President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Historical events in 1914
1,358 historical records
January 191417 historical events
Inspector
German General appointed as Inspector General of the Turkish Army
Constitution of China
Dismisses Parliament & becomes a dictator
Parliament
Dismisses Parliament & becomes a dictator
Constitution of China
Governs China without Parliament
First SOLAS Convention Signed
Chairs the conference that produces the first International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea in response to Titanic.
SOLAS International Ice Patrol
Helps establish the international system for ice observation and patrol intended to warn North Atlantic shipping about dangerous ice.
SOLAS Lifesaving Appliance Standards
Helps establish international standards for lifeboats and other life-saving appliances through the first SOLAS Convention.
SOLAS Shipboard Radio Requirement
Helps establish international requirements for radio equipment on passenger ships so distress communications can be received and transmitted.
SOLAS Watertight Construction Standards
Helps establish international construction requirements addressing watertight bulkheads and passenger-ship subdivision.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's, 2nd term
Armament
Churchills proposals to increase Naval expenditure split the cabinet
Budget
Churchills proposals to increase Naval expenditure split the cabinet
Dissolution of Parliament
Yuan closes Parliament
Election
Appointed President of China for life by a council of his own selection
President of China
Appointed President of China for life by a council of his own selection
Panama Canal
Appointed Governor of the Canal Zone
February 19146 historical events
Birth of Alan Hodgkin
Birth of Alan Hodgkin
Armament
Churchills proposals in cabinet to increase Naval expenditure are accepted
Budget
Churchills proposals in cabinet to increase Naval expenditure are accepted
Sopwith Sociable First Flight
The Admiralty's Sopwith Sociable associated with Churchill makes its first flight at Brooklands.
Sopwith Aviation Inspection
Inspects Sopwith Aviation during his continuing effort to understand and encourage naval aviation.
Parliamentarism and the Working Class
Writes Parliamentarism and the Working Class as part of his prewar discussion of socialist political strategy.
March 191418 historical events
Naval Supplementary Estimate
Explains a supplementary naval estimate to the House of Commons and defends the additional expenditure.
Prince Takes Office
William of Wied arrives in Albania as sovereign prince
Navy Estimates 1914-15
Presents the Navy Estimates for 1914-15 and explains Admiralty policy and construction commitments.
Dreadnought Completion Figures
Answers Commons questions on the number of completed British dreadnoughts.
Fleet Disposition Statement
Answers Commons questions about the disposition of Royal Navy forces.
German Navy Estimates Review
Answers Commons questions concerning German naval estimates and comparative naval strength.
HMS Iron Duke Status
Answers Commons questions concerning HMS Iron Duke during discussion of the naval programme.
Royal Naval Museum Greenwich
Answers parliamentary questions concerning the Royal Naval Museum at Greenwich.
Canadian Ships Policy
Addresses Commons questions about Canadian ships and their relationship to Imperial naval policy.
Dreadnought Comparative Statistics
Provides comparative information on British and foreign dreadnought strength.
Merchant Steamships Guns
Defends Admiralty policy concerning guns carried by merchant steamships.
Movement of Warships
Answers Commons questions concerning Royal Navy warship movements.
Civil and Military Forces
Takes part in Commons discussion concerning the relationship between civil authority and military forces.
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State for War
War Office Appointment
Temporarily assumes the War Office during the Curragh crisis.
Curragh Crisis War Office
Succeeds Seely at the War Office during the Curragh crisis and threat of Irish civil conflict.
Reballion of Rebels in London
Successor to Seely during the "Curragh Mutiny" & threat of Irish civil war
Lieutenant
Appointed Member of 49th Field Artillery Regiment
April 191410 historical events
Birth of Alec Guinness
Alec Guinness is born as Alec Guinness de Cuffe
Federal Reserve Districts Announced
The Reserve Bank Organization Committee announces the boundaries of twelve Federal Reserve districts and names the cities in which the Reserve Banks will be located, establishing the geographic structure of the new central banking system.
Problems of Unity
Publishes Problems of Unity while continuing his effort to bridge divisions in Russian Social Democracy.
Battle of Shiala
Beys Turkish XIII Corps are driven back into the Jebel Hamlin Mountains
Drama
Dramatization of, "Pygmalion"
President of Venezuela
Appointed acting President of Venezuela
Capture of Vera Cruz
US forces bombard & seize the Mexican port of Vera Cruz
Naval and Military Movements Inquiry
Responds in the Commons during an inquiry into reported naval and military movements.
Chief of Imperial General Staff (CIGS)
Resigns as Chief of the Imperial General Staff after the Curragh Mutiny
Curragh Mutiny
Resigns as Chief of the Imperial General Staff after the Curragh Mutiny
May 191430 historical events
Chinese Waters Piracy
Answers Commons questions about piracy and British naval responsibilities in Chinese waters.
Royal Flying Corps Naval Coordination
Answers parliamentary questions about the Royal Flying Corps and naval aviation responsibilities.
Oil Fuel Policy
Answers Commons questions on the Admiralty's growing use of oil fuel.
Naval Wages
Provides parliamentary information concerning wages paid within naval establishments.
Petty Officers and Seamen
Answers parliamentary questions concerning conditions affecting petty officers and seamen.
Submarine Disaster Questions
Answers parliamentary questions concerning submarine accidents and naval safety.
HMS Chatham Inquiry
Answers parliamentary questions concerning HMS Chatham.
Austro-Hungarian Naval Programme
Answers Commons questions about the Austro-Hungarian naval programme.
Engineering Branch Policy
Answers Commons questions concerning the Royal Navy engineering branch.
Government Dockyards
Addresses Commons questions concerning government dockyards and Admiralty administration.
Hospital Ship Provision
Answers parliamentary questions concerning hospital-ship provision for the Royal Navy.
Naval Materiel Supply
Answers parliamentary questions concerning naval materiel and Admiralty supply arrangements.
Birth of Joe Louis
Birth of Joe Louis
Pacific Naval Policy
Answers Commons questions about British naval policy and commitments in the Pacific.
Instructional Allowances
Provides a parliamentary answer concerning instructional allowances in naval service.
Reform of Parliament
The House of Commons passes the Welsh Church Disestablishment Bill for the third time
Welsh Church Third Commons Passage
The Commons passes Welsh Church disestablishment legislation for a third time.
Kings Regulations
Answers a parliamentary question concerning the application of King's Regulations in the naval service.
Battleship Construction
Provides parliamentary information concerning battleships then under construction.
Dockyard Admirals Superintendent
Answers questions concerning admirals superintendent serving at Royal Navy dockyards.
Home Rule Compromise
Argues for compromise over Irish Home Rule as the Liberal Government attempts to contain the constitutional crisis.
Light Cruiser Construction
Provides parliamentary information concerning the Royal Navy's light-cruiser construction programme.
Anglo Persian Oil Control
Britain acquires control of Persian Gulf oil interests from the Anglon Oil Company.
Purchase of Anglon Oil
Britain acquires control of oil in the Persian Gulf from the Anglon Oil Company
Home Rule Third Commons Passage
The Commons passes the Irish Home Rule Bill in May 1914.
Home Rule
The House of Commons passes the Irish Home Rule Bill
Irish Home Rule
The House of Commons passes the Irish Home Rule Bill
Reform of Parliament
The House of Commons passes the Irish Home Rule Bill
Kiel Canal
Opens the widened Kiel Canal
Royal Society
Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
June 191426 historical events
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, forms & leads the Government of National unity
Government Oil Investment Allocation
Explains that new government capital will finance wells, pipelines, refinery plant, storage, transit and other development.
Agreement on the Baghdad Railway & Mesopotamia
British-German agreement on the Baghdad Railway & Mesopotamia
Baghdad Railway Agreement
Britain and Germany reach agreement concerning the Baghdad Railway and Mesopotamia.
Anglo-Persian Acquisition Motion
Moves Commons authorization for up to two million two hundred thousand pounds to acquire company share or loan capital.
Persian Oil Supply Secured
Helps secure a long-term Persian oil supply for the Royal Navy through government involvement in the Anglo-Persian Oil Company.
India Government Consultation Confirmed
Confirms that the Government of India was consulted about the proposed controlling investment in Anglo-Persian.
British Crews Oil Transport Policy
Explains that Admiralty oil transport will use British-flag vessels under government freight arrangements.
Assassination of Chotek
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand & his wife by the "Black Hand" Serbian nationalists
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand & his wife by the "Black Hand" Serbian nationalists
Death of Franz Ferdinand
Death of Franz Ferdinand, assassinated
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Following the Balkan Wars, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand at Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 was therefore a culmination of the heightened tension between Austria-Hungary and Serbia
Assassination of Ferdinand
The assassination sparks off World War I. The anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 when Turks defeated the Serbs. Assassinated on St Vitus day, anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo in 1389
Assassination of Ferdinand
Assassinated by Garrilo Princip, a member of Young Bosnia
Death of Ferdinand
Death of Ferdinand, assassinated by Garrilo Princip, member of Young Bosnia. Assassinated by Garrilo Princip, a member of Young Bosnia
Assassination of Ferdinand
Assassination of Frnz Ferdinand, Franz Josefs cousin & heir
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
The assassination tiggers off the 1st World War
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Bethmann Hollweg and Foreign Secretary Gottlieb von Jagow are instrumental in urging the Austrians to take a tough stand against Serbia
Anglo-Persian Oil Contract
Defends the Anglo-Persian oil contract in the House of Commons.
Armed Merchantmen Policy
Explains Admiralty policy concerning the arming of British merchant ships.
Persian Gulf Service
Answers Commons questions concerning naval service in the Persian Gulf.
Domestic Oil Fuel Supply
Answers parliamentary questions about securing oil fuel supplies within the United Kingdom.
New Naval Construction
Answers Commons questions concerning new Royal Navy construction.
Balkan War Aftermath
Balkan War tensions shape Austria's response to Serbia.
South Pole
The Endurance arrives in the Thames for Shackletons expedition to the South Pole
Endurance Expedition Appointment
Crean is appointed second officer for Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition aboard Endurance after the Stackhouse expedition is postponed.
July 191486 historical events
Royal Naval Air Service Formation
Oversees creation of the Royal Naval Air Service as a distinct naval air organisation.
Greek and Turkish Naval Missions
Provides parliamentary information concerning British naval missions connected with Greece and Turkey.
Blank Cheque
After having dispatched Count Hoyos on a mission to Berlin on 5 July to secure German support for Austria-Hungarys future actions, which resulted in the famous "blank cheque", he became the leading spokesman, together with the Chief of the General Staff General Conrad von Hotzendorf, for war against Serbia during the meeting of the Imperial Crown Council on 7 July
July Crisis
After having dispatched Count Hoyos on a mission to Berlin on 5 July to secure German support for Austria-Hungarys future actions, which resulted in the famous "blank cheque", he became the leading spokesman, together with the Chief of the General Staff General Conrad von Hotzendorf, for war against Serbia during the meeting of the Imperial Crown Council on 7 July
Alliance Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg and Austria
Informs the Austria Germany will support Austria against Serbia, the "blank cheque". Assures Francis-Joseph Germany will not desert Austria during its conflict with Serbia
July Crisis
Informs the Austria Germany will support Austria against Serbia, the "blank cheque". Assures Francis-Joseph Germany will not desert Austria during its conflict with Serbia
Reception of At Potsdam special envoy from Austrian Emperor
The Kaiser receives at Potsdam special envoy from Austrian Emperor and promises "the full support of Germany" in the event of Austrian action against Serbia. He consults his military and naval advisers before leaving for a cruise in northern waters
July Crisis
Encourages Austro-Hungarian aggression against Serbia with unconditional support
Coal and Oil Supplies
Answers Commons questions concerning coal and oil supplies for the Royal Navy.
The Struggle for Unity and a Marxist Center
Writes The Struggle for Unity and a Marxist Center shortly before the outbreak of the First World War.
Imperial Crown Council
After having dispatched Count Hoyos on a mission to Berlin on 5 July to secure German support for Austria-Hungarys future actions, which resulted in the famous "blank cheque", he became the leading spokesman, together with the Chief of the General Staff General Conrad von Hotzendorf, for war against Serbia during the meeting of the Imperial Crown Council on 7 July
Anglo-Persian Capital Resolution Approved
Secures Commons approval for financing the government's acquisition of Anglo-Persian share and loan capital.
Anglo-Persian Oil Company Stake
Defends government acquisition of a controlling financial interest in the Anglo-Persian Oil Company.
Admiralty Oil Price Kept Confidential
Refuses to disclose the maximum price payable under the Admiralty's Anglo-Persian oil supply arrangements.
Battleships Submarines and Airships
Answers Commons questions comparing Admiralty policy for battleships, submarines and airships.
Lower Deck Ratings Appeals
Answers Commons questions concerning appeals available to lower-deck naval ratings.
Declaration of War
A Council of Austro-Hungarian Minister's finally determine on action against Serbia
Fourth Battle Squadron
Answers Commons questions concerning the Fourth Battle Squadron.
German Naval Policy
Provides a written parliamentary answer concerning German naval policy.
Marriage of Petty Officers and Men
Answers Commons questions concerning marriage regulations affecting petty officers and ratings.
Mediterranean Fleet Standard
Explains that Admiralty requirements in the Mediterranean depend on wider strategic and state-policy considerations.
Mobilization
15-28 July, orders partial Russian mobilization
Conference of ISB
The ISB defends Lenin against charges of splitting the party
Mobilization
17-30 July, orders full Russian mobilization
Declaration of War
A Council of Austro-Hungarian Minister's approve of draft ultimatum to Serbia
Invasion of Serbia
The ten-point ultimatum was presented to Emperor Franz Joseph
Buckingham Palace Home Rule Conference
The Irish Home Rule conference opens at Buckingham Palace.
Conference of Buckingham Palace
1st day of the Irish Home Rule Conference in Buckingham Palace
Home Rule
1st day of the Irish Home Rule Conference in Buckingham Palace
Independence of Great Britain
1st day of the Irish Home Rule Conference in Buckingham Palace
Independence of Ireland
1st day of the Irish Home Rule Conference in Buckingham Palace
Irish Home Rule
1st day of the Irish Home Rule Conference in Buckingham Palace
Second Hannes Hafstein Ministry
The Second Hannes Hafstein Ministry ends, concluding this period as Minister for Iceland.
Sigurdur Eggerz Ministry
Begins the Sigurdur Eggerz Ministry and serves as Minister for Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Diplomatic Ultimatum
Austrias ten-point ultimatum is delivered to Belgrade
Invasion of Serbia
Austrias ten-point ultimatum is delivered to Belgrade
Ultimatum
Tries to find a dilpomatic solution to the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
Declaration of War
The Austro-Hungarian Government send ultimatum to Serbia. Austria declares war on Serbia
Ultimatum
Issues an Ultimatum to Serbia, mostly complied with
Belgian Army retreats from the Gette on Antwerp
The Belgian Army retreats from the Gette on Antwerp
Declaration of War
The German Government submit a note to Entente Governments approving Austrian ultimatum to Serbia
Diplomatic Ultimatum
The German Government submit a note to Entente Governments approving Austrian ultimatum to Serbia
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Serbia
Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with Serbia. Austro-Hungarian Minister leaves Belgrade
Mobilization
Austro-Hungarian Government order Partial Mobilization as against Serbia
Declaration of War
As the acceptance of all ten demands listed in the ultimatum was required, the Austro-Hungarian Government made a decision to enter a state of war with Serbia on 28 July
Declaration of War
Berchtold had added extra clauses to the ultimatum delivered to Serbia as he was very worried the Serbs could accept it.
Declaration of War
The Serbian Government accepted all points of the ultimatum but the one that permitted Austro-Hungarian authorities to participate in the investigation of Archduke Ferdinands assassination on Serbian territory
Declaration of War
which would have been a severe violation of Serbian sovereignty and the countrys constitution.
Declaration of War
Sends a declaration of war to Serbia after they refuse Berchtolds ultimatum. Sends a declaration of war to Serbia after it refuses Berchtolds ultimatum
Diplomatic Ultimatum
As the acceptance of all ten demands listed in the ultimatum was required, the Austro-Hungarian Government made a decision to enter a state of war with Serbia on 28 July
Diplomatic Ultimatum
Berchtold had added extra clauses to the ultimatum delivered to Serbia as he was very worried the Serbs could accept it.
Diplomatic Ultimatum
The Serbian Government accepted all points of the ultimatum but the one that permitted Austro-Hungarian authorities to participate in the investigation of Archduke Ferdinands assassination on Serbian territory
Invasion of Serbia
As the acceptance of all ten demands listed in the ultimatum was required, the Austro-Hungarian Government made a decision to enter a state of war with Serbia on 28 July
Invasion of Serbia
Berchtold had added extra clauses to the ultimatum delivered to Serbia as he was very worried the Serbs could accept it.
Invasion of Serbia
The Serbian Government accepted all points of the ultimatum but the one that permitted Austro-Hungarian authorities to participate in the investigation of Archduke Ferdinands assassination on Serbian territory
Invasion of Serbia
which would have been a severe violation of Serbian sovereignty and the countrys constitution.
July Crisis
As the acceptance of all ten demands listed in the ultimatum was required, the Austro-Hungarian Government made a decision to enter a state of war with Serbia on 28 July
July Crisis
Berchtold had added extra clauses to the ultimatum delivered to Serbia as he was very worried the Serbs could accept it.
July Crisis
The Serbian Government accepted all points of the ultimatum but the one that permitted Austro-Hungarian authorities to participate in the investigation of Archduke Ferdinands assassination on Serbian territory
July Crisis
which would have been a severe violation of Serbian sovereignty and the countrys constitution.
Ultimatum
Sends a declaration of war to Serbia after it refuses Berchtolds ultimatum
Which would have been a severe violation of Serbian sovereignty and the
which would have been a severe violation of Serbian sovereignty and the countrys constitution.
