Death of Alfred Graf von Schlieffen
Death of Alfred Graf von Schlieffen
Historical events in 1913
687 historical records
January 191326 historical events
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
D'Arcy Concession Government Review
The Foreign Office reviews the history and strategic significance of D'Arcy's Persian petroleum concession.
Death of James Hamilton
Death of James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn
Birth of Richard Milhous Nixon
Birth of Richard Milhous Nixon, 25 miles south of Los Angeles in a 2 story farmhouse
Birth of Gustav Husak
Birth of Gustav Husak
Expedition Closure
Helps close the Cape Evans hut before departure.
Terra Nova Return
Returns in Terra Nova for the expedition's final relief.
Final Cape Evans Departure
Evans oversees the final departure from Cape Evans as Terra Nova takes the remaining expedition members north from Antarctica.
Birth of William Conway
William Conway is born in Belfast and later becomes Archbishop of Armagh and a leading Irish participant in the Second Vatican Council era.
Young Turk Coup
Prepares Serbia for resumed operations after the Ottoman political crisis.
Coup
The Turkish Government is overthrown by the Young Turks & its leader Enver Bey. After a coup, Kiamil Pasha is driven from power and Nazim Pasha murdered by Enver Bey, who places himself at the head of a new Government
Young Turks
The Turkish Government is overthrown by the Young Turks & its leader Enver Bey
Conference of London
When the news of the Turkish coup reaches London it was recognized that further negotiations are useless and that the London Peace Conference had failed
Coup
After a coup, Kiamil Pasha is driven from power and Nazim Pasha murdered by Enver Bey, who places himself at the head of a new Government
Coup
When the news of the Turkish coup reaches London it was recognized that further negotiations are useless and that the London Peace Conference had failed
Young Turk Coup
Helps overthrow Kiamil Pasha during the war.
Young Turk Coup
Helps overthrow the Ottoman government and renew the war.
Young Turk Coup
Is forced from power by the Young Turk coup.
Death of Nazim Pasha
Is killed during the Young Turk coup.
Second Gunnar Knudsen Government
Begins the Second Gunnar Knudsen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Jens Bratlie Government
The Jens Bratlie Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Western Party Specimen Recovery
Geological specimens cached during the Western Party journeys are recovered as Terra Nova completes the expedition's final Antarctic season.
Marxism and National Question
Writes on nationality policy for the Bolshevik current.
Siege of Adrianople
Bulgarian forces conquer Adrianople while Greek forces liberate Ioannina
Siege of Ioannina
Bulgarian forces conquer Adrianople while Greek forces liberate Ioannina
February 19135 historical events
Resumption of War
The Ottoman government resumes hostilities after the coup.
Declaration of War
The truce in the Balkans is renounced and the war resumed
News of Polar Party Losses
The world was informed of the tragedy when Terra Nova reached Oamaru, New Zealand.
Birmingham Repertory Theatre
Jackson opens Britain's first purpose-built repertory theatre in Birmingham.
Birth of Paul Ricoeur
Paul Ricoeur is born in Valence in southeastern France.
March 191336 historical events
Capture of Ioannina
The Turkish garrison of 30,000 falls to Prince Constantine of Greece
Capture of Ioannina
The Turkish garrison of 30,000 falls to Prince Constantine of Greece
Inauguration
Inaugurated President of the USA, 28th
Capture of Ioannina
Captures Ioannina from Ottoman forces.
Surrender of Ioannina
Surrenders Ioannina to the Greeks.
Political Levy Reform
Helps Labour benefit from lawful political levies with individual opt-outs.
Trade Union Act Support
Supports legislation restoring trade-union political funding rights.
Political Fund Legislation
Permits union political funds while allowing members to opt out.
Trade Union Act
Secures Royal Assent for the Trade Union Act.
Trade Union Act Royal Assent
Secures Royal Assent for the Trade Union Act.
Union Political Funds
Permits trade union political funds while allowing members to opt out.
Political Levy Reform
Welcomes restoration of trade-union political fund powers.
Trade Union Act Campaign
Strengthens Labour financing after the Osborne judgment restrictions.
Birth of Clay Lavergne Shaw
Clay Lavergne Shaw was born in Kentwood, Louisiana, on March 17, 1913.
Accession of Constantine I
Constantine succeeds his father as King of Greece.
Assassination of George I
King George I is assassinated shortly after Thessaloniki becomes part of Greece.
Succession
Succeeds as King of Greece in the newly occuppied city of Salonika
Assassination of George I
Death of George I, assassinated during the First Balkan War
Assassination of George I
Is assassinated in Salonika during the war.
Assassination of Sung Chiao-jen
Assassinated by agents of Yuan Shih-kai
Death of Sung Chiao-jen
Death of Sung Chiao-jen
Assassination of Chiaojen Sung
Has Sung Chiao-jen assassinated, provokes the Chinese 2nd Revolution
Capture of Adrianople
Captures Adrianople with Serbian assistance.
Capture of Adrianople
Commands the Bulgarian Second Army during the fall of Adrianople.
Diplomatic Proposal at London
Proposes an Anglo-German "naval holiday" to reduce expenditure on armaments
Capture of Adrianople
A combined Bulgar-Serb force captures Adrianople
Capture of Adrianople
Serbian heavy artillery assists Bulgaria at Adrianople.
Capture of Adrianople
Commands Serbian artillery supporting the capture of Adrianople.
Surrender of Adrianople
Surrenders Adrianople after siege.
Capture of Adrianople
Surrenders Adrianople to a combined Bulgar-Serb force
Capture of Adrianople
Adrianople is captured by the Bulgarians, assisted by the Serbs, Turkey is brought back to the negotiating table in London
Birth of Walter Winterbottom
Birth of Walter Winterbottom
Birth of James Cleveland Jesse Owens
Birth of James Cleveland "Jesse" Owens
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
The Balkan War and Socialism
Writes The Balkan War and Socialism while analyzing nationalism, war and socialist policy in southeastern Europe.
April 191320 historical events
Letter to Chkheidze
Writes to Nikolay Chkheidze during continuing disputes over Bolshevik organization and Social Democratic unity.
Arrest of Emily Pankhurst
Imprisoned for inciting people to place explosives outside Lloyd George's house
Conspiracy Conviction
Is sentenced for inciting the bombing of Lloyd George's house.
Three-Year Prison Sentence
Begins hunger striking after receiving a three-year sentence.
Constitution of USA
Resumes the "State of the Union Address" to Congress after a break of 112 years
State of the Union Address
Resumes the "State of the Union Address" to Congress after a break of 112 years
First Issue Published
Directs the weekly magazine from its first issue.
New Statesman Editor
Becomes founding editor of the New Statesman.
New Statesman Founded
Co-founds the New Statesman with Sidney Webb.
Progressive Weekly Launched
Creates a weekly review of politics, society and literature.
Sunderland Double Chase Ends at Crystal Palace
Gladwin appears in Sunderland's defence during the FA Cup final against Aston Villa; a 1–0 loss denies the league champions a domestic double.
FA Cup Winning Goal
Barber scores the decisive goal in the 1913 FA Cup final.
FA Cup Final Clean Sheet
Keeps a clean sheet as Aston Villa defeat Sunderland.
Capture of Scutari
Assists Montenegro in capturing Scutari from the Turks
Cat and Mouse Act
Introduces temporary release for hunger-striking prisoners in poor health.
Temporary Prisoner Discharge
Allows recovered prisoners to be returned to complete their sentences.
Football League Championship
Helps Sunderland win the Football League championship.
Sunderland League Title
Contributes important goals during the club's title-winning campaign.
Football League Championship
Manages Sunderland to the Football League championship.
Sunderland Managerial Title
Guides the club close to a league and cup double.
May 191385 historical events
Birth of Sid James
Birth of Sid James, born Solomon Joel Cohen
Invention of Aeroplane
The 1st 4 engine aircraft is built & flown by Igor Sikorsky
Alliance two and an agreement for mutual diplomatic support
Greece and Serbia signed a Treaty of mutual defence against an attack, a mutual border is agreed between the two and an agreement for mutual diplomatic support
Balkan League
Greece and Serbia signed a Treaty of mutual defence against an attack, a mutual border is agreed between the two and an agreement for mutual diplomatic support
Battle of Kilkis-Lahanas
The Greek army counterattacks and defeats the Bulgarians at Kilkis-Lahanas
Mutual Defence Treaty
Greece and Serbia signed a Treaty of mutual defence against an attack, a mutual border is agreed between the two and an agreement for mutual diplomatic support
Birth of Neelam Reddy
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy is born and later becomes the sixth President of India.
