Western Front
Suggests an attack on Turkey or Austria to end the deadlock in western front
Historical events in 1915
1,175 historical records
January 191593 historical events
HMS Formidable Loss Assessed
The Admiralty assesses the loss of HMS Formidable after the battleship is torpedoed by U-24.
Dardanelles Naval Strategy Advocated
Churchill proposes forcing the Dardanelles with naval power to threaten Constantinople and assist Russia.
Churchill Requests Dardanelles Feasibility Opinion
Churchill asks Carden whether the Dardanelles can be forced by ships alone and requests his professional assessment.
Rush through Straits Rejected
Carden replies that a sudden rush through the Straits is impracticable but sustained operations with sufficient force may succeed.
Systematic Reduction Strategy Proposed
Carden proposes reducing forts, suppressing mobile guns and clearing minefields rather than attempting a rapid passage.
Battle of Dardanelles
Suggests an attack on the Dardanelles at a War Council meeting
Planned Offensive in Flanders
The War Council meeting agrees French's plan for an offensive in Flanders
Dardanelles Attack Plan Submitted
Carden submits a staged plan for reducing Ottoman forts and clearing the Dardanelles minefields.
Battle of Dardanelles
At Churchills request, the commander of the Royal Navys Mediterranean Squadron, Vice Admiral S.H. Carden proposed a plan for forcing the Dardanelles using battleships, submarines and minesweepers
Six Submarines Requested
Carden's plan includes six submarines for operations beyond and within the Straits.
Sixteen Destroyers Requested
Carden asks for sixteen destroyers to support the fleet during the proposed Dardanelles operation.
Three Battlecruisers Requested
Carden includes three battlecruisers in the force he considers necessary for sustained operations in the Straits.
Three Light Cruisers Requested
Carden's force proposal includes three light cruisers for reconnaissance, support and protection duties.
Twelve Battleships Requested
Carden's scheme requests twelve battleships as the core heavy force for the proposed Dardanelles operation.
Twelve Minesweepers Requested
Carden requests twelve minesweepers because clearing Ottoman minefields is essential to any advance toward the Narrows.
Diplomatic Negotiations
The Romanian Government negotiates loan of 5,000,000 pounds in Great Britain
Constitution of USA
The US House of Representatives rejected a proposal to give woment the vote
Legislation
The US House of Representatives rejected a proposal to give woment the vote
Foreign Secretary of Austria
Baron Burian succeeds Count Berchtold as Austro-Hungarian Minister for Foreign affairs
Battle of Dardanelles
The British War Council resolve that the Admiralty should prepare for a naval expedition in February against the Dardanelles
Battle of Dardanelles
The British War Council approves the plan, and Carden is supplied with additional pre-Dreadnought battleships, the battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth and the battlecruiser HMS Inflexible. Churchill argues for just a naval attack at the War Council. Cabinet approves the attack with ships
War Council
The British War Council resolve that the Admiralty should prepare for a naval expedition in February against the Dardanelles
War Council Approves Naval Expedition
The War Council approves preparation for a naval expedition based on Carden's staged Dardanelles scheme.
Capture of Swakopmund
Swakopmund in German South West Africa is captured by forces under Louis Botha
Battle of Dardanelles
The War Council accepts Churchills idea for a naval expedition to the Dardanelles. A plan to create a supply link to the Russian front & secure the Balkan states
Agreement on Mutual support between Italy and Rumania announced
Existence of secret agreement for mutual support between Italy and Rumania announced by respective Governments
Agreement on Mutual support between Italy and Rumania announced
Existence of secret agreement for mutual support between Italy and Rumania announced by respective Governments
Endurance Expedition
Endurance becomes trapped in Weddell Sea pack ice, ending the planned crossing of Antarctica
Endurance Trapped in Pack Ice
Endurance becomes firmly trapped in Weddell Sea pack ice, preventing Shackleton from landing the transcontinental party on Antarctica.
21 Demands
Japan issues the 21 Demands to China, grievances to be settled under threat of war. China must grant Japanese control over Manchuria & Shantung. China must cease leasing coastal ports. China must allow Japanese part ownership of its heavy industries. China must allow Japanaes "advisers" into every stratum of Government activity. China is forced to accept Japans 21 Demands
Japan issues the 21 Demands to China, grievances to be settled under
Japan issues the 21 Demands to China, grievances to be settled under threat of war
Blockade of Great Britain
German zeppelins launch the 1st air raid on Britain
First Zeppelin Raid on Britain
German Zeppelins launch the first air raid on Britain.
Great Britain Home Front under Blockade Pressure
German attacks on Britain occur alongside the wider effort to pressure the country through maritime and aerial warfare.
Endurance Trapped in Pack Ice
Crean remains aboard Endurance after the ship becomes trapped in Weddell Sea pack ice and begins drifting with the frozen sea.
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Dogger Bank Raid Objective Set
Hipper sails with battlecruisers, Blücher, light cruisers and destroyers to strike British forces around Dogger Bank.
Dogger Bank Patrol Ordered
Ingenohl orders Hipper's scouting force toward Dogger Bank to attack British fishing vessels and patrols.
Harwich Force Sorties for Dogger Bank
Tyrwhitt's light cruisers and destroyers sail from Harwich to join the planned interception near Dogger Bank.
Admiralty Dogger Bank Interception Planned
British naval intelligence gives the Admiralty enough warning to organise an interception of Hipper's force.
Room 40 Deciphers German Dogger Bank Orders
Room 40 deciphers German naval signals revealing Hipper's planned operation toward Dogger Bank.
Battlecruiser Force Dispatched from Rosyth
Beatty sails from Rosyth with five battlecruisers after the Admiralty orders an interception of Hipper.
Battle of Dogger Bank
Hipper's squadron, sent to attack British fishing vessels and patrols, is intercepted by Beatty. SMS Blücher is sunk while the surviving German battlecruisers escape.
Blücher Left Behind during German Escape
Hipper's faster battlecruisers continue their withdrawal while the crippled Blücher falls farther behind.
British Force Sighted at Dogger Bank
Hipper recognises that stronger British forces are approaching and prepares to withdraw toward Germany.
German Battlecruisers Concentrate Fire on HMS Lion
Hipper directs concentrated German fire against Beatty's flagship HMS Lion, causing serious damage.
German Squadron Orders Retreat
Hipper turns southeast toward home after discovering that Beatty's battlecruiser force outguns his squadron.
SMS Blücher Slows German Withdrawal
The slower armoured cruiser SMS Blücher prevents Hipper's squadron from escaping at the speed of its battlecruisers.
SMS Seydlitz Heavily Hit
Hipper's flagship SMS Seydlitz is heavily hit, causing a dangerous fire near its aft turrets and magazines.
Seydlitz Magazine Disaster Narrowly Avoided
Emergency action prevents the fire aboard Seydlitz from reaching its magazines and destroying the battlecruiser.
Seydlitz Moltke and Derfflinger Escape
Hipper escapes with Seydlitz, Moltke and Derfflinger after British fire shifts toward the damaged Blücher.
Sinking of SMS Blücher - German Rearguard
Blücher fell behind the German battlecruisers after heavy British fire and was overwhelmed during the withdrawal from Dogger Bank.
Sinking of SMS Blücher
SMS Blücher, slower than Hipper's battlecruisers, falls behind during the retreat and is sunk by British fire.
Aurora Encounters SMS Kolberg
HMS Aurora encounters SMS Kolberg near Dogger Bank, helping trigger the opening exchanges of the battle.
First Light Cruiser Squadron Joins Interception
Goodenough's light cruisers support Beatty's force during the British interception of Hipper's squadron.
Blücher Sinking Welcomed
Churchill treats the destruction of Blücher as evidence of British battlecruiser superiority.
Dogger Bank Battle Report Sent to Kitchener
Churchill reports the battle to Kitchener and describes the pursuit and sinking of Blücher.
Dogger Bank German Sortie Intercepted
Admiralty intelligence helps British battlecruisers intercept Admiral Hipper's force at Dogger Bank.
HMS Lion Damage Reported
Churchill reports that Beatty's flagship Lion is damaged but returning safely after Dogger Bank.
Battle of Dogger Bank
Beatty's battlecruisers intercept Hipper's squadron at Dogger Bank. SMS Blücher is sunk while the surviving German battlecruisers escape.
Battlecruiser Pursuit of Hipper Begins
Beatty begins a high-speed pursuit as Hipper's force retreats from the approaching British battlecruisers.
Beatty Pursuit Signal Misunderstood
Confusing signals from the damaged Lion are misunderstood, disrupting Beatty's attempt to continue pursuing Hipper.
British Battlecruisers Open Long-Range Fire
Beatty closes the range and his battlecruisers open fire on Hipper's retreating ships.