Mobilization
Orders the Fleet to take up its War Stations in the North Sea
July Crisis
Proposes a neutrality agreement to Britain guaranteeing France's territory. Advises Vienna to mediate
Neutrality
Proposes a neutrality agreement to Britain guaranteeing France's territory
Asks the Tsar to spare Europe, the most horrible war she has
Asks the Tsar to spare Europe, "the most horrible war she has ever witnessed"
July Crisis
Learns of Russias mobilization. Declares a "state of imminent war"
Mobilization
Proposes Germany call off her mobilization but is turned down by the General Staff
Declaration of War
Austro-Hungarian Government order General Mobilization
Mobilization
Austro-Hungarian Government order General Mobilization
Assassination of Jean Jaures
Assassinated by a French nationalist fanatic
Death of Jean Jaures
Death of Jean Jaures, assassinated
Photograph of Adolf Hitler
Photographed in a crowd clamouring for war
Telegrams Count Berchtold asking the Auastrians not to mobilize against Russia
Telegrams Count Berchtold asking the Auastrians not to mobilize against Russia
Telegrams the Austrian Chief of Staff to mobilize at once against the
Telegrams the Austrian Chief of Staff to mobilize at once against the Russians
Invasion of Serbia
Count Berchtold had been accused of indecisiveness and diffidence during the Balkan Wars, he gave proof of more resolve during the July Crisis.
July Crisis
Count Berchtold had been accused of indecisiveness and diffidence during the Balkan Wars, he gave proof of more resolve during the July Crisis.
Young Rebels
Count Berchtold had been accused of indecisiveness and diffidence during the Balkan Wars, he gave proof of more resolve during the July Crisis.
Invasion of Balkans
Leads Austro-Hungarian forces during the July crisis. Advises preemptive attack against the Balkans
Mobilization
Mobilizes Austria against Serbia in July, convinced of a quick victory
Commander of Thirty 3rd Regiment
Appointed Commander of the 33rd Regiment
Baltic Fleet
Appointed Commander of the Baltic Sea naval forces
Commander of Baltic Sea Fleet
Appointed Commander of the Baltic Sea naval forces
Report on That if France is attacked Britain will intervene
Sent to London by the German Chancellor to sound out the British reaction to war. Reports that if France is attacked Britain will intervene
Commander of Baltic Sea Fleet
Appointed Commander of the Baltic Sea naval forces
August 1914405 historical events
Declaration of War
Germany declares war on Russia
July Crisis
Germany declares war on Russia. Demands that France abandon the Francon alliance
Declaration of War
Declares war on his cousin Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
South Pole
The Endurance sails from the Thames for the expedition to reach the South Pole
War Opposition
Condemns the First World War as an imperialist conflict.
War Opposition
Opposes defensist socialism after war begins.
Declaration of War
Handed a written declaration of war from the German Ambassador Count Portales
World War, 1st
Sees Russia enter war after warning against reckless conflict.
Galician Campaign
Commands the 48th Infantry Division after war begins.
Declaration of War
Germany declares war on Russia
Letter
"long-proved fiendship must succeed with Gods help in avoiding bloodshed"
Long-proved fiendship must succeed with Gods help in avoiding bloodshed
"long-proved fiendship must succeed with Gods help in avoiding bloodshed"
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Germany demands passage through Belgium
Battle of Belgium, 1st
The German Government send ultimatum to Belgium demanding passage through Belgian territory
Diplomatic Ultimatum
The German Government send ultimatum to Belgium demanding passage through Belgian territory
Invasion of Belgium
Germany demands passage through Belgium
Invasion of Belgium
The German Government send ultimatum to Belgium demanding passage through Belgian territory
Mobilization
Issues the mobilization proclamation to France
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Germany demands free passage through Belgium
Invasion of Belgium
Germany demands free passage through Belgium
July Crisis
Belgium is asked to accept German protection from a non-existent French attack
Ottoman Dreadnought Requisition
Orders completion and requisition of Ottoman battleships being built in British yards as the European crisis deepens.
Gold Convertibility Suspended
The Riksbank suspends redemption into gold after the outbreak of war, interrupting Sweden's classical gold-standard regime.
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Belgium rejects Germany's demands for passage through Belgium
Battle of Belgium, 1st
The British Government guarantee armed support to Belgium should Germany violate Belgian neutrality
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Germany invades Belgium & is stopped at Liege
Invasion of Belgium
Belgium rejects Germany's demands for passage through Belgium
Invasion of Belgium
The British Government guarantee armed support to Belgium should Germany violate Belgian neutrality
Invasion of Belgium
Germany invades Belgium & is stopped at Liege
Political Support
The British Government guarantee armed support to Belgium should Germany violate Belgian neutrality
Petition
Petitions Louis III of Bavaria to for service in a Bavarian regiment in World War I
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Germany calls for a free passage across Belgium but this is refused the following day. Belgium rejects Germany's demand for troop access
Battle of Belgium, 1st
German troops cross the Belgian frontier at Vise in the province of Liege
Declaration of War
Germany declares war on France
Invasion of Belgium
Germany calls for a free passage across Belgium but this is refused the following day. Belgium rejects Germany's demand for troop access
Invasion of Belgium
German troops cross the Belgian frontier at Vise in the province of Liege
July Crisis
Germany declares war on France
July Crisis
Makes an address in the Reichstag about the Russian "firebrand"
Declaration of War
Declares war on France on behalf of the German Government. Declared because France had dropped bombs on Belgium & Germany as far as Nurnberg
Wartime Financial Moratorium
Emergency bank holidays and debt moratoria help contain financial panic at the outbreak of war.
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Declares in the Commons the British army will act immediately if Belgium is threatened
Invasion of Belgium
Declares in the Commons the British army will act immediately if Belgium is threatened
Neutrality Decision
Bratianu supports neutrality when the Crown Council debates Romania's response to war.
Battle of Belgium, 1st
German troops cross the Belgian frontier and attack Liege
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Germany
Germany declares war on Belgium. Belgium severs diplomatic relations with Germany
Declaration of War
Germany declares war on Belgium
Invasion of Belgium
German troops cross the Belgian frontier and attack Liege
World War One
Commits Canada to war when Britain declares war on Germany.
Gold Convertibility
Germany suspends the Reichsbank's obligation to redeem banknotes in gold.
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Bethmann Hollweg protests Britain's decision to uphold Belgian neutrality and dismisses the 1839 guarantee as a 'scrap of paper' during the crisis over Germany's invasion.
Declaration of War
Germany declares war on Belgium
South Pole
Visits George IV who supports the expedition to the South Pole despite immenent war
Admiralty War Group
Creates a small Admiralty War Group of senior naval leaders to direct major strategic decisions after war begins.
Commence Hostilities Signal
The Admiralty signals Royal Navy ships and establishments to commence hostilities against Germany.
Belgian Neutrality Ultimatum Statement
Reports the British ultimatum demanding that Germany respect Belgian neutrality.
British Entry into War Explained
Explains to Parliament why the German invasion of Belgium has brought Britain into the European war.
Battlecruiser Squadron Mobilised for War
Beatty's battlecruisers mobilise for North Sea operations as Britain enters the war against Germany.
British Expeditionary Force
French commands the BEF before the First Battle of Ypres.
Declaration of War
Montenegro declares war on Austria-Hungary
Battle of Leige
Liege blocked the narrow gap between the Limburg appendix and the Ardennes, considered the best route into Belgium.
Battle of Leige
The Battle of Liege signifies the first land Battle of the war, as the German Second Army crosses the frontier into neutral Belgium (since 1839) to attack France from the north, the Schlieffen Plan had started.
Battle of Leige
Von Bulow's Second Army, comprising 320,000 men, initially aimed to seize Liege, the gateway to Belgium.
Neutrality
The Battle of Liege signifies the first land Battle of the war, as the German Second Army crosses the frontier into neutral Belgium (since 1839) to attack France from the north, the Schlieffen Plan had started
Schlieffen Plan
The Battle of Liege signifies the first land Battle of the war, as the German Second Army crosses the frontier into neutral Belgium (since 1839) to attack France from the north, the Schlieffen Plan had started
Second Army
Liege blocked the narrow gap between the Limburg appendix and the Ardennes, considered the best route into Belgium.
Second Army
The Battle of Liege signifies the first land Battle of the war, as the German Second Army crosses the frontier into neutral Belgium (since 1839) to attack France from the north, the Schlieffen Plan had started.
Second Army
Von Bulow's Second Army, comprising 320,000 men, initially aimed to seize Liege, the gateway to Belgium.
Siege of Leige
The Battle of Liege signifies the first land Battle of the war, as the German Second Army crosses the frontier into neutral Belgium (since 1839) to attack France from the north, the Schlieffen Plan had started
German Transatlantic Cables Cut
British cable operations sever German transatlantic communications shortly after war begins.
Declaration of War
Austria & Russia are at war, Russia supports Serbia. Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia
Wartime Gold Restrictions
Emergency currency legislation restricts gold payments and introduces Treasury notes during the war.
Additional Army Expansion Approved
Supports emergency expansion of the Army as Britain mobilises for a continental war.
Emergency Currency Measures Supported
Backs emergency financial measures intended to protect credit and currency after the outbreak of war.
First Wartime Vote of Credit Requested
Supports the £100 million Vote of Credit needed for the opening phase of the war.
Declaration of War
Russia & Austria are at War
Declaration of War
Austria is at war with Montenegro
Capture of Liege
Germany captures Liege
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Commander of the French Army
Battle of Mulhouse
The taking of Mulhouse, albeit without opposition, sparked wild celebrations in France, the French are regarded as liberators by the inhabitants of Mulhouse. The Battle of Mulhouse was intended to secure the recapture of Alsace (with Lorraine to follow separately), territories lost to Germany as a consequence of losing the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71
Capture of Mulhouse
The taking of Mulhouse, albeit without opposition, sparked wild celebrations in France, the French are regarded as liberators by the inhabitants of Mulhouse
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Commander of the French Army
Battle of Liege
Ludendorf commands the 14th Infantry Brigade in Liege & accepts its surrender. Ludendorf calls up the zeppelins to drop bombs into the city and citadel, and personally leads 14th Brigade in between the forts into the city, forcing the Belgian garrison there to surrender
Capture of Liege
Ludendorf commands the 14th Infantry Brigade in Liege & accepts its surrender. Ludendorf calls up the zeppelins to drop bombs into the city and citadel, and personally leads 14th Brigade in between the forts into the city, forcing the Belgian garrison there to surrender
Siege of Liege
Ludendorf calls up the zeppelins to drop bombs into the city and citadel, and personally leads 14th Brigade in between the forts into the city, forcing the Belgian garrison there to surrender
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
The BEF lands at Ostend, Calais & Dunkirk
First Hundred Thousand Volunteers Requested
Calls for the first one hundred thousand volunteers needed to begin building the New Armies.
Mobilization
The BEF lands at Ostend, Calais & Dunkirk
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
Endurance sails from Plymouth as Shackleton begins the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
South Pole
Appointed Chief Officer of the Endurance
Endurance Expedition Departure
Endurance leaves Plymouth under Shackleton's command to begin the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition and its planned crossing of Antarctica.
Endurance Departs Plymouth
Crean sails from Plymouth aboard Endurance as Shackleton's expedition begins its attempt to cross Antarctica from the Weddell Sea.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina after the death of Roque Saenz Pena
Battle of Mulhouse
The Germans mount a counter-attack at nearby Cernay, Bonneau begins a slow withdrawal
Death of Alexander Samsonov
With his Second Army virtually destroyed, of a total of 150,000 men under his command less than 10,000 escaped German capture, Samsonov, lost in wooded terrain, and unable to face reporting the scale of the disaster to Tsar Nicholas II, commits suicide
Second Army
With his Second Army virtually destroyed, of a total of 150,000 men under his command less than 10,000 escaped German capture, Samsonov, lost in wooded terrain, and unable to face reporting the scale of the disaster to Tsar Nicholas II, commits suicide
Suicide
With his Second Army virtually destroyed, of a total of 150,000 men under his command less than 10,000 escaped German capture, Samsonov, lost in wooded terrain, and unable to face reporting the scale of the disaster to Tsar Nicholas II, commits suicide
Death of Alexander Samsonov
With his Second Army virtually destroyed, of a total of 150,000 men under his command less than 10,000 escaped German capture, Samsonov, lost in wooded terrain, and unable to face reporting the scale of the disaster to Tsar Nicholas II, commits suicide. Shoots himself after the Battle of Tannenberg
Battle of Mulhouse
Despatches a reserve division to assist in the defence, but they arrived too late to save the town from recapture, Bonneau withdrawing towards Belfort on 10 August in order to escape German encirclement
Anglo-Persian Acquisition Act Royal Assent
The Anglo-Persian Oil Company Acquisition of Capital Act receives Royal Assent.
Goeben and Breslau Escape
Faces criticism after Goeben and Breslau reach Ottoman waters despite British attempts to intercept them.
Civil Service Wartime Regulations Reviewed
Addresses wartime regulations affecting Civil Service employees and their availability for national service.
Home-Grown Food Supply Reviewed
Reviews measures concerning domestic food production and distribution during wartime disruption.
Irish Volunteer Forces Discussed
Addresses the position of volunteer forces in Ireland during the opening weeks of the war.
First Federal Reserve Board Begins Work
The first Federal Reserve Board begins its work in Washington, providing the national governing body needed to supervise the Reserve Banks and implement the Federal Reserve Act.
Battle of Mulhouse
Charges Bonneau with a lack of aggression & relieves him of his command, Joffre adds four more divisions to the Army of Alsace placed under the command of General Pau
Battle of Mulhouse
Successfully repels the French invasion of Alsace, Heeringen is awarded the Pour le Merite for outstanding leadership and distinguished military planning
Invasion of Alsace
Successfully repels the French invasion of Alsace, Heeringen is awarded the Pour le Merite for outstanding leadership and distinguished military planning
Pour le Merite
Successfully repels the French invasion of Alsace, Heeringen is awarded the Pour le Merite for outstanding leadership and distinguished military planning
Capture of Shabatz
Austrian forces cross the Save and seize Shabatz
Declaration of War
Great Britain is at war with Austria
Battle of Haelen
The war on the Western Front, head of a group of cavalry divisions, does not lend itself well to cavalry as a form of offensive warfare, as he discovers at the Battle of Haelen in Belgium (the first cavalry engagement of the War). Advance squadrons of Georg von der Marwitzs cavalry corps prove unable to defeat a single Belgian cavalry division under de Witte guarding the Haelen bridge
Western Front
The war on the Western Front, head of a group of cavalry divisions, does not lend itself well to cavalry as a form of offensive warfare, as he discovers at the Battle of Haelen in Belgium (the first cavalry engagement of the War)
Declaration of War
Serbia declares war on Germany. Montenegro declares war on Germany
Britain Declares War on Austria
Great Britain enters war with Austria.
Declaration of War
Great Britain is at war with Austria
First Army
At the start of World War I, Rennenkampf was given command of the Russian First Army for the invasion of East Prussia, advancing from the North East
Invasion of Germany
Enters East Prussia ahead of Samsanovs Second Army. At the start of World War I, Rennenkampf was given command of the Russian First Army for the invasion of East Prussia, advancing from the North East
Invasion of Serbia
Austrian forces cross River Drina and begin first invasion of Serbia
Battle of Frontiers
One of the battles of the Frontiers, the Invasion of Lorraine (also known as the Battle of Morhange-Sarrebourg) begins with the French First and Second Armies entering the city
First Army
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified
Invasion of Lorraine
One of the battles of the Frontiers, the Invasion of Lorraine (also known as the Battle of Morhange-Sarrebourg) begins with the French First and Second Armies entering the city.
Invasion of Lorraine
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified.
Invasion of Lorraine
The French invasion of Lorraine forms one of the major objectives of the French pre-war offensive strategy against Germany, Plan XVII.
Plan XVII
The French invasion of Lorraine forms one of the major objectives of the French pre-war offensive strategy against Germany, Plan XVII
Second Army
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified
First Army
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified
Invasion of Lorraine
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified
Second Army
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified
First Army
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified
Invasion of Lorraine
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified
Second Army
The French First Army, under General Auguste Dubail, intended to take Sarrebourg, east of Nancy, a strongly defended town, with General Noel de Castelnaus Second Army taking Morhange, similarly fortified
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
The BEF cross the Channel to France
Diplomatic Ultimatum at Tsingtau
Japanese Government send ultimatum to Germany demanding evacuation of Tsingtau
Rule of Tsingtau
Japanese Government send ultimatum to Germany demanding evacuation of Tsingtau
Diplomatic Ultimatum at Tsingtau
Japanese Government send ultimatum to Germany demanding evacuation of Tsingtau
Rule of Tsingtau
Japanese Government send ultimatum to Germany demanding evacuation of Tsingtau
Opening of Panama Canal
The steamship Ancon makes the canal's official inaugural transit.
Battle of Liege
The last of the forts surrounding Liege surrenders to Ludendorfs forces. The forts around Liege are finally taken
Capture of Liege
The forts around Liege are finally taken
Siege of Liege
The forts around Liege are finally taken
Capital
The Belgian capital is moved from Brussels to Antwerp
Battle of Stalluponen
Launches, on his own initiative and against orders, an attack against the Russian First Army at the Battle of Stalluponen
First Army
Launches, on his own initiative and against orders, an attack against the Russian First Army at the Battle of Stalluponen
Battle of Belgium, 1st
The German Second Army, together with First and 3rd Armies, began to implement the next stage of the Schlieffen Plan, embarking upon a wide sweeping wheel movement through Belgium, forcing the Belgian army back to Antwerp
Battle of Liege
The German Second Army, together with First and 3rd Armies, began to implement the next stage of the Schlieffen Plan, embarking upon a wide sweeping wheel movement through Belgium, forcing the Belgian army back to Antwerp
Invasion of Belgium
The German Second Army, together with First and 3rd Armies, began to implement the next stage of the Schlieffen Plan, embarking upon a wide sweeping wheel movement through Belgium, forcing the Belgian army back to Antwerp
Second Army
The German Second Army, together with First and 3rd Armies, began to implement the next stage of the Schlieffen Plan, embarking upon a wide sweeping wheel movement through Belgium, forcing the Belgian army back to Antwerp
Siege of Liege
The German Second Army, together with First and 3rd Armies, began to implement the next stage of the Schlieffen Plan, embarking upon a wide sweeping wheel movement through Belgium, forcing the Belgian army back to Antwerp
First Army
Leads the First Army, 12 divisions, in the ill-fated invasion of Prussia
Invasion of Germany
The Russians move in force over the Prussian frontier. Rennenkampfs forces march into East Prussia
Invasion of Prussia
Rennenkampfs forces march into East Prussia. Leads the First Army, 12 divisions, in the ill-fated invasion of Prussia
Invasion of Prussia
Leads the Second Army, 13 divisions & 5 corps, in the ill-fated invasion of Prussia
Second Army
Leads the Second Army, 13 divisions & 5 corps, in the ill-fated invasion of Prussia
Invasion of Prussia
Pressurised by France to attack in the east to help the French & British in the west
Battle of Belgium, 1st
The Belgian Army retreats from the Gette on Antwerp
Capture of Gette
The Belgian Army retreats from the Gette on Antwerp
Invasion of Belgium
The Belgian Army retreats from the Gette on Antwerp
Mobilization
The Canadian Parliament authorizes an expeditionary force
Battle of Gumbinnen
Prittwitz decides to engage Rennenkampf at the earliest possibility, pitting 150,000 Germans against 200,000 Russians, the decision went against the orders of Moltke, the German Chief of Staff, which ruled out any offensive before the fall of France
Battle of Gumbinnen
Maximilian von Prittwitz's orders were very clear, his German Eighth Army was to remain in its positions in East Prussia, without attempting any offensive action, as all German efforts were to be concentrated on the Western Front against France.
