerce subcommittee and participates in the investigation of Titanic's loss.

Serves on the Senate subcommittee reviewing evidence concerning Titanic's sinking.

Presents the Senate inquiry's findings and safety recommendations after weeks of hearings.

Uses the newer SOS distress signal while continuing to seek assistance.

Chooses to remain with her husband Isidor rather than leave him aboard Titanic.

Gives evidence about Board of Trade surveys conducted during Titanic's construction and certification.

Gives evidence on the opening day of the United States Senate investigation into the disaster.

Recovers several people from the water during the post-sinking search.

Reviews wireless messages, distress calls and communications evidence during the inquiry.

Survives the sinking after remaining at the wireless set late into the evacuation.

A thtreat of war in the Balkans causes Turkey to conclude a peace

Turkey recognizes Italy's conquests in the Treaty of Ouchy

Defends Lenin & Zinoviev in Austria, they are released as "enemies of tsarism"

Signs the Ulster Covenant opposing Irish Home Rule.

Addresses Unionist supporters against the Home Rule Bill.

Intensifies Unionist resistance to the government's Irish legislation.

New Mexico becomes the 47th state of the Union

Uses parliamentary and public advocacy to defend the Ulster position.

Gives evidence to the United States Senate investigation about Carpathia's response and rescue of Titanic survivors.

Leads the United States Senate inquiry into the Titanic disaster as hearings begin.

Visits Berlin to seek a reduction of tension between Britain & Germany

Fires warning shots while controlling a crowd near lifeboat 14 during the evacuation.

Introduces legislation to disestablish the Church in Wales.

Introduces legislation to disestablish the Church in Wales.

Gives evidence about White Star Line management and company instructions following Ismay's testimony.

Gives evidence about White Star Line operating practice, equipment and Titanic's preparation for service.

Leads a coordinated window-smashing protest in central London.

Survives aboard the overturned collapsible lifeboat.

Appoints Lord Mersey as Wreck Commissioner to investigate the loss of Titanic.

Requests appointment of a Wreck Commissioner to investigate the loss of Titanic.

Serves imprisonment for conspiracy connected with property damage.

Birth of Alan Mathison Turing

Birth of Eva Braun

Birth of Holden Alvaro Roberto

Birth of Ian Kinloch MacGregor

Birth of Werner von Braun

Birth of Wilfrid Brambell

Leaves an influential body of choral, orchestral and chamber music.

Dies when Titanic sinks after playing with the ship's musicians during the emergency.

Dies in the sinking after performing with Titanic's musicians during the evacuation.

Dies in the sinking after continuing his duties as a musician during the evacuation.

Dies in the sinking after leading the musicians during the evacuation.

Perishes in the sinking after the young Scottish violinist continues performing during the ship's final evacuation.

Perishes with Titanic after the Belgian violinist remains with the musical ensemble during the emergency.

Dies when Titanic founders after performing with the musicians during the emergency.

Dies in the disaster after playing with Titanic's orchestra during the evacuation.

Dies in the Titanic disaster while returning to the United States from Europe.

Dies during Scott's return from the South Pole.

Dies near the lower Beardmore Glacier during the return journey.

Edgar Evans collapses near the lower Beardmore Glacier and dies after a prolonged decline during the return journey.

Dies during Titanic's sinking after directing the evacuation and distress response.

Dies with Scott and Bowers in the final camp.

Death of Eloy Alfaro Delgado, assassinated

Dies in the Titanic disaster while travelling home from Europe.

Dies with Scott and Wilson during the return journey.

Dies with Scott and Wilson in their final camp during the return from the South Pole

Dies in the Titanic disaster after his wife May reaches a lifeboat.

Dies in the Titanic disaster after helping his pregnant wife reach a lifeboat.

Dies with the ship after remaining below with members of Titanic's engineering department.

Leaves Scott's tent during the return from the South Pole, sacrificing himself as the party struggles northward

Scott wrote that Oates last words were, "I am just going outside and may be some time.". Oates, whose condition was aggravated by an old war-wound to the extent that he was barely able to walk, voluntarily left the tent and walked to his death

Oates, whose condition was aggravated by an old war-wound to the extent that he was barely able to walk, voluntarily left the tent and walked to his death.

Leaves the tent during a blizzard while critically ill.

Leaves the tent and dies during the return journey.

Their final camp became their tomb; a high cairn of snow was erected over it, topped by a roughly fashioned cross. The bodies of Scott and his companions were discovered by a search party on 12 November 1912 and their records retrieved

Dies in Croydon at the age of thirty-seven.

Death of Thomas Charles Scanlen

Death of William Booth

Scott records Oates leaving the tent during a blizzard after weeks of worsening frostbite and exhaustion.

Defeats the Turks in the Vardarrr Valley

The Ottoman fleet is driven back by Greece.

Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but was twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos

Defeats the Ottoman fleet off the Dardanelles.

Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but is twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos

Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but was twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos

Defeated by the 2nd and 3rd Bulgarian Armies

Is defeated by Bulgarian forces in Thrace.

Commands Serbia's First Army at Kumanovo.

Orders withdrawal after the Ottoman defeat at Kumanovo.

Commands Ottoman forces defeated by Serbia.

Defeats a Turkish covering force

Defeats Ottoman forces in Macedonia.

Directs Serbian operations that defeat the Ottoman Vardar Army.

Commands the Serbian First Army during the opening battle at Kumanovo.

Launches Ottoman attacks against the Serbian army near Kumanovo.

Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but was twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos

Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but is twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos

Following a ceasefire in December between the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, the Turkish fleet twice exited the Dardanelles but was twice defeated in the battles of Elli and Lemnos

Helps win a major First Balkan War battle.

Forced by the Bulgarians to retreat behind the Chatalja Line to protect Constantinople

Retreats after defeat at Lule Burgas.

The Ottoman Vardar Army is defeated near Monastir.

Loses Monastir after sustained Serbian attacks.

The remaining forces retreat to Ioannina. About 20,000 Turks are killed or captured

Wins the final Serbian victory in Macedonia.

Directs operations leading to the defeat of Ottoman forces at Monastir.

Commits the Serbian First Army against Ottoman defenses around Monastir.

Defends the final major Ottoman position in Macedonia.

Helps direct Serbian attacks against Ottoman positions near Prilep.

Attempts to delay the Serbian advance toward Bitola.

Breaks through Ottoman defences in Thessaly.

Retreats after Greek victory at Sarantaporo.

Defeated by the 2nd and 3rd Bulgarian Armies

Overwhelms the Turks and moves on to Salonika