British Dogger Bank Rendezvous Arranged
Beatty's battlecruisers are directed toward a rendezvous with supporting cruisers and destroyers near Dogger Bank.
British Fire Redirected onto SMS Blücher
British battlecruisers concentrate on the crippled Blücher instead of continuing the pursuit of Hipper's surviving ships.
Dogger Bank Tactical Victory Confirmed
Britain claims a tactical victory after sinking Blücher and forcing Hipper's surviving squadron to retreat.
HMS Lion Severely Damaged
Repeated German hits flood compartments, reduce Lion's speed and eventually force Beatty's flagship out of the pursuit.
SMS Blücher Disabled during British Pursuit
British fire cripples Blücher during the pursuit after Beatty's flagship Lion is seriously damaged.
Sinking of SMS Blücher
Beatty's force concentrates fire on the damaged SMS Blücher, which is sunk during the Battle of Dogger Bank.
Naval Policy Memorandum Submitted
Fisher submits a naval-policy memorandum warning against weakening home-water margins for peripheral operations.
Ship Bombardment without Troops Opposed
Fisher argues against using major fighting ships for bombardment unless operations are supported by adequate military forces.
Battle of Dardanelles
Churchill argues for just a naval attack at the War Council
Baltic Special-Vessel Strategy Defended
War Council discussion records Fisher's special cruisers and other vessels intended for a future Baltic operation.
Dardanelles Dispute Discussed with Asquith
Fisher discusses the proposed Dardanelles operation with Asquith and Churchill before the War Council meeting.
Dardanelles Naval Attack Reluctantly Accepted
Fisher returns to the War Council and remains in office after the naval attack on the Dardanelles is approved.
Kitchener Persuades Fisher to Remain
Kitchener persuades Fisher that he should remain First Sea Lord despite being the principal dissenter over the operation.
War Council Resignation Attempt
Fisher leaves the War Council table and tells Kitchener he intends to resign over the Dardanelles decision.
War Council Approves Dardanelles Naval Operation
Asquith's War Council approves a naval operation intended to force the Dardanelles.
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North, given full command
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North, given full command
Iron Cross
Awarded the Iron Cross, 1st class
Battle of Dardanelles
An attack on the Dardanelles could give Russia a supply route and might encourage Bulgaria and Romania to join the allied side
Battle of Dardanelles
In a new year review submitted to the Prime Minister, Herbert Asquith, outlines two possible new fronts against the Germans, intended to break the stalemate and accompanying enormous loss of life which had rapidly set in on the western front.
Battle of Dardanelles
The Russian plea for assistance, coupled with a perception of the Ottoman Empire as a weak enemy ("the sick man of Europe"), made the prospect of a campaign in the Dardanelles seem appealing.
Combined Dardanelles Operation Preferred
Fisher favours any attempt against the Straits being made rapidly with strong naval and military forces acting together.
Queen Elizabeth Added to Dardanelles Force
Fisher supports adding the new battleship Queen Elizabeth to strengthen the proposed Dardanelles bombardment force.
Two Fifteen-Inch Monitors Ordered
The Admiralty orders two additional large monitors armed with fifteen-inch guns as Fisher's shallow-water programme expands.
Intermediate Batteries Defined as Second Objective
Carden plans to suppress intermediate batteries and mobile guns after reducing the entrance forts.
Minefields Defined as Operational Barrier
Carden makes systematic minesweeping essential before battleships can safely approach the Narrows.
Narrows Forts Defined as Final Naval Objective
Carden's phased scheme culminates in close attack on the forts defending the Narrows once a safe channel is created.
Outer Forts Defined as First Objective
Carden identifies the entrance forts at Cape Helles and Kum Kale as the first targets of the naval operation.
New Army Divisions Prepared for France
Pushes training and equipment programmes so New Army divisions can begin joining the Western Front.
February 191585 historical events
Birth of Stanley Matthews
Birth of Stanley Matthews
Blockade of Great Britain
Germany declares submarine blockade of Britain, with all approaching ships considered targets, the start of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Great Britain War Zone Declared
Germany treats ships approaching Britain as potential targets after declaring a submarine war zone around the islands.
Submarine Warfare
Germany declares submarine blockade of Britain, with all approaching ships considered targets, the start of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
German Submarine War Zone Reviewed
The Admiralty assesses Germany's declaration that waters around Britain will become a submarine war zone.
Military Forces Strength Reviewed
Answers questions about the numerical strength of British military forces after six months of war.
Parliamentary Recruiting Committee Reviewed
Reviews the work of the Parliamentary Recruiting Committee in supporting voluntary enlistment.
Surrender of Kemp
Surrenders after returning from German South West Africa.
HMS Formidable Questions Answered
Churchill answers parliamentary questions concerning the sinking of HMS Formidable.
HMS Good Hope Loss Details Answered
Churchill answers Commons questions concerning HMS Good Hope and the losses suffered at Coronel.
Royal Naval Reserve Strength Reviewed
Churchill provides information on the Royal Naval Reserve during the expansion of wartime naval manpower.
Expeditionary Force Casualties Reported
Addresses the total casualties suffered by the British Expeditionary Force.
Recruiting in Ireland Addressed
Answers questions about recruiting progress and organisation in Ireland.
Deputy Chief of Imperial General Staff
Appointed Deputy Chief of the Imperial General Staff
Deputy Chief of Imperial General Staff
Appointed Deputy Chief of the Imperial General Staff
Enemy Ships Captured Reported
Churchill provides Parliament with information concerning enemy vessels captured by British naval forces.
German Submarine Operations Reviewed
Churchill answers parliamentary questions about German submarines and British defensive measures.
HMS Viknor Loss Reported
Churchill answers questions concerning the loss of the armed merchant cruiser HMS Viknor.
Persian Gulf Gun-Running Suppression Reviewed
Churchill reports on naval activity intended to suppress arms trafficking in the Persian Gulf.
Turkish Naval Mission Withdrawal Confirmed
Churchill confirms that the British naval mission left Ottoman service in September 1914.
Naval Casualty Inquiry Policy Defended
Churchill explains the Admiralty's policy on judicial inquiries into major naval losses.
German Trade Restrictions Considered
Discusses stronger economic measures against German trade during the war.
Household Recruiting Canvass Reviewed
Reviews plans for a household canvass in support of voluntary military recruiting.
Battle Cruiser Fleet Formed
The Admiralty forms the Battle Cruiser Fleet and retains Beatty as commander of Britain's fast capital ships.
Additional Dardanelles Vessels Allocated
The approved operation receives additional British and French warships, submarines, destroyers and minesweeping trawlers.
Dogger Bank Gunnery Results Reviewed
Churchill cites Dogger Bank as evidence of the range and power of British battlecruiser gunnery.
Fleet War Readiness Reported to Commons
Churchill tells Parliament that the Navy entered the war fully mobilised, supplied and stationed for operations.
Grand Fleet Numerical Margin Reported
Churchill states that British naval strength retains a substantial numerical margin over Germany.
Naval Construction Acceleration Reported
Churchill reports that wartime procedures are accelerating completion of new warships.
Naval Fuel and Ammunition Reserves Reported
Churchill states that the fleet possesses adequate reserves of ammunition, torpedoes, coal and oil.
Large Landing-Craft Requirement Authorised
The Admiralty is pressed to obtain special craft able to support the landing of fifty thousand troops where required.
Armoured Car Experience Applied to Landships
Churchill discusses tracked fighting machines with officers experienced in Royal Naval Air Service armoured cars.
February Recruiting Position Addressed
Reviews recruiting requirements as British forces continue expanding.
Service Pensions Policy Reviewed
Addresses pensions and allowances for soldiers, sailors and their families.
Blockade of Great Britain
A German submarine blockade of Great Britain begins
Great Britain Submarine Blockade Begins
German submarines begin operating against shipping bound for Britain as the declared blockade takes effect.
Air Raid Damage Compensation Discussed
Addresses compensation for civilian damage caused by hostile aircraft and bombardment.
Blockade of Great Britain
A German submarine blockade of Great Britain begins
German Submarine Blockade
A German submarine blockade of Great Britain begins.
Great Britain Blockade Recorded by Asquith Government
The British government confronts Germany's attempt to use submarines to restrict shipping reaching Great Britain.
French Squadron Joins Dardanelles Bombardment
Guepratte leads French warships in the opening Allied bombardment of the Dardanelles forts.
Outer Fort Bombardment Opens
Carden directs the opening Allied bombardment of Ottoman forts guarding the entrance to the Dardanelles.