Battle of Gumbinnen
Prittwitz decides to engage Rennenkampf at the earliest possibility, pitting 150,000 Germans against 200,000 Russians, the decision went against the orders of Moltke, the German Chief of Staff, which ruled out any offensive before the fall of France.
Eighth Army
Maximilian von Prittwitzs orders were very clear, his German Eighth Army was to remain in its positions in East Prussia, without attempting any offensive action, as all German efforts were to be concentrated on the Western Front against France
Western Front
Maximilian von Prittwitzs orders were very clear, his German Eighth Army was to remain in its positions in East Prussia, without attempting any offensive action, as all German efforts were to be concentrated on the Western Front against France
Baltic Naval Strength Memorandum
Churchill records that Britain cannot command both the North Sea and Baltic before defeating Germany's main fleet.
Battle of Stalluponen
The first action on the Eastern Front, the Battle of Stalluponen (in present day Lithuania) is fought by a corps of the German Eighth Army against Russian General Rennenkampfs First Army. Russias invasion of East Prussia, part of pre-war strategy, Plan 19, is two-pronged, Rennenkampfs First Army, of 200,000 men, enters East Prussia from the north while General Samsonovs Second Army invades from the south
Eastern Front
The first action on the Eastern Front, the Battle of Stalluponen (in present day Lithuania) is fought by a corps of the German Eighth Army against Russian General Rennenkampfs First Army
Eighth Army
The first action on the Eastern Front, the Battle of Stalluponen (in present day Lithuania) is fought by a corps of the German Eighth Army against Russian General Rennenkampfs First Army
First Army
Russias invasion of East Prussia, part of pre-war strategy, Plan 19, is two-pronged, Rennenkampfs First Army, of 200,000 men, enters East Prussia from the north while General Samsonovs Second Army invades from the south
Invasion of Prussia
Russias invasion of East Prussia, part of pre-war strategy, Plan 19, is two-pronged, Rennenkampfs First Army, of 200,000 men, enters East Prussia from the north while General Samsonovs Second Army invades from the south
Second Army
Russias invasion of East Prussia, part of pre-war strategy, Plan 19, is two-pronged, Rennenkampfs First Army, of 200,000 men, enters East Prussia from the north while General Samsonovs Second Army invades from the south
First Army
Tasked, along with Paul von Rennenkampf, commander of First Army, with the Russian invasion of East Prussia. Russias invasion of East Prussia, part of pre-war strategy, Plan 19, is two-pronged, Rennenkampfs First Army, of 200,000 men, enters East Prussia from the north while General Samsonovs Second Army invades from the south
Invasion of Germany
Tasked, along with Paul von Rennenkampf, commander of First Army, with the Russian invasion of East Prussia. Russias invasion of East Prussia, part of pre-war strategy, Plan 19, is two-pronged, Rennenkampfs First Army, of 200,000 men, enters East Prussia from the north while General Samsonovs Second Army invades from the south
Invasion of Prussia
Tasked, along with Paul von Rennenkampf, commander of First Army, with the Russian invasion of East Prussia. Russias invasion of East Prussia, part of pre-war strategy, Plan 19, is two-pronged, Rennenkampfs First Army, of 200,000 men, enters East Prussia from the north while General Samsonovs Second Army invades from the south
Second Army
Russias invasion of East Prussia, part of pre-war strategy, Plan 19, is two-pronged, Rennenkampfs First Army, of 200,000 men, enters East Prussia from the north while General Samsonovs Second Army invades from the south
Antwerp National Redoubt Becomes Belgian Base
After the withdrawal from central Belgium, King Albert I establishes the fortified Antwerp region as the principal refuge of the Belgian field army. Its position threatens German communications while preserving a substantial Belgian force.
Capture of Brussels
Germany captures Brussels
Invasion of Lorraine
Castelnaus army is forced to retreat to Nancy
Siege of Nancy
Castelnaus army is forced to retreat to Nancy
Battle of Sarrebourg Service
Jodl serves with his artillery unit during the fighting around Sarrebourg.
Battle of Gumbinnen
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf). Francois persuades Prittwitz to launch an offensive against the Russian First Army while the Second Army was still far to the south
Battle of Stalluponen
By the time he withdrew to Gumbinnen after this battle, his corps had inflicted 5,000 casualties and managed to capture about 3,000 Russian prisoners
Eighth Army
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf)
First Army
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf). Francois persuades Prittwitz to launch an offensive against the Russian First Army while the Second Army was still far to the south
Second Army
Francois persuades Prittwitz to launch an offensive against the Russian First Army while the Second Army was still far to the south
Battle of Gumbinnen
At first the German advance went well, but faltered once they came under Russian artillery fire, and the Russians were able to turn their flanks and force them to retreat to the Insterburg-Angerburg lines, leaving 6,000 prisoners in Russian hands
Battle of Gumbinnen
At the mercy of the German artillery the Russians are were forced to retreat 8 km in the early afternoon but the lines are stabilized when the Russian 29th Division arrived, and the battle turned into a stalemate.
Battle of Gumbinnen
The Chief of Staff reacted by removing Prittwitz and his deputy Waldersee, replacing them with Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff. Prittwitz's panic partially affected Moltke, who now feared that Berlin itself could now be threatened by the advancing Russians.
Battle of Gumbinnen
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf)
Eighth Army
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf)
First Army
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf)
Battle of Gumbinnen
At the mercy of the German artillery the Russians are were forced to retreat 8 km in the early afternoon but the lines are stabilized when the Russian 29th Division arrived, and the battle turned into a stalemate
Battle of Gumbinnen
The Battle of Gumbinnen, initiated by forces of the German Empire is the first major German offensive on the Eastern Front during the First World War. Commands Commander-XVIII Corps.
Battle of Gumbinnen
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf).
Eastern Front
The Battle of Gumbinnen, initiated by forces of the German Empire is the first major German offensive on the Eastern Front during the First World War
Eighth Army
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf)
First Army
The Eighth Army comprises four corps: I Corps (Hermann von Francois), XVII Corps (August von Mackensen), I Reserve Corps (Otto von Below), and XX Corps, plus one cavalry division, facing the Russian First Army (Paul von Rennenkampf)
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Brussels is captured without resistance by General von Kluck of the First Army
Capture of Brussels
Brussels is captured without resistance by General von Kluck of the First Army
Invasion of Belgium
Brussels is captured without resistance by General von Kluck of the First Army
Siege of Brussels
Brussels is captured without resistance by General von Kluck of the First Army
Capture of Brussels
Germany captures Brussels
Invasion of France
Launches an attack on the French right
Invasion of Prussia
Rennenkampfs invasion of Prussia stops at Gumbinnen
Battle of Tannenberg
Samsonov runs into a German trap, 1st day of the Battle of Tannenberg
Invasion of Germany
Samsonovs Second Army starts to advance into East Prussia
Second Army
Samsonovs Second Army starts to advance into East Prussia
Battle of Ardennes
General Pierre Ruffeys 3rd Army and, further north, General Fernand de Langle de Carys 4th Army, fought the German 4th and 5th Armies: the former led by Duke Albrecht, the latter by Crown Prince Wilhelm
Fourth Army
General Pierre Ruffeys 3rd Army and, further north, General Fernand de Langle de Carys 4th Army, fought the German 4th and 5th Armies: the former led by Duke Albrecht, the latter by Crown Prince Wilhelm
Third Army
General Pierre Ruffeys 3rd Army and, further north, General Fernand de Langle de Carys 4th Army, fought the German 4th and 5th Armies: the former led by Duke Albrecht, the latter by Crown Prince Wilhelm
Battle of Ardennes
General Pierre Ruffeys 3rd Army and, further north, General Fernand de Langle de Carys 4th Army, fought the German 4th and 5th Armies: the former led by Duke Albrecht, the latter by Crown Prince Wilhelm
Fourth Army
General Pierre Ruffeys 3rd Army and, further north, General Fernand de Langle de Carys 4th Army, fought the German 4th and 5th Armies: the former led by Duke Albrecht, the latter by Crown Prince Wilhelm
Third Army
General Pierre Ruffeys 3rd Army and, further north, General Fernand de Langle de Carys 4th Army, fought the German 4th and 5th Armies: the former led by Duke Albrecht, the latter by Crown Prince Wilhelm
Declaration of War
Austria-Hungary declares war on Belgium
British and French Governments guarantee to Belgium the integrity of her colonies
British and French Governments guarantee to Belgium the integrity of her colonies
Declaration of War
Austria-Hungary declares war on Belgium
Battle of Frontiers
Eight days after the French offensive had begun both First and Second Armies are back to the fortress zones of Belfort, Epinal and Toul
Invasion of Lorraine
Eight days after the French offensive had begun both First and Second Armies are back to the fortress zones of Belfort, Epinal and Toul
Battle of Bleid
Takes part in the battle for Bleid
Battle of Tannenberg
Invades Germany near the village of Tannenberg
Invasion of Germany
Invades Germany near the village of Tannenberg
Battle of Galicia
The offensive begins in Galicia
Battle of Ardennes
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Fifth Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Fourth Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Third Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Battle of Ardennes
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Fifth Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Fourth Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Third Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Battle of Ardennes
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Fifth Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Fourth Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Third Army
The French forces begin a disorderly retreat, the 3rd Army withdrawing to Verdun chased by the German 5th Army (where Ruffey was subsequently removed by Joffre), and 4th Army retreating near Sedan and Stenay
Battle of Mons
The German First Army suffer heavy losses but force the British to retreat. Orders 150,000 soldiers to attack British positions
First Army
The German First Army suffer heavy losses but force the British to retreat
Declaration of War
Japan declares war on Germany
Battle of Mons
Awarded the Victoria Cross
Battle of Mons
Awarded the Victoria Cross
Battle of Mons
Awarded the Victoria Cross
Battle of Mons
Commands the 5th Cavalry Brigade against the Germans at Mons
Battle of Mons
French deploys the BEF near Mons before retreating toward the Marne.
First Army
The German First Army sufferss heavy losses but force the British back to the River Marne
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Japan
Germany severs diplomatic relations with Japan
Declaration of War
Japan declares war on Germany
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Japan
Japan declares war on Germany. Germany severs diplomatic relations with Japan
Declaration of War
Japan uses its alliance with Britain to declare war on Germany. Japan declares war on Germany
Battle of Tannenberg
Zhilinsky orders Samsonov to resume the offensive. The Russians are outflanked & radio messages decoded
Battle of Galicia
Leads troops during Russia early advance in Galicia.
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Japan
Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with Japan
Belgian Army Prepares First Antwerp Sortie
Belgian formations reconnoitre the approaches south of Antwerp before an offensive designed to distract German units operating against the Allied armies farther south.
Canadian Expeditionary Force
Organizes the first Canadian Expeditionary Force camp at Valcartier.
Wounded at Sarrebourg
Jodl is wounded in the thigh during fighting on the Western Front.
Invasion of France
Germany enters France near Lille
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Murray summoned the Corps Chiefs of Staff at around 1am on 24 August (the night after the Battle of Mons), and ordered them to retreat, but gave them no detailed plans, leaving them to work out the details themselves
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Japan
Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with Japan
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Japan
Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with Japan
Battle of Krasnik
The Russian 4th Army is driven back by the Austrian First Army
Battle of Orlau-Frankenau
Withdraws to Tannenberg. The Russians are stopped by the German XX corps. The Germans know the Russian positions because of Samsonovs uncoded radio messages. Russia withdraws to Tannenberg. bu the Germans know Russian positions because they decode radio messages. Attacks East Prussia & defeats the Germans
Battle of Tannenberg
Zhilinsky orders Samsonov to stop "acting the coward & resume the offensive"
Battle of Tannenberg
Ordered by Zhilinsky to stop "acting the coward & resume the offensive"
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Austria-Hungary
Japan severs diplomatic relations with Austria-Hungary. Japan declares "State of War" with Austria-Hungary
Declaration of War
Japan declares "State of War" with Austria-Hungary. Austria is at war with Japan
Belgian First Sortie Advances from Antwerp
Four Belgian divisions advance from the Antwerp perimeter toward German positions and transport links near Mechelen. The movement seeks to divert enemy troops away from the fighting in northern France.
Invasion of France
Joffre orders a retreat to the Somme
Maritime War Rules Considered
Addresses British policy toward international maritime rules governing wartime commerce.
Sir John French Despatch Reported
Reports information from Sir John French concerning the British Expeditionary Force in France.
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Austria-Hungary
Japan severs diplomatic relations with Austria-Hungary
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Austria-Hungar
Japan severs diplomatic relations with Austria-Hungar. Japan declares "State of War" with Austria-Hungary
Declaration of War
Japan declares "State of War" with Austria-Hungary. Austria is at war with Japan
Battle of Orlau-Frankenau
The Germans advance to Tannenberg to trap the Russian Army
Belgian First Sortie Ends
The Belgian army abandons its first sortie after learning that the French and British forces are retreating. Its units return to the Antwerp defences rather than risk an unsupported advance.
Zeppelin Raid Strikes Antwerp
A German airship bombs Antwerp during the night of 25 to 26 August, killing civilians and demonstrating the vulnerability of the fortified city to aerial attack.
Battle of Tannenberg
Later gives him Hindenburg & Ludendorf a legendary status during the Weimar Republic. Decisive victory against Russia in east Prussia
Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse Sunk
Reports the destruction of German auxiliary cruiser Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse by HMS Highflyer.
BEF Casualties Reviewed
Addresses early casualty information concerning the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front.
Compulsory Service Question Answered
Responds to parliamentary questions about whether compulsory military service will be introduced.
Emergency Service Age Extension Discussed
Addresses proposals to extend the age limits for men available for emergency military service.
Wartime Public Meetings Addressed
Discusses the conduct of public political meetings while the country is at war.
Battle of Gnila Lipa
The Austrian 3rd Army is thrown back by the Russian 3rd & Eighth armies
Third Army
The Austrian 3rd Army is thrown back by the Russian 3rd & Eighth armies
Battle of Tannenberg
The Russian centre moves into a trap & is overwhelmed by the German VIII Army. Shoots himself after the Battle of Tannenberg. Decisive German victory under Hindenburg & Ludendorf against Russia in East Prussia. 2 Russian corps, 13th, 15th & 23rd are trapped
Battle of Tannenberg
The Germans counterattack the Russian east flank
Afrikaner Nationalist Organisation
Hertzog's federal party expands its organization into Pretoria.
Transvaal National Party Formation
The Transvaal branch of the National Party is established.
Battle of Tannenberg
Leads the XVIII Corps
Battle of Tannenberg
Gathers a force 100,000 against the threat posed by Samsonov & Rennekamps armies
Battle of Tannenberg
Only 60,000 Russian troops escape. Hindenburg takes 90,000 prisoners & several hundred guns
Battle of Tannenberg
Hindenburg defeats Samsonov & turns on Rennenkampf who retreats to the Niemen River
German High Command Assesses Antwerp Threat
Helmuth von Moltke and the German high command evaluate Belgian offensive activity from Antwerp. The threat to German communications influences decisions about reserve deployments.
Army Recruiting Appeal Renewed
Uses a Commons statement to reinforce the national appeal for voluntary Army recruits.
Belgian Resistance Address Moved
Moves an address expressing admiration for Belgian resistance and British determination to support Belgian independence.
Press Bureau Policy Defended
Answers questions about the wartime Press Bureau and the handling of military information.
Battle of Mons
Driven back from Le Cateau
Battle of Tannenberg
His behaviour during the Battle of Tannenberg, & failure to coordinate with Samsonovs Second Army, resulted in much criticism from sector commander Yakov Zhilinskiy and attempts by some members of the military high command to have him removed. Hindenburg defeats Samsonov & turns on Rennenkampf who retreats to the Niemen River
Second Army
His behaviour during the Battle of Tannenberg, & failure to coordinate with Samsonovs Second Army, resulted in much criticism from sector commander Yakov Zhilinskiy and attempts by some members of the military high command to have him removed
Battle of Tannenberg
Hindenburg drives Samsonovs army back to Hohenstein
Battle of Tannenberg
Hindenburg takes 90,000 prisoners & several hundred guns
Battle of Tannenberg
Poor communications with both Stavka headquarters and, more specifically, with First Army commander Rennenkampf (with whom Samsonov had a personal quarrel), led to Samsonovs forces being encircled by the German Eighth Army under Hindenburg and Ludendorf. Only 60,000 Russian troops escape.
Battle of Tannenberg
Samsonov is surrounded on 3 sides by Hindenburgs army & by swamps & lakes.
Battle of Tannenberg
With his Second Army virtually destroyed, of a total of 150,000 men under his command less than 10,000 escaped German capture, Samsonov, lost in wooded terrain, and unable to face reporting the scale of the disaster to Tsar Nicholas II, commits suicide.