Neutrality
A plan to mobilize 3 million troops against Germany, assumes Belgiums neutrality
Plan XVII
Operation XVII is approved by the War Minister. A plan to mobilize 3 million troops against Germany, assumes Belgiums neutrality
Peace Conference
Hosts renewed peace negotiations between the Balkan allies and the Ottoman Empire.
Conference of London
The Balkan States finally agree to accept the mediation of the powers, when the Balkan delegates and the representatives of the great powers meet for the 2nd time they find a Treaty embodying the original terms ready for.
Armament
The new Naval Law is passed by the Reichstag in order to expand the German navy
Birth of Peter Cushing
Peter Cushing is born in Kenley, Surrey.
British Actor Born
The future British film and television actor is born.
Signing Pressure
Warns the delegations that they must sign the prepared settlement or leave London.
Albanian Frontiers
Sees Albania excluded from the Ottoman cession while the Great Powers retain authority to determine its frontiers and related questions.
Great Power Settlement
Continues seeking recognition of Albanian interests while the treaty assigns the country's territorial settlement to the Great Powers.
Albanian Settlement
The Treaty of London leaves Albania's boundaries and related questions for determination by the Great Powers.
Albanian Settlement
The peace treaty excludes Albania from the Ottoman territorial cession and leaves its frontiers and other questions to the Great Powers.
Albanian Independence
Great Power diplomacy confirms an autonomous Albanian state.
Albanian Question
Supports Albania to block Serbian access to the Adriatic.
Treaty Signature
Adds Bulgaria's signature to the agreement ceding Ottoman territory west of the Enos-Midia line to the Balkan allies.
Prisoner Arrangements
Accepts that prisoner-of-war questions will be settled through later special conventions.
Treaty Signature
Serves in the Bulgarian delegation signing the London peace settlement.
Enos-Midia Cession
Accepts the territorial settlement under which the Ottoman Empire cedes lands west of the Enos-Midia line, except Albania.
Treaty Signature
Signs the peace treaty ending the First Balkan War on behalf of Bulgaria.
Bulgarian Delegation
Leads Bulgaria's plenipotentiary team in accepting the settlement ending the First Balkan War.
Treaty Signature
Represents Bulgaria among the plenipotentiaries concluding peace in London.
Treaty of London
Bulgaria accepts the peace ending the First Balkan War, including the Ottoman cession west of the Enos-Midia line, while allied territorial disputes remain unresolved.
Enos-Midia Settlement
Accepts a peace that transfers Ottoman territory west of the Enos-Midia line to the Balkan allies.
Rule of Thrace
The treaty transfers Ottoman territory west of the Enos-Midia line to the Balkan allies, creating major Bulgarian expectations in Thrace.
First Balkan War Settlement
Uses London diplomacy to manage disputes among the Balkan states.
St James's Peace Conference
Presides over the diplomatic process in London that brings the Balkan belligerents to a formal peace treaty.
Treaty Signing
Oversees the signing of the treaty ending the First Balkan War.
Treaty of London
Hosts the London negotiations and presses the Balkan allies and Ottoman representatives toward the settlement ending the First Balkan War.
First Balkan War Settlement
Helps end the First Balkan War through Great Power mediation.
London Conference
Hosts negotiations ending the First Balkan War.
Greek Delegation
Signs the treaty as one of the principal Greek plenipotentiaries.
Treaty Signature
As Greece's minister in London, authenticates the agreement that restores formal peace with the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty Signature
Joins the Greek plenipotentiaries in concluding the settlement while the future of the Aegean islands remains with the Great Powers.
Mount Athos Decision
Accepts that the Great Powers will determine the status of Mount Athos under the peace settlement.
Treaty Signature
Participates in the Greek delegation signing the Treaty of London.
Nationality Arrangements
Accepts that nationality questions created by the peace settlement will be resolved through special conventions.
Treaty Signature
Represents Greece among the plenipotentiaries concluding the London settlement.
Cession of Crete
Accepts the treaty article by which the Ottoman Empire renounces sovereignty over Crete to the Balkan allies.
Treaty Signature
Signs the London peace settlement as a member of the Greek delegation.
London Peace Negotiations
Represents Greek interests during the London negotiations that end the First Balkan War.
Treaty of London
Greece accepts the peace settlement ending the First Balkan War and shares in the Ottoman cession of European territory west of the Enos-Midia line.
Crete Settlement
Benefits from the Ottoman renunciation of sovereignty over Crete in favour of the Balkan allies.
Montenegrin Delegation
Represents Montenegro in accepting the treaty while its ambitions around northern Albania remain constrained by Great Power decisions.
Commercial Arrangements
Accepts that commercial questions resulting from the peace will be addressed by subsequent agreements.
Treaty Signature
Represents Montenegro in the delegation concluding peace with the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty Signature
Serves among the Montenegrin representatives signing the London settlement.
Aegean Islands Decision
Accepts Great Power authority to determine the future of Ottoman Aegean islands other than Crete.
Treaty Signature
Signs the peace treaty as a member of the Montenegrin delegation.
Treaty Signature
Signs the London treaty on behalf of Montenegro.
Treaty of London
Montenegro accepts the peace ending the First Balkan War while the Great Powers continue to constrain its ambitions around Albania.
Albanian Settlement
Faces Great Power control of Albania's frontiers, limiting Montenegrin claims despite wartime gains.
Serbian Question
Backs Serbia while trying to manage Great Power tension.
Serbian Delegation
Heads Serbia's senior diplomatic representation as peace is concluded with the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty Signature
Signs the London settlement as one of Serbia's plenipotentiaries.
Treaty Signature
Signs the peace treaty for Serbia.
Adriatic Question
Accepts peace without the Adriatic outlet Serbia had sought because the Great Powers support a separate Albanian state.
Treaty of London
Serbia accepts the London peace while the creation of Albania blocks a Serbian Adriatic outlet and disputes over conquered territory remain unresolved.
Treaty Signature
Participates in the Serbian delegation that concludes peace with the Ottoman Empire.
Financial Questions Commission
Accepts referral of financial questions arising from the war and territorial cessions to an international commission in Paris.
Treaty Signature
Serves in Serbia's delegation concluding the London peace settlement.
Treaty Signature
Represents Serbia in the delegation that signs the treaty ending the war.
Albanian Boundary Decision
Accepts that the Great Powers will determine Albania's frontiers and related questions.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of London for Serbia after the First Balkan War.
Treaty Signature
Signs the peace settlement as a member of the Ottoman delegation.
Treaty Signature
Signs the peace settlement as legal adviser in the Ottoman delegation.
Albanian Settlement
The treaty leaves Albania's status and frontiers to the Great Powers rather than assigning the territory among the Balkan allies.
Treaty Signature
Joins the Ottoman team that formally accepts the loss of most European territory west of the Enos-Midia frontier.
Treaty of London
Accepts Ottoman cession west of the Enos-Midia line, the renunciation of Crete, and Great Power decisions on Albania, Aegean islands and Mount Athos.
Ottoman Delegation
Leads the Ottoman delegation that signs the treaty ending the First Balkan War.
Treaty of London
His government accepts the settlement ending the First Balkan War and surrendering most remaining Ottoman territory in Europe to the Balkan allies.
Aegean Islands Decision
Accepts that the Great Powers will decide the sovereignty of the Ottoman Aegean islands other than Crete.
Cession of Crete
Renounces Ottoman sovereignty over Crete in favour of the Balkan allies.
European Territorial Cession
Cedes Ottoman territory in Europe west of the Enos-Midia line, with Albania excluded.
Financial Questions
Agrees that financial questions arising from the war and territorial cessions will be referred to an international commission in Paris.
Mount Athos Decision
Accepts that the Great Powers will determine the future status of Mount Athos.