Battle of Dardanelles
What was to become the Battle of Gallipoli, a 10-month Battle of attrition, begins at 7.30am on February 19, 1915. The War Cabinet decides to send troops to the Dardanelles. Only 6 British ships are involved & 3/4 of the Turkish guns survive. Bombardment of the outer ports of the Dardenalles begins
Battle of Gallipoli
What was to become the Battle of Gallipoli, a 10-month Battle of attrition, begins at 7.30am on February 19, 1915
Cornwallis and Vengeance Engage Entrance Batteries
HMS Cornwallis and HMS Vengeance answer Ottoman fire during the first major day of Carden's February operation.
Long-Range Bombardment Method Tested
Carden employs long-range fire from outside effective Ottoman gun range as the opening method against the entrance forts.
Opening Reconnaissance Draws Ottoman Fire
Ottoman batteries fire on British destroyers probing the entrance before the main bombardment develops.
Outer Fort Fire Temporarily Suppressed
The opening bombardment suppresses portions of the outer defences but does not permanently destroy the fortifications.
Battle of Dardanelles
The War Cabinet decides to send troops to the Dardanelles
Dardanelles Troop Decision
The War Cabinet decides to send troops to the Dardanelles.
Outer Batteries Withstand Opening Bombardment
Cevat's gunners resist the first large Allied bombardment of the straits.
Bombardment Paused by Bad Weather
Carden pauses renewed attacks when poor weather prevents effective naval bombardment.
Landships Committee Established
Churchill creates the Admiralty Landships Committee to investigate armoured tracked vehicles for trench warfare.
French Ships Enter Strait for Close Bombardment
Guepratte's ships move closer to Ottoman positions as the outer forts are suppressed.
Cape Helles Forts Reengaged
Carden resumes the naval assault and heavily engages the outer forts near Cape Helles.
Battle of Dardanelles
George V & Churchill inspect the Royal Naval Div before it sails to the Dardanelles
Battle of Dardanelles
The Allied fleet destroys outer forts of the Dardanelles
Battle of Gallipoli
Demolition parties of Royal Marines raided the Sedd el Bahr and Kum Kale forts, meeting little opposition. Another attempt is made on February 25, this time the Ottomans evacuate the outer defences and the fleet enters the straits to engage the intermediate defences
Fleet Re-enters Straits after Outer Fort Withdrawal
Carden's fleet moves farther into the Straits after Ottoman resistance at some outer positions is reduced.
Intermediate Defences Brought under Fire
Allied battleships engage intermediate batteries as Carden moves from the entrance phase toward operations deeper in the Straits.
Battle of Dardanelles
George V & Churchill inspect the Royal Naval Div before it sails to the Dardanelles
Marine Demolition Parties Landed
Carden sends demolition parties ashore to destroy abandoned Ottoman guns and fort installations.
Landing Parties Inspect Silenced Forts
Naval landing parties inspect and demolish guns at outer positions after bombardment has reduced Ottoman resistance there.
Battle of Masurian Lakes
Following action at the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes in February wins the prestigious Pour le Merite
German Flash-Protection Reforms Follow Dogger Bank
The near-loss of Seydlitz leads Germany to improve anti-flash precautions and ammunition handling aboard major warships.
Ingenohl Removed after Dogger Bank
Ingenohl is removed from command of the High Seas Fleet after the German setback at Dogger Bank.
Pohl Takes Command after Dogger Bank
Hugo von Pohl replaces Ingenohl and adopts a more cautious approach to High Seas Fleet operations.
Kaiser Restricts High Seas Fleet Operations
Wilhelm II requires greater caution before major fleet operations, limiting the High Seas Fleet's offensive freedom.
Four-Stage Strait Reduction Plan Implemented
Carden begins implementing a phased plan to destroy outer forts, clear mines and attack the Narrows.
Dogger Bank Reinforces British North Sea Advantage
The result leaves Britain in command of the North Sea while Germany becomes more cautious with its surface fleet.
Battle of Dardanelles
The operation was originally intended to be purely naval due to a lack of available troops and the independence of Lord of the admiralty Winston Churchill but.
Battle of Dardanelles
by early February, it was decided that more regular infantry was needed.
Dardanelles Naval Operation Accelerated
Churchill presses the Admiralty to begin systematic attacks on Ottoman forts and minefields.
Ark Royal Air Reconnaissance Support Added
Seaplane carrier HMS Ark Royal provides aerial observation support for the Dardanelles operation under Carden.
John de Robeck Appointed Second in Command
Rear-Admiral John de Robeck becomes Carden's second-in-command, flying his flag in HMS Vengeance.
Need for Shore Spotters Recognised
Carden concludes that troops ashore would improve observation and help naval gunfire deal with concealed and mobile batteries.
Queen Elizabeth Added to Bombardment Force
The new battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth joins the powerful Allied force assembled for Carden's operation.
Roger Keyes Becomes Chief of Staff
Commodore Roger Keyes joins Carden as Chief of Staff and becomes closely involved in minesweeping and operational planning.
Ten Thousand Troops Requested
Carden requests approximately ten thousand troops for limited landings after the outer forts have been silenced.
Troop Request Declined
Kitchener declines Carden's request for troops, leaving the operation dependent on naval bombardment and minesweeping.
Battlecruiser Squadrons Reorganised
The battlecruiser force is reorganised into squadrons following the experience of Dogger Bank.
British Gunnery Lessons Reviewed after Dogger Bank
The Royal Navy reviews fire distribution and gunnery after problems during the battle reduce the scale of victory.
British Signalling Failures Reviewed after Dogger Bank
The Royal Navy examines signalling failures that prevented Beatty from maintaining an effective pursuit of Hipper.
Rosyth Becomes Battle Cruiser Fleet Base
Beatty's reorganised battlecruiser force operates from Rosyth for faster access to the central North Sea.
Western Front Reinforcement Programme Expanded
Continues sending divisions and replacements to sustain British forces on the Western Front.
March 191592 historical events
Civilian Minesweeper Limitations Exposed
Carden's trawler minesweepers struggle against current, searchlights and mobile artillery while operated largely by civilian crews.
Intermediate Defences Bombarded
Battleships bombard intermediate positions while minesweepers begin the difficult effort to clear a passage toward the Narrows.
Battle of Gallipoli
Proposes Greek troops help the Allies
Battle of Dardanelles
Allied troops land at Kum-Kale, the Asiatic side of the Dardanelles
Amethyst Covers Minesweeping Attempt
HMS Amethyst supports six minesweepers during a costly attempt to clear mines under heavy Ottoman fire.
Minesweeper Crews Suffer under Fire
Several trawlers are hit during minesweeping operations, demonstrating the vulnerability of the improvised sweeping force.
First Wartime Resignation
Venizelos resigns after disagreement with Constantine I over participation in the war.
French Minesweeping Attempt Fails
French minesweepers make another attempt under covering fire but fail to open the required passage through the minefields.
Nusret Mine Mission Prepared
Hakki prepares Nusret for a covert mining mission across Erenkoy Bay.
Battle of Gallipoli
The event that decided the battle took place on the night of March 8 when the Ottoman minelayer Nusret laid a line of mines in Eren Key Bay, a wide bay along the Asian shore just inside the entrance to the straits
Battle of Gallipoli
The operation went ahead without the British or French becoming aware of the recent additions to the Ottoman minefields
Royal Navy Courts-Martial Return Provided
Churchill supplies parliamentary information concerning Royal Navy courts-martial during wartime.
Erenkoy Mine Line Concealed from Allies
Cevat's defence preserves the newly laid Erenkoy mine line from Allied detection.
Erenkoy Mine Line Laid
Hakki Bey commands Nusret as it lays a concealed line of mines across Erenkoy Bay.
Twenty-Six Erenkoy Mines Laid
Hakki's Nusret lays a fresh line of mines parallel to the Asian shore in Erenkoy Bay.
Minesweeping Attack Reaches Kephez Lines
Keyes sends minesweepers against the main mine lines near Kephez under heavy Ottoman fire.
March Tenth Minesweeping Effort
Further minesweeping is attempted under Carden's command as the fleet struggles to create a safe channel toward the Narrows.
Neuve Chapelle Breakthrough Exploitation Ordered
Haig orders reserves forward after British troops penetrate the first German defensive positions.
Neuve Chapelle Offensive Directed by First Army
Haig's First Army opens the Neuve Chapelle offensive after a concentrated artillery bombardment.
Neutrality
The Reprisals Order, in which Britain bans all neutral parties from trading with Germany
Reprisals Order
The Reprisals Order, in which Britain bans all neutral parties from trading with Germany
Mediterranean Expeditionary Force Command Received
Hamilton is appointed to command the force being assembled for land operations at the Dardanelles.
March Eleventh Minesweeping Effort
Another minesweeping effort continues under Commodore Keyes while Carden presses for progress against the mine barrier.
Neutrality
The Reprisals Order, in which Britain bans all neutral parties from trading with Germany
Reprisals Order
The Reprisals Order, in which Britain bans all neutral parties from trading with Germany
Reprisals Trading Ban
Britain bans neutral parties from trading with Germany under the Reprisals Order.