Eighth Army
Poor communications with both Stavka headquarters and, more specifically, with First Army commander Rennenkampf (with whom Samsonov had a personal quarrel), led to Samsonovs forces being encircled by the German Eighth Army under Hindenburg and Ludendorf
First Army
Poor communications with both Stavka headquarters and, more specifically, with First Army commander Rennenkampf (with whom Samsonov had a personal quarrel), led to Samsonovs forces being encircled by the German Eighth Army under Hindenburg and Ludendorf
STAVKA
Poor communications with both Stavka headquarters and, more specifically, with First Army commander Rennenkampf (with whom Samsonov had a personal quarrel), led to Samsonovs forces being encircled by the German Eighth Army under Hindenburg and Ludendorf
Second Army
With his Second Army virtually destroyed, of a total of 150,000 men under his command less than 10,000 escaped German capture, Samsonov, lost in wooded terrain, and unable to face reporting the scale of the disaster to Tsar Nicholas II, commits suicide
Suicide
With his Second Army virtually destroyed, of a total of 150,000 men under his command less than 10,000 escaped German capture, Samsonov, lost in wooded terrain, and unable to face reporting the scale of the disaster to Tsar Nicholas II, commits suicide
Declaration of War
Austro-Hungarian declaration of war received by Belgian Government. Austria is at war with Belgium
International Declaration
Austro-Hungarian declaration of war received by Belgian Government
Declaration of War
Austria is at war with Belgium
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Ninth Army
Commander of Ninth Army
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army, to fill the gap on the Marne front
Ninth Army
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army, to fill the gap on the Marne front
Military Governor
Appointed Military Governor of Paris
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Ninth Army
Commander of Ninth Army
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army, to fill the gap on the Marne front
Ninth Army
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army, to fill the gap on the Marne front
Military Governor
Appointed Military Governor of Paris
Battle of Heligoland Bight
The Royal Navy wins an early North Sea action against German light forces off Heligoland.
Army Enlistment Measures Discussed
Reviews practical measures intended to speed the enlistment of wartime volunteers.
Belgian Refugee Assistance Addressed
Addresses arrangements for Belgian refugees displaced by the German invasion.
Casualty List Publication Addressed
Answers questions about publishing official lists of British military casualties.
Battlecruiser Force Withdraws after Heligoland
Beatty withdraws his battlecruisers after the German light forces have suffered severe losses.
German Cruisers Engaged at Heligoland Bight
Beatty's heavy ships overwhelm German cruisers encountered during the closing phase of the battle.
Heligoland Bight Intervention Ordered
Beatty commits his battlecruisers despite mine and submarine risks to support the hard-pressed British flotillas.
Heligoland Bight Support Force Moves In
Beatty moves his battlecruisers toward the fighting after British light forces come under increasing pressure.
Heligoland Bight Victory Secured
Beatty's intervention helps turn the confused action into a clear British naval victory.
Battle of Tannenberg
The Russian Second Army disintegrates, Samsonov shoots himself
Second Army
The Russian Second Army disintegrates, Samsonov shoots himself
Capture of Amiens
Amiens is captured by the Germans
Capture of Amiens
Amiens is captured by the Germans
Capture of Amiens
Germany captures Amiens
Invasion of Germany
Poor communications with both Stavka headquarters and, more specifically, with First Army commander Rennenkampf (with whom Samsonov had a personal quarrel), led to Samsonovs forces being encircled by the German Eighth Army under Hindenburg and Ludendorf
Invasion of Prussia
Poor communications with both Stavka headquarters and, more specifically, with First Army commander Rennenkampf (with whom Samsonov had a personal quarrel), led to Samsonovs forces being encircled by the German Eighth Army under Hindenburg and Ludendorf
Beseler Assumes Antwerp Security Responsibilities
Hans von Beseler receives responsibility for German security around Antwerp against Belgian attacks and possible Allied relief efforts from the west. He coordinates units deployed around the fortress region.
Home Rule Wartime Suspension Managed
Explains wartime handling of Irish Home Rule legislation while hostilities continue.
Press Censorship Dispute Addressed
Responds to criticism concerning censorship and the treatment of newspaper reporting during the war.
Wartime Government Statement Delivered
Gives Parliament a further statement on the developing war and the Government response.
Caja de Conversion Gold Suspension
Argentina suspends ordinary gold conversion through the Caja de Conversion as the First World War disrupts international payments and gold movements.
Wartime Gold Standard Suspension
Australia suspends normal gold-standard convertibility during the First World War as wartime controls disrupt the pre-war sterling and gold arrangements.
Battle of Kamarov
Wins a tactical victory over the Russians
Invasion of Balkans
Hopes to quickly defeat Serbia by sending 12 divisions to the Balkans
Commander of 4th Army
Appointed Commander of the 4th Army
Invasion of Ardennes
Leads the 4th Army through the Ardennes
Invasion of France
Leads the 4th Army through the Ardennes
Siege of Ardennes
Leads the 4th Army through the Ardennes
Gold Convertibility Suspended
France suspends ordinary gold convertibility and introduces wartime financial controls as mobilisation creates exceptional demand for currency and reserves.
General
Appointed General of the Brigade
Battle of Frontiers
Attacks Morhange but forced to retreat to Nancy
Gold Redemption Suspended
Germany suspends gold redemption at the outbreak of the First World War, ending the convertibility that had supported the imperial gold mark.
Eighth Army
Made Commander of the German Eighth Army, and was tasked with defending East Prussia from an expected Russian attack
Admiral
Appointed Commander of the German Navy along the Belgian coast
Commander of Far Eastern Squad
Appointed Commander of the Far East Squadron, patrols the Pacific
First General Staff Officer
Appointed First General Staff Officer to the Eighth Army in East Prussia
Mobilisation for First World War
At the outbreak of the First World War, Manstein left his military studies for field service as an adjutant. He served with the German forces campaigning in Belgium and France.
Placed in charge of overseas propaganda
Placed in charge of overseas propaganda
Eighth Army
Made Commander of the German Eighth Army, and was tasked with defending East Prussia from an expected Russian attack
Eighth Army
Defeat at the scrappy Battle of Gumbinnen led a panicked Prittwitz to order the withdrawal of Eighth Army to the River Vistula, fearing encirclement by the Russian First and Second Armies
Invasion of Germany
Dispatched to East Prussia to defend against a likely Russian invasion as documented in Russias war strategy, Plan 19
Invasion of Germany
The order to withdraw effectively abandoned East Prussia to the Russians; before the order was executed he was recalled to Berlin by Helmuth von Moltke, the German Army Chief of Staff. Defeat at the scrappy Battle of Gumbinnen led a panicked Prittwitz to order the withdrawal of Eighth Army to the River Vistula, fearing encirclement by the Russian First and Second Armies
Admiral
Appointed Commander of the German Navy along the Belgian coast
Commander of Far Eastern Squad
Appointed Commander of the Far East Squadron, patrols the Pacific
German Forces Screen Antwerp Fortress
German reserve formations maintain a screen around Antwerp after the Belgian army retreats into the fortified area. Their mission is to contain the garrison while Germany’s main armies push toward France.
Battle of Tannenberg
Hindenburg drives Samsonovs army back to Hohenstein
Eighth Army
Appointed First General Staff Officer to the Eighth Army in East Prussia
First General Staff Officer
Appointed First General Staff Officer to the Eighth Army in East Prussia
Wartime Gold Convertibility Suspension
Emergency wartime measures and controls end the normal pre-war operation of gold convertibility as Britain finances mobilisation and protects Bank of England reserves.
Army Expansion Programme Approved
Secures government support for expanding Britain's small professional army through successive volunteer formations.
Long War Estimate Presented to Cabinet
Warns ministers that the conflict will require mass armies and may last for years.
War Council Membership Assumed
Joins the government's central strategic discussions immediately after becoming Secretary of State for War.
Malta Dockyard Wartime Transition
Carden's Malta appointment ends as the Royal Navy shifts fully onto a wartime footing in the Mediterranean.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff to the BEF
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Commander of the British Expeditionary Force
Commander of British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Commander of the British Expeditionary Force
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant to a battalion at Shorncliffe, part of 10th Brigade
Bristol Aircraft Production
Bristol aircraft production expands for wartime service.
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Chief of Staff to the BEF
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff to the BEF
Goeben Pursuit Orders
Directs Admiralty efforts to locate and contain the German battlecruiser Goeben and light cruiser Breslau in the Mediterranean.
Naval Blockade of Germany
Supports the Royal Navy strategy of restricting German overseas trade and access to strategic imports.
Royal Naval Division Formation
Creates the Royal Naval Division from naval reservists and marines not immediately required for service at sea.
Battlecruisers Assigned Long-Range Support Role
Beatty's force is used as fast heavy support for British cruiser and destroyer operations in the North Sea.
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Commander of the British Expeditionary Force
Commander of British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Commander of the British Expeditionary Force
K1 New Army Formation Begun
Begins organising the first six New Army divisions from the initial mass of volunteers.
Long-War Army Planning Begun
Plans for a continental army large enough to sustain a prolonged industrial war.
Recruiting Offices Expanded Nationwide
Expands recruiting machinery through towns, workplaces and local organisations across Britain.
Second New Army Expansion Ordered
Authorises further volunteer formations as enlistment quickly exceeds the first recruiting target.
Quote
"lamps are going out all over Europe; we shall not see them lit again in our lifetime"
Retreat from Mons Service
Serves with 1st Royal Warwickshire Regiment during the retreat from Mons as the BEF falls back through France.
Gold Ruble Convertibility Suspended
Russia suspends redemption of paper rubles in gold as wartime borrowing and currency expansion replace the pre-war convertible monetary regime.
Vote-War Credits
Kerensky supports the Trudovik decision to abstain when the Duma considers government war credits, refusing unconditional endorsement of imperial wartime policy.
War Policy Debate
Kerensky opposes enthusiastic support for the First World War and criticises the conflict as destructive to Russian society and democratic reform.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff to the Eussian sth-western army group on Galicia
Commander of Second Army
Given command of the Russian Second Army
Deputy Commander
Appointed Deputy Commander in-Chief at Stavka to Duke Nicholas
STAVKA
Appointed Deputy Commander in-Chief at Stavka to Duke Nicholas
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff to the Eussian sth-western army group on Galicia
Commander of Second Army
Given command of the Russian Second Army
Second Army
Given command of the Russian Second Army
Deputy Commander
Appointed Deputy Commander in-Chief at Stavka to Duke Nicholas
STAVKA
Appointed Deputy Commander in-Chief at Stavka to Duke Nicholas
Mobilization
Responsible for Russias mobilization plans
Reform of Armed Forces
The Stavka is given nominal control of Army operations
STAVKA
The Stavka is given nominal control of Army operations
Battle of Tannenberg
Russian loses are 92,000 captured & 30,000 killed. Russian defeat which precipitates the revolution. Pressurised by France to attack in the east to help the French & British in the west
September 1914120 historical events
Habilitation
Completes his habilitation and obtains the qualification required to teach independently at university level.
Invasion of France
Joffre orders a retreat to the Seine-Aube-Ornain line
Siege of Paris
Orders the 6th French Army to defend Paris
Invasion of France
Kluck reaches Crepy-en-Valois, 30 miles from Paris
Invasion of France
Kluck crosses the Oise
Invasion of France
Kluck reaches Villers-Cotterets, 30 miles from Paris
Battle of Zamosc-Komarow
The Austrian 4th Army pushes back the Russian 4th Army
Siege of Paris
Ordes retreat to the Rivers Seine & Aube south east of Paris & 60 km south of the Marne
Invasion of France
Kluck crosses the Marne
Western Front Artillery Reinforcement Proposed
Churchill urges Kitchener to release additional trained artillery for the armies fighting in France.
Leaves Albania
Prince William leaves Albania during revolt and the outbreak of World War One
Battle of Galicia
The Russians counter-attack & Austrian gains are lost
Battle of Galicia
Hotzrndorf is forced to retreat to the River San
Capture of Lemberg
The Russians capture Lemberg, Lwow, capital of Austrian Galicia
Capital
The capital of France is moved to Bordeaux
Siege of Paris
Paris is placed in a state of siege
First Army
Advances the First Army to within 50 km east of Paris
Invasion of France
Advances the First Army to within 50 km east of Paris
Capture of Lemberg
The Russians capture Lemberg
Capture of Lemberg
The Russians capture Lemberg, Lwow, capital of Austrian Galicia
Battle of Marne, 1st
Fights at the Battle of the Marne
Battle of Marne, 1st
Ordes the 6th Army to advance east from Paris & attack the German First Armys flank
Sixth Army
Ordes the 6th Army to advance east from Paris & attack the German First Armys flank
Dendermonde Bridges Demolished
Following the German seizure of Dendermonde, bridges north of the town are destroyed. The demolition complicates movements along the western approaches to Antwerp.
German Attack Opens toward Dendermonde
German forces attack toward Dendermonde along the Scheldt approaches, seeking to constrain Belgian movement west of Antwerp. The operation threatens crossings essential to Belgian communication routes.
Battle of Marne, 1st
Murray had an important meeting with Gallieni (Military governor of Paris) and Maunoury (commander, French 6th Army) to discuss the planned Allied counterattack which would become the First Battle of the Marne
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Murray had an important meeting with Gallieni (Military governor of Paris) and Maunoury (commander, French 6th Army) to discuss the planned Allied counterattack which would become the First Battle of the Marne
Battle of Marne, 1st
Forms the 6th & 9th Armies in preparation for the German counter-attack
Battle of Marne, 1st
Orders the 1st & 2nd French Armies to hold the Germans around Verdun & Nancy
Battle of Marne, 1st
Moves against the exposed flank of von Klucks First Army & halted its southward drive
First Army
Moves against the exposed flank of von Klucks First Army & halted its southward drive
Battle of Marne, 1st
Begins when the French 6th Army & German IV Reserve Corps clash in the Meaux hills
Invasion of France
Follows orders to withdraw his troops & join up with the Second Army
Sixth Army
Begins when the French 6th Army & German IV Reserve Corps clash in the Meaux hills
HMS Pathfinder Loss Reviewed
The Admiralty reviews the first loss of a warship to a submarine-fired torpedo.
Battle of Masurian Lakes
Attacked by the German VIII Army after its victory at Tannenberg
Battle of Marne, 1st
Stops further French retreat & orders an attack at the Marne
Battle of Marne, 1st
The French 6th Army attacks German First Armys flank. A decisive German breakthrough results in a general retreat
Sixth Army
The French 6th Army attacks German First Armys flank
Battle of Marne, 1st
Joins in the battle linking the BEF with the French 5th and 6th Armies
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Joins in the battle linking the BEF with the French 5th and 6th Armies
Battle of Drina
Battle of the Drina begins
Invasion of Serbia
Austrian forces begin second invasion of Serbia
Siege of Nancy
Calls off Prince Ruprechts siege of Nancy
Second Belgian Sortie Opens
Albert’s field army launches a second sortie from Antwerp toward the German flank in central Belgium. The attack aims to disrupt communications and force German reinforcements to remain in Belgium.
Battle of Marne, 1st
Counter-attacks against von Bulow & forces him to retire, the German advance is halted
Battle of Masurian Lakes
Leads the XVIII Corps
Battle of Marne, 1st
Orders a retreat of 65 km to the River Aisne. Establishes a new line of defence & ends hope of a short war
Battle of Marne, 1st
Kluck & Bulow retreat when the British begin to cross the Marne
Battle of Marne, 1st
The French 5th & the BEF move between Bulow & von Kluck forcing Bulows retreat. Kluck & Bulow retreat when the British begin to cross the Marne. Forced back by Joffre, leads to the collapse of the Schlieffen Plan
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
The French 5th & the BEF move between Bulow & von Kluck forcing Bulows retreat
Disabled Soldiers and Widows Provision Reviewed
Addresses provision for disabled servicemen and for the widows and dependants of men killed in service.
Battle of Masurian Lakes
The invasion of Prussia fails with the loss of 250,000. The First Army retreats but loses 100,000. Rennenkampf personally retreats across the Russian border. Rennenkampf orders a general retreat
First Army
The First Army retreats but loses 100,000
Invasion of Germany
The invasion of Prussia fails with the loss of 250,000
Diplomatic Expulsion
German and Austrian representatives expelled from Egypt
Belgian Cavalry Reaches Leuven Approaches
During the second sortie, Belgian cavalry advances toward Leuven as other formations secure crossings over the Demer and Dyle. The movement puts pressure on German rear-area routes.
German Reserves Redirected against Belgian Sortie
Belgian advances from Antwerp prompt German commanders to recall reserve units and bring additional troops into the threatened sector. These deployments help check the Belgian offensive.
Battle of Marne, 1st
The British & the French fail to pursue the Germans
Additional Five Hundred Thousand Troops Requested
Asks Parliament to authorise up to 500,000 additional land forces for wartime service.
Naval and Military Allowances Reviewed
Reviews allowances and pensions available to servicemen and their dependants.
Recruiting Progress Reviewed
Reports on recruiting progress as the Government seeks a much larger wartime Army.
Battle of Tannenberg
The last Russian troops are forced out of East Prussia
Invasion of Prussia
The last Russian troops are forced out of East Prussia
Battle of Rava Ruska
The Austrians are decisivly defeated & forced back into the Carpathian Mountains
German Counteroffensive Checks Antwerp Sortie
German forces oppose Belgian advances near Aarschot and the roads toward Leuven. The counteroffensive denies the Belgian army a sustained breakthrough beyond Antwerp’s defensive perimeter.
Belgian Second Sortie Returns to Antwerp
German reinforcements check the Belgian offensive, and the field army withdraws to its fortified base at Antwerp. The operation has nevertheless compelled German commanders to divert forces.
Battle of Marne, 1st
Defeats von Kluck, the German Army retreats from Paris to the Soissons-Rheims line
Capture of Amiens
France recaptures Amiens
Capture of Rhiems
France recaptures Rheims
Cap Trafalgar Destruction Reported
The Admiralty receives news that HMS Carmania has sunk the German auxiliary cruiser Cap Trafalgar.
