1915 in History

Japan issues the 21 Demands to China, grievances to be settled under threat of war. China must grant Japanese control over Manchuria & Shantung. China must cease leasing coastal ports. China must allow Japanese part ownership of its heavy industries. China must allow Japanaes "advisers" into every stratum of Government activity. China is forced to accept Japans 21 Demands

Serves as brigade major of 91st Infantry Brigade while training New Army formations.

Obtains recognition of an Italian interest in the region around Adalia if Ottoman territory in Asia is partitioned.

Accepts provisions recognising Italian interests around Adalia if Ottoman territory in Asia is partitioned or occupied.

The approved operation receives additional British and French warships, submarines, destroyers and minesweeping trawlers.

Churchill explains the Admiralty's appointment of Admiral Reginald Bacon during parliamentary questioning.

The Admiralty accepts Carden's revised plan for a heavily supported daylight assault and minesweeping effort.

British naval intelligence gives the Admiralty enough warning to organise an interception of Hipper's force.

Churchill's responsibilities pass to Arthur Balfour as the coalition government reorganises naval leadership.

Churchill gives Parliament a wide review of naval operations and Britain's command of the sea.

Churchill provides information concerning wartime use of the Admiralty yacht Enchantress.

Stoker takes submarine AE2 into the defended Dardanelles on the morning of the Allied landings.

AE2 is damaged by the Ottoman torpedo boat Sultanhisar and forced to surface.

Stoker receives instructions to enter the Sea of Marmara and attack Ottoman communications.

Stoker searches for Ottoman shipping while remaining submerged for long periods to avoid patrols.

Stoker succeeds in taking AE2 through the Dardanelles into the Sea of Marmara.

Stoker scuttles AE2 after ordering the crew to abandon the disabled submarine.

Stoker reports that AE2 has passed the Narrows, encouraging Allied commanders during the first landing day.

Accepts in principle possible colonial compensation for Italy if France and Britain gain German territory in Africa.

After American outrage, Germany officially stops sinking passenger vessels without warning

Existence of secret agreement for mutual support between Italy and Rumania announced by respective Governments

Existence of secret agreement for mutual support between Italy and Rumania announced by respective Governments

Addresses compensation for civilian damage caused by hostile aircraft and bombardment.

Accepts provisions concerning Valona, a reduced neutral Albanian state and possible territorial changes around Albania.

Accepts provisions allowing a reduced neutral Albanian state while giving Italy a privileged position around Valona and in Albanian foreign affairs.

Haig begins coordinating future British operations with Joffre as the new BEF commander.

Addresses British responsibilities for supplying munitions and material to Allied governments.

HMS Amethyst supports six minesweepers during a costly attempt to clear mines under heavy Ottoman fire.

Mustafa Kemal assumes command of Ottoman forces opposing the Allied advance around Suvla and Sari Bair.

The 163rd Brigade is ordered forward from the Suvla line to clear ground near Anafarta Spur and improve the connection toward Kiretch Tepe.

Lands a force of Australians & New Zealanders subsequently know as ANZAC Cove

Celebrated as ANZAC day

Asquith's government authorises withdrawal from the ANZAC and Suvla sectors.

Monro prepares to implement the British decision to abandon the ANZAC and Suvla sectors.

Howse works to improve treatment and evacuation arrangements for the growing number of ANZAC casualties.

Birdwood's corps is assigned a landing north of Gaba Tepe to threaten the peninsula's central communications.

Birdwood's ANZAC Corps lands north of its intended objective and establishes a precarious beachhead.

Chauvel coordinates defence of the forward posts during repeated Ottoman pressure.

Birdwood reports increasing sickness as heat, flies and poor sanitation weaken the garrison.

White's withdrawal plan succeeds as the final ANZAC troops leave before dawn with virtually no casualties.

Hamilton orders the Anzacs to hold their ground rather than abandon the beachhead on the first night.

Birdwood and senior ANZAC officers inspect the Gallipoli coast from HMS Queen Elizabeth before the landings.

Birdwood's corps defeats the large Ottoman attack and retains the entire ANZAC perimeter.

Kitchener visits ANZAC to inspect the front and assess the arguments for abandoning the campaign.

Esat releases additional troops to contain the ANZAC beachhead during the first day.

Hamilton transfers Australian and New Zealand infantry from ANZAC to reinforce a renewed attack at Helles.

Jacka attacks Ottoman soldiers occupying part of an Australian trench and helps restore the position.

Seaplane carrier HMS Ark Royal provides aerial observation support for the Dardanelles operation under Carden.

Appointed Commander of Armeegruppe Rohr, takes charge of all troops in from Graz to Innsbruck

Churchill discusses tracked fighting machines with officers experienced in Royal Naval Air Service armoured cars.

Addresses wartime Army estimates and the resources required for expanding operations.

Presses industry and the War Office to increase shell output as battlefield consumption rises sharply.

Leads Ottoman forces attacking the Sultanate of Lahej.

Asquith appoints Carson Attorney General when the Coalition Government is formed after the Liberal Government was bought down by the Shell Crisis

Haig reviews the failed attack after British troops gain little ground against intact German positions.

Haig's First Army attacks Aubers Ridge but strong German defences inflict severe British losses.

Johnston orders the Auckland Battalion forward after delays prevent the planned dawn assault.

Godley commits the Auckland Battalion in an unsuccessful daylight attack toward the summit of Chunuk Bair.

Hamilton's August offensive ends without gaining the decisive heights or breaking the strategic deadlock.

HMS Aurora encounters SMS Kolberg near Dogger Bank, helping trigger the opening exchanges of the battle.

McCay leads the 2nd Australian Brigade in the final phase of the Second Battle of Krithia.

Bridges issues final instructions for the 1st Australian Division's role in the ANZAC landing.

Godley ends the failed Baby 700 attack after severe casualties and little territorial gain.

Godley directs the New Zealand and Australian Division during the poorly coordinated attack on Baby 700.

Birdwood approves an offensive intended to seize Baby 700 and improve the vulnerable ANZAC position.

D'Oyly-Hughes swims ashore from E11 and damages the Constantinople-Baghdad railway line.

War Council discussion records Fisher's special cruisers and other vessels intended for a future Baltic operation.

Nasmith's E11 torpedoes and sinks the Ottoman battleship Barbaros Hayreddin.

Beatty's force develops its role as the fast scouting arm intended to locate enemy heavy ships.

Beatty sails from Rosyth with five battlecruisers after the Admiralty orders an interception of Hipper.

Beatty's squadrons continue gunnery training while waiting for another major German sortie.

Beatty begins a high-speed pursuit as Hipper's force retreats from the approaching British battlecruisers.

The fleet practises signalling procedures intended to improve control of fast-moving battlecruiser formations.

The battlecruiser force is reorganised into squadrons following the experience of Dogger Bank.

De Robeck withdraws major warships from close offshore support after submarine attacks sink Triumph and Majestic.

Russell's brigade captures Bauchop's Hill and helps secure the approach routes for the August advance.

Confusing signals from the damaged Lion are misunderstood, disrupting Beatty's attempt to continue pursuing Hipper.

Haig replaces Sir John French as Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force.

Haig emerges as the leading candidate to replace Sir John French as commander of the BEF.

Plumer continues defensive and local offensive operations around Bellewaarde in the Ypres salient.

Mustafa Kemal keeps the 19th Division ready as a mobile reserve on the eve of the Allied landings.

Nasmith's E11 sinks the collier Isfahan as Ottoman coal supplies come under increasing pressure.

After the failure of the Austrian Black Yellow offensive, Germany takes over ultimate control of Austro-Hungarian forces

After the failure of the Austrian Black Yellow offensive, Germany takes over ultimate control of Austro-Hungarian forces

German zeppelins launch the 1st air raid on Britain

A German submarine blockade of Great Britain begins

Germany declares submarine blockade of Britain, with all approaching ships considered targets, the start of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

A German submarine blockade of Great Britain begins

Allied aircraft bombs Karlsruhe in retaliation for German bombing of London

Hipper's faster battlecruisers continue their withdrawal while the crippled Blücher falls farther behind.

Churchill treats the destruction of Blücher as evidence of British battlecruiser superiority.

After leaving the Admiralty, Fisher becomes chairman of the Royal Navy Board of Invention and Research.

On the eve of the conference Lenin organizes a group of socialist internationalists, the Zimmerwald Left

Lenin appeals to all soldiers to lay down their arms. Calls for the "self determination of peoples". Calls for "peace without indemnities & without annexations". Calls for open civil war & the organisation of a new revolutionary international

The Second International dissolves during World War I, in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists. The "internationalists" open their Conference in Switzerland. Opening day of a Conference of European anti-war Socialists.

The Zimmerwald Conference sees the beginning of the end of the coalition between left-wing socialists (communists) and right-wing socialists (social democrats) in the Second International.

The Central Workers Group is formed

The Treaty is secret until later exposed by the Russian Bolsheviks

Carden pauses renewed attacks when poor weather prevents effective naval bombardment.

Allied aircraft bombs Karlsruhe in retaliation for German bombing of London

German Zeppelins bombard the suburbs of London

Guepratte's force suffers the sudden loss of Bouvet after the battleship strikes a mine.

Churchill answers parliamentary questions concerning British and Ottoman losses during Dardanelles operations.

Beatty closes the range and his battlecruisers open fire on Hipper's retreating ships.

Hunter-Weston's troops gain limited ground during the third unsuccessful Allied offensive toward Krithia.

Beatty's battlecruisers are directed toward a rendezvous with supporting cruisers and destroyers near Dogger Bank.