Constitution of USA
The 17th Amendment to the US Constitution allows for the popular election of senators
Election
The 17th Amendment to the US Constitution allows for the popular election of senators
Conference of London
The 2nd meeting of the London Peace Conference
June 191352 historical events
Alliance Bulgaria and Serbia and Greece
An anti Bulgarian Serbian-Greek alliance is signed
Alliance Bulgaria and Serbia and Greece
An anti Bulgarian Serbian-Greek alliance is signed
Serbo-Greek Alliance
Supports alliance with Serbia against Bulgaria.
Alliance Bulgaria and Serbia and Greece
An anti Bulgarian Serbian-Greek alliance is signed
Serbo-Greek Alliance
Aligns with Greece against Bulgarian claims.
WSPU
Steps out in front of the King's horse, Anmer, as it rounded Tattenham Corner in the Derby, with Davison carrying the banner of the WSPU
WSPU
Herbert Jones, the jockey who was riding the King's horse, suffers a mild concussion in the incident, but is "haunted by that womans face" much longer
Death of Emily Wilding Davison
Dies four days after she was struck by King George Vs horse Anmer at the Epsom Derby on 4 June 1913
Balkan League
Bulgaria attacks first, without formally declaring war, attacking the Serbian army in Gevgelija and then the Greek army in Nigrita
Siege of Gevgelija
Bulgaria attacks first, without formally declaring war, attacking the Serbian army in Gevgelija and then the Greek army in Nigrita
Siege of Nigrita
Bulgaria attacks first, without formally declaring war, attacking the Serbian army in Gevgelija and then the Greek army in Nigrita
Scandal
Exonerated of illegally dealing in Marconi shares by a debate in the House of Commons
Battle of Kilkis-Lahanas
Bulgarian forces lose ground to Greece.
Battle of Kilkis-Lahanas
Defeats Bulgarian forces in Macedonia.
Natives Land Act
Heads the government when the Natives Land Act becomes law.
Racial Land Segregation Legislation
The act severely restricts African land ownership and tenancy.
Second Zahle Council Presidency
Begins the Second Zahle Council Presidency in Copenhagen and serves as Council President of Denmark.
Berntsen Government
The Berntsen Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Declaration of War
Greece and Serbia break with Bulgaria over the Macedonia and Thrace border
Visit to London
Visits Great Britain
Alliance Constantine Constantine I and Bulgaria over the Macedonia and Thrace border
Greece and Serbia break their alliance with Bulgaria over the Macedonia and Thrace border
Declaration of War
The Macedonia and Thrace border dispute with Bulgaria causes the 2nd Balkan War
Declaration of War
Romania raises an army and declares war on Bulgaria
Attack on Former Allies
Bulgarian forces attack Serbian and Greek positions.
Bulgarian Attack on Former Allies
Authorizes military action against Serbian and Greek positions.
Retreat from Serres
Bulgarian forces retreat after burning parts of Serres.
Capture of Serres
Greek troops enter Serres after Bulgarian withdrawal.
Bulgarian Attack on Former Allies
Directs the Serbian government during Bulgaria's surprise attack.
Battle of Bregalnica
Suffers defeat against Serbian forces.
Battle of Bregalnica Begins
Directs Bulgarian armies attacking Serbian positions.
Greek Entry into the War
Faces simultaneous Serbian and Greek offensives.
Greek Entry into the War
Leads Greek forces against Bulgaria after the outbreak of war.
Battle of Bregalnica Begins
Coordinates the Serbian response to the Bulgarian attack.
Battle of Bregalnica
Defeats Bulgarian forces in Macedonia.
Battle of Kilkis-Lahanas
The Greek army counterattacks and defeats the Bulgarians at Kilkis-Lahanas
Dispute over Macedonia
Disputes Macedonia with Serbia and Greece after London.
Siege of Serres
The Greek army does not enter the city of Serres in time to prevent it being razed by irregular Bulgarian units
Terra Nova Returns to Cardiff
Brings Terra Nova back to Cardiff after the Antarctic expedition.
Oil Fuel Supply Memorandum
Presents a Cabinet memorandum arguing that the Royal Navy needs secure, controlled sources of fuel oil.
Cabinet Supports Controlled Oil Supply
The Cabinet accepts in principle that the government should acquire control over dependable oil supplies.
Alliance Constantine Constantine I and Serbia and declares war on Bulgaria
Romania, Greece, Montenegro, and Turkey immediately side with Serbia and declares war on Bulgaria, which found itself completely isolated
Battle of Doiran
The Greeks defeat the Bulgarian army in the battles of Doiran and Mt. Beles before themselves being defeated at the Kresna straights
Battle of Kresna
The Greeks defeat the Bulgarian army in the battles of Doiran and Mt. Beles before themselves being defeated at the Kresna straights
Battle of Mount Beles
The Greeks defeat the Bulgarian army in the battles of Doiran and Mt. Beles before themselves being defeated at the Kresna straights
Ceasefire
The Greeks offered a ceasefire and the Bulgarians accept due to the danger posed by the Romanian army in the north
Declaration of War
Romania, Greece, Montenegro, and Turkey immediately side with Serbia and declares war on Bulgaria, which found itself completely isolated
Peace
The Greeks offered a ceasefire and the Bulgarians accept due to the danger posed by the Romanian army in the north
Rule of Crete
Crete and Salonika were definitively assigned to Greece
Rule of Dodecanese
Greece protested Italy's annexation of the Dodecanese
Rule of Salonika
Crete and Salonika were definitively assigned to Greece
Siege of Serres
The Greek army does not enter the city of Serres in time to prevent it being razed by irregular Bulgarian units
Terra Nova Returns to Britain
Crean returns to Britain with Terra Nova after surviving the Antarctic expedition and the demanding support journeys associated with Scott's polar attempt.
July 191350 historical events
Defense of Zletovo
Attempts to break Serbian defenses along the Bregalnica front.
Defense of Zletovo
Reinforces Serbian units resisting Bulgarian attacks near Zletovo.
Fighting at Ovce Pole
Presses Bulgarian operations against the Serbian First Army.
Fighting at Ovce Pole
Commits the Serbian First Army in fighting around Ovce Pole.
Romanian Mobilization
Faces Romanian intervention while fighting Serbia and Greece.
Romanian Mobilization
Orders Romanian mobilization against Bulgaria.
Serbian Counterattack
Attempts to maintain the Bulgarian offensive after Serbian resistance stiffens.
Serbian Counterattack
Orders counterattacks that begin pushing Bulgarian forces back.
Home Rule Commons Passage
The Commons passes the Irish Home Rule Bill before Lords rejection.
Home Rule
The House of Commons passes the Irish Home Rule Bill, rejected by the Lords
Irish Home Rule
The House of Commons passes the Irish Home Rule Bill, rejected by the Lords
Reform of Parliament
The House of Commons passes the Irish Home Rule Bill, rejected by the Lords
Reform of Parliament
The Commons passes a Bill to disestablish the Church in Wales, rejected by the Lords
Welsh Church Commons Passage
The Commons passes the Welsh disestablishment bill before Lords rejection.
Arrest of Sylvia Pankhurst
Sentenced to 3 months for inciting suffragettes to bomb Lloyd George's Surrey home
Plot
Sentenced to 3 months for inciting suffragettes to bomb Lloyd George's Surrey home
Militant Suffrage Arson
Uses property destruction to protest women's political exclusion.
Rivington Pike Bungalow Fire
Claims responsibility for burning Lord Leverhulme's empty bungalow.
Serbian Victory at Bregalnica
Orders withdrawal after Bulgaria fails to defeat Serbia.
Serbian Victory at Bregalnica
Secures a decisive Serbian victory after ten days of fighting.
Romanian Crossing of the Danube
Diverts attention toward the Romanian advance from the north.
Romanian Invasion
Leads Romanian forces into Bulgaria.
Romanian Crossing of the Danube
Sends Romanian forces across the Danube into Bulgaria.
Declaration of War
Declares war on Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War.
Ottoman Advance into Thrace
Faces an Ottoman advance while Bulgarian armies retreat elsewhere.
Declaration of War
The Chinese 2nd Revolution breaks out
Ottoman Advance into Thrace
Leads Ottoman forces back into territory lost during the First Balkan War.
Poet Laureate
Appointed Poet Laureate
Battle of Kalimanci
Organizes Bulgarian resistance against the Serbian advance.