Dependants Allowances Expanded
Addresses improved financial support for the dependants of men serving in the armed forces.
Laws of War Violations Condemned
Addresses reported violations of the laws of war during the German invasion of Belgium.
Battle of Marne, 1st
Marwitzs cavalry protects the flank of First Army during its retreat in the wake of the First Battle of the Marne
First Army
Marwitzs cavalry protects the flank of First Army during its retreat in the wake of the First Battle of the Marne
Battle of Marne, 1st
Trench warfare begins. The front is established alog the Aisne, Vesle, Argonne, Meuse hills, Moselle & Vosges
Battle of Marne, 1st
Trench warfare begins. The front is established alog the Aisne, Vesle, Argonne, Meuse hills, Moselle & Vosges
Irish and Welsh Suspensory Bill Defended
Defends delaying the operation of major Irish and Welsh constitutional legislation during the war.
Death of De la Rey
Is killed by police before the rebellion spreads.
Maritz Rebellion
Resigns from command before joining anti-government rebellion.
Birth of Creighton Abrams
Birth of Creighton Abrams
Indian Forces War Costs Addressed
Addresses parliamentary questions concerning expenditure connected with Indian troops serving in the war.
British Naval Mission Leaves Ottoman Service
The British naval mission withdraws from Ottoman service as relations deteriorate before Turkey enters the war.
Belgian Sympathy Reply Reported
Reports the response of King Albert to British expressions of sympathy and support for Belgium.
Increased Wartime Provision Requested
Seeks increased parliamentary provision for the expanding military demands of the war.
Battle of Albert, 1st
1st day of the Battle of Albert between the Germans & French for the "race to the sea"
Eastern Mediterranean Squadron Command Assumed
Carden assumes command of the Eastern Mediterranean Squadron during the opening months of the First World War.
First RNAS Raid on Germany
Royal Naval Air Service aircraft attack Zeppelin sheds at Dusseldorf and Cologne from their Belgian base.
Loss of Aboukir Hogue and Cressy
The sinking of three British cruisers by German submarine U-9 exposes the growing danger from submarines.
Invasion of Tsingtau
Japanese forces land in Shantung to attack Tsingtau
Anti-Submarine Review after U-9 Attack
Churchill reviews protective measures after U-9 sinks three British armoured cruisers in rapid succession.
Invasion of Tsingtau
British force joins Japanese army before Tsingtau
Health of Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel
Put in hospital with a leg injury for 3 months
Final Antwerp Sortie Attempted
Belgian troops advance against German forces near Dendermonde in a final attempt to protect Antwerp’s western communications. German counterattacks and artillery support soon halt the operation.
Federal Trade Commission Act
The Act creates the Federal Trade Commission to police unfair methods of competition.
Battle of Dardanelles
The Ottomans close the Dardanelles to Allied shipping after an incident when the British Dardanelles squadron had seized a Ottoman torpedo boat
German Siege Bombardment Begins at Antwerp
German artillery opens a sustained bombardment against Antwerp’s outer ring of forts. The attack marks the beginning of the decisive siege and focuses on breaking the southeastern defences.
Fort Wavre-Sainte-Catherine Under Heavy Fire
German super-heavy artillery pounds Fort Wavre-Sainte-Catherine, damaging its protective structures and undermining the Belgian defence sector southeast of Antwerp.
German Artillery Attacks Fort Lier
Heavy German guns direct bombardment against the fort at Lier as part of a coordinated effort to disable Antwerp’s southeastern defensive works.
Battle of Albert, 1st
The 6th Army comes to Klucks assistance & the French are driven back. The French consolidate & become entreched in a line from Albert to Nyon
Sixth Army
The 6th Army comes to Klucks assistance & the French are driven back
Battle of Albert, 1st
The 6th Army comes to Klucks assistance & the French are driven back. The French consolidate & become entreched in a line from Albert to Nyon
Sixth Army
The 6th Army comes to Klucks assistance & the French are driven back
Battle of Rava Ruska
Army almost surrounded
Dismissal
Dismissed after Rava Ruska
Antwerp Defence Lines Reinforced
Belgian field formations and fortress troops strengthen the positions between Antwerp’s outer forts during early September. Their preparations anticipate a renewed German assault on the national redoubt.
General
Appointed General of the Division after the Battle of the Marne
German Marine Units Assigned to Antwerp Sector
German naval infantry formations are assigned duties in the region around Antwerp, reinforcing troops responsible for containing the Belgian fortress and securing nearby lines of communication.
Heavy Siege Artillery Reaches Antwerp Front
After earlier fortress battles, German heavy and super-heavy siege pieces are concentrated against Antwerp’s outer fortifications. Their destructive firepower threatens defences designed for a different era of warfare.
German Staff Reviews Troop Transfers from Belgium
German headquarters considers transferring forces from Belgium to the main western front while preserving enough troops to contain Antwerp. Repeated Belgian sorties complicate the allocation of reserves.
Battle of Dardanelles
Entertains plans of capturing the Dardanelles as early as September 1914
RNAS Antwerp Air Detachment
Supports deployment of Royal Naval Air Service aircraft to Belgium for reconnaissance and attacks against German airship bases.
Scapa Flow Fleet Inspection
Visits the Grand Fleet and meets senior officers while inspecting naval readiness at northern bases.
Mediterranean Squadron Wartime Patrols Directed
Carden directs British naval patrol and readiness duties in the eastern Mediterranean as regional tensions increase.
North Sea Battlecruiser Sweeps Continued
Beatty continues aggressive sweeps intended to locate German heavy ships beyond their defended waters.
Indian Army Reinforcements Sent to France
Supports deployment of Indian Army formations to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force in France.
New Army Training Camps Expanded
Expands training camps to accommodate the huge influx of inexperienced wartime volunteers.
Volunteer Officer Shortage Addressed
Expands officer recruitment and training to provide leadership for rapidly forming New Army battalions.
Volunteer Uniform Shortage Managed
War Office arrangements improvise clothing and equipment while uniform production struggles to match recruitment.
Dismissal
Zhilinsky is dismissed after Russias failure to capture Prussia
October 1914124 historical events
Fort Wavre-Sainte-Catherine Falls
Following days of intense shelling, Fort Wavre-Sainte-Catherine becomes untenable. Its loss weakens the outer fortress line and increases pressure on adjacent Belgian positions.
British Naval Assistance to Antwerp Considered
Winston Churchill and Admiralty officials consider how naval personnel could help sustain the Belgian defence of Antwerp. The city remains a strategically important obstacle on Germany’s northern flank.
Battle of Belgium, 1st
Termonde (Belgium) taken by German forces
Capture of Termonde
Termonde (Belgium) taken by German forces
Invasion of Belgium
Termonde (Belgium) taken by German forces
German Pressure Mounts at Fort Koningshooikt
Sustained German siege fire damages Fort Koningshooikt and helps open gaps in Antwerp’s outer ring. The defenders struggle to maintain a continuous position between the forts.
Mining of North Sea
The Admiralty decides to mine the North Sea
Mining of North Sea
The Admiralty decides to mine the North Sea
North Sea Mine Decision
The Admiralty decides to mine the North Sea.
Battle of Antwerp
The Belgians plan to evacuate Antwerp, Churchill visits it & rallies its defence
Churchill Arrives in Antwerp
Churchill reaches Antwerp to inspect the worsening military situation and confer with Belgian leaders. He advocates prolonging the defence while British reinforcements are arranged.
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North, during the "Race to the Sea"
Fort Kessel Bombarded
German heavy siege batteries bombard Fort Kessel as they seek to dismantle remaining strongpoints on Antwerp’s southeastern front. The fire further destabilizes the outer defensive ring.
German Assault Presses toward River Nete
German infantry and artillery push toward Belgian lines along the River Nete. A crossing in this sector would expose the inner approaches to Antwerp.
Antwerp Defence Conference Held
Churchill discusses the city's defence with Belgian and British authorities after arriving at Antwerp.
Royal Marines Occupy Nete Positions
Royal Marine troops sent to support Antwerp take positions near the River Nete alongside Belgian defenders. Their presence provides limited reinforcement against superior German siege artillery.
Naval Volunteers Arrive from Dunkirk
British naval volunteers travel through the Channel ports and onward to the Antwerp front. Many have received hurried training and lack the full equipment of established field formations.
German Troops Force Nete Crossing
German forces establish themselves across the River Nete after overcoming Belgian resistance. Their advance threatens the remaining approaches to Antwerp’s inner defences.
British Naval Units Hold Antwerp Trenches
Royal Naval Division detachments occupy defensive trenches as the German assault intensifies. Their task is to support Belgian formations and delay a collapse of the inner approaches.
Belgian Command Orders Field Army Evacuation
As German heavy guns breach Antwerp’s defensive system, Belgian leaders begin extracting the field army westward. Preserving these troops takes priority over continued resistance within the fortress.
Birth of Sarah Churchill
Birth of Sarah Churchill, Churcills 3rd child
Capture of Yap Island
Japanese naval forces occupy Yap Island
Belgian Army Escapes Antwerp Envelopment
The main Belgian field army moves beyond Antwerp toward Ghent while rearguards delay German pursuit. Its escape permits Belgium to maintain an organized force for subsequent fighting in Flanders.
German Guns Shell Antwerp Urban Area
German artillery fire reaches the city as the siege closes in. Civilian conditions deteriorate and fires become difficult to control amid damage to urban infrastructure.
Antwerp Withdrawal Coordinated
The Admiralty helps coordinate withdrawal as the Belgian position becomes untenable.
British Retreat Orders Reach Antwerp Defenders
British commanders issue withdrawal instructions as the fortress position becomes unsustainable. Confused communications leave some naval detachments exposed during the retreat.
Dusseldorf Zeppelin Raid
Royal Naval Air Service aircraft destroy a German Zeppelin in its shed during a successful raid on Dusseldorf.
Capture of Antwerp
Germany captures Antwerp
Battle of Vistula River
Mackensen reaches the Vistula River by October 9 and is only 12 miles away from Warsaw
Siege of Warsaw
Mackensen reaches the Vistula River by October 9 and is only 12 miles away from Warsaw
Battle of Vistula River
General Nikolai Ruzsky, commander of the Russian Northwest Front, brings up significant reinforcement against the Ninth Army, att this time Hindenburg learned of a planned Russian offensive into Silesia from a captured Russian soldier
Ninth Army
General Nikolai Ruzsky, commander of the Russian Northwest Front, brings up significant reinforcement against the Ninth Army, att this time Hindenburg learned of a planned Russian offensive into Silesia from a captured Russian soldier
Capture of Antwerp
Commands the capture of Antwerp by the First Army
German Troops Enter Antwerp
German units occupy Antwerp after the remaining defenders cease organized resistance. The Belgian field army has largely escaped westward, leaving the fortress and much of its equipment behind.
Siege of Antwerp
Commands the capture of Antwerp by the First Army
Battle of Masurian Lakes
Hindenburg reaches the Vistula
Capture of Antwerp
Antwerp surrenders to the Germans
Cavalry Corps Appointment
Receives command of the British Expeditionary Force Cavalry Corps.
Royal Naval Division Retreat from Antwerp
Naval Division units withdraw toward the coast as German forces complete the siege of Antwerp.
Cavalry Corps Formation
Takes command of the newly formed BEF Cavalry Corps.
Battle of Vistula River
General Nikolai Ruzsky, commander of the Russian Northwest Front, brings up significant reinforcement against the Ninth Army, att this time Hindenburg learned of a planned Russian offensive into Silesia from a captured Russian soldier
Ninth Army
General Nikolai Ruzsky, commander of the Russian Northwest Front, brings up significant reinforcement against the Ninth Army, att this time Hindenburg learned of a planned Russian offensive into Silesia from a captured Russian soldier
Maritz Rebellion
Defects near the German border and proclaims rebellion.
Battle of Marne, 1st
Defeated by Joffre, Germany is retreats from Paris to the Soissons-Rheims line
Siege of Paris
Defeated by Joffre, Germany is retreats from Paris to the Soissons-Rheims line
British Naval Survivors Move toward Coast
Royal Naval Division survivors move westward after withdrawing from Antwerp, while other detachments have crossed into neutral Dutch territory. The dispersal illustrates the difficulties of an improvised expedition under pressure.
Death of Carol I
Carol I dies after a reign that established Romania's independence and monarchy.
Succession of Ferdinand I
Ferdinand succeeds his uncle Carol I as king.
War Policy Debate
Debates Russia's response to the outbreak of war.
Siege of Warsaw
The Germans advance on Warsaw but retreat a week later
Health of Bernard Law Montgomery
Shot through the right lung by a sniper at Meteren and severely wounded.
Capture of Ypres
The British occupy Ypres
Ypres Occupied
British forces occupy Ypres.
Meteren Action before Wounding
Leads men forward near Meteren before being shot through the lung by a sniper.
Capture of Ostend
The Germans capture Ostend
Mobilization
The Canadian Expeditionary Force of 32,000 lands at Plymouth
Maritz Rebellion
Helps organise loyalist forces against the rebels.
Maritz Rebellion
Faces an Afrikaner revolt against the invasion of German South West Africa.
Capital
The Belgian capital is moved from Antwerp to Le Havre, France
Clayton Antitrust Act
The Clayton Act targets anticompetitive practices and exempts legitimate labour activity from antitrust prosecution.
Yser Defensive Line Maintained
Albert's army holds the Yser sector while German pressure threatens the last unoccupied part of Belgium.
Yser Front
Belgian resistance north of Ypres stabilises the front.
Belgian Coast Naval Bombardment
Royal Navy vessels bombard German forces on the Belgian coast while supporting the Allied flank.
Sinking of Takachiho
Japanese light cruiser "Takachiho" sunk by German destroyer off Tsingtau
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Foch coordinates French support around Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Albrecht commands German forces at Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Falkenhayn seeks decision in Flanders around Ypres.
Race to the Sea
German operations extend north toward Ypres.
First Ypres Defence Directed
French directs BEF operations as German attacks intensify around Ypres during the First Battle of Flanders.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
French directs the BEF during the First Battle of Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Allenby leads cavalry during the fighting around Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Haig commands I Corps in the Ypres salient.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Smith-Dorrien holds part of the line near Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Rawlinson helps hold the line during First Ypres.
Battle of Langemarck
German reserve corps attack near Ypres.
Commander of XXXIII Corps
Appointed Commander of the XXXIII Corps
Suppression of Rebellion
Commands loyalist forces against rebel commandos.
HMS Audacious Loss Secrecy
Keeps the loss of HMS Audacious from immediate publication after the battleship strikes a mine off the Irish coast.
Prince Louis Resignation
Accepts Prince Louis of Battenberg's resignation as First Sea Lord amid intense public hostility to his German background.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
French forces support the Allied line at Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Fabeck commands a German attack toward Ypres.
Lord Fisher First Sea Lord
Appoints Admiral Lord Fisher as First Sea Lord following Prince Louis of Battenberg's resignation.
First Sea Lord Wartime Recall
Fisher returns to the Admiralty as First Sea Lord after Prince Louis of Battenberg leaves office.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Byng commands cavalry at Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Commands the 3rd Cavalry Division at Ypres
Battle of Vistula River
The Germans were unfamiliar with the land and unable to bring sufficient reinforcements to the Ninth Army, allowing Ruzsky to concentrate his front against Mackensen. On October 17, Hindenburg orders a retreat, and by the 31st the battle is over
Ninth Army
The Germans were unfamiliar with the land and unable to bring sufficient reinforcements to the Ninth Army, allowing Ruzsky to concentrate his front against Mackensen. On October 17, Hindenburg orders a retreat, and by the 31st the battle is over
Siege of Warsaw
The Germans were unfamiliar with the land and unable to bring sufficient reinforcements to the Ninth Army, allowing Ruzsky to concentrate his front against Mackensen. On October 17, Hindenburg orders a retreat, and by the 31st the battle is over
HMS Hermes Sinking
The loss of HMS Hermes to a German submarine highlights the danger facing ships supporting naval aviation operations.
Battle of Gheluvelt
FitzClarence helps restore the line near Ypres.
German Breakthrough at Gheluvelt Contained
French's BEF survives a major crisis around Gheluvelt as reserves restore the line east of Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Gough commands cavalry near Ypres.
Battle of Gheluvelt
Bulfin sends reinforcements during the crisis at Ypres.
Battle of Vistula River
The Germans were unfamiliar with the land and unable to bring sufficient reinforcements to the Ninth Army, allowing Ruzsky to concentrate his front against Mackensen. On October 17, Hindenburg orders a retreat, and by the 31st the battle is over. Nikolai Ruzsky defeats the Germans first attempt at capturing Warsaw at the Battle of the Vistula River
Ninth Army
The Germans were unfamiliar with the land and unable to bring sufficient reinforcements to the Ninth Army, allowing Ruzsky to concentrate his front against Mackensen. On October 17, Hindenburg orders a retreat, and by the 31st the battle is over
Race to the Sea
Leads the 4th Army north to Flanders in the "race to the sea"
Belgian Army Withdraws toward Flanders
Albert directs the Belgian Army toward the Yser after Antwerp falls and the northern front contracts.
German Occupation
German forces occupy Bruges during the invasion of Belgium.
Yser Flooding Defence Supported
Belgian forces use controlled flooding to hinder German movement across the Yser plain in Flanders.
Allied Line around Ypres Reinforced
Foch coordinates French reinforcements to help stabilise the Allied position around Ypres.
French Northern Armies Coordinated in Flanders
Foch coordinates French support for Belgian and British forces during the fighting in Flanders.
Capture of Antwerp
Takes part in the German capture of Antwerp
Marine Infantry Supports Antwerp Encirclement
German marine infantry contributes to operations in the Antwerp theatre as army formations narrow the remaining routes out of the fortress. Its role helps free other troops for offensive duties.
German Fourth Army Advances into Flanders
Albrecht's Fourth Army advances toward the Yser and Ypres during the final phase of the Race to the Sea.
Yser Attacks Intensified by Fourth Army
Albrecht intensifies attacks against Belgian and French positions along the Yser in Flanders.
German Sixth Army Supports Flanders Offensive
Rupprecht's forces support German attempts to break the Allied northern flank during the Flanders fighting.