Narrows Bombardment Intensified
Carden intensifies attacks on forts covering the Narrows while minesweeping remains incomplete.
Keyes Leads Volunteer Minesweeping Attack
Commodore Keyes leads naval volunteers in another determined attempt to clear mines and suppress searchlights in the Straits.
Two-Hour Covering Bombardment Precedes Sweep
Carden's forces precede the volunteer minesweeping attempt with prolonged gunfire against searchlights and mobile batteries.
Neuve Chapelle Offensive Halted
Haig ends the offensive after communications failures, resistance and ammunition shortages prevent further progress.
Death of Sergei Witte
Death of Sergei Yulyevich Witte.
Carden Reports Strain before Decisive Attack
Carden reports severe strain as pressure mounts for a decisive fleet assault.
Merchant Ship Losses Statement Provided
Churchill provides information on British merchant ships detained, captured or destroyed during the war.
Admiralty Accepts Daylight Attack Scheme
The Admiralty accepts Carden's revised plan for a heavily supported daylight assault and minesweeping effort.
Battle Fleet Protection Assigned to Daylight Sweep
Carden's final operational plan places the minesweepers under close protection of the battle fleet for the proposed daylight clearance.
Daylight Minesweeping Plan Developed
Carden proposes a daylight minesweeping operation closely protected by the battle fleet after repeated night attempts fail.
Dardanelles Command Passed to de Robeck
Carden leaves command through illness and de Robeck takes over the naval operation.
Battle of Gallipoli
March 18 is a significant victory for the Ottoman Empire
Health Breakdown Removes Carden from Operational Direction
Severe illness and nervous exhaustion prevent Carden from continuing direct command on the eve of the major fleet assault.
Eighteenth March Battle Plan Confirmed
De Robeck confirms the plan for battleships to silence the forts while minesweepers clear a passage.
Dardanelles Fleet Command Assumed
De Robeck assumes command of the Allied naval force on the eve of the major Dardanelles attack.
Dardanelles Plan Continues under de Robeck
De Robeck inherits Carden's operational concept and prepares the large fleet attack scheduled for 18 March.
Eastern Mediterranean Command Relinquished
Carden formally relinquishes the Eastern Mediterranean Squadron to John de Robeck because of his deteriorating health.
Bouvet Sunk during Naval Assault
Guepratte's force suffers the sudden loss of Bouvet after the battleship strikes a mine.
French Division Ordered into Second Line
Guepratte takes the French battleship division into the straits behind the first British line.
French Battleship Line Commits to Narrows Attack
Guepratte leads the French battleship division into the central phase of the 18 March naval assault.
Inflexible Damaged by Erenkoy Mines
HMS Inflexible is badly damaged by a mine while withdrawing from the Narrows.
Irresistible Lost during Strait Assault
De Robeck's fleet loses HMS Irresistible after the battleship strikes a mine during the assault.
Ocean Lost during Withdrawal
HMS Ocean is lost after striking a mine while attempting to assist damaged ships.
Battle of Dardanelles
Commands a naval attack fails & the Inflexible & Irrepressible are lost
Fleet Withdraws after Battleship Losses
De Robeck withdraws after mines and Ottoman fire sink three Allied battleships and damage several others.
Main Dardanelles Naval Assault Ordered
De Robeck orders the principal British and French battleship attack against the Ottoman straits defences.
Battle of Dardanelles
A naval attack fails & the Inflexible & Irrepressible are lost
Narrows Batteries Engage Main Fleet
Cevat's forts engage the Allied battleships during the largest naval attack on the straits.
Fleet Assault Suspended after Eighteenth March
De Robeck suspends another immediate battleship assault after the heavy losses of 18 March.
Eighteenth March Battleship Losses Reviewed
Churchill reviews the severe losses suffered during the main Allied attempt to force the Dardanelles.
Dardanelles Battleship Losses Condemned
After the 18 March losses, Fisher tells the War Council that the sinking of major ships cannot be dismissed.
Twelve-Battleship Loss Estimate Reaffirmed
Fisher repeats his view that forcing the Dardanelles by naval power alone could cost about twelve battleships.
Renewed Minesweeping Urged after Eighteenth March
Keyes argues that determined minesweeping could still open a path through the straits.
Discovery of Pluto
Lowell Observatory captures faint images of Pluto, but the object is not recognised as the predicted planet.
Siege of Przmysl
Austrian forces surrender to the Russians
Land Support Declared Necessary
De Robeck tells Allied commanders that troops are required to capture shore batteries before another naval advance.
Ottoman Fifth Army Command Assumed
Liman von Sanders takes command of the Ottoman Fifth Army responsible for defending Gallipoli.
Battle of Champagne, 1st
By the end of the battle the French have advanced 500 yards
Socialist Womens Conference
Zetkin organises the Socialist Womens Conference
Return to Front Line Service
Jodl returns to active service after recovering from his 1914 wound.
Carpathian Offensive
Directs the Carpathian Offensive, March-April
Dardanelles Army Headquarters Established
Hamilton establishes headquarters and begins organising the multinational force for the peninsula invasion.
Kilid Bahr Plateau Set as Strategic Objective
Hamilton identifies the Kilid Bahr plateau as essential for neutralising the forts covering the Narrows.
Renewed Naval Attack Advocated after Losses
Churchill continues pressing for renewed naval action despite the battleship losses.
Fleet Loss Concerns Raised before Final Assault
Fisher expresses concern that battleships are being risked before the minefields are fully cleared.
Civilian Minesweeper Crews Replaced
Keyes supports using naval personnel when civilian trawler crews struggle under Ottoman fire.
Night Minesweeping Effort Intensified
Keyes pushes minesweepers deeper into the straits despite heavy fire and strong currents.
Ground Invasion Backed after Naval Failure
Asquith's government accepts that troops must seize the Gallipoli defences before the fleet can advance.
Twenty-Ninth Division Released for Dardanelles
Kitchener releases the 29th Division for Hamilton's Mediterranean Expeditionary Force.
Downstream Sweeping Method Attempted
Carden's command experiments with sending trawlers upstream before turning to sweep with the current through the minefields.
Naval Volunteers Replace Civilian Sweeping Crews
Royal Navy volunteers increasingly replace reluctant civilian trawler crews in attempts to improve minesweeping under fire.
Night Minesweeping Adopted
Carden shifts much minesweeping work to darkness in an attempt to reduce exposure to Ottoman guns and observation.
Searchlights Disrupt Night Sweeping
Ottoman searchlights illuminate slow trawlers at night, allowing shore batteries to interfere repeatedly with minesweeping.
Trawler Crews Abandon Sweeping Gear under Fire
Some civilian trawler crews fail to stream minesweeping gear when Ottoman fire becomes intense during an attempted sweep.
Unprotected Surprise Sweep Attempted
A night attempt sends trawlers without close battleship protection in hopes of surprising Ottoman defenders.
Battlecruiser Fleet Scouting Role Expanded
Beatty's force develops its role as the fast scouting arm intended to locate enemy heavy ships.
Neuve Chapelle Ammunition Lessons Reviewed
Reviews ammunition expenditure after Neuve Chapelle highlights the enormous shell demands of modern offensives.
Election
Venizelos wins the election & is returned to power
Siege of Salonika
Urges the Germans to invade Greece & recapture Salonika from the Allies
Industrial Legacy
His policies remain associated with rapid Russian industrial growth.
Railway Legacy
His name remains linked with railway expansion and state finance.
October Manifesto Legacy
His role in the October Manifesto defines his reform reputation.
Commander of North West Army
Appointed Commander of the North West Army Group
Portsmouth Legacy
His Portsmouth diplomacy remains a major achievement of his career.
Commander of North West Army
Appointed Comander of the North West Army Group
Mobile Howitzers Disrupt Minesweeping
Cevat uses concealed mobile artillery to harass civilian-crewed minesweepers operating at night.
April 1915147 historical events
Birth of McKinley Morganfield
Birth of McKinley Morganfield, Mississippi
Birth of Billie Holiday
Birth of Billie Holiday
Anzac Landing Coast Reconnoitred
Birdwood and senior ANZAC officers inspect the Gallipoli coast from HMS Queen Elizabeth before the landings.
Retired Naval Captains Employment Reviewed
Churchill answers parliamentary questions concerning the wartime employment of retired Royal Navy captains.
Brusilov Offensive
Formulates the idea for the Brusilov Offensive. At the GHQ in front of the Tsar advocates an attack on all fronts
War Office Production Committee Reviewed
Addresses a War Office committee examining production and supply for the Army.
War Production Acceleration Committee Backed
Supports committee work intended to accelerate the production of equipment required by the armed forces.
Invasion Fleet Assembled at Mudros
Hamilton oversees final preparations as more than two hundred vessels assemble at Mudros for the invasion.