British battlecruisers concentrate on the crippled Blücher instead of continuing the pursuit of Hipper's surviving ships.

Hipper recognises that stronger British forces are approaching and prepares to withdraw toward Germany.

The Royal Navy reviews fire distribution and gunnery after problems during the battle reduce the scale of victory.

Addresses the strength and deployment requirements of British land forces.

Addresses reports concerning the treatment of British prisoners held in Germany.

The Royal Navy examines signalling failures that prevented Beatty from maintaining an effective pursuit of Hipper.

Haig reviews the expanding British sector and the requirements for larger operations in 1916.

Formulates the idea for the Brusilov Offensive. At the GHQ in front of the Tsar advocates an attack on all fronts

The 3rd & Eighth Armies attack the Austrian 4th south of the Pripet Marshes. The Austrians are routed

The plan to attack all fronts is changed as General Evert decides to support Brusilov

The 7th Army thrusts deep into Bukovina & within 3 weeks reaches the Carpathians

The Germans are forced to end their Verdun Operation. The Brusilov Offensive ends with half a million Russian casualties. The attempt to drive Austria out of the war fails

Birdwood participates in arrangements for a temporary truce to bury thousands of dead between the opposing lines.

Supports greater use of business expertise in Army and Navy equipment supply.

Halil Sami prepares the 9th Division to defend the southern peninsula and landing beaches.

Carden resumes the naval assault and heavily engages the outer forts near Cape Helles.

Hamilton launches the main British landings on five beaches around Cape Helles.

Commands the Eleventh Army which helps capture Belgrade

Captures Belgrade

German, Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian forces push the Serbian army into exile; Serbia falls

Is captured by Austro-Hungarian forces after heavy fighting.

Lemberg is recaptured by Austria

Captures Libau, Russian Baltic port

Captures Lvov

Leads a raid which captures Mount Cosna from the Romanians

Swakopmund in German South West Africa is captured by forces under Louis Botha

Windhoek in German South West Africa is captured by forces under Louis Botha

Carden reports severe strain as pressure mounts for a decisive fleet assault.

Directs the Carpathian Offensive, March-April

His division is caught during the Russian retreat.

The Central Workers Group is formed

Appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, stays in position for 5 months

Arrives at Boulogne-sur-Mer to take up duties

Taken to General HQ at St Omer

Chauvel leaves Gallipoli through illness after commanding the forward ANZAC posts.

Appointed Chief of the Imperial General Staff

Appointed Chief of the Imperial General Staff

Overton scouts routes north of ANZAC and reports that approaches toward the Sari Bair heights are lightly held.

Mustafa Kemal prepares a concentrated counterattack against British troops holding positions near Chunuk Bair.

Malone's battalion holds Chunuk Bair through repeated Ottoman attacks and devastating artillery fire.

Mustafa Kemal leads the counterattack that drives Allied troops from Chunuk Bair and restores Ottoman control.

Godley arranges relief of the shattered Wellington Battalion after its day-long defence of Chunuk Bair.

Malone leads the Wellington Battalion onto the summit of Chunuk Bair before dawn.

Bassett repeatedly repairs telephone lines under fire between the front and headquarters at Chunuk Bair.

Churchill asks Carden whether the Dardanelles can be forced by ships alone and requests his professional assessment.

Keyes supports using naval personnel when civilian trawler crews struggle under Ottoman fire.

Carden's trawler minesweepers struggle against current, searchlights and mobile artillery while operated largely by civilian crews.

Asquith & Bonar Law agree a Coaltion

Defends the new coalition arrangement before the House of Commons.

Addresses parliamentary questions about the possibility of forming a coalition government.

Forms a coalition administration with Conservative participation to strengthen wartime government.

Remains at the War Office when Asquith forms a coalition government during the shell crisis.

The new wartime government is announced.

Announces political negotiations intended to broaden the wartime Government.

Continues as Prime Minister under the wartime coalition.

Churchill leaves the Admiralty when Asquith reconstructs the government after the political crisis over naval strategy.

Fisher favours any attempt against the Straits being made rapidly with strong naval and military forces acting together.

Appointed Commander in Chief

Appointed Commander in Chief

Appointed Commander of the Russian armed forces

Appointed Commander of the Russian armed forces

Appointed Commander of 6th Corps when Italy enters the war

Appointed Commander of 6th Corps when Italy enters the war

Appointed Commander of the Army Group North, given full command

Appointed Commander of the Army Group North, given full command

Appointed Commander of the Eleventh Army

Appointed Commander of the Eleventh Army

Appointed Commander of the North West Army Group

Appointed Comander of the North West Army Group

Proposes to the Dardanelles Committee French & Kitchener swap roles in Turkey & France

Discusses registration measures intended to identify the nation’s available manpower.

It is agreed to withdraw from Salonika although this decision is reversed at Chantilly. Attends the Calais Conference with the French

On the eve of the conference Lenin organizes a group of socialist internationalists, the Zimmerwald Left

Lenin appeals to all soldiers to lay down their arms. Calls for the "self determination of peoples". Calls for "peace without indemnities & without annexations". Calls for open civil war & the organisation of a new revolutionary international

The Second International dissolves during World War I, in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists. The "internationalists" open their Conference in Switzerland. Opening day of a Conference of European anti-war Socialists.

The Zimmerwald Conference sees the beginning of the end of the coalition between left-wing socialists (communists) and right-wing socialists (social democrats) in the Second International.

Calls for "peace without indemnities & without annexations"

Mustafa Kemal reaches the high ground and commits reserves before the Anzacs can secure the crest.

Addresses renewed pressure for compulsory military service while voluntary recruiting continues.

Creates a semi-independent "Congress Poland" ruled by an aristocratic Assembly

Most Minister's request that the Duma be allowed to form a cabinet

The Government authorizes the creation Municipal Council organisations. The Government authorizes the creation a national Zemstvo

The US House of Representatives rejected a proposal to give woment the vote

HMS Cornwallis and HMS Vengeance answer Ottoman fire during the first major day of Carden's February operation.

Malone takes responsibility for Courtney's Post and begins strengthening its vulnerable defensive works.

Sinclair-MacLagan's 3rd Australian Brigade embarks as the covering force for the ANZAC landing.

Malone leads the Wellington Battalion through intense fire during the New Zealand attack across the Daisy Patch.

Accepts the agreement promising Italy substantial parts of Dalmatia and specified Adriatic islands.

Obtains extensive promised territorial gains along the Dalmatian coast and islands.

Hamilton establishes headquarters and begins organising the multinational force for the peninsula invasion.

Carden submits a staged plan for reducing Ottoman forts and clearing the Dardanelles minefields.

After the 18 March losses, Fisher tells the War Council that the sinking of major ships cannot be dismissed.

Carden leaves command through illness and de Robeck takes over the naval operation.

Asquith's government reviews the deteriorating campaign and competing demands for troops in the Balkans.

Fisher discusses the proposed Dardanelles operation with Asquith and Churchill before the War Council meeting.

De Robeck assumes command of the Allied naval force on the eve of the major Dardanelles attack.

Fisher returns to the War Council and remains in office after the naval attack on the Dardanelles is approved.

Churchill presses the Admiralty to begin systematic attacks on Ottoman forts and minefields.

Churchill proposes forcing the Dardanelles with naval power to threaten Constantinople and assist Russia.

De Robeck inherits Carden's operational concept and prepares the large fleet attack scheduled for 18 March.

Churchill rejects exaggerated press allegations concerning the conduct of the Dardanelles operation.

The War Cabinet decides to send troops to the Dardanelles.

Malone refuses to send the Wellington Battalion into a suicidal daylight attack and waits for darkness.

Carden proposes a daylight minesweeping operation closely protected by the battle fleet after repeated night attempts fail.

Supports the secret agreement that aligns Italy with the Entente and promises territorial rewards after victory.

Asquiths policy of "wait & see" is challenged by Lloyd George

Responsible for the task of defending the southwestern frontier and historic heartlands of the Empire following the Itialian declaration of war

Russia and Italy declare war on Bulgaria

Italy declares war on Austria

Russia and Italy declare war on Bulgaria

Hands the declaration of war on Austria to Baron Macchio

Signs the declaration of war on Austria

Russia and Italy declare war on Bulgaria

Appointed Deputy Chief of the Imperial General Staff

Appointed Deputy Chief of the Imperial General Staff

Supports the Derby Scheme as the government tests whether voluntary enlistment can meet remaining manpower needs.

Detailed orders are issued for the final evacuation phase, with secrecy and deception measures designed to conceal the withdrawal.

White's detailed timetable governs the final nights of withdrawal from the ANZAC perimeter.

Involved in a failed diplomatic mission to Italy, headed by von Bulow

The Romanian Government negotiates loan of 5,000,000 pounds in Great Britain

Lowell Observatory captures faint images of Pluto, but the object is not recognised as the predicted planet.

Reduces the size of the War Council

Replaces French as Commander of the Expeditionary Force in France with Haig

Dismissed by Asquith, Bonar Law wishes to form a coalition without Churchill

Dismissed after the Tsar takes personal charge of STAVKA

Dismissed after the Tsar takes personal charge of STAVKA

French is replaced after failures following Ypres and Loos.

Replaced as Commander-in-Chief by General Haig

Dismissed after the Dardanelles campaign, never given another command

Dismissed from his command after the failure of the Galliploi Campaign

Dismissed & replaced by Nicholas II

Dismissed as Minister of War

Dismissed after Nicholas II takes charge of Stavka

Constantine dismisses Venizelos after renewed disagreement over Allied military operations.

Secures Allied recognition of Italian ownership of the Dodecanese islands already occupied by Italy.