Awake Young Men of England
Publishes an early patriotic poem in a local newspaper.
First Lord of Admiralty
Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, 2nd term
Dunkirk Seaplane Base
The Admiralty establishes a seaplane base at Dunkirk to support coastal operations and anti-submarine patrols.
North Sea Offensive Priority Restored
Fisher makes offensive preparations in northern waters a central element of his renewed wartime naval strategy.
BEF Moves North during Race to the Sea
French shifts the BEF northward as both sides attempt to outflank each other toward Flanders.
Canadian Contingent Deployment Supported
Integrates the arriving Canadian contingent into Britain's expanding imperial war effort.
New Army Ammunition Requirements Raised
Expands ammunition requirements as Britain builds forces far larger than the prewar army.
New Army Artillery Requirements Expanded
Orders increased provision of guns and artillery units for the growing volunteer formations.
Territorial Force Overseas Use Expanded
Supports wider overseas employment of Territorial Force units as regular army demands increase.
Third New Army Formation Expanded
Continues raising additional divisions as recruiting remains strong through the autumn.
First Ypres Cavalry Corps
Leads the Cavalry Corps during the First Battle of Ypres.
Loyalist Military Coordination
Supports Botha in suppressing the Afrikaner wartime rebellion.
Maritz Rebellion Suppression
Coordinates government military operations against rebel commandos.
Maritz Rebellion
Faces armed rebellion from antiwar Afrikaner commandos.
Union Government Rebellion Crisis
Chooses to suppress the revolt with loyal Union forces.
Maritz Rebellion
Joins the rebellion against the Union government.
Declaration of War
The Dardanelles & Bosprous are closed to Allied shipping
November 1914121 historical events
Battle of Coronel
Defeats Craddock then sails around Cape Horn to scour the South Atlantic
Battle of Coronel
The British under Craddock fail to prevent German commerce raiding in the south Pacific. The British are outnumbered & defeated & lose 2 cruisers & 1,500 crew. Spees forces sink the HMS Good Hope & HMS Monmouth. British defeat by Admiral Spee including the Scharnhorst, Gneisenau & Nurnberg
Battle of Coronel
The British under Craddock fail to prevent German commerce raiding in the south Pacific. The British are outnumbered & defeated & lose 2 cruisers & 1,500 crew. British defeat by Admiral Spee including the Scharnhorst, Gneisenau & Nurnberg
Battle of Coronel
The Admiralty confronts a severe defeat after Admiral Cradock's squadron is destroyed by Admiral von Spee off Chile.
Dardanelles Demonstration Instructions Issued
Churchill instructs Admiral Carden to conduct a limited bombardment against the outer Dardanelles forts.
North Sea Military Area Declared
The Admiralty declares the North Sea a military area and issues controlled routes for neutral shipping.
Declaration of War
Russia declares war on Turkey
Declaration of War
Russia declares war on Turkey
Battle of Dardanelles
Churchill orders the first British attack on the Dardanelles following the opening of hostilities between Ottoman and Russian empires
HMS D5 Lost after Yarmouth Raid
The submarine HMS D5 strikes a British mine while responding to the German raid on Yarmouth.
Kum Kale Outer Fort Bombarded
British and French warships bombard Ottoman positions on the Asian side of the Dardanelles entrance.
Sedd el Bahr Magazine Destroyed
The Allied bombardment detonates an Ottoman ammunition magazine at Sedd el Bahr.
Yarmouth Raid Naval Response Reviewed
The Admiralty reviews German battlecruiser operations off Yarmouth and Britain's attempted interception.
Emergency 612-Vessel Programme Launched
Fisher presides over an emergency building programme totalling 612 vessels for expanded wartime naval operations.
Fifty Seagoing Patrol Boats Programme
The emergency programme includes fifty seagoing patrol boats for expanded coastal and anti-submarine patrol work.
Fifty-Six Destroyers Programme
The emergency programme authorises fifty-six destroyers for fleet screening, patrol and offensive duties.
Five Fast Battlecruisers Programme
Fisher's emergency programme calls for five fast, shallow-draught battlecruisers intended for offensive operations.
Five Flotilla Leaders Programme
Fisher's building programme includes five flotilla leaders to improve command of destroyer forces.
Fourteen-Inch Turrets Secured for Monitors
Fisher and Churchill seize the opportunity to use four American-built twin fourteen-inch turrets in new shallow-draught monitors.
Ninety Small Barges Programme
The emergency construction programme provides for ninety smaller barges alongside the larger motor-barge fleet.
Sixty-Four Submarines Programme
Fisher's emergency programme includes sixty-four submarines, reflecting his strong commitment to undersea warfare.
Submarine Construction Red Tape Waived
Fisher argues that normal paperwork and peacetime procedures must not delay urgent submarine production.
Thirty-Seven Monitors Programme
The emergency programme includes thirty-seven monitors for shallow-water and heavy coastal bombardment roles.
Thirty-Six Sloops Programme
Fisher's 612-vessel programme includes thirty-six sloops for patrol, escort and minesweeping-related duties.
Twenty-Four River Gunboats Programme
Fisher's programme includes twenty-four light river gunboats for operations in confined and shallow waters.
Twenty-Four Submarine Destroyers Programme
Fisher's emergency plan includes twenty-four specialised submarine-destroying vessels.
Two Hundred Motor Barges Programme
Fisher's programme includes two hundred oil-engined motor barges for amphibious and logistical operations.
Two Light Cruisers Programme
The emergency programme includes two light cruisers among the new wartime construction.
Urgent Submarine Expansion Memorandum
Fisher declares rapid acquisition of additional submarines an urgent national requirement and presses for immediate construction.
Commander of XVIII Corps
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army
Commander of XVIII Corps
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army
Abercrombie Monitor Design Work Begun
The Director of Naval Construction is instructed to develop shallow-draught monitors around the newly available fourteen-inch turrets.
Coronel Defeat Response Ordered
After news of Coronel, Fisher moves quickly to create an overwhelming force to hunt Admiral von Spee.
Invincible and Inflexible Detached for South Atlantic
Fisher orders battlecruisers Invincible and Inflexible detached from home forces for the hunt for von Spee.
Declaration of War
Great Britain & France declare war on Turkey
Capture of Cyprus
Britain captures Cyprus
Cyprus Taken by Britain
Britain takes control of Cyprus during the war.
Declaration of War
Great Britain & France declare war on Turkey
War Declared on Ottoman Empire
Great Britain and France declare war on Turkey.
Central Powers
Turkey joins the Central Powers; Britain and France declare war on her
Declaration of War
Turkey joins the Central Powers; Britain and France declare war on her. Britain & France declare war on Turkey
Turkey joins the Central Powers
Turkey joins the Central Powers; Britain and France declare war on her
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Belgium
Turkey severs diplomatic relations with Belgium
Capture of Tsingtao
The German colony of Tsingtao in China surrenders to the Japanese
Capture of Tsingtau
Tsingtau capitulates to Japanese forces
Emden Destruction Welcomed
The Admiralty welcomes the destruction of the German cruiser Emden by HMAS Sydney.
Speech
"Business carried on as usual during alterations on the map of Europe"
Twenty H-Class Submarines Contracted
A contract is signed with Bethlehem Steel for twenty H-type submarines as part of Fisher's rapid expansion programme.
Battle of Lodz
Hindenburg had intercepted Russian reports of the proposed invasion into Silesia, and sees an opportunity to repeat his crushing victory at the Battle of Tannenberg, by hitting the Russian flank at Lodz as it moves into Silesia.
Battle of Lodz
Hindenburg moves the German Ninth Army, under General August von Mackensen, to the Polish sector.
Battle of Lodz
Pressure on Lodz continues until December but the Germans are unable to break the Russian lines, short on ammunition, the Russians withdraw to form a new and stronger line closer to Warsaw.
Invasion of Silesia
Hindenburg had intercepted Russian reports of the proposed invasion into Silesia, and sees an opportunity to repeat his crushing victory at the Battle of Tannenberg, by hitting the Russian flank at Lodz as it moves into Silesia
Ninth Army
Hindenburg moves the German Ninth Army, under General August von Mackensen, to the Polish sector
Battle of Lodz
Although a Russian victory it causes the Russians to call off their offensive.
Battle of Lodz
August von Mackensen directs the successful German offensive at Lodz.
Battle of Lodz
Mackensen's Ninth Army strikes the one corps of Rennenkampfs First Army which was posted south of the Vistula and routed it, capturing 12,000 prisoners.
Battle of Lodz
The Battle of Lodz takes place from November 11 to December 6, 1914, near Lodz in Poland, fought between the German Ninth Army and the Russian First, Second, and 5th Armies, in appalling winter conditions.
First Army
Mackensens Ninth Army strikes the one corps of Rennenkampfs First Army which was posted south of the Vistula and routed it, capturing 12,000 prisoners
Ninth Army
The Battle of Lodz takes place from November 11 to December 6, 1914, near Lodz in Poland, fought between the German Ninth Army and the Russian First, Second, and 5th Armies, in appalling winter conditions. Mackensens Ninth Army strikes the one corps of Rennenkampfs First Army which was posted south of the Vistula and routed it, capturing 12,000 prisoners
South Atlantic Battlecruiser Dispatch
The Admiralty sends Invincible and Inflexible south under Admiral Sturdee to hunt Admiral von Spee after Coronel.
Battlecruiser Sailing Deadline Enforced
Fisher refuses to delay the South Atlantic force and requires the battlecruisers to sail even with workmen still aboard.
Falklands Hunting Force Departs
Invincible and Inflexible leave Devonport under Sturdee on the mission Fisher had organised after Coronel.
Wartime Address Debate Led
Leads the Government case during the parliamentary debate on the wartime Address.
Battle of Nonne Bosschen
British units resist the last German push at Ypres.
Battle of Lodz
Mackensens Ninth Army strikes the one corps of Rennenkampfs First Army which was posted south of the Vistula and routed it, capturing 12,000 prisoners
First Army
Mackensens Ninth Army strikes the one corps of Rennenkampfs First Army which was posted south of the Vistula and routed it, capturing 12,000 prisoners
Ninth Army
Mackensens Ninth Army strikes the one corps of Rennenkampfs First Army which was posted south of the Vistula and routed it, capturing 12,000 prisoners
Battle of Lodz
The Russian First Army is heavilly defeated & the Russian offensive is called off. The Battle of Lodz takes place from November 11 to December 6, 1914, near Lodz in Poland, fought between the German Ninth Army and the Russian First, Second, and 5th Armies, in appalling winter conditions
First Army
The Russian First Army is heavilly defeated & the Russian offensive is called off
Invasion of Silesia
The Russians had repulsed the Germans and saved Warsaw, which had been the objective of the original German offensive, the Germans, for their part, had caused the Russians to abandon their offensive into Silesia
Ninth Army
The Battle of Lodz takes place from November 11 to December 6, 1914, near Lodz in Poland, fought between the German Ninth Army and the Russian First, Second, and 5th Armies, in appalling winter conditions
Siege of Warsaw
The Russians had repulsed the Germans and saved Warsaw, which had been the objective of the original German offensive, the Germans, for their part, had caused the Russians to abandon their offensive into Silesia
Japanese Cabinet decide against despatch of troops or warships to Europe
Japanese Cabinet decide against despatch of troops or warships to Europe
Japanese Cabinet decide against despatch of troops or warships to Europe
Japanese Cabinet decide against despatch of troops or warships to Europe
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Canopus Position Explained to Commons
Churchill answers questions about HMS Canopus following the defeat of Admiral Cradock's squadron.
Naval Cadet Wartime Training Reviewed
Churchill answers Commons questions concerning the training and employment of naval cadets during wartime.
Second Wartime Vote of Credit Supported
Supports a further Vote of Credit as military expenditure rises during the first winter of the war.
Federal Reserve Banks Open
All twelve Federal Reserve Banks open for business on the same day, making the new Federal Reserve System operational and giving the United States a coordinated network of regional central banks.
Royal Naval Division Clothing Supply Defended
Churchill answers criticism concerning oilskins and equipment supplied to Royal Naval Division personnel.
Royal Naval Division Equipment
Answers Commons questions concerning equipment and oilskins for men of the Royal Naval Division.
Royal Naval Division Missing Reported
Churchill reports that roughly one thousand Royal Naval Division personnel remain listed as missing after Antwerp.
Royal Navy Losses Statement
Provides the House of Commons with figures for Royal Navy killed, wounded and missing since the war began.
Friedrichshafen Zeppelin Raid
Royal Naval Air Service aircraft raid the Zeppelin base and hydrogen facilities at Friedrichshafen.
First Ypres Line Stabilised
French's army holds Ypres as the mobile campaign in Flanders settles into trench warfare.
Army and Navy Commission Policy Reviewed
Churchill answers parliamentary questions concerning wartime commissions between the armed services.
Chilean Coast Defeat Explained to Commons
Churchill addresses questions concerning the destruction of Cradock's squadron off the Chilean coast.
Naval and Marine Brigades Statement
Answers Commons questions about the service and condition of Royal Naval and Marine brigades.
Goeben Escape Parliamentary Answer
Answers parliamentary questions concerning the escape of the German battlecruiser Goeben.
HMS Bulwark Explosion Reported
The Admiralty reports the destruction of HMS Bulwark after an internal explosion at Sheerness.
Royal Navy Confidence Defended
Churchill defends the Navy's discipline, power and efficiency during a Commons debate.
Iron Cross Second Class Award
Jodl receives the Iron Cross Second Class after his early wartime service and wounding.
Eastern Front Wounding
Manstein sustained a serious wound while serving on the Eastern Front in November 1914. The injury interrupted his frontline duties and was followed by a period of recovery.
German Offensive toward Ypres Continues
Rupprecht's forces continue pressure in Flanders as German armies seek to seize Ypres and the Channel approaches.
Dardanelles Outer Forts Reconnoitred
Carden conducts reconnaissance of the Ottoman forts and mine defences guarding the Dardanelles entrance.
Dardanelles Squadron Concentrated
Carden concentrates Allied naval forces outside the Dardanelles after the Ottoman Empire enters the war.
Dardanelles Diversion Discussed with War Council
Churchill argues that pressure at the Dardanelles could threaten Constantinople and relieve strategic pressure elsewhere.
Prewar Dardanelles Contingency Revived
Churchill revives consideration of attacking the Dardanelles as the Ottoman Empire moves closer to war.
Room 40 Codebreaking Section
The Admiralty develops the codebreaking organisation later known as Room 40 to exploit captured German naval signals material.
Dardanelles Naval Risk Questioned
Fisher warns that forcing the Dardanelles without adequate troops could expose the fleet to serious losses.
Devonport Battlecruiser Repairs Accelerated
Fisher insists repairs and preparation of Invincible and Inflexible be accelerated for immediate South Atlantic service.
Four Fourteen-Inch Monitors Ordered
Four large monitors are ordered to carry the American fourteen-inch twin turrets obtained during Fisher's emergency programme.
Monitor Anti-Torpedo Bulges Adopted
The new large monitors incorporate anti-torpedo bulges while being rushed from design to construction.
Princess Royal Sent toward West Indies
Fisher deploys Princess Royal toward the West Indies to guard against a possible German move through the Panama route.
Private Shipbuilding Capacity Mobilised
Fisher seeks to enlist the country's wider engineering and shipbuilding capacity for accelerated wartime construction.
Shallow-Draught Bombardment Concept Advanced
Fisher supports purpose-built shallow-draught ships able to bring heavy guns close to hostile coasts.
Sturdee South Atlantic Command Created
Fisher places Doveton Sturdee in command of the South Atlantic and Pacific force formed to destroy von Spee.
Submarine Delivery Speed Prioritised
Fisher directs that speed of submarine construction should take precedence over peacetime concerns about lowest cost.
War Council Reviews Gallipoli Option
Asquith's War Council considers but initially rejects a major landing on the Gallipoli Peninsula.
Gallipoli Landing Judged Premature
Kitchener judges that troops cannot yet be spared for a large Gallipoli landing.
Dardanelles Entrance Blockade Strengthened
Carden strengthens the watch on the Dardanelles entrance as Allied planners consider operations against Ottoman defences.
Ottoman Entry Alters Squadron Mission
Ottoman entry into the war turns Carden's squadron toward blockade, reconnaissance and possible operations against the Dardanelles.
New Army Equipment Procurement Accelerated
Accelerates procurement of rifles, uniforms, artillery and transport for newly raised formations.
Bolshevik Duma Arrest
Is arrested with other Bolshevik Duma deputies.
War and the International
Writes War and the International, opposing the world war and criticizing socialist parties that supported their national governments.
Carpathian Fighting
Fights in difficult mountain operations against Austro-Hungarian forces.
De Wet Forces Defeated
Helps break organized resistance during the Afrikaner rebellion.
Rebellion Suppression
Commands government forces against rebel commandos.
Maritz Rebellion
Leads rebels across the Kalahari toward German territory.
Invasion of Yemen
The Turkish forces in the Yemen are held although the Sultanate of Lahej is taken
December 191455 historical events
Capture of De Wet
Is captured after the rebellion fails.
Agreement on Japanese request that Australia should not occupy
British Government agree to Japanese request that Australia should not occupy German islands north of the Equator
Battle of Augustov
The Russians regroup, counterattack & recapture Augustov & move into East Prussia
Capture of Augustov
The Russians regroup, counterattack & recapture Augustov & move into East Prussia
Endurance Leaves South Georgia
Shackleton takes Endurance south from South Georgia toward the Weddell Sea, the intended starting region for the transcontinental crossing.