Merchant Ship Submarine Attacks Reported
Churchill supplies information concerning attacks by submarines on British and neutral merchant ships.
Naval Engineer Recognition Policy Reviewed
Churchill answers questions concerning honours and promotion for Royal Navy engineer officers.
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
Belgian forces hold positions near Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
Currie commands Canadian troops under gas attack at Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
Alderson commands the Canadian Division at Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
French troops are hit by the first gas attack at Ypres.
Poison Gas
Haber helps prepare chlorine gas use at Ypres.
Gas Offensive Opens at Ypres
German forces release chlorine gas during the opening attack of the Second Battle of Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
Albrecht commands German forces during Second Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
Poison gas is first used on the Western Front, in a German attack on Canadian troops at Ypres
Poison gas
Poison gas is first used on the Western Front, in a German attack on Canadian troops at Ypres
Western Front
Poison gas is first used on the Western Front, in a German attack on Canadian troops at Ypres
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
Deimling commands units during the gas attack at Ypres.
Army Estimates War Requirements Addressed
Addresses wartime Army estimates and the resources required for expanding operations.
British Prisoner Treatment Raised
Addresses reports concerning the treatment of British prisoners held in Germany.
Business Expertise for Military Supply Supported
Supports greater use of business expertise in Army and Navy equipment supply.
Wartime Press Censorship Reviewed
Answers questions about press censorship and restrictions on military information.
Second Ypres Reinforcements Ordered
French sends reinforcements toward Ypres after German gas attacks rupture sections of the Allied line.
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
Smith-Dorrien warns about the danger around Ypres.
Landing Delayed Two Days by Weather
Hamilton delays the invasion from 23 to 25 April because rough weather disrupts the assault timetable.
Australian Division Landing Orders Issued
Bridges issues final instructions for the 1st Australian Division's role in the ANZAC landing.
Naval Gunfire Support Allocated to Landing Beaches
Hamilton coordinates with naval commanders to allocate bombardment and transport support for the landings.
New Zealand Division Embarks from Lemnos
Godley's New Zealand and Australian Division prepares to follow the first Australian waves ashore.
Covering Force Embarks for Anzac
Sinclair-MacLagan's 3rd Australian Brigade embarks as the covering force for the ANZAC landing.
Bigali Reserve Maintained before Landing
Mustafa Kemal keeps the 19th Division ready as a mobile reserve on the eve of the Allied landings.
First Brigade Directed toward Left Flank
MacLaurin's brigade moves into the left side of the expanding ANZAC perimeter.
First Australian Division Comes Ashore
Bridges lands with the 1st Australian Division and attempts to organise the scattered troops above ANZAC Cove.
Second Ridge Delay Challenged
Bridges questions the halt on the second ridge while the original objectives remain beyond the ANZAC foothold.
Fourth Brigade Reinforces ANZAC Line
Monash brings the 4th Australian Brigade ashore and helps fill gaps in the developing ANZAC perimeter.
Second Brigade Diverted to Right Flank
McCay's brigade is diverted toward the southern flank as the landing plan breaks down.
Kum Kale Diversion Launched
D'Amade directs the French diversionary landing on the Asian shore at Kum Kale.
French Ships Support Kum Kale Landing
Guepratte's warships bombard Ottoman positions supporting the French diversion at Kum Kale.
Invasion Convoys Escorted to Gallipoli
De Robeck provides naval escort, bombardment and landing craft support for the invasion.
Anzac Corps Lands North of Gaba Tepe
Birdwood's ANZAC Corps lands north of its intended objective and establishes a precarious beachhead.
Evacuation Advice Sent after First Day
Birdwood reports his divisional commanders' recommendation to evacuate after the confused first day ashore.
AE2 Dardanelles Passage Begun
Stoker takes submarine AE2 into the defended Dardanelles on the morning of the Allied landings.
AE2 Reaches Sea of Marmara
Stoker succeeds in taking AE2 through the Dardanelles into the Sea of Marmara.
Anzac Evacuation Rejected after Landing
Hamilton orders the Anzacs to hold their ground rather than abandon the beachhead on the first night.
Cape Helles Landings Launched
Hamilton launches the main British landings on five beaches around Cape Helles.
Third Brigade Lands before Dawn
Sinclair-MacLagan's brigade lands before dawn and begins securing the ridges above ANZAC Cove.
Third Ridge Advance Halted
Sinclair-MacLagan halts the covering force on the second ridge rather than pressing toward the third ridge.
River Clyde Landing Crisis Managed
Hunter-Weston attempts to reinforce troops trapped around the River Clyde landing at V Beach.
V Beach Assault Directed
Hunter-Weston directs 29th Division operations as troops assault heavily defended V Beach at Sedd el Bahr.
W Beach Assault Directed
Hunter-Weston's 29th Division lands at W Beach and fights to secure the Helles foothold.
X Beach Landing Secured
Hunter-Weston's troops secure X Beach and begin expanding the northern side of the Helles perimeter.
Battle of Gallipoli
Commands the 1st troop landings on Gallipoli with the 29th Div & Australian & NZ corps
ANZAC
Lands a force of Australians & New Zealanders subsequently know as ANZAC Cove
Battle of Gallipoli
Lands a force of Australians & New Zealanders subsequently know as ANZAC Cove
ANZAC
Celebrated as ANZAC day
Battle of Gallipoli
Responsible for the Gallipoli front by leading the Mediterranean expeditionary force. Expects a 2 day advantage in which the Turks would be confused but is dissappointed. Celebrated as ANZAC day
Battle of Gallipoli
With the failure of the naval assault, the idea that land forces could advance around the backs of the Dardanelles forts and capture Istanbul gained support as an alternative, on 25 April, the Gallipoli Campaign is launched
AE2 Ordered to Disrupt Ottoman Reinforcements
Stoker receives instructions to enter the Sea of Marmara and attack Ottoman communications.
AE2 Signals Successful Passage to Fleet
Stoker reports that AE2 has passed the Narrows, encouraging Allied commanders during the first landing day.
Wellington Battalion Lands at Anzac
Malone brings the Wellington Battalion ashore and begins organising defensive positions within the ANZAC perimeter.
Conkbayiri Heights Reached ahead of Anzacs
Mustafa Kemal reaches the high ground and commits reserves before the Anzacs can secure the crest.
Fifty-Seventh Regiment Counterattack Ordered
Mustafa Kemal orders the 57th Regiment to counterattack the advancing ANZAC troops.
Fifty-Seventh Regiment Sent toward Chunuk Bair
Mustafa Kemal sends the 57th Regiment toward the heights after learning of the ANZAC landing.
Retreating Ottoman Troops Rallied
Mustafa Kemal rallies retreating Ottoman soldiers and orders them to hold the high ground above Anzac.
Sedd el Bahr Defence Reinforced
Halil Sami reinforces Ottoman defenders resisting the British landings around Sedd el Bahr.
Anzac Reinforcements Released from Ottoman Reserve
Esat releases additional troops to contain the ANZAC beachhead during the first day.
Third Corps Responds to Multiple Landings
Esat directs Ottoman reserves as Allied troops land at Helles and Anzac.
V Beach Defenders Hold Landing Force
Sefik's regiment helps inflict severe losses on troops attempting to land at V Beach.
Battle of ANZAC Cove
Commands the resistence to Allied landings at "Anzac Cove" near Gaba Tepe
Kum Kale Force Withdrawn to Helles
D'Amade withdraws the French diversionary force from Kum Kale after completing its task.
Treaty Signature
Signs the secret agreement for France, committing the Allies to the negotiated concessions to Italy.
African Compensation Clause
Accepts in principle possible colonial compensation for Italy if France and Britain gain German territory in Africa.
Naval Assistance Clause
Accepts provisions for French and British naval assistance to Italy against the Austro-Hungarian fleet.
No Separate Peace
Signs the accompanying declaration binding the four governments not to conclude a separate peace.
Treaty Signature
Signs the secret Treaty of London on behalf of France.
Italian Intervention
Approves the agreement intended to bring Italy into the war on the Allied side.
Holy See Clause
Accepts a clause supporting Italy's opposition to participation by representatives of the Holy See in diplomatic action over the final peace.
Treaty Signature
Signs the secret agreement with the Italian, French and Russian representatives.
Helles Beachheads Joined
Hunter-Weston consolidates several Helles landing beaches into a continuous Allied foothold.
Italy Joins Entente
Asquith's government concludes the secret London agreement promising territorial gains to Italy in return for entering the war against the Central Powers.
Treaty of London
His government joins France and Russia in the secret agreement promising territorial gains if Italy enters the war against the Central Powers.
Italian Loan Clause
Accepts Britain's undertaking to facilitate a large loan for Italy on the London financial market.