Obtains Allied recognition of future Italian sovereignty over the Dodecanese islands then occupied by Italy.

Admiralty intelligence helps British battlecruisers intercept Admiral Hipper's force at Dogger Bank.

Churchill cites Dogger Bank as evidence of the range and power of British battlecruiser gunnery.

Ingenohl orders Hipper's scouting force toward Dogger Bank to attack British fishing vessels and patrols.

Hipper sails with battlecruisers, Blücher, light cruisers and destroyers to strike British forces around Dogger Bank.

The result leaves Britain in command of the North Sea while Germany becomes more cautious with its surface fleet.

Britain claims a tactical victory after sinking Blücher and forcing Hipper's surviving squadron to retreat.

Carden's command experiments with sending trawlers upstream before turning to sweep with the current through the minefields.

The Duma is reconvened for 6 weeks

Most Minister's request that the Duma be allowed to form a cabinet

The Duma is prorogued

Nasmith takes E11 through the heavily defended Dardanelles toward the Sea of Marmara.

Nasmith attacks a patrol vessel during E11's first offensive sweep beyond the Dardanelles.

Nasmith brings E11 into waters off Constantinople and attacks shipping near the arsenal.

Nasmith briefly uses a captured sailing vessel as camouflage while operating near Gallipoli.

Nasmith begins another patrol intended to disrupt reinforcements and supplies for Gallipoli.

Boyle takes submarine E14 beneath the Dardanelles minefields toward the Sea of Marmara.

Boyle returns through the Dardanelles after a successful first patrol in the Sea of Marmara.

Boyle's E14 sinks a large Ottoman military transport carrying supplies through the Sea of Marmara.

Boyle destroys an Ottoman gunboat while E14 operates against military traffic entering the Sea of Marmara.

Boyle successfully reaches the Sea of Marmara and begins attacking Ottoman communications.

Boyle again takes E14 through the straits for a second offensive patrol.

Boyle returns from E14's second patrol after further disruption of Ottoman shipping.

The 162nd Brigade attacks toward Kidney Hill but heavy fire, heat and difficult ground break up the advance.

The first units of Inglefield's 54th East Anglian Division land at Suvla to reinforce IX Corps.

The 54th East Anglian Division receives orders to prepare to leave Gallipoli and return to Mudros.

Units of the 54th East Anglian Division begin leaving the Suvla sector for Mudros in the staged withdrawal.

By the end of 11 August the 54th Division headquarters and most of its infantry battalions are ashore at Suvla.

Carden formally relinquishes the Eastern Mediterranean Squadron to John de Robeck because of his deteriorating health.

Churchill reviews the severe losses suffered during the main Allied attempt to force the Dardanelles.

White leads the 8th Light Horse Regiment in the opening waves of the attack at The Nek.

Begins the Einar Arnorsson Ministry and serves as Minister for Iceland.

Venizelos wins the election & is returned to power

Hammersley's headquarters lacks reliable knowledge of forward battalion positions while much of the division waits for orders.

Hammersley is removed from active divisional command after the breakdown of leadership during the opening Suvla operations.

Hammersley's division advances inland from Suvla toward Chocolate Hill amid confused command arrangements.

The 11th Manchester Regiment advances onto the Kiretch Tepe sector while much of the Suvla force remains near the beaches.

The Sigurdur Eggerz Ministry ends, concluding this period as Minister for Iceland.

Endurance becomes trapped in Weddell Sea pack ice, ending the planned crossing of Antarctica

Watches Endurance crushed by ice and helps organize the party's survival on the drifting floes

Churchill provides Parliament with information concerning enemy vessels captured by British naval forces.

Approves Italy's commitment to begin active operations against the enemies of the Entente within one month.

Cevat's defence preserves the newly laid Erenkoy mine line from Allied detection.

Hakki Bey commands Nusret as it lays a concealed line of mines across Erenkoy Bay.

Addresses wartime measures against spying and enemy intelligence activity.

Birdwood reports his divisional commanders' recommendation to evacuate after the confused first day ashore.

Monro concludes that evacuation risks are lower than Hamilton had feared and presses for withdrawal.

Hamilton argues that withdrawing from Gallipoli could cause catastrophic casualties and damage British prestige.

Addresses the total casualties suffered by the British Expeditionary Force.

Addresses the position of British forces serving in France and the Mediterranean.

Reviews recruiting requirements as British forces continue expanding.

Kerensky participates in february revolution during his political career.

Haig ends the Festubert operation after limited advances and heavy casualties.

Haig's First Army begins a night offensive intended to exploit limited artillery preparation around Festubert.

Haig continues attacks as British troops make slow gains through strongly defended trench systems.

Appointed Field Marshal

Appointed Feild Marshal

Liman von Sanders assigns divisions to protect Bulair, the peninsula and the Asian shore.

Proctor-Beauchamp presses ahead with part of his battalion after support falls away, leaving the group isolated in broken ground.

Proctor-Beauchamp leads the 1/5th Norfolks on the right of the 163rd Brigade advance through difficult scrub-covered ground.

Mustafa Kemal orders the 57th Regiment to counterattack the advancing ANZAC troops.

Mustafa Kemal sends the 57th Regiment toward the heights after learning of the ANZAC landing.

Lindley's 53rd Division arrives to reinforce the stalled Suvla force.

Haig supports preparations to use chlorine gas during the planned autumn offensive at Loos.

Haig reorganises First Army formations and staff arrangements after the Loos fighting.

Bridges lands with the 1st Australian Division and attempts to organise the scattered troops above ANZAC Cove.

MacLaurin's brigade moves into the left side of the expanding ANZAC perimeter.

Nasmith returns after a patrol that sinks or damages numerous Ottoman vessels.

White's plan removes sick men, surplus troops and stores while the front continues to appear fully occupied.

Godley coordinates ANZAC participation in the first costly attempt to seize Hill 60.

Hunter-Weston launches the first Allied attempt to capture Krithia and advance toward Achi Baba.

Hamilton's first Helles offensive fails to break the Ottoman line despite heavy Allied casualties.

Goodenough's light cruisers support Beatty's force during the British interception of Hipper's squadron.

Hammersley's troops attack around Scimitar Hill but are driven back amid increasing Ottoman artillery, rifle fire and burning scrub.

Fisher resigns as First Sea Lord after the dispute over continued Dardanelles commitments reaches breaking point.

Venizelos resigns after disagreement with Constantine I over participation in the war.

German Zeppelins launch the first air raid on Britain.

Churchill argues that criticism of the Dardanelles should not unfairly damage Admiral Fisher's reputation.

De Robeck suspends another immediate battleship assault after the heavy losses of 18 March.

Fisher expresses concern that battleships are being risked before the minefields are fully cleared.

Carden's fleet moves farther into the Straits after Ottoman resistance at some outer positions is reduced.

Churchill tells Parliament that the Navy entered the war fully mobilised, supplied and stationed for operations.

De Robeck withdraws after mines and Ottoman fire sink three Allied battleships and damage several others.

Responds to concerns about rising food and coal prices during wartime.

Baron Burian succeeds Count Berchtold as Austro-Hungarian Minister for Foreign affairs

Birdwood receives the final order to evacuate the ANZAC and Suvla positions.

The conference chaired by Fisher concludes that developing the Forth as a primary fleet base is urgent.

Carden begins implementing a phased plan to destroy outer forts, clear mines and attack the Narrows.

Monash's brigade enters the difficult northern gullies during its attempt to reach Hill 971.

Monash brings the 4th Australian Brigade ashore and helps fill gaps in the developing ANZAC perimeter.

Monash's brigade assumes responsibility for exposed positions around Pope's Hill and Monash Valley.

Guepratte leads the French battleship division into the central phase of the 18 March naval assault.

Gouraud takes over the French Expeditionary Corps operating on the right of the Helles line.

Gouraud directs French forces during the Third Battle of Krithia on the right of the Allied line.

Bailloud takes command of the French Expeditionary Corps after Gouraud is wounded.

Guepratte takes the French battleship division into the straits behind the first British line.

Gouraud strengthens French positions and artillery on the eastern side of the Helles front.

D'Amade prepares the French landing on the Asian shore to divert Ottoman reserves.

French minesweepers make another attempt under covering fire but fail to open the required passage through the minefields.

Guepratte's ships move closer to Ottoman positions as the outer forts are suppressed.

Guepratte's warships bombard Ottoman positions supporting the French diversion at Kum Kale.

Guepratte leads French warships in the opening Allied bombardment of the Dardanelles forts.

Plumer coordinates British resistance during heavy German attacks around Frezenberg Ridge.

Esat coordinates Ottoman formations defending the peninsula before the Allied invasion.

German forces release chlorine gas during the opening attack of the Second Battle of Ypres.

Appointed Commander of Armeegruppe Rohr, takes charge of all troops in from Graz to Innsbruck

Haig assumes control of BEF General Headquarters and begins reviewing the army's organisation.

Hilbert submits a variational treatment of gravitational field equations during the final formulation of general relativity

Presents the final generally covariant gravitational field equations to the Prussian Academy.

Hipper directs concentrated German fire against Beatty's flagship HMS Lion, causing serious damage.

The near-loss of Seydlitz leads Germany to improve anti-flash precautions and ammunition handling aboard major warships.

Hipper turns southeast toward home after discovering that Beatty's battlecruiser force outguns his squadron.

A German submarine blockade of Great Britain begins.

Churchill answers parliamentary questions about German submarines and British defensive measures.

Churchill answers questions concerning the treatment of captured German submarine crews.