Request for Armistice
Seeks peace as enemies advance on several fronts.
Battle of Kalimanci
Commands Serbian forces during heavy fighting near Kalimanci.
Recapture of Adrianople
Ottoman forces retake Adrianople from Bulgaria.
Recapture of Eastern Thrace
Ottoman forces recover Eastern Thrace.
Ottoman Recapture of Adrianople
Loses Adrianople as Bulgarian forces withdraw from Thrace.
Birth of Michael Mackintosh Foot
Birth of Michael Mackintosh Foot
Family
Michael Foot is born to Eva Mackintosh Foot, whose family name becomes his middle name.
Family
Michael Foot is born into the political household of Isaac Foot, later Liberal MP for Bodmin.
Ottoman Recapture of Adrianople
Re-enters Adrianople with Ottoman forces.
Birth of Jo Grimond
Joseph Grimond is born in St Andrews.
Future Liberal Leader Born
The future leader of the British Liberal Party is born.
Battle of Kresna Gorge
Bulgarian forces halt the Greek advance.
Battle of Kresna Gorge
Greek advance is checked in the Kresna Gorge.
Second Balkan War Armistice
Seeks an armistice after Bulgaria is attacked on several fronts.
Second Balkan War Armistice
Accepts an armistice after Serbia's battlefield victory.
Battle of Kresna
Part of the Greek army advances up the Struma River valley, defeating the Bulgarian army in the battles of Doiran and Mt Beles before themselves being defeated at the Kresna straights
Battle of Mount Beles
Part of the Greek army advances up the Struma River valley, defeating the Bulgarian army in the battles of Doiran and Mt Beles before themselves being defeated at the Kresna straights
Ceasefire
Romanian intervention threatens Sofia and forces Bulgaria toward peace.
Invasion of Bulgaria
The Romanians encounter little resistance from the Bulgarians, and by the time of the ceasefire are only 30 kilometers from Sofia
Peace
The Greeks offer a ceasefire and the Bulgarians accept due to the danger posed by the Romanian army in the north
Romanian Advance
Romanian forces approach Sofia with little resistance.
August 191327 historical events
Final Oil-Drop Charge Publication
Publishes the definitive oil-drop measurement of the elementary electric charge.
President of Venezuela
Appointed acting President of Venezuela
Reform of Armed Forces
The Army Bill imposes 3 years military service
Mobilization
Bulgaria is attacked by Turkey and Romania
Treaty of Bucharest
A final peace is agreed in the Treaty of Bucharest
Treaty of Bucharest
Accepts territorial losses after defeat.
Treaty of Bucharest
Confirms Greek gains in Macedonia and Salonika.
Treaty of Bucharest
Participates in the settlement ending the war.
Treaty of Bucharest
Hosts the treaty ending the Second Balkan War.
Treaty of Bucharest
Romania gains Southern Dobruja after the Second Balkan War.
Treaty of Bucharest
Hosts the settlement ending war among the Balkan states.
Treaty of Bucharest
Gains Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria.
Treaty of Bucharest
Secures most of Vardar Macedonia for Serbia.
Treaty of Bucharest
Secures most of Vardar Macedonia for Serbia.
President of Bolivia
Ismael Montes begins his second presidential term.
Institutional Care Legislation
Creates administrative arrangements for institutional supervision and care.
Mental Deficiency Act
Oversees enactment of the Mental Deficiency Act.
Birth of Mark Felt
Birth of Mark Felt
The Student of Prague
Directs The Student of Prague, a landmark German silent fantasy film.
Armament
Draws up detailed plans to create a War Fleet of 79 battleships by 1920
Bucharest Negotiations
Negotiates after Bulgaria's military isolation.
Balkan Crisis Diplomacy
Coordinates Foreign Office diplomacy during the Second Balkan War.
Great Power Coordination
Works to limit wider conflict among the European powers.
Boycott
The USA declares a boycott against Mexico after its President expels some Americans
Diplomatic Expulsion at Mexico City
The USA declares a boycott against Mexico after its President expels some Americans
Purge
The USA declares a boycott against Mexico after its President expels some Americans
Foreign Policy Statement at Washington
The USA declares a boycott against Mexico after the expulsion of Americans
September 191312 historical events
Capture of Nangking
Yuans forces capture Nangking from the Nationalist Kuomingtang
Birth of William Shankly
William Shankly was born in the Ayrshire mining village of Glenbuck, where football was an important part of community life and would later shape his understanding of teamwork.
Capture of Nanjing
Captures Nanjing
First Highbury Winning Goal
Scores the winning goal as Arsenal open Highbury with a 2-1 victory over Leicester Fosse.
First Highbury Goal
Scores Arsenal's first goal at Highbury in the 2-1 victory over Leicester Fosse.
Birth of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
Birth of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
Reparations
Japan sends a flotilla to the Yangtzi because China fails to honour reparations
1st Mediterranean Flight
Completes the first flight over the Mediterranean
Treaty of Constantinople
Recognizes Ottoman recovery of Adrianople and eastern Thrace.
Treaty of Constantinople
Recognises Ottoman recovery of Eastern Thrace.
Treaty of Constantinople
Confirms Ottoman recovery of Adrianople from Bulgaria.
Treaty of Constantinople
Regains Adrianople and eastern Thrace under the Ottoman-Bulgarian settlement.
October 191320 historical events
Falstaff Premiere
Falstaff receives its first performance at the Leeds Festival.
Leeds Festival Performance
Elgar conducts the premiere of his symphonic study.
Underwood Tariff
The Underwood Tariff reduces import duties and introduces a federal income-tax schedule.
Federal Income Tax
The federal government begins collecting income tax under the newly ratified Sixteenth Amendment.
Legislation
The Underwood Tariff Act reduces duties where US goods control the market. The Underwood Tariff Act reduces duties on commodities
President of China
Appointed President of all China after the resignation of Sun Yat-Sen in the South
President of China
Appointed President of the Republic of China
Moving Assembly Line
Ford introduces a moving assembly line that sharply reduces automobile production time.
Gamboa Dike Explosion
Wilson sends the telegraph signal detonating Gamboa Dike and joining the canal waters.
Bedford Land Speech
Uses a major Bedford speech to promote rural social reform.
Land Campaign
Launches a campaign advocating reform of land ownership and taxation.
Pygmalion World Premiere
Pygmalion receives its world premiere in a German translation.
Vienna Theatre Production
Introduces Shaw's drama concerning language, class and Eliza Doolittle.
HMS Queen Elizabeth Launch
Oversees the naval programme as HMS Queen Elizabeth is launched.
Super-Dreadnought Programme
Advances construction of a new oil-fired battleship class.
Prussian War Academy
Manstein began advanced officer education at the Prussian War Academy in Berlin. The outbreak of the First World War interrupted the course before he could complete the full programme.
Attorney General Appointment
Becomes Attorney General in the Liberal government.
Senior Government Law Officer
Assumes responsibility as the government's senior legal adviser.
Panama Canal
Completes the management of the construction of the Panama Canal
Panama Canal
President Wilson opens the Panama Canal
November 191320 historical events
Kuomingtang
Outlaws the Kuomindang Party
High Commander
Appointed High Commander of the Turkish Army in Istanbul
Withdrawal Negotiations at Mexico City
The USA demands the withdrawal of Huerta from Mexico
Capture of Ciudad Juarez
Captures Ciudad Juarez
Siege of Mexico City
Panch Villa announces plans to march on Mexico City & besiege President Huerta
Siege of Mexico City
Rebel leader Panch Villa announces plans to march on Mexico City & besiege Huerta
Diplomatic Ultimatum at Washington
Gives President Huerta of Mexico an ultimatum to resign
Independence of China
Declaration by Russia & China of Outer Mongolian autonomy under Chinese suzerainty. China recognizes the autonomy of Outer Mongolia
Independence of Mongolia
Declaration by Russia & China of Outer Mongolian autonomy under Chinese suzerainty. China recognizes the autonomy of Outer Mongolia
Rule of Mongolia
Declaration by Russia & China of Outer Mongolian autonomy under Chinese suzerainty
Birth of Vivien Leigh
Vivien Leigh is born as Vivian Mary Hartley in Darjeeling.
British Actress Born
The future British stage and film actress is born in India.