Military Convention Clause
Signs terms calling for immediate military coordination among Britain, France, Italy and Russia.
Treaty Secrecy
Signs provisions requiring the agreement itself to remain secret while Italy's eventual adherence to the Allied declaration becomes public.
Treaty Signature
Signs the secret agreement for Britain alongside the Italian, French and Russian representatives.
Albanian Arrangement
Accepts provisions concerning Valona, a reduced neutral Albanian state and possible territorial changes around Albania.
Dodecanese Promise
Obtains Allied recognition of future Italian sovereignty over the Dodecanese islands then occupied by Italy.
Trieste and Istria Promise
Secures promised Italian acquisition of Trieste, Gorizia, Gradisca and most of Istria under the secret settlement.
Dalmatian Claims
Accepts the agreement promising Italy substantial parts of Dalmatia and specified Adriatic islands.
Bolshevik Party
The Treaty is secret until later exposed by the Russian Bolsheviks
Adalia Interest
Obtains recognition of an Italian interest in the region around Adalia if Ottoman territory in Asia is partitioned.
Albanian Arrangements
Accepts provisions allowing a reduced neutral Albanian state while giving Italy a privileged position around Valona and in Albanian foreign affairs.
Dalmatian Claims
Obtains extensive promised territorial gains along the Dalmatian coast and islands.
Dodecanese
Secures Allied recognition of Italian ownership of the Dodecanese islands already occupied by Italy.
London Loan
Obtains a British undertaking to facilitate an immediate Italian loan of at least fifty million pounds on the London market.
Treaty Secrecy
Accepts that the agreement and its territorial promises will remain secret.
Treaty of London
Negotiates the secret agreement promising Italy Trentino, South Tyrol, Trieste, Istria and other gains in return for entering the war.
Trentino and South Tyrol
Secures Allied promises that Italy will receive Trentino and South Tyrol to the Brenner after victory.
Trieste and Istria
Obtains promises of Trieste, Gorizia, Gradisca and most of Istria in the future peace settlement.
Valona and Saseno
Secures a promise that Italy will receive Valona, Saseno and surrounding strategic territory.
War Contribution
Secures a promise that Italy will receive a share of any war contribution proportionate to its sacrifices.
Decision for Intervention
Supports the secret agreement that aligns Italy with the Entente and promises territorial rewards after victory.
One-Month Entry Commitment
Commits Italy to take the field within one month of signing the agreement.
Treaty Signature
Signs the Treaty of London for Italy after presenting his government's memorandum of conditions.
Trentino Promise
Secures the Allied promise that Italy should receive the Trentino and the frontier toward the Brenner after victory.
Valona Promise
Secures a promise of full Italian sovereignty over Valona, Saseno and surrounding territory.
War Indemnity Clause
Obtains recognition that Italy should receive a share of any eventual war indemnity reflecting its sacrifices.
Treaty Signature
Imperiali places Italy's signature on the secret accord binding Italy to enter the war alongside the Entente.
Holy See Exclusion Clause
The treaty contains a clause supporting Italian opposition to Holy See representation in future peace negotiations concerning the war.
Entry Commitment
Approves Italy's commitment to begin active operations against the enemies of the Entente within one month.
Treaty Signature
Benckendorff commits Russia to the concessions promised to Italy in return for Italian intervention.
Adalia Interest Clause
Accepts provisions recognising Italian interests around Adalia if Ottoman territory in Asia is partitioned or occupied.
Independent Muslim Holy Places
Accepts the declaration that Arabia and the Muslim Holy Places should remain under an independent Muslim power.
Treaty Signature
Signs the secret agreement on behalf of Russia.
MacLaurin Killed above Anzac
MacLaurin is killed by Ottoman fire while commanding the 1st Australian Brigade at Anzac.
Helles Advance Timetable Pressed
Hamilton urges the Helles force forward before Ottoman reinforcements can consolidate.
Admiralty War Progress Statement Delivered
Churchill gives Parliament a wide review of naval operations and Britain's command of the sea.
Sturdee Falklands Dispatch Published
Churchill presents Admiral Sturdee's official dispatch describing the Falkland Islands victory.
Postwar Employment for Soldiers Considered
Addresses future employment arrangements for servicemen returning after the war.
E14 Enters Dardanelles Minefields
Boyle takes submarine E14 beneath the Dardanelles minefields toward the Sea of Marmara.
E14 Reaches Sea of Marmara
Boyle successfully reaches the Sea of Marmara and begins attacking Ottoman communications.
Walker's Ridge Defences Strengthened
Malone strengthens exposed positions on Walker's Ridge as the ANZAC beachhead settles into defensive warfare.
First Krithia Offensive Fails
Hamilton's first Helles offensive fails to break the Ottoman line despite heavy Allied casualties.
First Krithia Attack Launched
Hunter-Weston launches the first Allied attempt to capture Krithia and advance toward Achi Baba.
Capture of Kornilov
Is captured by Austro-Hungarian forces after heavy fighting.
AE2 Patrols Marmara before Loss
Stoker searches for Ottoman shipping while remaining submerged for long periods to avoid patrols.
AE2 Disabled by Sultanhisar
AE2 is damaged by the Ottoman torpedo boat Sultanhisar and forced to surface.
AE2 Scuttled after Capture Threat
Stoker scuttles AE2 after ordering the crew to abandon the disabled submarine.
French Kum Kale Diversion Prepared
D'Amade prepares the French landing on the Asian shore to divert Ottoman reserves.
Italian Alliance Negotiations
Supports negotiations bringing Italy into the Entente coalition under the London agreement.
Commander of Eleventh Army
Appointed Commander of the Eleventh Army
Fifth Army Defence Sectors Assigned
Liman von Sanders assigns divisions to protect Bulair, the peninsula and the Asian shore.
Commander of Eleventh Army
Appointed Commander of the Eleventh Army
Anzac Corps Assigned Gaba Tepe Sector
Birdwood's corps is assigned a landing north of Gaba Tepe to threaten the peninsula's central communications.
Helles Five-Beach Assault Planned
Hunter-Weston prepares simultaneous landings at five beaches around Cape Helles.
Prolonged Dardanelles Commitment Opposed
Fisher becomes increasingly hostile to a prolonged Dardanelles commitment that threatens his planned northern offensive preparations.
Ypres Salient Defence Reorganised
Plumer takes a major role in reorganising the defence of the Ypres salient during the gas crisis.
Artillery Shell Production Pressure Increased
Presses industry and the War Office to increase shell output as battlefield consumption rises sharply.
Second Ypres Corps Command
Commands V Corps during the Second Battle of Ypres.
Italian Entry Negotiations
Directs the government that negotiates Italy's move from neutrality toward intervention alongside the Entente.
Italian Alliance Negotiations
Represents Russian policy during negotiations over territorial concessions required to secure Italian intervention.
Carpathian Retreat
His division is caught during the Russian retreat.
Cape Helles Defence Prepared
Halil Sami prepares the 9th Division to defend the southern peninsula and landing beaches.
Gallipoli Third Corps Defence Coordinated
Esat coordinates Ottoman formations defending the peninsula before the Allied invasion.
Twenty-Sixth Regiment Covers Helles Beaches
Sefik deploys the 26th Regiment across key beaches and ridges around Cape Helles.
May 1915133 historical events
Sinking of SS Gulflight - Vessel Survives
Gulflight was torpedoed by U-30 on 1 May 1915 but did not sink; she was towed to safety and later returned to service.
Sinking of SS Gulflight
A US steamer is torpedoed off the Scilly Isles by a German submarine, 3 lives are lost
Battle of Gorlice
Breaks through the Russian lines at Gorlice-Tarnow & destroys the Russian 3rd Army
Birth of Peggy Mount
Birth of Peggy Mount
Baby 700 Offensive Approved
Birdwood approves an offensive intended to seize Baby 700 and improve the vulnerable ANZAC position.
Baby 700 Night Attack Coordinated
Godley directs the New Zealand and Australian Division during the poorly coordinated attack on Baby 700.
In Flanders Fields
McCrae writes In Flanders Fields after Ypres losses.
Baby 700 Attack Abandoned
Godley ends the failed Baby 700 attack after severe casualties and little territorial gain.
Admiral Bacon Appointment Defended
Churchill explains the Admiralty's appointment of Admiral Reginald Bacon during parliamentary questioning.
Dardanelles Press Criticism Answered
Churchill rejects exaggerated press allegations concerning the conduct of the Dardanelles operation.
Fisher Reputation Defended over Dardanelles
Churchill argues that criticism of the Dardanelles should not unfairly damage Admiral Fisher's reputation.
German Submarine Prisoner Policy Answered
Churchill answers questions concerning the treatment of captured German submarine crews.
Food and Coal Prices Addressed
Responds to concerns about rising food and coal prices during wartime.