The Admiralty assesses Germany's declaration that waters around Britain will become a submarine war zone.

Receives the unconditional surrender of German forces in the territory.

Discusses stronger economic measures against German trade during the war.

Gouraud is seriously wounded by shellfire while inspecting French positions at Cape Helles.

Sends a letter to ministers requesting their resignation for a new wartime coalition

The new Government is announced

Appointed Military Governor of Poland

Churchill states that British naval strength retains a substantial numerical margin over Germany.

The British government confronts Germany's attempt to use submarines to restrict shipping reaching Great Britain.

German attacks on Britain occur alongside the wider effort to pressure the country through maritime and aerial warfare.

German submarines begin operating against shipping bound for Britain as the declared blockade takes effect.

The blockade context reflects Germany's submarine campaign against shipping approaching the British Isles.

Germany treats ships approaching Britain as potential targets after declaring a submarine war zone around the islands.

The Great Retreat is ordered - Russian forces pull back out of Poland (currently part of Russia), taking machinery and equipment with them

Asquith's government accepts that troops must seize the Gallipoli defences before the fleet can advance.

Calls for more men, materials and money as voluntary recruiting begins to slow.

Hunter-Weston directs the Helles attack that gains ground along Gully Ravine but fails to break the front.

Elected a corresponding member of the Royal Society of Sciences at Göttingen.

Replaces Sir John French with Douglas Haig as commander in France.

Hamilton is relieved of command as the British government reassesses the failed Gallipoli strategy.

Hamilton meets Stopford again as he considers renewed attempts to seize the inland high ground after the Norfolk losses.

Hansen repeatedly crosses exposed ground under fire and rescues six wounded soldiers threatened by burning scrub.

Tyrwhitt's light cruisers and destroyers sail from Harwich to join the planned interception near Dogger Bank.

Severe illness and nervous exhaustion prevent Carden from continuing direct command on the eve of the major fleet assault.

A 2nd leg wound forces him into hospital

Hamilton urges the Helles force forward before Ottoman reinforcements can consolidate.

Hunter-Weston consolidates several Helles landing beaches into a continuous Allied foothold.

Hunter-Weston prepares simultaneous landings at five beaches around Cape Helles.

Kitchener inspects the remaining Allied positions while considering whether Cape Helles should also be abandoned.

Hamilton repeatedly requests additional divisions as the campaign becomes a prolonged struggle.

The 1/1st Herefordshire Regiment lands at C Beach in the morning as the 53rd Welsh Division enters the Suvla fighting.

Throssell helps hold captured trenches during repeated Ottoman bomb attacks at Hill 60.

Godley ends further attacks after Allied troops fail to secure the summit but establish a limited connection with Suvla.

Addison rallies his platoon under machine-gun fire during the first assault on Hill 60.

Monash's exhausted brigade becomes delayed in broken terrain and fails to reach Hill 971 on schedule.

Godley directs renewed attacks toward Hill Q as the August offensive struggles to secure the Sari Bair crest.

The Admiralty assesses the loss of HMS Formidable after the battleship is torpedoed by U-24.

Churchill answers parliamentary questions concerning the sinking of HMS Formidable.

Churchill answers Commons questions concerning HMS Good Hope and the losses suffered at Coronel.

Churchill reports that Beatty's flagship Lion is damaged but returning safely after Dogger Bank.

Repeated German hits flood compartments, reduce Lion's speed and eventually force Beatty's flagship out of the pursuit.

Birdwood witnesses the loss of HMS Triumph after the battleship is torpedoed while supporting the ANZAC beachhead.

Churchill answers questions concerning the loss of the armed merchant cruiser HMS Viknor.

Accepts a clause supporting Italy's opposition to participation by representatives of the Holy See in diplomatic action over the final peace.

The treaty contains a clause supporting Italian opposition to Holy See representation in future peace negotiations concerning the war.

Reviews plans for a household canvass in support of voluntary military recruiting.

McCrae writes In Flanders Fields after Ypres losses.

Accepts the declaration that Arabia and the Muslim Holy Places should remain under an independent Muslim power.

His policies remain associated with rapid Russian industrial growth.

HMS Inflexible is badly damaged by a mine while withdrawing from the Narrows.

Ingenohl is removed from command of the High Seas Fleet after the German setback at Dogger Bank.

Carden plans to suppress intermediate batteries and mobile guns after reducing the entrance forts.

Battleships bombard intermediate positions while minesweepers begin the difficult effort to clear a passage toward the Narrows.

Allied battleships engage intermediate batteries as Carden moves from the entrance phase toward operations deeper in the Straits.

The Zimmerwald Conference sees the beginning of the end of the coalition between left-wing socialists (communists) and right-wing socialists (social democrats) in the Second International. The Second International dissolves during World War I, in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists

De Robeck provides naval escort, bombardment and landing craft support for the invasion.

Hamilton oversees final preparations as more than two hundred vessels assemble at Mudros for the invasion.

Italy begins to invade Austria along a 60 mile front

Italy begins to invade Austria along a 60 mile front

Leads the Austrian Army into Galicia during the Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive

Russia begins to withdraw from Poland

Russian troops evacuate Warsaw

Begins an Axis assault on Serbia

Watches a demonstration of a protype of the tank, a mechanical barbed wire cutter

Awarded the Iron Cross, 1st class

De Robeck's fleet loses HMS Irresistible after the battleship strikes a mine during the assault.

Supports negotiations bringing Italy into the Entente coalition under the London agreement.

Represents Russian policy during negotiations over territorial concessions required to secure Italian intervention.

Directs the government that negotiates Italy's move from neutrality toward intervention alongside the Entente.

Approves the agreement intended to bring Italy into the war on the Allied side.

Supports the government decision that leads Italy to enter the war after the secret London agreement.

Accepts Britain's undertaking to facilitate a large loan for Italy on the London financial market.

Asquith's government concludes the secret London agreement promising territorial gains to Italy in return for entering the war against the Central Powers.

Stopford continues directing the Suvla operation largely from offshore while opportunities inland diminish.

Japan issues the 21 Demands to China, grievances to be settled under threat of war

Rear-Admiral John de Robeck becomes Carden's second-in-command, flying his flag in HMS Vengeance.

Wilhelm II requires greater caution before major fleet operations, limiting the High Seas Fleet's offensive freedom.

Allied aircraft bomb Karlsruhe in retaliation for German attacks on London.

Stopford looks to the newly arrived 54th Division for another attempt toward Kavak Tepe after earlier attacks fail.

Commodore Keyes leads naval volunteers in another determined attempt to clear mines and suppress searchlights in the Straits.

Hamilton identifies the Kilid Bahr plateau as essential for neutralising the forts covering the Narrows.

Mahon's 10th Irish Division renews the attack along Kiretch Tepe as the Allies try to improve the northern Suvla position.

Kitchener persuades Fisher that he should remain First Sea Lord despite being the principal dissenter over the operation.

Johnston commits New Zealand battalions to a costly daylight advance during the Second Battle of Krithia.

D'Amade directs the French diversionary landing on the Asian shore at Kum Kale.

D'Amade withdraws the French diversionary force from Kum Kale after completing its task.

Captures Lahej during the Yemen campaign.

Troops of Hammersley's 11th Division seize Lala Baba after sharp fighting during the opening night of the Suvla operation.

De Robeck tells Allied commanders that troops are required to capture shore batteries before another naval advance.

Landing craft carrying parts of the 34th Brigade ground offshore, forcing troops to wade and adding confusion to the night landing.

Hamilton delays the invasion from 23 to 25 April because rough weather disrupts the assault timetable.

Naval landing parties inspect and demolish guns at outer positions after bombardment has reduced Ottoman resistance there.

Churchill creates the Admiralty Landships Committee to investigate armoured tracked vehicles for trench warfare.

The Admiralty is pressed to obtain special craft able to support the landing of fifty thousand troops where required.

Birdwood's troops repel another Ottoman assault against the ANZAC perimeter at the end of June.

The US House of Representatives rejected a proposal to give woment the vote

The Liberal Party wins elections while conflict with the monarchy continues.

Chauvel lands with the 1st Light Horse Brigade to reinforce the ANZAC infantry.

Obtains a British undertaking to facilitate an immediate Italian loan of at least fifty million pounds on the London market.

German Zeppelins bombard suburbs of London.

Burton helps defend a trench barricade during close fighting at Lone Pine.

Shout leads repeated bombing attacks against Ottoman trenches during the fighting at Lone Pine.

Dunstan remains at a forward bombing position while Ottoman counterattacks press the Australian line.

Walker directs the 1st Australian Division's diversionary assault against the Ottoman trenches at Lone Pine.

Hamilton holds a forward trench position under intense fire during the Battle of Lone Pine.

Walker oversees consolidation of the captured Lone Pine position after four days of close fighting.

Tubb helps defend a captured sap against repeated Ottoman bombing attacks at Lone Pine.

Symons leads men defending newly captured trenches during fierce Ottoman counterattacks at Lone Pine.

Carden employs long-range fire from outside effective Ottoman gun range as the opening method against the entrance forts.

Haig's First Army attacks at Loos and initially penetrates parts of the German defensive system.

Haig reviews severe First Army losses after the offensive fails to achieve a strategic breakthrough.

Haig confirms First Army plans for a major attack supporting the wider Allied autumn offensive.

Haig presses for reserve divisions to exploit the initial breakthrough before German defences recover.

Haig continues offensive operations as German reinforcements strengthen the threatened sector.

Cunard's Liverpool-registered Lusitania is sunk by a German submarine.

Churchill refuses to publish patrol dispositions around the British coast after the Lusitania sinking.