Birth of Albert Camus
Albert Camus is born at Mondovi in French Algeria.
Birth of Lon Nol
Birth of Lon Nol in Prey Veng Province
Treaty of Athens
Settles peace terms with the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty of Athens
Concludes peace with Greece after the Balkan Wars.
Birth of Benjamin Britten
Birth of Benjamin Britten
Scott Journals Edited
Arranges the recovered notebooks into Scotts Last Expedition.
Scotts Last Expedition
Edits Scott's expedition journals for posthumous publication.
Arrest of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Arrested & jailed in Natal, an act which provokes riots
December 191326 historical events
Scandal
Loses a vote of confidence in the Reichstag over the Zabern
Vote of Confidence
Loses a vote of confidence in the Reichstag over the Zabern
Reform of Trade
A Royal Proclamation bans the import of arms into Ulster
Ulster Arms Import Ban
A Royal Proclamation bans the import of arms into Ulster.
Birth of David Pieter de Villiers Graaff
Birth of David Pieter de Villiers Graaff
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for sensitive and beautiful verse expressed through his own English translations.
Britain & France jointly oppose the German-Turkish military convention
Britain & France jointly oppose the German-Turkish military convention
German Turkish Convention Opposition
Britain and France jointly oppose the German-Turkish military convention.
Rule of Aegean
Greece is awarded some Aegean Islands for the loss of southern Albania to Albania
Rule of Albania
Southern Albania is divided between Albania and Greece
Rule of Macedonia
Greece gains territory in Macedonia
Rule of Thrace
Greece gains territory in Thrace
Film
Chaplin reports to work at Keystone Studios to launch a legendary film career
Birth of Willy Brandt
Birth of Willy Brandt
Four-Engine Passenger Aircraft
The achievement marks four-engine passenger aircraft as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Ilya Muromets First Flight
Leads the first flight of the Ilya Muromets four-engine aircraft.
Federal Reserve Act
Wilson signs legislation creating the Federal Reserve System.
Federal Reserve Act
The Federal Reserve Act requires gold reserves against Federal Reserve notes and deposits.
Federal Reserve Gold Requirements
The Federal Reserve Act requires substantial gold backing for Federal Reserve notes and embeds gold convertibility within the new central banking system.
Antarctic Crossing Plan
Names the venture the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition.
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition Announced
Announces plans to cross Antarctica from sea to sea.
Postwar Crisis
Views Serbian gains as a threat to Austria-Hungary.
Postwar Diplomacy
Monitors Balkan tensions after the wars.
Postwar Diplomacy
Seeks to contain Great Power tension after the wars.
Postwar Diplomacy
Backs Serbia after the Balkan settlements.
Postwar Serbian Army
Serbia emerges militarily strengthened from the Balkan Wars.
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia
Minister of Roumaina
Appointed Minister to Romania
Crystal Lattice Research
Studies the kinetic theory of solids and the dynamics of crystal lattices as part of his early research programme.
Adjustable-Blade Water Turbine
Enables efficient hydroelectric generation under changing water-flow conditions.
Kaplan Turbine
Develops a propeller turbine with adjustable runner blades.
Political Support
Prevents Serbia from securing an outlet to the Adriatic Sea by support given to the creation of Albania, the Balkan Wars resulted in a failure to contain the rising Russian influence in the Balkans and thwart Serbian ambitions.
Rule of Yugoslavia
Prevents Serbia from securing an outlet to the Adriatic Sea by support given to the creation of Albania, the Balkan Wars resulted in a failure to contain the rising Russian influence in the Balkans and thwart Serbian ambitions.
Admiral
Appointed Head of the war ministrys naval section
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the Hungarian Landwehr (Honved)
Colonel
Appointed Colonel General
Sixth Army Inspectorate
Appointed Head of the 6th Army Inspectorate
Sixth Army
Appointed Head of the 6th Army Inspectorate
Tour de France
Winner of the Tour de France
Prime Minister of Bulgaria
Appointed Prime Minister of Bulgaria
Capture of Adrianople
Bulgarian forces conquer Adrianople while Greek forces liberate Ioannina
Siege of Adrianople
Bulgarian forces conquer Adrianople while Greek forces liberate Ioannina
Succession
Succeeds as King of Bulgaria, defeated in the 2nd Balkan war
Balkan League
The Second Balkan War breaks out among the former allies, with Bulgaria pitted against Serbia and Greece, later joined by Ottoman Empire and Romania
Capture of Adrianople
The Ottomans retake Adrianople (Edirne) which had historic significance for the Turks, being a former Ottoman capital city
Capture of Thrace
The Ottomans recover eastern Thrace, which had largely been lost in the First Balkan War
Declaration of War
The Second Balkan War breaks out among the former allies, with Bulgaria pitted against Serbia and Greece, later joined by Ottoman Empire and Romania
Rule of Thrace
The Ottomans recover eastern Thrace, which had largely been lost in the First Balkan War
Minister of Finance
Serves as Minister of Finance during the presidency of Ramon Barros Luco.
Santiago-Puerto Montt Railway
Leads the government when continuous railway service reaches Puerto Montt from Santiago.
Independence of China
Yunnan declares its independence from the central Government
Independence of Yunnan
Yunnan declares its independence from the central Government
Kuomingtang
Abolishes the Kuomanting Party
Chinese Revolutionary Party Pledge
Pledges support for Sun Yat-sen’s developing Chinese Revolutionary Party while opposing Yuan Shikai after the failed Second Revolution.
Education
Mao enrols at Changsha School
Assassination of Chiaojen Sung
Sung is assasinated
Death of Chiaojen Sung
Sung is assasinated
Reballion of Sun Yat-Sen
Leads a failed rebellion & flees to Japan
Election
The Kuomingtang emerge as the strongest group during the elections
Reballion of Sun Yat-Sen
Leads a failed rebellion & flees to Japan
Capture of River Yangtze
Stops revolution by bringing the Yangtze Valley under the control of the Northern Army
Exile of Chiang Kai-Shek
Goes to Japan after the failure of the 1913 Second Revolution against Yuan Shikai.
Reballion of Chiang Kai-Shek
Takes part in the 1913 Second Revolution opposing Yuan Shikai’s increasingly authoritarian rule.
Reballion of Sun Yat-Sen
Leads a failed rebellion & flees to Japan
President of Cuba
Appointed President of Cuba
Prime Minister of Denmark
Appointed Prime Minister of Denmark, 2nd term
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Discovery of Electrons
In 1913, Danish physicist Niels Bohr postulated that electrons resided in quantized energy states, with the energy determined by the angular momentum of the electrons orbits about the nucleus
Bohr Atomic Model
Publishes an atomic model with electrons occupying discrete energy states.
Charged Particle Stopping Theory
Publishes theoretical work on how moving charged particles lose velocity while passing through matter, developed from research undertaken in Rutherford's laboratory.
Constitution of Atoms and Molecules Trilogy
Publishes a three-part series on atomic and molecular constitution that integrates Rutherford's nucleus with quantum restrictions and extends the framework beyond hydrogen.
Copenhagen Physics Lectureship
Takes a lectureship in physics at the University of Copenhagen and continues developing the new quantum description of atomic structure.
Quantized Electron Orbits
Explains the hydrogen spectrum through quantum transitions between stationary orbits.
Fantomas
Directs Fantomas, launching his influential crime-film serial.
Jeux
Composes, "Jeux", a ballet
Swann's Way
Publication of "Swann's Way"
Minister of Public Instruction
Appointed Minister of Public Instruction
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Russia
Minister of Justice
Appointed Minister of Justice
President of France
Appointed President of France
Visit to Paris
Visits Lloyd George
President of France
Appointed President of France
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, 1st term
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering anaphylaxis and demonstrating how immune responses can produce severe hypersensitivity.
The Other
Directs Der Andere, an early German Autorenfilm.
Death In Venice
Publication of "Death In Venice"
Vote of Confidence
Wins a vote of confidence after sequesting Polish lands for its peasants
Minister of War
Appointed Prussian Minister of War
Succession
Succeeds as King of Bavaria
Marriage
Marries the Duke of Brunswick
Succession
Succeeds as King of Bavaria
Abdication
Deposed & succeeded by Louis III
General Psychopathology
Jaspers publishes General Psychopathology and completes his habilitation.