Einar Arnorsson Ministry
Begins the Einar Arnorsson Ministry and serves as Minister for Iceland.
Sigurdur Eggerz Ministry
The Sigurdur Eggerz Ministry ends, concluding this period as Minister for Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
Anzac Reinforcements Sent to Helles
Hamilton transfers Australian and New Zealand infantry from ANZAC to reinforce a renewed attack at Helles.
Espionage Measures Reviewed
Addresses wartime measures against spying and enemy intelligence activity.
New Zealand Brigade Ordered to Helles
Johnston's brigade is transferred from ANZAC to reinforce the Helles offensive.
Second Krithia Offensive Opened
Hamilton opens the second attempt to capture Krithia with strengthened British, French and ANZAC forces.
Unmarried Men Recruiting Census Announced
Addresses proposals to identify unmarried men available for military service.
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
Plumer takes command during the Ypres fighting.
Wellington Battalion Moves to Helles
Malone's Wellington Battalion moves south with the New Zealand Infantry Brigade for the renewed Krithia offensive.
Birth of George Orson Welles
Birth of George Orson Welles
Capture of Libau
Captures Libau, Russian Baltic port
Sinking of RMS Lusitania - Diplomatic Crisis
The sinking intensified diplomatic pressure on Germany because 128 United States citizens were among roughly 1,200 people killed.
Sinking of RMS Lusitania
Germany sinks the Cunard liner Lusitania, 1152 lives are lost including 102 Americans
Sinking of RMS Lusitania - Captain Turner
William Thomas Turner, not David Dow, commanded Lusitania on her final voyage and survived the sinking off southern Ireland.
Sinking of RMS Lusitania
The Luisitania is sunk 8 miles off the head of Kinsale by a German submarine. All passengers are saved
Lusitania
Cunard's Liverpool-registered Lusitania is sunk by a German submarine.
Sinking of RMS Lusitania - American Response
Wilson's administration sent Germany diplomatic notes after Lusitania's loss, challenging attacks on passenger and neutral shipping.
Sinking of RMS Lusitania
Germany sinks the Cunard liner Lusitania, 1152 lives are lost including 102 Americans
Australian Brigade Attacks at Second Krithia
McCay leads the 2nd Australian Brigade in the final phase of the Second Battle of Krithia.
Second Krithia Offensive Halted
Hamilton halts the second Krithia offensive after heavy losses produce only a small advance.
Krithia Daylight Advance Ordered
Johnston commits New Zealand battalions to a costly daylight advance during the Second Battle of Krithia.
Daisy Patch Advance Survived
Malone leads the Wellington Battalion through intense fire during the New Zealand attack across the Daisy Patch.
Battle of Arras
First day of the Arras Offensive
Spring Offensive
The second Battle of Artois, 9 May-18 June 1915, was the most important part of the Allied spring offensive of 1915. It was hoped to capture Vimy Ridge, break through the German lines, and advance into the Douai plain. This would cut key German railway lines and perhaps force them to retreat from their great salient bulging out into France
Battle of Artois, 2nd
The French offensive would be launched by the Tenth Army, under General dUrbal. It was supported by 1,200 guns with 200,000 shells, a huge amount for ammunition for 1915 (later bombardments would use millions of shells). The artillery bombardment began six days before the attack was due to go in
Spring Offensive
The French offensive would be launched by the Tenth Army, under General dUrbal. It was supported by 1,200 guns with 200,000 shells, a huge amount for ammunition for 1915 (later bombardments would use millions of shells). The artillery bombardment began six days before the attack was due to go in
Aubers Ridge Offensive Launched
Haig's First Army attacks Aubers Ridge but strong German defences inflict severe British losses.
Lusitania Naval Dispositions Withheld
Churchill refuses to publish patrol dispositions around the British coast after the Lusitania sinking.
Lusitania Warning Confirmed
Churchill confirms that the Admiralty warned Lusitania using information about submarine activity.
Merchant Escort Limits Explained after Lusitania
Churchill states that available destroyers cannot escort the hundreds of merchant and passenger sailings each day.
Aubers Ridge Failure Reviewed
Haig reviews the failed attack after British troops gain little ground against intact German positions.
Light Horse Reinforcements Land without Horses
Chauvel lands with the 1st Light Horse Brigade to reinforce the ANZAC infantry.
Forth Primary Base Development Backed
The conference chaired by Fisher concludes that developing the Forth as a primary fleet base is urgent.
Rosyth Base Conference Chaired
Fisher chairs a conference considering redistribution of the Grand Fleet and the strategic development of Rosyth and the Forth.
Scapa Flow Retained as Alternative Base
Fisher's conference agrees that Scapa Flow should remain an alternative and supporting Grand Fleet base.
Coalition Government Discussions Acknowledged
Addresses parliamentary questions about the possibility of forming a coalition government.
May Recruiting Appeal Renewed
Renews the Government appeal for voluntary recruits as manpower demands increase.
British and Ottoman Losses Compared
Churchill answers parliamentary questions concerning British and Ottoman losses during Dardanelles operations.
Battle of Dardanelles
Demands an end to the Dardanelles campaign in cabinet. Accuses Churchill of being "a determined mad gambler"
First Sea Lord Resignation Submitted
Fisher resigns as First Sea Lord after the dispute over continued Dardanelles commitments reaches breaking point.
Monitor Diversion Deepens Churchill Dispute
Plans to strengthen the Dardanelles with monitors intended for Fisher's northern strategy intensify his dispute with Churchill.
Monash Valley Sniper Wound
Bridges is shot by an Ottoman sniper while inspecting the front in Monash Valley.
Battle of Dardanelles
Churchill and Fisher continually quarreled throughout the campaign, and Fisher finally resigned on 15 May 1915 after repeated threats to do so
Battle of Dardanelles
Fishers resignation, on top of poor progress in the campaign, precipitated the fall of the Government and Churchills replacement as First Lord
Second First Sea Lord Term Ends
Fisher's second tenure as First Sea Lord ends after his wartime resignation.
Battle of Dardanelles
Fishers resignation, on top of poor progress in the campaign, precipitated the fall of the Government and Churchills replacement as First Lord. Churchill and Fisher continually quarreled throughout the campaign, and Fisher finally resigned on 15 May 1915 after repeated threats to do so
Resignation of Fisher
Churchill calls for reinforcements for the Dardanelles despite Fishers wishes
Festubert Offensive Opened
Haig's First Army begins a night offensive intended to exploit limited artillery preparation around Festubert.
Chunuk Bair Approaches Reconnoitred
Overton scouts routes north of ANZAC and reports that approaches toward the Sari Bair heights are lightly held.
Battle of Arras
Final day of the Arras Offensive, nearly breaks the German defenses on Vimy Ridge
Coalition Government
Asquith & Bonar Law agree a Coaltion
Government
Sends a letter to ministers requesting their resignation for a new wartime coalition
Ministerial Resignation Request
Asks ministers to resign so a new wartime coalition can be created.
Wartime Coalition Agreement
Asquith and Bonar Law agree to form a wartime coalition.
Resignation of Fisher
First Sea Lord Fisher resigns & leaves operational contol of the Admiralty to Hamilton
Resignation of Fisher
First Sea Lord Fisher resigns & leaves operational contol of the Admiralty to Hamilton
91st Infantry Brigade Staff Appointment
Serves as brigade major of 91st Infantry Brigade while training New Army formations.
Bridges Dies after Gallipoli Wound
Bridges dies from the wound received at ANZAC and becomes the senior Australian officer lost in the campaign.
Munitions Supply Crisis Addressed
Addresses the national shortage of artillery ammunition and the need to expand munitions production.
E14 First Marmara Patrol Completed
Boyle returns through the Dardanelles after a successful first patrol in the Sea of Marmara.
E11 Dardanelles Passage Begins
Nasmith takes E11 through the heavily defended Dardanelles toward the Sea of Marmara.
Festubert Operations Extended
Haig continues attacks as British troops make slow gains through strongly defended trench systems.
Mass ANZAC Counterattack Prepared
Mustafa Kemal helps prepare the large Ottoman assault intended to drive the Anzacs into the sea.
Anzac Trench Recaptured Single-Handed
Jacka attacks Ottoman soldiers occupying part of an Australian trench and helps restore the position.
Anzac Line Holds against Mass Assault
Birdwood's corps defeats the large Ottoman attack and retains the entire ANZAC perimeter.
Admiralty Yacht Enchantress Use Explained
Churchill provides information concerning wartime use of the Admiralty yacht Enchantress.
Coalition Negotiations Announced
Announces political negotiations intended to broaden the wartime Government.
Wellington Battalion Returns from Helles
Malone's battalion returns to ANZAC after suffering heavily during the fighting around Krithia.
Nineteenth May Assault Repulsed
Mustafa Kemal's troops participate in the massive Ottoman attack that fails against prepared ANZAC defences.