Churchill confirms that the Admiralty warned Lusitania using information about submarine activity.

MacLaurin is killed by Ottoman fire while commanding the 1st Australian Brigade at Anzac.

Mahon resigns after the temporary IX Corps command is given to De Lisle, whom he is unwilling to serve under.

Mahon is recalled and resumes command of the 10th Irish Division after his protest over IX Corps command arrangements.

De Robeck orders the principal British and French battleship attack against the Ottoman straits defences.

Crosses the Channel to join his pre-1914 regiment of the Oxfordshire Hussars

Malone is killed on Chunuk Bair by shellfire while his depleted battalion continues holding the summit.

Signs the manifesto Gebot der Stunde which openly opposes the war aims of the Government

Buck accompanies the Maori Contingent during operations supporting the August offensive toward Sari Bair.

Buck serves with the Maori Contingent when it lands at ANZAC to reinforce the garrison.

Another minesweeping effort continues under Commodore Keyes while Carden presses for progress against the mine barrier.

Further minesweeping is attempted under Carden's command as the fleet struggles to create a safe channel toward the Narrows.

Carden sends demolition parties ashore to destroy abandoned Ottoman guns and fort installations.

Rommel marries Lucie Mollin

Discusses the position of married men within the voluntary recruiting system.

Mustafa Kemal helps prepare the large Ottoman assault intended to drive the Anzacs into the sea.

Renews the Government appeal for voluntary recruits as manpower demands increase.

Monro arrives to take command and immediately reviews whether the peninsula should be evacuated.

Hamilton is appointed to command the force being assembled for land operations at the Dardanelles.

Addresses parliamentary concerns about the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force.

Hamilton receives additional formations for a new attempt to break the Gallipoli deadlock.

Churchill states that available destroyers cannot escort the hundreds of merchant and passenger sailings each day.

Churchill provides information on British merchant ships detained, captured or destroyed during the war.

Churchill supplies information concerning attacks by submarines on British and neutral merchant ships.

Explains Mercury's anomalous perihelion advance using the emerging general theory of relativity.

Signs terms calling for immediate military coordination among Britain, France, Italy and Russia.

Answers questions about the numerical strength of British military forces after six months of war.

Carden makes systematic minesweeping essential before battleships can safely approach the Narrows.

Several trawlers are hit during minesweeping operations, demonstrating the vulnerability of the improvised sweeping force.

Keyes sends minesweepers against the main mine lines near Kephez under heavy Ottoman fire.

Appointed Minister of War

Appointed Minister of War

Appointed Minister of War

Asks ministers to resign so a new wartime coalition can be created.

Lloyd George establishes central control over weapons production, labour and industrial supplies.

Helps advance legislation establishing the new Ministry of Munitions.

Supports creation of the Ministry of Munitions to coordinate the expansion of war production.

Cevat uses concealed mobile artillery to harass civilian-crewed minesweepers operating at night.

Monash strengthens defensive works and communications in the sector that comes to bear his name.

Bridges is shot by an Ottoman sniper while inspecting the front in Monash Valley.

Plans to strengthen the Dardanelles with monitors intended for Fisher's northern strategy intensify his dispute with Churchill.

Heavy losses force Peyton's 2nd Mounted Division to reorganise its depleted mounted brigades into two composite formations.

Russell's mounted riflemen attack Hill 60 as Allied forces try to secure the link between ANZAC and Suvla.

Russell's mounted riflemen attack Ottoman outposts to open routes toward the Sari Bair heights.

Russell's mounted riflemen land as infantry reinforcements and take over sections of the ANZAC line.

Russell's exhausted mounted rifle brigade is withdrawn from ANZAC to Lemnos for rest and reinforcement.

The Government authorizes the creation Municipal Council organisations

Loses direct control of munitions production when responsibility moves to the new Ministry of Munitions.

Supports legislation designed to increase and regulate the production of munitions.

Addresses the national shortage of artillery ammunition and the need to expand munitions production.

Nasmith sinks the ammunition-laden transport Nagara after allowing those aboard to leave.

Cevat's forts engage the Allied battleships during the largest naval attack on the straits.

Carden intensifies attacks on forts covering the Narrows while minesweeping remains incomplete.

Carden's phased scheme culminates in close attack on the forts defending the Narrows once a safe channel is created.

Issues a further appeal for men to volunteer before the Government turns to stronger measures.

Explains how a national register will help the Government assess manpower and industrial resources.

Sets out the Government case for a national registration system covering available labour and manpower.

Defends registration as a means of matching national manpower with military and industrial requirements.

Addresses competing proposals for national service and military compulsion.

Accepts provisions for French and British naval assistance to Italy against the Austro-Hungarian fleet.

Churchill explains the Admiralty's policy on judicial inquiries into major naval losses.

Churchill reports that wartime procedures are accelerating completion of new warships.

Churchill answers questions concerning honours and promotion for Royal Navy engineer officers.

Churchill states that the fleet possesses adequate reserves of ammunition, torpedoes, coal and oil.

Hamilton coordinates with naval commanders to allocate bombardment and transport support for the landings.

Fisher submits a naval-policy memorandum warning against weakening home-water margins for peripheral operations.

Royal Navy volunteers increasingly replace reluctant civilian trawler crews in attempts to improve minesweeping under fire.

Carden concludes that troops ashore would improve observation and help naval gunfire deal with concealed and mobile batteries.

Birdwood allows the Nek assault to proceed although the supporting advance toward Chunuk Bair is behind schedule.

The Reprisals Order, in which Britain bans all neutral parties from trading with Germany

The Reprisals Order, in which Britain bans all neutral parties from trading with Germany

Reviews ammunition expenditure after Neuve Chapelle highlights the enormous shell demands of modern offensives.

Haig orders reserves forward after British troops penetrate the first German defensive positions.

Haig's First Army opens the Neuve Chapelle offensive after a concentrated artillery bombardment.

Haig ends the offensive after communications failures, resistance and ammunition shortages prevent further progress.

Helps train New Army units while serving on the staff of 91st Infantry Brigade.

Pushes training and equipment programmes so New Army divisions can begin joining the Western Front.

New Army formations begin reaching the Western Front in growing numbers after months of training.

The magazine "New Youth" initiates the New Culture Movement, promotes science, democracy, and Vernacular Chinese literature. Chen Duxiu is one of the key figures in starting the New Culture Movement, publishing a journal called New Youth. He began with the intention of promoting individual freedom, science, democracy and the emancipation of women

The magazine "New Youth" initiates the New Culture Movement, promotes science, democracy, and Vernacular Chinese literature. The magazine is started by Chen Duxiu in Shanghai on 15 September 1915 in Shanghai. Chen Duxiu is one of the key figures in starting the New Culture Movement, publishing a journal called New Youth. He began with the intention of promoting individual freedom, science, democracy and the emancipation of women

Johnston's brigade is transferred from ANZAC to reinforce the Helles offensive.

Godley's New Zealand and Australian Division prepares to follow the first Australian waves ashore.

Johnston concentrates the New Zealand Infantry Brigade after its units complete the landing.

Godley's depleted New Zealand infantry units leave ANZAC temporarily for rest on Lemnos.

Johnston accepts the plan for the Wellington Battalion to attack the summit before dawn.

Carden shifts much minesweeping work to darkness in an attempt to reduce exposure to Ottoman guns and observation.

Keyes pushes minesweepers deeper into the straits despite heavy fire and strong currents.

Mustafa Kemal's troops participate in the massive Ottoman attack that fails against prepared ANZAC defences.

Reynell's 9th Australian Light Horse Regiment is committed as reinforcements during the renewed fighting for Hill 60.

Reynell leads the 9th Light Horse Regiment in close fighting during the renewed assault on Hill 60.

Signs the accompanying declaration binding the four governments not to conclude a separate peace.

Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for idealism, sympathy, and commitment to truth in his writing.

Beatty conducts exercises intended to improve battlecruiser manoeuvring, gunnery and cooperation with supporting forces.

Fisher resists plans to absorb newly built monitors into a continuing Mediterranean commitment at the expense of northern operations.

Hakki prepares Nusret for a covert mining mission across Erenkoy Bay.

HMS Ocean is lost after striking a mine while attempting to assist damaged ships.

His role in the October Manifesto defines his reform reputation.

Russell's brigade retakes Old No. 3 Post during the opening night of the Sari Bair offensive.

Commits Italy to take the field within one month of signing the agreement.

Ottoman batteries fire on British destroyers probing the entrance before the main bombardment develops.

The offensive pushes British-supported defenders back toward Aden.

Liman von Sanders takes command of the Ottoman Fifth Army responsible for defending Gallipoli.

Ottoman forces launch repeated bomb and bayonet counterattacks against the Allied foothold on Kiretch Tepe.

Kannengiesser receives warning that Allied troops have landed north of Ari Burnu and moves to assess the Suvla threat.

Ottoman forces retain the area until the end of the war.

Nasmith's patrol forces Ottoman authorities to reduce reliance on vulnerable Marmara shipping routes.

Cevat's gunners resist the first large Allied bombardment of the straits.

Carden directs the opening Allied bombardment of Ottoman forts guarding the entrance to the Dardanelles.

The opening bombardment suppresses portions of the outer defences but does not permanently destroy the fortifications.

Carden identifies the entrance forts at Cape Helles and Kum Kale as the first targets of the naval operation.

Reviews the work of the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee in supporting voluntary enlistment.

Answers questions about the organisation of parliamentary and Cabinet bodies directing the war.

Churchill reports on naval activity intended to suppress arms trafficking in the Persian Gulf.