Doctorate at Freiburg
Heidegger receives his doctorate at the University of Freiburg.
Phenomenological Philosophy
Publication of "Phenomenological Philosophy"
DAP
Drafts the Jihlava party program "which contains a more detailed comparison of international Marxism and national socialism and a more pointed attack on capitalism, Democracy, alien peoples, and Jews"
Jihlava Party Program
Drafts the Jihlava party program "which contains a more detailed comparison of international Marxism and national socialism and a more pointed attack on capitalism, Democracy, alien peoples, and Jews"
National Socialism
Drafts the Jihlava party program "which contains a more detailed comparison of international Marxism and national socialism and a more pointed attack on capitalism, Democracy, alien peoples, and Jews"
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the SDP
Declaration of War
Persuades the SDP to vote for war credits to defend Germany from the Tsarist autocracy
Death of 08 Bebel
Death of August Bebel
General Relativity
Grossmann coauthors the Entwurf theory and supplies mathematical tools for Einsteins gravitational research
Captain
Appointed Captain in the General Staff
Captain
Appointed Captainn the General Staff
General
Appointed Head of the German military mission in Turkey
Reform of Armed Forces
Charged with the task of reorganizing the Turkish Army
Military Attache
Appointed Military Attache to Mexico
St Pauls Suite
Composes, "St Pauls Suite"
Orchestral Idyll Composed
Creates one of his best-known pastoral orchestral works.
The Banks of Green Willow
Composes the orchestral idyll The Banks of Green Willow.
A London Symphony Completed
Completes the first version of A London Symphony.
Second Symphony First Version
Creates an orchestral portrait of London before its 1914 premiere.
Sons and Lovers
Publication of "Sons and Lovers"
The Passionate Friends
Publication of "The Passionate Friends"
Labour and the Empire
Publication of "Labour and the Empire"
Professor Challenger Novel Published
Describes humanity threatened by a mysterious atmospheric phenomenon.
The Poison Belt
Publishes the Professor Challenger novel The Poison Belt.
Novel Published
Examines romantic passion across successive periods of one man's life.
The Dark Flower
Publishes the novel The Dark Flower.
Chance Published in Book Form
Uses multiple narrators to recount Flora de Barral's troubled life.
Chance
Publishes the novel Chance in book form.
Comic Novel Published
Builds a farce around kidnapping schemes at an English school.
The Little Nugget
Publishes the comic novel The Little Nugget.
Poems and Songs Collection
Collects verse originally appearing throughout his prose works.
Songs from Books
Publishes the collection Songs from Books.
Love Poems and Others
Publishes the collection Love Poems and Others.
Poetry Collection Published
Explores intimacy, desire and personal conflict through early poetry.
Childrens Poetry Collection
Creates imaginative poems that become classics of children's literature.
Peacock Pie
Publishes the poetry collection Peacock Pie.
Kingsway Theatre Production
Adapts Bennett's novel Buried Alive into a successful comedy.
The Great Adventure
The Great Adventure receives a London stage production.
Scott's Last Expedition
Scott's diaries are published posthumously.
Lowther Lodge Headquarters
Establishes a permanent Kensington headquarters for British geographical work.
Royal Geographical Society Move
Oversees the Society's move into Lowther Lodge.
Safety of Life at Sea Conference Chairmanship
Leads the British delegation and chairs the international conference convened to establish common standards for safety of life at sea.
Sinai Survey
Works with archaeological and survey teams in Sinai and the Negev, experience later useful for military intelligence.
Negev Mapping Expedition
Maps routes and ancient sites across the Negev region.
Wilderness of Zin Survey
Surveys the Wilderness of Zin with Thomas Edward Lawrence.
Government Headquarters Completed
The complex becomes the administrative headquarters of the South African government.
Union Buildings Completed
Completes the Union Buildings overlooking Pretoria.
Legislation
Legislation allows a political levy & gives trade union members a voluntary opt-out
Armament
Offers Germany a "naval holiday" & to halt naval armament, the Germans refuse
Government Investment Negotiations Begin
Negotiates with British officials over state investment that could preserve Anglo-Persian's independence and finance expansion.
Constitution of Great Britain
Provisional Collection of Taxes Act makes the Budget law after read in Parliament
Legislation
Provisional Collection of Taxes Act makes the Budget law after read in Parliament
Reform of Parliament
Provisional Collection of Taxes Act makes the Budget law after read in Parliament
Foundations of Mathematics
Extends the formal logical system developed with Bertrand Russell.
Principia Mathematica Volume Three
Co-publishes the third volume of Principia Mathematica.
Principia Mathmatica
Publication of "Principia Mathmatica"
Mathematical Logic Publication
Completes their major attempt to derive mathematics from formal logic.
Principia Mathematica Volume Three
Publishes the third volume of Principia Mathematica with Whitehead.
New Statesman
Helps found the New Statesman
The Awakening of India
Publication of "The Social Unrest". Publication of "The Awakening of India"
The Social Unrest
Publication of "The Social Unrest". Publication of "The Awakening of India"
Reform of Trade
Legislation allows a political levy & gives trade union members a voluntary opt-out
London School of Economics Lectureship
Begins lecturing in social science at the London School of Economics.
Social Science Teaching
Combines academic teaching with social work and Labour politics.
London School of Economics (LSE)
Appointed Lecturer in social science at the London School of Economics
Dublin Lockout Support
Supports workers affected by the Dublin industrial dispute.
Labour Solidarity Campaign
Promotes labour solidarity during the prolonged lockout.
Birth of Jo Grimmond
Birth of Jo Grimmond
WSPU
Plants a bomb at Lloyd George's newly built house in Surrey, damaging it severely
Death of Emily Wilding
Killed after jumping under the King's horse at the Derby as a Suffragette protest
Paris Suffrage Leadership
Directs WSPU strategy from exile in Paris.
WSPU Direction from Exile
Maintains communication with British militants while avoiding arrest.
East London Federation
Develops suffrage organization among working women in East London.
Working-Class Suffrage Organization
Builds the group that becomes the East London Federation.
Academic Chairmanship
Ends a distinguished academic career researching gases and chemical elements.
University College Retirement
Retires from his professorship at University College London.
Atomic Number Ordering
Shows that elements should be ordered by atomic number rather than atomic weight, providing the physical basis of the modern periodic table.
Missing Atomic Numbers Identified
Uses X-ray spectra to identify gaps in the sequence of atomic numbers and demonstrates that specific elements remain undiscovered.
Moseley Law
Establishes a precise relationship between characteristic X-ray frequencies and the nuclear charge associated with each element.
Atomic Number
Establishes atomic number, placing uranium at 92.
Moseley Establishes Atomic Number Law
Henry Moseley's X ray spectroscopy linked element identity to nuclear charge. It connected industrial practice with more systematic technical investigation.
Neon Isotopes
Finds evidence that neon atoms occur with different masses.
Positive-Ray Mass Analysis
Uses positive rays to reveal the element's isotopic composition.
Sodium Chloride Crystal Structure
Determines the arrangement of atoms within sodium chloride crystals.
X-Ray Crystallography
Applies X-ray diffraction to reveal a crystal's internal structure.
Crystal Diffraction Research
Works with his son to establish practical X-ray crystallography.
X-Ray Spectrometer
Develops instruments for measuring X-ray diffraction from crystals.
Cup Winning Attack With Villa
Clem Stephenson featured in Aston Villa's 1913 FA Cup-winning squad, before subsequently becoming a prominent player and manager elsewhere.
Second Cup Medal For Bache
Joe Bache added another FA Cup success to his Aston Villa career in 1913, showing the consistency of his contribution across different seasons.
Mediterranean Dockyard Readiness Overseen
Carden oversees Malta's dockyard readiness and support functions during the final pre-war year.
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Expeditionary Force Planning
Refines plans for deploying British forces to continental Europe.
War Office Mobilization Plans
Coordinates War Office preparations with French military planners.
Union of Samos with Greece
Sofoulis oversees the revolutionary administration as Samos unites with Greece.