Battle of Lodz
The Russians had repulsed the Germans and saved Warsaw, which had been the objective of the original German offensive, the Germans, for their part, had caused the Russians to abandon their offensive into Silesia
Invasion of Silesia
The Russians had repulsed the Germans and saved Warsaw, which had been the objective of the original German offensive, the Germans, for their part, had caused the Russians to abandon their offensive into Silesia
Siege of Warsaw
The Russians had repulsed the Germans and saved Warsaw, which had been the objective of the original German offensive, the Germans, for their part, had caused the Russians to abandon their offensive into Silesia
Battle of Lodz
The Russians had repulsed the Germans and saved Warsaw, which had been the objective of the original German offensive, the Germans, for their part, had caused the Russians to abandon their offensive into Silesia. Russian withdrawal from East Prussia, and conduct at the Battle of Lodz in November 1914 led to Rennenkampfs dismissal amid recriminations of incompetence and even treason
Treason
Russian withdrawal from East Prussia, and conduct at the Battle of Lodz in November 1914 led to Rennenkampfs dismissal amid recriminations of incompetence and even treason
Death of Maximilian Johannes Hubert von Spee
Death of Maximilian Johannes Hubert von Spee
Battle of Falklands
The German Navys South American commerce raiding force is destroyed. Sturdee sinks Spees flagship, SMS Scharnhorst, together with SMS Gneisenau, SMS Nurnberg & SMS Leipzig. Spee attempts a raid on the coaling station at Stanley in the Falkland Islands, unaware the British had sent reinforcements. British reversal of the defeat at Coronel
Battle of Falklands
The Scharnhorst is sunk & von Spee drowns. Bombards the Falkland Islands not knowing of the presence of Admiral Sturdee
Battle of Falkland Islands
The Royal Navy destroys most of Admiral von Spee's East Asia Squadron, reversing the shock of the Coronel defeat.
Falkland Islands Strategy Vindicated
Sturdee's force destroys most of von Spee's squadron, vindicating Fisher's decision to send superior battlecruisers south.
Battle of Falklands
Sturdee sinks Spees cruisers the Scharnhorst & Gneisenau. Destroys the German Navys South American commerce raiding force. A Reversal of the Battle of Coronel
B11 Escapes Dardanelles Patrols
Holbrook brings B11 back through the minefield despite currents, grounding and Ottoman pursuit.
B11 Minefield Penetration Begins
Holbrook takes submarine B11 beneath the defended minefield in the Dardanelles.
Mesudiye Torpedoed in Sari Siglar Bay
Holbrook torpedoes the Ottoman battleship Mesudiye after penetrating the Dardanelles mine barrier.
B11 Submarine Attack Supported
Winn serves as first lieutenant during B11's successful attack on Mesudiye and hazardous return passage.
Hartlepool Bombardment Response Reviewed
Churchill reviews naval defensive arrangements after German battlecruisers bombard Hartlepool.
Scarborough Raid Response Reviewed
The Admiralty reviews the German bombardment of Scarborough and the failure to force a decisive interception.
German Battlecruisers Escape after Coastal Raid
Hipper's force escapes despite British interception attempts after bombarding Scarborough, Whitby and Hartlepool.
Scarborough Raid Interception Attempted
Beatty's battlecruisers participate in the British effort to intercept German forces returning from the east-coast raid.
Bombing of Hartlepool
A German squadron bombs Hartlepool, Scarborough & Whitby
East Coast Bombardment
A German squadron bombards Hartlepool, Scarborough and Whitby.
Japanese Foreign Minister declares Japan will not give up German islands occupied
Japanese Foreign Minister declares Japan will not give up German islands occupied north of the Equator
Japanese Foreign Minister declares Japan will not give up German islands occupied
Japanese Foreign Minister declares Japan will not give up German islands occupied north of the Equator
Battle of Limanowa
Battles of Limanowa, in which Austrian forces save their lines and prevent Russia attacking Vienna
Siege of Vienna
Battles of Limanowa, in which Austrian forces save their lines and prevent Russia attacking Vienna
Battle of Artois, 1st
Conducts an offensive in Artois
Battle of Artois, 1st
The battle was the first offensive move on the Western Front by either side after the First Battle of Ypres ended in November 1914. The French assault failed to break the stalemate. Commander at the Battle of Artois
Protectorate of Egypt
Announces a British protectorate over Egypt after Ottoman entry into the First World War, changing the canal's sovereignty framework.
Deposition
Is deposed after supporting the Ottoman Empire during the First World War.
Sultanate of Egypt
Becomes Sultan when Britain declares a protectorate over Egypt.
Protectorate of Egypt
Becomes Sultan under the British protectorate, replacing Ottoman suzerainty over Egypt and the canal zone.
Cuxhaven Air Raid
Royal Naval Air Service seaplanes launched from converted ships raid German naval and Zeppelin facilities around Cuxhaven.
Baltic Offensive Strategy Memorandum
Churchill proposes opening new strategic pressure against Germany and considers the requirements for Baltic operations.
Battle of Champagne, 1st
Hopes to divert the Germans from the Eastern front
37th Reserve Corps
Marwitz is dispatched to the Eastern Front in command of the newly-established XXXVIII Reserve Corps, where it was believed that the cavalry would fare better
Eastern Front
Marwitz is dispatched to the Eastern Front in command of the newly-established XXXVIII Reserve Corps, where it was believed that the cavalry would fare better
Bombing of Scarborough
Conducts an air raid on Scarborough
Battle of Yser
Spends next 4 years guarding Belgian naval bases. Schroders marine forces are stopped at Yser
Battle of Yser
Commands the First Army at the Battle of Yser
First Army
Commands the First Army at the Battle of Yser
Ottoman Fleet Supports Strait Defence
Souchon coordinates Ottoman naval dispositions while the Dardanelles becomes a major Allied target.
South Pole
Anchors in the Weddell Sea trapped in ice, The Endurance is crushed & sinks
Distinguished Service Order Awarded
Receives the Distinguished Service Order for his conduct during the opening campaign in France.
Eight Twelve-Inch Monitors Ordered
The monitor programme expands with eight vessels designed around twelve-inch battleship turrets.
Aegean Support Base Requirements Reviewed
Carden reviews ships, bases and logistical arrangements required for sustained naval operations near the Dardanelles.
Battlecruiser Communications Problems Reviewed
The failed December interception reinforces concern about information sharing and signalling among British naval forces.
Rosyth Battlecruiser Basing Considered
The Admiralty develops Rosyth as a forward base better positioned for Beatty's fast battlecruiser operations.
Narrows Mine Defences Expanded
Cevat strengthens mines, mobile guns and coastal batteries after Allied submarine and surface attacks.
Searchlight and Battery Network Improved
Cevat improves searchlights, artillery positions and observation arrangements along the straits.
Dardanelles Defence Reinforcement Ordered
Enver orders reinforcement of the Dardanelles as the threat of an Allied attack increases.
Neutrality
Habibullah keeps Afghanistan neutral during the First World War despite pressure to attack British India.
Abdication
William is forced to abdicate
Succession
Succeeds as King of Albania
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant in the Artillery
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant in the Artillery
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia, 3rd term
Eichmann Family Relocates
Spends much of his youth and early adulthood in Austria.
Move to Linz
Moves with his family from Germany to Linz, Austria.
First World War Military Service
Enters wartime service as an artillery officer in the Austro-Hungarian forces while continuing to think and write about physics.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the Austrian Army
Commander of 4th Army
Appointed Commander of the 4th Army
Regimental Adjutant
Appointed Regimental Adjutant in the 99th Imperial & Royal Infantry Regiment
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army on the Eastern Front
First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army on the Eastern Front
Brusilov Offensive
Leads the Austrian Army during the Brusilov Offensive
Capture of Ivov
Captures Ivov
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the Austrian Army
Commander of 4th Army
Appointed Commander of the 4th Army
Regimental Adjutant
Appointed Regimental Adjutant in the 99th Imperial & Royal Infantry Regiment
Battle of Lemberg
The Austro-Hungarians lose almost half a million men
Invasion of Balkans
Attempts to solve the Monarchys problems before the Balkans can wage war
Invasion of Balkans
Hopes to quickly defeat Serbia by sending 12 divisions to the Balkans. Leads Austro-Hungarian forces during the July crisis. Advises preemptive attack against the Balkans. Diverts the Balkan invasion force Galicia after the quick mobilization of the Russians. Advises a pre-war plan for a pre-emptive strike Italy & Serbia
Invasion of Poland
Austrian forces are to advance into Poland, link with the Germans & advance eastwards
First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army on the Eastern Front
General
Appointed Commander of the First Army on the Eastern Front
Tries to prevent Romania from entering the war
Tries to prevent Romania from entering the war
Battle of Marne, 1st
Fights at the Battle of the Marne
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief-of General Staff
General
Appointed General
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief-of General Staff
General
Appointed General
Battle of Yser
Withdraws the Belgian Army west along the coast to Flanders
Gold Convertibility
Emergency finance measures suspend normal gold redemption and protect Canadian banking reserves.
La Reina De Rapa Nui
Publication of "La Reina De Rapa Nui"
Neutrality in First World War
Declares Chilean neutrality after the outbreak of the First World War.
Restoration
Attempts to restore the monarchy but is prevented by the foreign powers
Exile Politics
Leaves Austria-Hungary to work for independence abroad.
Bohr Returns To Manchester Physics
Bohr accepted a university appointment and continued discussion of atomic theory with Rutherford's group. The project contributed to an expanding network of engineering expertise.
Manchester Physics Lectureship
Accepts a physics lectureship at Victoria University of Manchester, maintaining close contact with Rutherford's influential nuclear-physics research community.
Election
Elected Deputy
Gold Convertibility
France restricts gold redemption and exports as wartime finance replaces normal convertibility.
Foreign Secretary of France
Appointed Foreign Minister
French Academy
Bergson is elected to the French Academy during the height of his international influence.
Election
Laval enters politics winning a seat in the Chamber of Deputies as member of the Socialist SFIO
Commander of Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Second Army
Commander of XX Corps
Appointed Commander of the XX Corps
Mobilization
Coordinate the Allied forces between the Oise & the North Sea
Commander of Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Second Army
Commander of XX Corps
Appointed Commander of the XX Corps
Mobile X-Ray Units
Assists her mother with wartime radiology work.
The Golem
Co-directs the first Golem film with Paul Wegener.
Embassy Counselor
Appointed embassy counselor at Constantinople
National Liberal Leadership
Becomes National Liberal leader in the Reichstag.
Party Leader
Appointed National Liberal Leader in the Reichstag
Declaration of War
Ebert leads the SDP party to vote almost unanimously in favour of war appropriations, accepting that a war was a necessary patriotic, defensive measure
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics
Covariance Restrictions Defended
Einstein defended the restricted covariance of his provisional gravitational equations, believing at the time that broader coordinate freedom would prevent a unique physical description.
Formal Entwurf Theory Presented in Berlin
Einstein gave a systematic mathematical presentation of the Entwurf gravitational theory after moving to Berlin, clarifying its field equations, coordinate restrictions and physical assumptions.
Gravitational Conservation Laws Reconsidered
Einstein investigated how energy and momentum conservation should be formulated when the gravitational field itself participates in the dynamics of spacetime.
Rotating Coordinates Test the Entwurf Theory
Einstein examined rotating coordinate systems as a demanding consistency test for the Entwurf equations, exposing difficulties that contributed to his later rejection of the provisional theory.
Franck-Hertz Electron Collisions
With James Franck, demonstrates discrete energy transfer when electrons collide with mercury atoms.
Quantized Electron Collision Energy
With Gustav Hertz, shows that electrons transfer energy to mercury atoms in discrete amounts, confirming quantized atomic excitation.
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief of General Staff, combined with Minister of War for 6 months
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal & Commander of the German armies in the east. Appointed Commander of the Army in East Prussia
War Materials Dept
Due to a shortage of supplies a new department is set up under Rathenaus direction
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant on the Breslau
Commander of 6th Army
Appointed Commander of the 6th Army
Deutscher Schutz und Truzbund
Joins the Deutscher Schutz und Truzbund, an anti-Semitic organisation
Freikorps
Joins the Maracker Freikorps, a right-wing paramilitary group that strongly opposed the Communists
Maracker Freikorps
Joins the Maracker Freikorps, a right-wing paramilitary group that strongly opposed the Communists
Maracker Freikorps
Joins the Maracker Freikorps, a right-wing paramilitary group that strongly opposes the Communists
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief of General Staff, combined with Minister of War for 6 months
Sinking of SMS Scharnhorst - Falklands Loss
SMS Scharnhorst, von Spee's flagship, was sunk with all hands during the Battle of the Falkland Islands on 8 December 1914.
Sinking of SMS Scharnhorst
Goes down with the Scharnhorst, sunk by the British under Admiral Sturdee. Death of Maximilian Johannes Hubert von Spee, during the sinking of the Scharnhorst
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal & Commander of the German armies in the east. Appointed Commander of the Army in East Prussia
Battle of Tannenberg
The Russians lose 92,000 compared to 13,000 Germans. Ludendorf & Hindenberg outflank & defeat the Russian Second Army
Armament
Gallwitzs corps is formed into the Army Group Gallwitz in Poland
War Materials Dept
Due to a shortage of supplies a new department is set up under Rathenaus direction
Will not invade France if Britain remains neutral
Will not invade France if Britain remains neutral but Edward Grey refuses such a deal
Annexationist War Aims
Backs annexationist war aims during the First World War.
Declaration of War
Supports the war effort & annexationist war aims
War Effort Support
Supports Germany's war effort during the First World War.
Declaration of War
Ebert leads the SDP party to vote almost unanimously in favour of war appropriations, accepting that a war was a necessary patriotic, defensive measure
Battle of Marne, 1st
Carries out the Schlieffen Plan but is defeated at the Battle of the Marne
Dismissal
Carries out the Schlieffen Plan but is defeated at the Battle of the Marne
Invasion of France
France will be defeated in 6 weeks then Germany will concentrate on Russia
Invasion of Poland
Launches war on 2 fronts by invading Poland along the "Polish tongue"
Invasion of Russia
France will be defeated in 6 weeks then Germany will concentrate on Russia
Plan-Schlieffen
Carries out the Schlieffen Plan but is defeated at the Battle of the Marne
Schlieffen Plan
Moves 2 divisions to Alsace-Lorraine & the Russian Front. Makes plans to invade France on 2 fronts mainly through Belgium & then invading Russia. Launches the Schlieffen Plan but fights on 2 fronts. France will be defeated in 6 weeks then Germany will concentrate on Russia. Alters the original right & left wing proportions from 2:1 to 3:1
Invasion of France
Directs the German invasion of France
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Spearheads the 1st major German offensive around Ypres
Capture of Tannenberg
Advises that the 90,000 Russian prisoners "should be left to starve"
Commander of 6th Army
Appointed Commander of the 6th Army
Invasion of France
Fails to break through French defences east of the Moselle & the Schlieffen Plan
The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists
Publication of "The Ragged-Trousered Philanthropists"
Bank of England War Stocks
Walter Cunliffe oversees the Bank of England's role in issuing War Stocks and supporting government finance during the First World War.
Discovery of South Pole
Appointed Captian of the Endurance for Shackletons expedition to the South Pole
Lecture
Delivers the Gifford lectures on "Theism & Humanism"
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Labour Party, 2nd term
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Labour Party
Whip
Appointed Whip of the Labour Party, 1st term
Government Directors Added to Board
Two government-appointed directors join the company board with special veto rights over defined strategic matters.
Government Majority Shareholding Established
The British government acquires a majority interest, giving Anglo-Persian new capital while preserving commercial management.
Greenway Becomes Anglo-Persian Chairman
Becomes chairman of Anglo-Persian as the company enters its decisive partnership with the British government.
Thirty-Year Admiralty Supply Agreement
Concludes a long-term arrangement guaranteeing the Royal Navy a secure supply of Persian fuel oil.
Financial Secretary to the Treasury
Appointed Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 1914 to 1915
Budget
Churchill wins his case to increase the budget on the Navy
Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade
President of Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade
Resignation of John Elliot Burns
Resigns as President of the Board of Trade over Britains involvement in World War I
Defence of Realm Powers
Emergency powers are granted through the Defence of the Realm Act.
Legislation
The Defence of the Realm Act is passed conferring emergency powers
Reform of Emergency Powers
The Defence of the Realm Act is passed conferring emergency powers
Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade, 1st term
President of Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade, 1st term
Working-Class Politics
Develops political views in the South Wales coalfield.
Dismissal
Loses the leadership due to his opposition to World War 1
Resignation of James Ramsey MacDonald
Resigns the Party leadership because of British involvement in World War I
INV
Travels to the USA to raise financial support for the INV
Member of Parliament
Elected Liberal Member of Parliament for Hartlepool
Square Rigged Operations Approach End
Sailing ships still used Salthouse Dock until roughly the early twentieth century despite modernisation elsewhere. The episode shows how specialised basins became part of a larger harbour system.
Health of George VI
Operated on for appendicitis
Discovery of Atomic Numbers
Studies X-rays emitted by metals. Makes sense of the periodic table by stating elements can only have integral numbers
Periodic Table Anomalies Resolved
Explains why elements such as tellurium and iodine must be ordered contrary to atomic weight by showing that atomic number is the fundamental organising principle.
Rumford Medal
Awarded the Rumford Medal
Second League Championship Under Crompton
Crompton anchors the defence during Blackburn Rovers' second league title, secured shortly before domestic football is interrupted by the First World War.
Shea Scores in Blackburn Championship Campaign
Shea supplies attacking quality to the Rovers team that wins the First Division, helping the club secure its second championship in three seasons.
First Liverpool FA Cup Final Appearance
Jackie Sheldon played for Liverpool when they reached their first FA Cup final in 1914, although Burnley won the match at Crystal Palace.
Reballion of Rebels in Ireland
Meets the Kaiser & persuades him that he can foment trouble in Ireland
Education
Passes his Bachelor of Law degree and had applied to the Inner Temple in London to become a barrister when, in 1914, war broke out
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Home Defence Army in Britain
Commander of 3rd Cruiser Sqd
Appointed Commander of the 3rd Cruiser Squadron
Commander of 5th Army
Appointed Commander of the 5th Army
ANZAC
Appointed Commander of the ANZAC forces
Commander of ANZAC
Appointed Commander of the ANZAC forces
General
Appointed General
Staff Officer
Appointed Staff Officer of the 5th Division in France
Curragh Incident
During the Curragh Incident encourages senior officers to resign rather than enforce Home Rule in Ulster
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Sub Chief of Staff to the BEF, Wilson was Sir John Frenchs most important advisor during the 1914 campaign
Chief War Staff
Appointed Chief of the War Staff
Commander of Royal Flying Corp
Appointed Commander of the Royal Flying Corps
1st Rhodesia Regiment
Appointed Member of First Rhodesia Regiment
Principal Liaison Officer
Appointed Principal Liaison Officer to the French HQ
Captain
During World War I, Attlee was given the rank of captain and served with the South Lancashire Regiment in the Gallipoli Campaign in Turkey
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Commander of the First Army as part of the BEF sent to France
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army as part of the BEF sent to France
First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army as part of the BEF sent to France
Commander of Grand Fleet
Appointed Commander of the Grand Fleet
General
Appointed General
Cavalry Division Deployment
Deploys to France in command of the British Cavalry Division.