Further unsupported attacks around Scimitar Hill fail and exhausted British units fall back from exposed positions.

The War Council meeting agrees French's plan for an offensive in Flanders

Hugo von Pohl replaces Ingenohl and adopts a more cautious approach to High Seas Fleet operations.

Haber helps prepare chlorine gas use at Ypres.

Poison gas is first used on the Western Front, in a German attack on Canadian troops at Ypres

His Portsmouth diplomacy remains a major achievement of his career.

Addresses future employment arrangements for servicemen returning after the war.

After being wounded, Potts remains between the lines and later brings a wounded comrade back toward British positions on a shovel.

Takes office as President of Chile and leads the final full administration before Alessandri.

Appointed Prime Minister of Australia, 1st term

Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 4th term

Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland

Proctor-Beauchamp is killed during the failed 1/5th Norfolk advance from the Suvla sector.

Fisher becomes increasingly hostile to a prolonged Dardanelles commitment that threatens his planned northern offensive preparations.

The new battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth joins the powerful Allied force assembled for Carden's operation.

Fisher supports adding the new battleship Queen Elizabeth to strengthen the proposed Dardanelles bombardment force.

Chauvel takes responsibility for the dangerous Quinn's, Courtney's and Steele's Post sector.

Malone improves local bombing and defensive procedures against close Ottoman trench attacks.

Malone takes command of Quinn's Post and begins extensive work to strengthen the dangerous forward position.

Malone improves overhead protection and trench organisation at Quinn's Post.

His name remains linked with railway expansion and state finance.

White's rear guards maintain irregular rifle fire to conceal the final movement of troops toward the beaches.

Flees to Crete & proclaims a revolution

Reviews recruiting figures and the continuing debate over compulsory military service.

Answers questions about recruiting progress and organisation in Ireland.

Reviews recruiting policy under the new coalition government.

The Government authorizes the creation a national Zemstva

Russell's New Zealand mounted troops join a renewed Allied attack against the summit trenches on Hill 60.

Keyes argues that determined minesweeping could still open a path through the straits.

Churchill continues pressing for renewed naval action despite the battleship losses.

The Reprisals Order, in which Britain bans all neutral parties from trading with Germany

The Reprisals Order, in which Britain bans all neutral parties from trading with Germany

Britain bans neutral parties from trading with Germany under the Reprisals Order.

Addresses the need to retain skilled workers in occupations essential to the war effort.

Resigns over the war in the Balkans, which had left two British and one French division in Salonica instead of being dispatched to support the Serbs who were being attacked by from the north and Bulgaria from the east. Carson becomes the leader of those Unionists who were not members of the Government, effectively Leader of the Opposition in the Commons

Churchill calls for reinforcements for the Dardanelles despite Fishers wishes

First Sea Lord Fisher resigns & leaves operational contol of the Admiralty to Hamilton

First Sea Lord Fisher resigns & leaves operational contol of the Admiralty to Hamilton

Rennenkampf submits his resignation

Threatens to resign from the cabient if Kitchener is not dismissed, Asquith refuses

Writes to Asquith threatning to resign if Kitchener is not removed from the War Office

Threatens to resign if Asquith carries out his announcement to reduce the War Council

Churchill resigns from the Government

Churchill makes his resignation speech in Parliament

Presents revised gravitational field equations to the Prussian Academy during his final push toward general relativity.

Churchill answers parliamentary questions concerning the wartime employment of retired Royal Navy captains.

Mustafa Kemal rallies retreating Ottoman soldiers and orders them to hold the high ground above Anzac.

Jodl returns to active service after recovering from his 1914 wound.

Reynell is killed while his regiment fights for Ottoman trenches during the second phase of the Hill 60 battle.

Reynell is killed while his regiment is engaged in the continuing struggle for Hill 60.

Malone leads the Wellington Battalion in capturing the Apex on Rhododendron Ridge during the Sari Bair offensive.

Johnston's brigade reaches the Chunuk Bair approaches late after difficult night movement.

Hunter-Weston attempts to reinforce troops trapped around the River Clyde landing at V Beach.

Commodore Roger Keyes joins Carden as Chief of Staff and becomes closely involved in minesweeping and operational planning.

Room 40 deciphers German naval signals revealing Hipper's planned operation toward Dogger Bank.

Fisher chairs a conference considering redistribution of the Grand Fleet and the strategic development of Rosyth and the Forth.

Hamilton employs Royal Naval Division battalions to reinforce overstretched sectors of the peninsula.

Churchill provides information on the Royal Naval Reserve during the expansion of wartime naval manpower.

Churchill supplies parliamentary information concerning Royal Navy courts-martial during wartime.

Carden replies that a sudden rush through the Straits is impracticable but sustained operations with sufficient force may succeed.

Participates in Allied deliberations over maintaining British forces at Salonika after Serbia's defeat.

Godley organises columns to seize Chunuk Bair, Hill Q and Hill 971 during the August offensive.

Birdwood's proposal to seize the Sari Bair heights becomes the core of the August offensive.

Fisher's conference agrees that Scapa Flow should remain an alternative and supporting Grand Fleet base.

De Lisle directs the British attack at Scimitar Hill, which ends with heavy casualties and no decisive gain.

Mustafa Kemal's Anafarta forces hold the commanding ground as successive Allied attacks at Scimitar Hill fail with heavy casualties.

Hamilton orders a major Suvla attack against Scimitar Hill and neighbouring positions.

Priestman's battalion opens sealed orders and studies its assigned objectives shortly before embarking for the night landing.

Ottoman searchlights illuminate slow trawlers at night, allowing shore batteries to interfere repeatedly with minesweeping.

McCay's brigade is diverted toward the southern flank as the landing plan breaks down.

Fisher's second tenure as First Sea Lord ends after his wartime resignation.

Birdwood's force renews the attempt to seize Hill 60, using Australian, New Zealand, British and Irish troops at the Anzac-Suvla junction.

Hamilton halts the second Krithia offensive after heavy losses produce only a small advance.

Hamilton opens the second attempt to capture Krithia with strengthened British, French and ANZAC forces.

Peyton's dismounted 2nd Mounted Division completes its arrival at Suvla after landing during the night of 17 to 18 August.

Bridges questions the halt on the second ridge while the original objectives remain beyond the ANZAC foothold.

Commands V Corps during the Second Battle of Ypres.

French sends reinforcements toward Ypres after German gas attacks rupture sections of the Allied line.

Halil Sami reinforces Ottoman defenders resisting the British landings around Sedd el Bahr.

Addresses pensions and allowances for soldiers, sailors and their families.

Emergency action prevents the fire aboard Seydlitz from reaching its magazines and destroying the battlecruiser.

Hipper escapes with Seydlitz, Moltke and Derfflinger after British fire shifts toward the damaged Blücher.

Faces intense political criticism as shortages of artillery ammunition become a national controversy.

Faces mounting criticism over ammunition shortages during British offensives on the Western Front.

Fisher argues against using major fighting ships for bombardment unless operations are supported by adequate military forces.

Shout is mortally wounded when a bomb explodes during close fighting at Lone Pine.

The evacuation programme removes sick and wounded men, surplus troops and valuable stores before the final nights of withdrawal.

Austrian forces surrender to the Russians

Urges the Germans to invade Greece & recapture Salonika from the Allies

Germany sinks the Cunard liner Lusitania, 1152 lives are lost including 102 Americans

The Luisitania is sunk 8 miles off the head of Kinsale by a German submarine. All passengers are saved

Germany sinks the Cunard liner Lusitania, 1152 lives are lost including 102 Americans

Wilson's administration sent Germany diplomatic notes after Lusitania's loss, challenging attacks on passenger and neutral shipping.

William Thomas Turner, not David Dow, commanded Lusitania on her final voyage and survived the sinking off southern Ireland.

The sinking intensified diplomatic pressure on Germany because 128 United States citizens were among roughly 1,200 people killed.

Beatty's force concentrates fire on the damaged SMS Blücher, which is sunk during the Battle of Dogger Bank.

SMS Blücher, slower than Hipper's battlecruisers, falls behind during the retreat and is sunk by British fire.

Blücher fell behind the German battlecruisers after heavy British fire and was overwhelmed during the withdrawal from Dogger Bank.

A US steamer is torpedoed off the Scilly Isles by a German submarine, 3 lives are lost

Gulflight was torpedoed by U-30 on 1 May 1915 but did not sink; she was towed to safety and later returned to service.

Carden's plan includes six submarines for operations beyond and within the Straits.

Carden asks for sixteen destroyers to support the fleet during the proposed Dardanelles operation.

British fire cripples Blücher during the pursuit after Beatty's flagship Lion is seriously damaged.

The slower armoured cruiser SMS Blücher prevents Hipper's squadron from escaping at the speed of its battlecruisers.

Hipper's flagship SMS Seydlitz is heavily hit, causing a dangerous fire near its aft turrets and magazines.

Zetkin organises the Socialist Womens Conference

Completes the Union conquest of German South West Africa.

The second Battle of Artois, 9 May-18 June 1915, was the most important part of the Allied spring offensive of 1915. It was hoped to capture Vimy Ridge, break through the German lines, and advance into the Douai plain. This would cut key German railway lines and perhaps force them to retreat from their great salient bulging out into France

The French offensive would be launched by the Tenth Army, under General dUrbal. It was supported by 1,200 guns with 200,000 shells, a huge amount for ammunition for 1915 (later bombardments would use millions of shells). The artillery bombardment began six days before the attack was due to go in

Over five weeks the French and Germans were engaged in a battle of attrition in the area immediately behind the old German front line. This was a maze of communications trenches and strong points, where progress was slow and costly.