Death of Constantine I
Death of George I, assassinated
Rule of Samos
The Greek fleet raises the Greek flag on Samos
Capture of Ioannina
Bulgarian forces conquer Adrianople while Greek forces liberated Ioannina
Rule of Ioannina
Bulgarian forces conquer Adrianople while Greek forces liberated Ioannina
Assassination of George George I
Assassinated during the First Balkan War
Balkan League
The Second Balkan War breaks out among the former allies, with Bulgaria pitted against Serbia and Greece, later joined by Ottoman Empire and Romania
Declaration of War
The Second Balkan War breaks out among the former allies, with Bulgaria pitted against Serbia and Greece, later joined by Ottoman Empire and Romania
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister, 3rd term
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, 1st Asian to be awarded the prize
Education
Obtains a law doctorate & an attornyship permit
Drama
Dramatization of, "Pygmalion". Dramatization of, "Androcles & the Lion"
Albert Medal for Edward Evans Rescue
Crean receives the Albert Medal for his role in saving Edward Evans after the dangerous return journey from the Polar Plateau.
Foreign Secretary of Japan
Appointed Foreign Minister, 3rd term
Minister of Navy
Appointed Minister of the Navy
RDP
Founds the Rikken-Seiyukai Party
Fleet Admiral
Appointed Fleet Admiral
President of Mexico
Appointed President of Mexico
Fortitude
Publication of "Fortitude"
Muslim League
Joins the All India Muslim League
Muslim League
Joins the All India Muslim League
Birth of Edward Gierek
Birth of Edward Gierek
Decay-Series Element Movement
Explains how alpha and beta emissions transform one element into another.
Radioactive Displacement Law
Co-formulates rules describing periodic-table shifts during radioactive decay.
Education
Mazurkiewicz obtains his doctorate
Characterization of Space-Filling Curves
Provides a foundational theorem concerning Peano continua and space-filling curves.
Hahn-Mazurkiewicz Theorem
Co-establishes conditions characterizing continuous images of an interval.
Radium Standard
Continues work on radium standards for scientific measurement.
Commander of Army
Appointed Commander of the Romanian Army
Declaration of War
Declares war on Bulgaria and begins the 2nd Balkan War
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff. Appointed Chief of Staff
Commander of Army
Appointed Commander of the Romanian Army
The Bells
Composes, "The Bells"
That Which Never Happened
Publication of "That Which Never Happened"
Romanov Tercentenary
Lives through the Romanov tercentenary under diminished political influence.
Faberge Imperial Rock Crystal Egg
The The Faberge Imperial rock crystal egg with rose cut diamonds set in platinum is created for the Tsar, an American in 1994 pays $5.5 mil for the egg, only 56 eggs are commissioned by the Tsars and Tsarinas
Accusation by Martov
Menshevik leader Julius Martov publicly accused Malinovsky of connections with the secret police, bringing growing suspicions about the Duma deputy into open political controversy.
Bolshevik Caucus
Instructed by Lenin to split the SDP delegation in the Duma & form a Bolshevik Caucus
Bolshevik Party
The Mensheviks turn down Lenins programe & find a leader in Malinovsky. 6 Bolshevik deputies demand 7 Menshevik deputies accept Lenins programme
Defence by Lenin
Lenin rejected allegations that Malinovsky was a police agent and continued to defend him as an important Bolshevik worker-deputy despite accusations from political opponents.
Manifesto
The Mensheviks turn down Lenins programe & find a leader in Malinovsky. 6 Bolshevik deputies demand 7 Menshevik deputies accept Lenins programme
Menshevik Party
The Mensheviks turn down Lenins programe & find a leader in Malinovsky. 6 Bolshevik deputies demand 7 Menshevik deputies accept Lenins programme
Government Criticism
Kerensky repeatedly attacks ministers and administrative abuses from the Duma platform, becoming one of the most prominent speakers on the radical opposition benches.
Opposition Speeches
Kerensky delivers forceful parliamentary speeches against autocratic practices and restrictions on political liberty, increasing his national reputation as a Trudovik spokesman.
Parliamentary Opposition
Kerensky works with other opposition deputies to expose government abuses while maintaining the Trudovik commitment to representative government and social reform.
Political Prisoners
Kerensky continues advocating legal protections for political defendants and prisoners, linking his work as a lawyer with his Trudovik parliamentary activity.
Annexation of Al-Ahsa
Takes Al-Ahsa after Ottoman forces surrender and withdraw by sea.
Annexation of Al-Ahsa
Helps establish Saudi administration in Al-Ahsa after the Ottoman withdrawal.
Capture of Kosovo
Serbia conquers Macedonia and Kosovo taking these provinces from the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria
Capture of Macedonia
Serbia conquers Macedonia and Kosovo taking these provinces from the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria
Rule of Kosovo
Serbia conquers Macedonia and Kosovo taking these provinces from the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria
Rule of Macedonia
Serbia conquers Macedonia and Kosovo taking these provinces from the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria
Resignation of James Hertzog
Resigns from Bothas South Africa Party after his "South Africa First" speech
Constitution of South Africa
The Bantu Land Act creates a division between the Bantu & Whites, drafted by Hertzog
Legislation
The Bantu Land Act creates a division between the Bantu & Whites, drafted by Hertzog
Reform of Land Ownership
The Bantu Land Act creates a division between the Bantu & Whites, drafted by Hertzog
Legislation
The Bantu Land Act creates a territorial division between the Bantu & Whites
Reform of Land Ownership
The Bantu Land Act creates a territorial division between the Bantu & Whites
Conference of SA Party
At the South Africa Party conference, the Old Boers, of Hertzog, Steyn, & De Wet, call for Botha & Smuts to step down but the 3 resign
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 1st term
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Conservative Party
Einstein-Besso Mercury Perihelion Attempt
Einstein and Michele Besso calculated Mercury's anomalous perihelion motion with the provisional gravitational theory, creating a detailed test that the Entwurf equations failed to reproduce correctly.
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on the linkage of atoms in molecules, especially inorganic compounds.
Entwurf Field Equations Proposed
The Entwurf collaboration introduced provisional field equations intended to connect the spacetime metric with matter, giving Einstein a concrete but still incomplete relativistic theory of gravitation.
Entwurf Theory Links Metric to Matter
Einstein's developing theory treated the metric field as physically determined by matter and energy, moving the gravitational problem toward the geometry-source relationship later embodied in his final equations.
Entwurf Theory Published with Grossmann
Einstein and Marcel Grossmann published the Entwurf theory, an intermediate gravitational framework that used tensor methods but did not yet possess the full general covariance of general relativity.
Hole Argument Used Against General Covariance
Einstein developed the hole argument as a reason to distrust unrestricted general covariance, a position he later abandoned when completing general relativity in 1915.
Emigration
Emigrates to the United States with his parents
Minister of Marine
Appointed Minister of Marine
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of a division based at Gallipoli during the Balkan War
Capture of Adrianople
Helps capture Adrianople
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant Colonel
Pollyanna
Publication of "Pollyanna"
O Pioneers
Publication of "O Pioneers"
Department of Labor
Founds the Dept of Labor
President of USA
Appointed President of the USA, 28th President
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State
Eclipse Test Proposal
Encourages astronomical testing of gravitational light deflection during a solar eclipse.
Einstein-Besso Mercury Calculations
Works with Michele Besso on applying the developing gravitational theory to Mercury's orbit, creating calculations that later help solve the perihelion anomaly.
Einstein-Grossmann Collaboration
Collaborates closely with Marcel Grossmann on the mathematical framework of gravitation.
Entwurf Theory
Publishes the Entwurf gravitational theory with Marcel Grossmann as an intermediate step toward general relativity.
Hot-Cathode X-Ray Tube
Introduces a high-vacuum X-ray tube with a heated tungsten cathode that supplies a controllable stream of electrons.
Commander of Eighth Cavalry Brigade
Appointed Commander of Eighth Cavalry Brigade
Colegiado
Promotes a collegial executive proposal intended to limit personal presidential power
Birth of Bao Dai
Birth of Bao Dai, son of Emperor Khai Din
Begins Relationship with H G Wells
West began a relationship with novelist H G Wells that influenced her personal life and writing.
Experiments with Biographical Style
Strachey developed a selective and ironic style for literary biography.
Law Backs Ulster Unionists
Bonar Law continues to defend Ulster Unionist resistance to home rule as the Irish constitutional crisis deepens.