Commander of Cavalry Division
Appointed Commander of the Cavalry Division of the BEF
Platoon Commander
Appointed Platoon Commander
Invention of Tank
Draws up plans for what will become the 1st ever tank
Reballion of Rebels in Ireland
Meets the Kaiser & persuades him that he can foment trouble in Ireland
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Home Defence Army in Britain
Commander of 3rd Cruiser Sqd
Appointed Commander of the 3rd Cruiser Squadron
Commander of 5th Army
Appointed Commander of the 5th Army
Offensive
Leeds the Courtai Offensive
ANZAC
Appointed Commander of the ANZAC forces
Commander of ANZAC
Appointed Commander of the ANZAC forces
Admiralty Intelligence Coordination Expanded
Churchill strengthens the Admiralty's wartime collection and distribution of naval intelligence.
Antwerp Naval Personnel Interned in Netherlands
Some retreating Royal Naval Division personnel cross into neutral Netherlands and are interned.
British Expeditionary Force Sea Passage Secured
Royal Navy patrols help the Expeditionary Force cross the Channel without German naval interference.
Channel Minesweeping Protection Expanded
The Admiralty increases minesweeping and patrol activity to protect troop and merchant routes.
Channel Troop Convoy Protection Organised
The Admiralty organises naval protection for transports carrying the British Expeditionary Force to France.
Dover Patrol Wartime Role Expanded
Naval forces at Dover intensify patrol, escort and defensive duties protecting the Channel approaches.
Dunkirk Naval Base Operations Expanded
Dunkirk becomes an important Admiralty base for coastal patrols, aviation and support operations.
Enemy Merchant Shipping Seizure Policy Applied
The Admiralty directs action against German merchant vessels found within British-controlled waters.
First Naval Brigade Sent to Antwerp
Churchill sends additional Royal Naval Division troops to support the defence of Antwerp.
German Naval Cipher Exploitation Begun
Admiralty cryptanalysts begin exploiting captured German naval codes to improve operational intelligence.
German Wireless Interception Organised
The Admiralty develops systematic interception of German naval wireless traffic for intelligence purposes.
Invention of Tank
Orders the creation of armored cars to protect naval installations at Dunkirk
Invention of Tank
France & Britain test the new tank which is introduced into combat in 1915. Caterpillar tracks are added to armoured cars which become tank prototypes
Königsberg Blockade Supported
The Admiralty supports operations containing the German cruiser Königsberg in the Rufiji River.
Magdeburg Code Material Received
Captured German naval code material reaches Britain and strengthens Admiralty signals intelligence.
Naval Armoured Cars Sent to Belgium
Churchill supports deployment of armed naval vehicles to assist reconnaissance and communications in Belgium.
Neutral Shipping Routes through Dover Directed
Merchant vessels are advised to use Admiralty-directed routes through the Channel and along Britain's east coast.
North Sea Mine Countermeasures Expanded
The Admiralty enlarges mine countermeasures after German mining and submarine operations threaten shipping.
Northern Patrol Trade Control Expanded
The Admiralty strengthens cruiser patrols between Scotland and Iceland to intercept suspect shipping.
Ostend Naval Detachment Reinforced
The Admiralty sends naval personnel and equipment to strengthen Allied activity around Ostend.
Royal Marine Brigade Sent to Antwerp
The Admiralty dispatches Royal Marines to reinforce the threatened Belgian fortress during the German advance.
Royal Naval Air Service Armoured Cars Expanded
The Admiralty expands RNAS armoured-car units for reconnaissance and mobile support on the Belgian coast.
Royal Naval Air Service Coastal Reconnaissance Expanded
Churchill supports wider RNAS reconnaissance from coastal stations as naval aviation enters wartime service.
Second Naval Brigade Sent to Antwerp
Another naval brigade is committed as Britain attempts to prolong Antwerp's resistance.
Coal-Burning Capital Ships Shifted toward Oil
Fisher presses redesign of capital ships under construction to use oil fuel for greater speed and operational efficiency.
Renown Recast as Fast Battlecruiser
Fisher redirects the Renown design toward a very fast oil-burning battlecruiser suited to his northern offensive ideas.
Repulse Recast as Fast Battlecruiser
Fisher redirects Repulse toward a fast battlecruiser design rather than the slower battleship concept previously planned.
Birmingham Pals
Birmingham raises locally recruited battalions for service during the First World War.
Staff Officer
Appointed Staff Officer of the 5th Division in France
Principal Liaison Officer
Appointed Principal Liaison Officer with the French HQ
Captain
During World War I, Attlee was given the rank of captain and served with the South Lancashire Regiment in the Gallipoli Campaign in Turkey
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Commander of the First Army as part of the BEF sent to France
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army as part of the BEF sent to France
First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army as part of the BEF sent to France
Commander of Grand Fleet
Appointed Commander of the Grand Fleet
General
Appointed General
Military Intelligence
Joins British military intelligence work after the outbreak of the First World War.
Mounted Warfare Experience
Applies extensive cavalry experience during the mobile opening campaign in France and Belgium.
Ypres Command Reputation
Wins praise for leadership during the 1914 fighting at Ypres.
Ypres Line Holding
His cavalry formations help hold threatened sectors during the Ypres fighting.
Aisne Cavalry Operations
Leads the Cavalry Division during operations on the Aisne.
BEF Cavalry Division Command
Commands the British Expeditionary Force Cavalry Division when war begins.
Battle of Ypres, 1st
Leads the Cavalry Corps at the 1st Battle of Ypres
Commander of Cavalry Division
Appointed Commander of the Cavalry Division of the BEF
Dismounted Cavalry Defence
Uses cavalry dismounted to help hold the line south of Ypres.
Marne Cavalry Operations
Commands cavalry during the Allied advance associated with the Marne fighting.
Mons Cavalry Leadership
Leads cavalry during the fighting around Mons.
Retreat from Mons
Directs cavalry covering movements during the British retreat from Mons.
Western Front Cavalry Command
Serves as a senior British cavalry commander during the opening Western Front battles.
Ypres Cavalry Defence
Commands cavalry engaged in the critical fighting around Ypres.
Bethman-Hollweg offers not to invade France if Britain remains neutral, Grey refuses
Bethman-Hollweg offers not to invade France if Britain remains neutral, Grey refuses
Neutrality
Bethman-Hollweg offers not to invade France if Britain remains neutral, Grey refuses
Platoon Commander
Appointed Platoon Commander
Neutrality
Greece is forced to remain neutral because of Allied naval power
Home Rule
Tilak helps found the All India Home Rule League in 1916-18 with Annie Besant and Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Independence of India
Tilak helps found the All India Home Rule League in 1916-18 with Annie Besant and Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Dubliners
Publication of "Dubliners"
Stackhouse Expedition Recruitment
Crean agrees to join Joseph Foster Stackhouse's planned Antarctic expedition, but the project is postponed before departure.
Zang Tumb Tuuum
Publication of "Zang Tumb Tuuum"
Purge
Expelled from the Socialist Party for supporting The First World War
Cardinal
Appointed Cardinal
Peace
Unsuccessfully pushes the idea of a general Christmas truce
Pope
Appointed Pope
Declaration of War
Opposes Italian intervention in World War I
Peace
Unsuccessfully pushes the idea of a general Christmas truce
Kokoro
Publication of "Kokoro"
Foreign Secretary of Japan
Appointed Foreign Secretary
Foreign Secretary of Japan
Appointed Foreign Minister, 4th term
Minister of Justice
Appointed Minister of Justice
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 2nd term
Adjutant
Appointed an Adjutant, attached to the War Ministry
Education
Put in charge of the education of Prince Hirohito, the future Showa Emperor
Alliance Taisho and Allies
Japan joins the Allies
Capture of Qingdao
Japan captures the German concession of Qingdao in China
Capture of Tsingtao
Japan captures the German base at Tsingtao in China
Arab Nationalist Contacts
Abdullah cultivated links with Arab nationalist circles as tensions mounted between the Ottoman government and supporters of greater Arab autonomy.
President of Mexico
Appointed President of Mexico, acting
President of Mexico
Appointed President of Mexico
Coup
Provisional President of Mexico after the Huertas forces assassinate Madero
Upper House
Appointed Member of Upper House
Radium Institute
The Paris Radium Institute opens as war begins.
Victim Support
Founds a general commitee for the victims of war in Poland
Invasion of Russia
Leads his private Polish army which invades Russia
Private Army
Organizes a secret & private Polish army of 10,000 to fight against Russia
Mobile X-Ray Units
Organises mobile radiography units for wartime medical service.
Prime Minister of Portugal
Appointed Prime Minister of Portugal, 1st term
Death of Carol I
Death of Carol I
Succession
Succeeds as King of Romania, son of Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
Advocates neutrality during World War I
Advocates neutrality during World War I
Neutrality
Advocates neutrality during World War I
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Conservative Party
Declaration of Neutrality
Declares Romania to be neutral
Declares Romania to be neutral
Declares Romania to be neutral
Neutrality
Declares Romania to be neutral
The Ugly Duckling
Composes, "The Ugly Duckling"
Alexander Gymnasium Enrollment
Shalamov began studying at St Alexander Gymnasium in Vologda, where he developed his early literary interests.
War Finance
His earlier financial system faces the strain of world war.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman if the Alln Union of Zemstvos
Zemtsvo
Appointed Chairman if the Alln Union of Zemstvos
Gold Convertibility
Russia suspends redemption of State Bank notes in gold after entering the First World War.
Dismissal
Dismisses the Prime Minister for liberal tendencies & removes Duma immunities
Duma
Appoints Goremykin Prime Minister of the Duma to stamp out the revolutionary movement
Duma
Dismisses the Prime Minister for liberal tendencies & removes Duma immunities
Government
Appoints Goremykin Prime Minister of the Duma to stamp out the revolutionary movement
Arrest of Lev Borisovich Kamenev
Arrested after supervising publication of Pravda for 1 yr
Bolshevik Party
Arrested after supervising publication of Pravda for 1 yr
Pravda
Arrested after supervising publication of Pravda for 1 yr
Expulsion from Party
The Bolsheviks expelled Malinovsky after condemning his unexplained resignation from the State Duma as a serious breach of party discipline.
Military Conscription
After the outbreak of the First World War, Malinovsky entered Russian military service and disappeared from active parliamentary and party politics.
Resignation from the Duma
Malinovsky abruptly resigned his seat in the Fourth State Duma after senior officials decided that his continued presence risked exposing his secret relationship with the police.
Anti-War Speech
Kerensky publicly denounces the war and warns that military conflict will deepen Russia's political and social crisis.
Duma Suspension
The suspension of regular Duma activity limits parliamentary opposition, while Kerensky continues political agitation and maintains contacts across anti-autocratic circles.
Government Repression
Kerensky faces official pressure for outspoken opposition activity as the government tightens political controls during the opening phase of the war.
Captain
Appointed Captain in the Baltic Fleet
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Russian Army
Commander of Vilna
Appointed Commander of the Vilna District
Deputy Chief of Staff
Appointed Deputy Chief of Staff at STAVKA, Russian central command
STAVKA
Appointed Deputy Chief of Staff at STAVKA, Russian central command
Paris Wartime Journalism
Moves to France and works as an anti-war journalist during the first years of the First World War.
Zurich Wartime Move
Moves from Vienna to neutral Zurich after the outbreak of war to avoid internment in Austria-Hungary.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Russian Army
Commander of Vilna
Appointed Commander of the Vilna District
Deputy Chief of Staff
Appointed Deputy Chief of Staff at STAVKA, Russian central command
Invasion of Prussia
Danilov is the author of Plan 19 to concentrate Russian forces for a quick conquest of East Prussia
Plan-19
Danilov is the author of Plan 19 to concentrate Russian forces for a quick conquest of East Prussia
STAVKA
Appointed Deputy Chief of Staff at STAVKA, Russian central command
Battle of Galicia
Victorious in Galicia
Czechoslovak Resistance
Supports Czechoslovak independence work during World War I.
General Strike
A railway strike turns into a general strike & Smuts declares martial law
Martial Law
A railway strike turns into a general strike & Smuts declares martial law
Strike
A railway strike turns into a general strike & Smuts declares martial law
Die Burger
Founds the National Party newspaper, "Die Burger"
Independence of South Africa
Founds the National Party for 2 stream English & Dutch cultural & national development
National Party
Founds the National Party for 2 stream English & Dutch cultural & national development
Reballion of suppress the Maritz
Botha and Smuts suppress the Maritz Rebellion before it becomes a wider Boer war.
Reballion of Boer
Suppresses a Boer revolt under General de Wet
Reballion of Christaan de Wet
Leads a rising of 12,000 Afrikaaners which is suppressed by Prime Minister Louis Botha
South African Defence Force
Smuts forms the South African Defence Force
Alliance South Africa and Commonwealth
Rallies South Africa to the Commonwealth
Capture of Pretoria
Conquers German SW Africa
Commonwealth
Rallies South Africa to the Commonwealth
Reballion of Boer
Suppresses a Boer revolt under General de Wet
Reballion of Christaan de Wet
Leads a rising of 12,000 Afrikaaners which is suppressed by Prime Minister Louis Botha
Exclusive Work on Sagrada Familia
Devotes himself exclusively to the Sagrada Familia for the remainder of his life.
Alliance Agreement with The Entente Powers
Favours an alliance with the Entente Powers but his diplomatic efforts fail
Alliance Ahmed Djemal Pasha and Entente Powers
Favours an alliance with the Entente Powers but his diplomatic efforts fail
Authorizes Souchons pre-emptive strike in the Black Sea against the Entente Powers
Authorizes Souchons pre-emptive strike in the Black Sea against the Entente Powers
Declaration of War
Authorizes Souchons pre-emptive strike in the Black Sea against the Entente Powers
Invasion of Turkey
Armenian nationalists slaughter an estimated 120,000 nonns. Armenian nationalists invade Turkey with Russian arms
Independence of Panama
The USA will lend Colombia $25million for its recognition of Panamanian independence
Independence of United States of America
The USA will lend Colombia $25million for its recognition of Panamanian independence
Panama Canal
A Treaty is signed allowing Colombia certain privileges in Panama
Recognition of Independence at Washington
The USA will lend Colombia $25million for its recognition of Panamanian independence
The Concept of Consciousness
Publication of "The Concept of Consciousness"
American Relief
Appointed Chairman of the American Relief Commission in London
Discovery of Cepheid Stars
Beginning in 1914, Harlow Shapley began a series of studies of globular clusters, published in about 40 scientific papers. He examined the RR Lyrae variables in the clusters (which he assumed were cepheid variables) and would use their period-luminosity relationship for distance estimates
Discovery of Globular Clusters
Beginning in 1914, Harlow Shapley began a series of studies of globular clusters, published in about 40 scientific papers. He examined the RR Lyrae variables in the clusters (which he assumed were cepheid variables) and would use their period-luminosity relationship for distance estimates
Stellar Mass-Luminosity
Beginning in 1914, Harlow Shapley began a series of studies of globular clusters, published in about 40 scientific papers. He examined the RR Lyrae variables in the clusters (which he assumed were cepheid variables) and would use their period-luminosity relationship for distance estimates
Invention of Rocket
Robert Goddard begins practical rocketry
Return to Postgraduate Astronomy
Edwin Hubble returns to the University of Chicago for postgraduate work in astronomy, beginning the research path that leads to his doctorate and a career in observational cosmology.
Sinope Added to Jupiter System
Finds Sinope, extending the known family of distant retrograde Jovian satellites.
Geological Dating
Applies uranium-lead dating to geological timescales.
Berlin Academy Appointment
Moves to Berlin for a senior research appointment and membership of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
Covariance Problem in Gravitation
Publishes work refining the mathematical and covariance problems of his developing gravitational theory.
Einstein-Grossmann Covariance Analysis
Continues with Grossmann to examine covariance properties of their gravitational equations, exposing problems that eventually drive Einstein back toward general covariance.
Formal Foundations of General Relativity
Publishes a detailed formal treatment of the developing gravitational theory, presenting its mathematical structure before he restores fully general covariance.
Manifesto to Europeans
Co-signs a pacifist appeal opposing wartime nationalism among European intellectuals.
Nordstrom Gravitation Recast with Fokker
With Adriaan Fokker, reformulates Nordstrom's competing gravitation theory using tensor methods, clarifying how relativistic gravity could be expressed geometrically.
Provisional Constitutional Statute
A provisional constitutional statute reorganized the executive while Gomez retained decisive political control.
Indissoluble Matrimony
West published the story Indissoluble Matrimony in the modernist magazine Blast.
Birth of Anthony West
West gave birth to Anthony West, who would become a writer and critic.
McClure Autobiography Collaboration
Cather helped produce S S McClure's autobiography as a ghostwriter.
The World Set Free
Wells published The World Set Free, anticipating atomic warfare and international government.
The Wife of Sir Isaac Harman
Wells published a novel examining marriage, women's autonomy and social convention.
First World War Pacifism
Strachey opposed the First World War and retained his commitment to intellectual independence.
Law Confronts Home Rule Crisis
Bonar Law faces a mounting constitutional confrontation over Irish self government shortly before the outbreak of war.
Law Supports British War Effort
After war begins, Bonar Law supports national mobilisation while remaining Conservative opposition leader.
Montenegro Faces New Regional Crisis
After the Balkan Wars, unresolved regional tensions persist before Montenegro enters the First World War.
Montenegro Faces New Regional Crisis
After the Balkan Wars, unresolved regional tensions persist before Montenegro enters the First World War.