The French suffered 100,000 casualties, the Germans 75,000, and as the French were well aware there were more Germans than Frenchmen.

The Moroccan Division did manage to fight its way back onto Vimy Ridge on 16 June, but was once again pushed back

The attack in Artois failed to achieve its original objectives. Vimy Ridge remained in German hands until it fell to the Canadians in 1917 (Battle of Vimy Ridge), while the battle of attrition favoured the Germans.

Hamilton removes Stopford after the Suvla force fails to exploit the surprise achieved by the landing.

Churchill presents Admiral Sturdee's official dispatch describing the Falkland Islands victory.

Germany declares submarine blockade of Britain, with all approaching ships considered targets, the start of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Surrenders after returning from German South West Africa.

De Lisle assumes command at Suvla and attempts to restore momentum to the stalled British force.

Hamilton becomes increasingly dissatisfied with the slow advance from the Suvla beachhead.

Ferrers-Guy sails with the landing flotilla from Imbros toward Suvla after darkness falls.

Mustafa Kemal directs Ottoman forces onto the heights overlooking Suvla before the British can seize them.

Stopford fails to press rapidly inland after the largely unopposed landing, allowing Ottoman reinforcements to occupy the heights.

Hamilton adds a new landing at Suvla to support the planned breakout from Anzac.

Stopford's IX Corps begins landing at Suvla Bay as the northern part of Hamilton's August offensive.

Hamilton briefs Stopford on the proposed Suvla landing and the need to seize the Tekke Tepe and Kiretch Tepe high ground.

Mackenzie records concern that senior IX Corps officers are questioning the Suvla plan and favour waiting for artillery before advancing.

Stopford's corps remains confined near the coast as Ottoman defenders consolidate the surrounding high ground.

A severe snowstorm, frost and exposure strike the Suvla and Anzac positions, causing heavy non-battle casualties.

De Lisle's remaining troops leave the Suvla sector during the successful December evacuation.

Symons organises local counterattacks and helps hold captured trenches during the Lone Pine fighting.

Conducts the first version of Symphony No 5 in Helsinki on his fiftieth birthday.

Carden proposes reducing forts, suppressing mobile guns and clearing minefields rather than attempting a rapid passage.

Russell's mounted riflemen seize Table Top as the northern assault columns move inland.

Hamilton observes that Ottoman reinforcements have reached Tekke Tepe before the delayed British advance can secure the ridge.

Carden requests approximately ten thousand troops for limited landings after the outer forts have been silenced.

Mahon's 10th Division units land at Suvla and enter the expanding northern beachhead.

Hill's 10th Division battalions are divided between C Beach and Gazi Baba, complicating concentration of the Irish division.

Fry commands a combined squadron as the 10th Light Horse fights through captured trenches with bombs and rifles before dawn.

Godley tells the depleted 10th Australian Light Horse to attack a trench near the summit of Hill 60.

Birdwood's ANZAC command proceeds with the attack at The Nek despite the failure to secure the intended supporting heights.

Irish troops gain the Ottoman position known as the Pimple during the renewed fighting on Kiretch Tepe.

Takes command of the British Third Army in October 1915.

Is appointed to command the British Third Army.

Sinclair-MacLagan's brigade lands before dawn and begins securing the ridges above ANZAC Cove.

Esat directs Ottoman reserves as Allied troops land at Helles and Anzac.

Nasmith conducts a third patrol against Ottoman shipping before the Gallipoli campaign ends.

Hamilton's third Krithia offensive ends without capturing the village or breaking the Ottoman defence.

Hamilton launches the third major Allied attempt to capture Krithia and the heights of Achi Baba.

Hughes commits the 3rd Light Horse Brigade to the assault at The Nek.

Sinclair-MacLagan halts the covering force on the second ridge rather than pressing toward the third ridge.

Carden includes three battlecruisers in the force he considers necessary for sustained operations in the Straits.

Carden's force proposal includes three light cruisers for reconnaissance, support and protection duties.

E11 fires a torpedo at an Ottoman transport alongside the Tophane Arsenal.

Some civilian trawler crews fail to stream minesweeping gear when Ottoman fire becomes intense during an attempted sweep.

His government joins France and Russia in the secret agreement promising territorial gains if Italy enters the war against the Central Powers.

Negotiates the secret agreement promising Italy Trentino, South Tyrol, Trieste, Istria and other gains in return for entering the war.

Signs provisions requiring the agreement itself to remain secret while Italy's eventual adherence to the Allied declaration becomes public.

Accepts that the agreement and its territorial promises will remain secret.

Benckendorff commits Russia to the concessions promised to Italy in return for Italian intervention.

Signs the secret agreement on behalf of Russia.

Signs the secret agreement for France, committing the Allies to the negotiated concessions to Italy.

Signs the secret Treaty of London on behalf of France.

Signs the secret agreement with the Italian, French and Russian representatives.

Signs the secret agreement for Britain alongside the Italian, French and Russian representatives.

Imperiali places Italy's signature on the secret accord binding Italy to enter the war alongside the Entente.

Signs the Treaty of London for Italy after presenting his government's memorandum of conditions.

Secures Allied promises that Italy will receive Trentino and South Tyrol to the Brenner after victory.

Secures the Allied promise that Italy should receive the Trentino and the frontier toward the Brenner after victory.

Obtains promises of Trieste, Gorizia, Gradisca and most of Istria in the future peace settlement.

Secures promised Italian acquisition of Trieste, Gorizia, Gradisca and most of Istria under the secret settlement.

The German Triple Offensive begins, aiming to destroy the Russian army

The Great Retreat is ordered - Russian forces pull back out of Poland (currently part of Russia), taking machinery and equipment with them

The Great Retreat is ordered - Russian forces pull back out of Poland (currently part of Russia), taking machinery and equipment with them

Kitchener declines Carden's request for troops, leaving the operation dependent on naval bombardment and minesweeping.

Churchill confirms that the British naval mission left Ottoman service in September 1914.

Carden's scheme requests twelve battleships as the core heavy force for the proposed Dardanelles operation.

Carden requests twelve minesweepers because clearing Ottoman minefields is essential to any advance toward the Narrows.

Fisher repeats his view that forcing the Dardanelles by naval power alone could cost about twelve battleships.

De Lisle commits regular troops of the 29th Division in the opening assault on Scimitar Hill.

Kitchener releases the 29th Division for Hamilton's Mediterranean Expeditionary Force.

Hakki's Nusret lays a fresh line of mines parallel to the Asian shore in Erenkoy Bay.

Sefik deploys the 26th Regiment across key beaches and ridges around Cape Helles.

The Admiralty orders two additional large monitors armed with fifteen-inch guns as Fisher's shallow-water programme expands.

Carden's forces precede the volunteer minesweeping attempt with prolonged gunfire against searchlights and mobile batteries.

Presents another formulation of gravitation using a restricted coordinate condition with unit determinant.

Addresses proposals to identify unmarried men available for military service.

A night attempt sends trawlers without close battleship protection in hopes of surprising Ottoman defenders.

Hunter-Weston directs 29th Division operations as troops assault heavily defended V Beach at Sedd el Bahr.

Sefik's regiment helps inflict severe losses on troops attempting to land at V Beach.

Secures a promise that Italy will receive Valona, Saseno and surrounding strategic territory.

Secures a promise of full Italian sovereignty over Valona, Saseno and surrounding territory.

Hunter-Weston's 29th Division lands at W Beach and fights to secure the Helles foothold.

Coleridge is sent from divisional headquarters to locate forward troops and stress the need to gain the W Hills before nightfall.

Malone strengthens exposed positions on Walker's Ridge as the ANZAC beachhead settles into defensive warfare.

Secures a promise that Italy will receive a share of any war contribution proportionate to its sacrifices.

The British War Council resolve that the Admiralty should prepare for a naval expedition in February against the Dardanelles

Appointed Member of War Council

Asquith's War Council approves a naval operation intended to force the Dardanelles.

The War Council approves preparation for a naval expedition based on Carden's staged Dardanelles scheme.

Reduces the size of the War Council.

Fisher leaves the War Council table and tells Kitchener he intends to resign over the Dardanelles decision.

Obtains recognition that Italy should receive a share of any eventual war indemnity reflecting its sacrifices.

Addresses a War Office committee examining production and supply for the Army.

Supports committee work intended to accelerate the production of equipment required by the armed forces.

Warns the Americans, "had better look out after this war"

Warns the French President Russia will be forced to make peace without economic help. France moves quickly to give Russia the economic assistance she requires

Asquith and Bonar Law agree to form a wartime coalition.

Answers questions about press censorship and restrictions on military information.

Gives Parliament a broad review of the military and political situation.

Birdwood's staff struggles to maintain drinking-water supplies for troops crowded into the ANZAC perimeter.

Malone brings the Wellington Battalion ashore and begins organising defensive positions within the ANZAC perimeter.

Malone's Wellington Battalion moves south with the New Zealand Infantry Brigade for the renewed Krithia offensive.

Malone's battalion returns to ANZAC after suffering heavily during the fighting around Krithia.

The depleted 53rd Welsh Division begins evacuation from Suvla to Mudros during the carefully staged withdrawal.

Suggests an attack on Turkey or Austria to end the deadlock in western front

Poison gas is first used on the Western Front, in a German attack on Canadian troops at Ypres

Cabinet endorses Robertsons & Haigs decision for the Western Front to have priority

Continues sending divisions and replacements to sustain British forces on the Western Front.

Beatty keeps the Battle Cruiser Fleet ready for rapid deployment against any German surface sortie.