Final Assault On Adrianople
Nikola Ivanov's Bulgarian Second Army participates in the coordinated assault that breaks the fortress defenses in March 1913.
Adrianople Fortress Falls
The fall of Adrianople gives Bulgarian and Serbian forces a major victory against Ottoman defenders.
Sukru Pasha Surrenders Fortress
Mehmed Sukru Pasha surrenders Adrianople after the attackers break through the fortress defenses in March 1913.
Ottoman Army Regroups In Thrace
Ahmed Izzet Pasha commands forces as the Ottoman government prepares to regain territory during the Second Balkan War.
Ottoman Troops Cross Enos Midia Line
Ottoman troops cross the boundary established after the First Balkan War and reenter eastern Thrace in July 1913.
Ottoman Forces Retake Kirk Kilisse
Ottoman forces advance into areas abandoned by Bulgarian troops during the Second Balkan War.
Ottoman Army Recovers Adrianople
The Ottoman advance recaptures Adrianople while Bulgarian forces are committed against other Balkan opponents.
Ottoman Offensive Threatens Bulgarian Frontier
The rapid advance reaches disputed areas beyond the earlier agreed boundary, producing diplomatic concern.
Enver Celebrates Adrianople Recovery
Enver Pasha becomes prominently associated with the Ottoman reconquest of Adrianople in the Second Balkan War.
Ottoman Leadership Claims Thracian Victory
Enver Pasha and Ottoman leaders present the recovery of eastern Thrace as a reversal of the previous year's defeat.
Bulgaria Negotiates Thracian Settlement
Following Bulgaria's defeats in the Second Balkan War, Ferdinand's government negotiates the frontier with the Ottoman Empire.
Nikola Refuses Scutari Demands
King Nikola initially resists demands by the Great Powers to abandon Montenegrin ambitions for Scutari.
Great Powers Pressure Montenegro
European diplomatic and naval pressure builds against Montenegro's continued occupation plans.
Montenegro Accepts Scutari Withdrawal
King Nikola eventually accepts the evacuation of Scutari following international opposition.
Montenegro Signs Balkan Peace Settlement
The Treaty of London ends the First Balkan War and reshapes Ottoman territorial control in Europe.
Esad Pasha Surrenders Scutari
Esad Pasha Toptani agrees to surrender Scutari to Montenegrin forces in April 1913.
Eastern Campaign Territory Consolidated
Montenegrin commanders secure wartime territorial gains as diplomats discuss the postwar borders.
Second Balkan War Alters Alliances
Montenegro joins Serbia and Greece against Bulgaria during the subsequent Balkan conflict.
Montenegro Enters Postwar Border Negotiations
King Nikola's government seeks international recognition of territorial gains after the Balkan Wars.
Peace Leaves Scutari Outside Montenegro
The settlement confirms that Montenegro cannot retain Scutari despite the costly siege.
Montenegrin Siege Continues Into Spring
Montenegrin forces persist in operations around Scutari until the city's surrender in April 1913.
Scutari Dispute Escalates Frontier Crisis
Montenegro's determination to retain Scutari conflicts with the Great Powers' plans for an independent Albania.
International Naval Pressure Forces Concession
European naval demonstrations compel Montenegro to abandon its claim to occupy Scutari.
New Albanian Border Restricts Montenegro
The postwar emergence of Albania prevents the Montenegrin kingdom from retaining its desired southern gains.
Balkan Treaties Revise Montenegrin Territory
Agreements ending the Balkan Wars adjust Montenegro's territorial extent and neighboring frontiers.
Montenegrin Campaign Raises European Alarm
Montenegro is expanding military campaign provokes concern among European governments about changes to Balkan boundaries.
Army Maintains Sandzak Campaign Routes
Janko Vukotic works to sustain military communications as Montenegrin forces operate away from their home bases.
Balkan Allies Negotiate War Results
Montenegro participates in the diplomatic negotiations following victories against the Ottoman Empire.
Frontier Diplomacy Remains Politically Contentious
Montenegro continues pressing territorial claims while neighboring governments and European diplomats debate Balkan frontier arrangements.
Final Assault On Adrianople
Nikola Ivanov's Bulgarian Second Army participates in the coordinated assault that breaks the fortress defenses in March 1913.
Adrianople Fortress Falls
The fall of Adrianople gives Bulgarian and Serbian forces a major victory against Ottoman defenders.
Sukru Pasha Surrenders Fortress
Mehmed Sukru Pasha surrenders Adrianople after the attackers break through the fortress defenses in March 1913.
Ottoman Army Regroups In Thrace
Ahmed Izzet Pasha commands forces as the Ottoman government prepares to regain territory during the Second Balkan War.
Ottoman Troops Cross Enos Midia Line
Ottoman troops cross the boundary established after the First Balkan War and reenter eastern Thrace in July 1913.
Ottoman Forces Retake Kirk Kilisse
Ottoman forces advance into areas abandoned by Bulgarian troops during the Second Balkan War.
Ottoman Army Recovers Adrianople
The Ottoman advance recaptures Adrianople while Bulgarian forces are committed against other Balkan opponents.
Ottoman Offensive Threatens Bulgarian Frontier
The rapid advance reaches disputed areas beyond the earlier agreed boundary, producing diplomatic concern.
Enver Celebrates Adrianople Recovery
Enver Pasha becomes prominently associated with the Ottoman reconquest of Adrianople in the Second Balkan War.
Ottoman Leadership Claims Thracian Victory
Enver Pasha and Ottoman leaders present the recovery of eastern Thrace as a reversal of the previous year's defeat.
Bulgaria Negotiates Thracian Settlement
Following Bulgaria's defeats in the Second Balkan War, Ferdinand's government negotiates the frontier with the Ottoman Empire.
Kuwait Status Addressed In Ottoman Talks
Anglo Ottoman negotiations recognize a special autonomous status for Kuwait, although the convention is never ratified.
Nikola Refuses Scutari Demands
King Nikola initially resists demands by the Great Powers to abandon Montenegrin ambitions for Scutari.
Great Powers Pressure Montenegro
European diplomatic and naval pressure builds against Montenegro's continued occupation plans.
Montenegro Accepts Scutari Withdrawal
King Nikola eventually accepts the evacuation of Scutari following international opposition.
Montenegro Signs Balkan Peace Settlement
The Treaty of London ends the First Balkan War and reshapes Ottoman territorial control in Europe.
Esad Pasha Surrenders Scutari
Esad Pasha Toptani agrees to surrender Scutari to Montenegrin forces in April 1913.
Eastern Campaign Territory Consolidated
Montenegrin commanders secure wartime territorial gains as diplomats discuss the postwar borders.
Second Balkan War Alters Alliances
Montenegro joins Serbia and Greece against Bulgaria during the subsequent Balkan conflict.
Montenegro Enters Postwar Border Negotiations
King Nikola's government seeks international recognition of territorial gains after the Balkan Wars.
Peace Leaves Scutari Outside Montenegro
The settlement confirms that Montenegro cannot retain Scutari despite the costly siege.
Montenegrin Siege Continues Into Spring
Montenegrin forces persist in operations around Scutari until the city's surrender in April 1913.
Scutari Dispute Escalates Frontier Crisis
Montenegro's determination to retain Scutari conflicts with the Great Powers' plans for an independent Albania.
International Naval Pressure Forces Concession
European naval demonstrations compel Montenegro to abandon its claim to occupy Scutari.
New Albanian Border Restricts Montenegro
The postwar emergence of Albania prevents the Montenegrin kingdom from retaining its desired southern gains.
Balkan Treaties Revise Montenegrin Territory
Agreements ending the Balkan Wars adjust Montenegro's territorial extent and neighboring frontiers.
Montenegrin Campaign Raises European Alarm
Montenegro is expanding military campaign provokes concern among European governments about changes to Balkan boundaries.
Army Maintains Sandzak Campaign Routes
Janko Vukotic works to sustain military communications as Montenegrin forces operate away from their home bases.
Balkan Allies Negotiate War Results
Montenegro participates in the diplomatic negotiations following victories against the Ottoman Empire.
Frontier Diplomacy Remains Politically Contentious
Montenegro continues pressing territorial claims while neighboring governments and European diplomats debate Balkan frontier arrangements.