Birdwood's troops endure flooding, snow, frostbite and exposure as a severe winter storm strikes Gallipoli.

Hunter-Weston's troops secure X Beach and begin expanding the northern side of the Helles perimeter.

Peyton's 2nd Mounted Division advances dismounted across the dry Salt Lake toward the Scimitar Hill fighting.

Benn experiences the confused withdrawal as exhausted yeomanry fall back from the Green Hill area after the failed attack.

Peyton's yeomanry units move into reserve behind Lala Baba before the planned 21 August assault.

Plumer takes a major role in reorganising the defence of the Ypres salient during the gas crisis.

The Government authorizes the creation on national Zemstvo. The Government authorizes the creation a national Zemstvo

Presses for revolutionary defeatism at the anti-war socialist conference.

Joins anti-war socialists opposing the imperial war.

Attends the international socialist anti-war conference at Zimmerwald, which meets from 5 to 8 September.

On the eve of the conference Lenin organizes a group of socialist internationalists, the Zimmerwald Left

Drafts the Zimmerwald Manifest, adopted by the international socialist conference opposing the continuation of the war.

Birth of Augusto Jose Ramon Pinochet Ugarte

Birth of Billie Holiday

Birth of Dennis Price

Birth of Fred Hoyle near Bingley in the West Riding of Yorkshire.

Birth of George Orson Welles

Birth of McKinley Morganfield, Mississippi

Birth of Peggy Mount

Birth of Stanley Matthews

Bridges dies from the wound received at ANZAC and becomes the senior Australian officer lost in the campaign.

Death of Paul Ehrlich, Nobel Prize winning bacteriologist

Death of Sergei Yulyevich Witte.

The Admiralty forms the Battle Cruiser Fleet and retains Beatty as commander of Britain's fast capital ships.

Carden's final operational plan places the minesweepers under close protection of the battle fleet for the proposed daylight clearance.

Commands the resistence to Allied landings at "Anzac Cove" near Gaba Tepe

First day of the Arras Offensive

Final day of the Arras Offensive, nearly breaks the German defenses on Vimy Ridge

Over five weeks the French and Germans were engaged in a battle of attrition in the area immediately behind the old German front line. This was a maze of communications trenches and strong points, where progress was slow and costly.

The French suffered 100,000 casualties, the Germans 75,000, and as the French were well aware there were more Germans than Frenchmen.

The Moroccan Division did manage to fight its way back onto Vimy Ridge on 16 June, but was once again pushed back

The attack in Artois failed to achieve its original objectives. Vimy Ridge remained in German hands until it fell to the Canadians in 1917 (Battle of Vimy Ridge), while the battle of attrition favoured the Germans.

The French offensive would be launched by the Tenth Army, under General dUrbal. It was supported by 1,200 guns with 200,000 shells, a huge amount for ammunition for 1915 (later bombardments would use millions of shells). The artillery bombardment began six days before the attack was due to go in

Over five weeks the French and Germans were engaged in a battle of attrition in the area immediately behind the old German front line. This was a maze of communications trenches and strong points, where progress was slow and costly.

The French suffered 100,000 casualties, the Germans 75,000, and as the French were well aware there were more Germans than Frenchmen.

The Moroccan Division did manage to fight its way back onto Vimy Ridge on 16 June, but was once again pushed back

The attack in Artois failed to achieve its original objectives. Vimy Ridge remained in German hands until it fell to the Canadians in 1917 (Battle of Vimy Ridge), while the battle of attrition favoured the Germans.

By the end of the battle the French have advanced 500 yards

Hopes to divert the Germans from the Eastern front

A final French attempt to attack the Germans is halted

The War Cabinet decides to send troops to the Dardanelles

Suggests an attack on the Dardanelles at a War Council meeting

At Churchills request, the commander of the Royal Navys Mediterranean Squadron, Vice Admiral S.H. Carden proposed a plan for forcing the Dardanelles using battleships, submarines and minesweepers

The British War Council resolve that the Admiralty should prepare for a naval expedition in February against the Dardanelles

The British War Council approves the plan, and Carden is supplied with additional pre-Dreadnought battleships, the battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth and the battlecruiser HMS Inflexible. Churchill argues for just a naval attack at the War Council. Cabinet approves the attack with ships

The War Council accepts Churchills idea for a naval expedition to the Dardanelles. A plan to create a supply link to the Russian front & secure the Balkan states

Churchill argues for just a naval attack at the War Council

An attack on the Dardanelles could give Russia a supply route and might encourage Bulgaria and Romania to join the allied side

In a new year review submitted to the Prime Minister, Herbert Asquith, outlines two possible new fronts against the Germans, intended to break the stalemate and accompanying enormous loss of life which had rapidly set in on the western front.

The Russian plea for assistance, coupled with a perception of the Ottoman Empire as a weak enemy ("the sick man of Europe"), made the prospect of a campaign in the Dardanelles seem appealing.

What was to become the Battle of Gallipoli, a 10-month Battle of attrition, begins at 7.30am on February 19, 1915. The War Cabinet decides to send troops to the Dardanelles. Only 6 British ships are involved & 3/4 of the Turkish guns survive. Bombardment of the outer ports of the Dardenalles begins

George V & Churchill inspect the Royal Naval Div before it sails to the Dardanelles

The Allied fleet destroys outer forts of the Dardanelles

The operation was originally intended to be purely naval due to a lack of available troops and the independence of Lord of the admiralty Winston Churchill but.

by early February, it was decided that more regular infantry was needed.

Allied troops land at Kum-Kale, the Asiatic side of the Dardanelles

A naval attack fails & the Inflexible & Irrepressible are lost

Churchill and Fisher continually quarreled throughout the campaign, and Fisher finally resigned on 15 May 1915 after repeated threats to do so

Fishers resignation, on top of poor progress in the campaign, precipitated the fall of the Government and Churchills replacement as First Lord

Writes to Asquith, Kitchener & Balfour suggesting a naval attack, the plea is rejected

Proposes to the Dardanelles Committee Lloyd George replace Kitchener at the War Office. Proposes to the Dardanelles Committee French & Kitchener swap roles in Turkey & France

The Dardanelles Committee decides to recall Hamilton

Demands an end to the Dardanelles campaign in cabinet. Accuses Churchill of being "a determined mad gambler"

Fishers resignation, on top of poor progress in the campaign, precipitated the fall of the Government and Churchills replacement as First Lord. Churchill and Fisher continually quarreled throughout the campaign, and Fisher finally resigned on 15 May 1915 after repeated threats to do so

George V & Churchill inspect the Royal Naval Div before it sails to the Dardanelles

The Dardanelles Committee decides to recall Hamilton, his last generals command

Commands a naval attack fails & the Inflexible & Irrepressible are lost

Beatty's battlecruisers intercept Hipper's squadron at Dogger Bank. SMS Blücher is sunk while the surviving German battlecruisers escape.

Hipper's squadron, sent to attack British fishing vessels and patrols, is intercepted by Beatty. SMS Blücher is sunk while the surviving German battlecruisers escape.

Lands a force of Australians & New Zealanders subsequently know as ANZAC Cove

What was to become the Battle of Gallipoli, a 10-month Battle of attrition, begins at 7.30am on February 19, 1915

Demolition parties of Royal Marines raided the Sedd el Bahr and Kum Kale forts, meeting little opposition. Another attempt is made on February 25, this time the Ottomans evacuate the outer defences and the fleet enters the straits to engage the intermediate defences

The event that decided the battle took place on the night of March 8 when the Ottoman minelayer Nusret laid a line of mines in Eren Key Bay, a wide bay along the Asian shore just inside the entrance to the straits

The operation went ahead without the British or French becoming aware of the recent additions to the Ottoman minefields

March 18 is a significant victory for the Ottoman Empire

With the failure of the naval assault, the idea that land forces could advance around the backs of the Dardanelles forts and capture Istanbul gained support as an alternative, on 25 April, the Gallipoli Campaign is launched

Despite heavy losses Churchill recommends troop reinforcements to the Dardanelles Comm

Commands the 1st troop landings on Gallipoli with the 29th Div & Australian & NZ corps

Responsible for the Gallipoli front by leading the Mediterranean expeditionary force. Expects a 2 day advantage in which the Turks would be confused but is dissappointed. Celebrated as ANZAC day

Reinforcements arrive when IX Corps land at Suvla

A 2nd failed attempt is made to land at Gallipoli

The first day of troop withdrawal from Gallipolli

Proposes Greek troops help the Allies

Breaks through the Russian lines at Gorlice-Tarnow & destroys the Russian 3rd Army

Following action at the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes in February wins the prestigious Pour le Merite

Commands resistence to Allied Landings at Sulva Bay

The Allies lose over 40,000 men after failing to cross the Gallipoli peninsular

Leads the Allied ground forces

The Allies lose over 40,000 men after failing to cross the Gallipoli peninsular

Alderson commands the Canadian Division at Ypres.

Currie commands Canadian troops under gas attack at Ypres.

Belgian forces hold positions near Ypres.

Deimling commands units during the gas attack at Ypres.

Albrecht commands German forces during Second Ypres.

Poison gas is first used on the Western Front, in a German attack on Canadian troops at Ypres

Plumer takes command during the Ypres fighting.

French troops are hit by the first gas attack at Ypres.

Smith-Dorrien warns about the danger around Ypres.

Churchill reports the battle to Kitchener and describes the pursuit and sinking of Blücher.

De Robeck confirms the plan for battleships to silence the forts while minesweepers clear a passage.

Beatty's reorganised battlecruiser force operates from Rosyth for faster access to the central North Sea.