Dismissal
Dismissed by Asquith, Bonar Law wishes to form a coalition without Churchill
Invasion of Austria
Italy begins to invade Austria along a 60 mile front
Declaration of War
Responsible for the task of defending the southwestern frontier and historic heartlands of the Empire following the Itialian declaration of war
Declaration of War
Italy declares war on Austria
E11 Ottoman Gunboat Destroyed
Nasmith attacks a patrol vessel during E11's first offensive sweep beyond the Dardanelles.
Declaration of War
Hands the declaration of war on Austria to Baron Macchio
Declaration of War
Signs the declaration of war on Austria
Invasion of Austria
Italy begins to invade Austria along a 60 mile front
Burial Armistice Arranged
Birdwood participates in arrangements for a temporary truce to bury thousands of dead between the opposing lines.
Admiralty Responsibilities Transferred to Balfour
Churchill's responsibilities pass to Arthur Balfour as the coalition government reorganises naval leadership.
Coalition Reconstruction Ends Admiralty Tenure
Churchill leaves the Admiralty when Asquith reconstructs the government after the political crisis over naval strategy.
Nagara Ammunition Transport Sunk
Nasmith sinks the ammunition-laden transport Nagara after allowing those aboard to leave.
Attorney General
Asquith appoints Carson Attorney General when the Coalition Government is formed after the Liberal Government was bought down by the Shell Crisis
Coalition Premiership
Continues as Prime Minister under the wartime coalition.
Declaration of War
Asquiths policy of "wait & see" is challenged by Lloyd George
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 4th term
HMS Triumph Sinking Witnessed off Anzac
Birdwood witnesses the loss of HMS Triumph after the battleship is torpedoed while supporting the ANZAC beachhead.
E11 Reaches Constantinople Waters
Nasmith brings E11 into waters off Constantinople and attacks shipping near the arsenal.
Tophane Arsenal Transport Attacked
E11 fires a torpedo at an Ottoman transport alongside the Tophane Arsenal.
Festubert Offensive Closed
Haig ends the Festubert operation after limited advances and heavy casualties.
Coalition Ministry Announced
The new wartime government is announced.
Government
The new Government is announced
Coalition Government Formed
Forms a coalition administration with Conservative participation to strengthen wartime government.
Armeegruppe Rohr
Appointed Commander of Armeegruppe Rohr, takes charge of all troops in from Graz to Innsbruck
General
Appointed Commander of Armeegruppe Rohr, takes charge of all troops in from Graz to Innsbruck
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, stays in position for 5 months
War Council
Appointed Member of War Council
Battleship Support Reduced after U-Boat Losses
De Robeck withdraws major warships from close offshore support after submarine attacks sink Triumph and Majestic.
Bombing of London
German Zeppelins bombard the suburbs of London
London Zeppelin Bombing
German Zeppelins bombard suburbs of London.
Anzac Counterattacks Coordinated from Forward Posts
Chauvel coordinates defence of the forward posts during repeated Ottoman pressure.
Quinn Courtney Steele Sector Commanded
Chauvel takes responsibility for the dangerous Quinn's, Courtney's and Steele's Post sector.
Fourth Brigade Takes Over Pope's Hill Sector
Monash's brigade assumes responsibility for exposed positions around Pope's Hill and Monash Valley.
Anzac Casualty Clearing Improved
Howse works to improve treatment and evacuation arrangements for the growing number of ANZAC casualties.
French Command at Helles Assumed
Gouraud takes over the French Expeditionary Corps operating on the right of the Helles line.
French Helles Trenches Expanded
Gouraud strengthens French positions and artillery on the eastern side of the Helles front.
Shell Crisis Cabinet Pressure Faced
Faces intense political criticism as shortages of artillery ammunition become a national controversy.
North Sea Monitors Protected from Diversion
Fisher resists plans to absorb newly built monitors into a continuing Mediterranean commitment at the expense of northern operations.
Frezenberg Ridge Defence Supported
Plumer coordinates British resistance during heavy German attacks around Frezenberg Ridge.
E14 Military Transport Sunk
Boyle's E14 sinks a large Ottoman military transport carrying supplies through the Sea of Marmara.
E14 Ottoman Gunboat Sunk
Boyle destroys an Ottoman gunboat while E14 operates against military traffic entering the Sea of Marmara.
E11 Sailing Vessel Disguise Attempted
Nasmith briefly uses a captured sailing vessel as camouflage while operating near Gallipoli.
North Sea Fleet Exercises Intensified
Beatty conducts exercises intended to improve battlecruiser manoeuvring, gunnery and cooperation with supporting forces.
Coalition Government War Role Retained
Remains at the War Office when Asquith forms a coalition government during the shell crisis.
Shell Shortage Criticism Intensifies
Faces mounting criticism over ammunition shortages during British offensives on the Western Front.
New Army Brigade Training Programme
Helps train New Army units while serving on the staff of 91st Infantry Brigade.
Italian Intervention Decision
Supports the government decision that leads Italy to enter the war after the secret London agreement.
New Zealand Infantry Brigade Concentrated at Anzac
Johnston concentrates the New Zealand Infantry Brigade after its units complete the landing.
Mounted Rifles Reinforce ANZAC without Horses
Russell's mounted riflemen land as infantry reinforcements and take over sections of the ANZAC line.
Capture of Windhoek
Windhoek in German South West Africa is captured by forces under Louis Botha
June 191569 historical events
Courtney's Post Command Assumed
Malone takes responsibility for Courtney's Post and begins strengthening its vulnerable defensive works.
French Corps Attacks at Third Krithia
Gouraud directs French forces during the Third Battle of Krithia on the right of the Allied line.
Third Krithia Offensive Ends without Breakthrough
Hamilton's third Krithia offensive ends without capturing the village or breaking the Ottoman defence.
Third Krithia Offensive Launched
Hamilton launches the third major Allied attempt to capture Krithia and the heights of Achi Baba.
British Centre Advances at Third Krithia
Hunter-Weston's troops gain limited ground during the third unsuccessful Allied offensive toward Krithia.
Brusilov Offensive
The 3rd & Eighth Armies attack the Austrian 4th south of the Pripet Marshes. The Austrians are routed
Coalition Government Defended
Defends the new coalition arrangement before the House of Commons.
Conscription Question Reconsidered
Addresses renewed pressure for compulsory military service while voluntary recruiting continues.
Ministry of Munitions Established
Supports creation of the Ministry of Munitions to coordinate the expansion of war production.
Compulsory Registration Considered
Discusses registration measures intended to identify the nation’s available manpower.
Ministry of Munitions Bill Advanced
Helps advance legislation establishing the new Ministry of Munitions.
First E11 Marmara Patrol Ends
Nasmith returns after a patrol that sinks or damages numerous Ottoman vessels.
Ministry of Munitions
Lloyd George establishes central control over weapons production, labour and industrial supplies.
Expeditionary Forces Position Reviewed
Addresses the position of British forces serving in France and the Mediterranean.
Quinn's Post Command Assumed
Malone takes command of Quinn's Post and begins extensive work to strengthen the dangerous forward position.
Married Men Recruiting Issue Addressed
Discusses the position of married men within the voluntary recruiting system.
E14 Second Marmara Patrol Begins
Boyle again takes E14 through the straits for a second offensive patrol.
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Dismissal
Dismissed as Minister of War
Reserved Employment Policy Discussed
Addresses the need to retain skilled workers in occupations essential to the war effort.
Blockade of Great Britain
Allied aircraft bombs Karlsruhe in retaliation for German bombing of London
Great Britain Submarine Pressure Context
The blockade context reflects Germany's submarine campaign against shipping approaching the British Isles.
Bombing of Karlsruhe
Allied aircraft bombs Karlsruhe in retaliation for German bombing of London
Karlsruhe Retaliation Raid
Allied aircraft bomb Karlsruhe in retaliation for German attacks on London.
Battle of Artois, 2nd
Over five weeks the French and Germans were engaged in a battle of attrition in the area immediately behind the old German front line. This was a maze of communications trenches and strong points, where progress was slow and costly.
Battle of Artois, 2nd
The French suffered 100,000 casualties, the Germans 75,000, and as the French were well aware there were more Germans than Frenchmen.
Battle of Artois, 2nd
The Moroccan Division did manage to fight its way back onto Vimy Ridge on 16 June, but was once again pushed back
Battle of Artois, 2nd
The attack in Artois failed to achieve its original objectives. Vimy Ridge remained in German hands until it fell to the Canadians in 1917 (Battle of Vimy Ridge), while the battle of attrition favoured the Germans.
Battle of Artois, 2nd
Over five weeks the French and Germans were engaged in a battle of attrition in the area immediately behind the old German front line. This was a maze of communications trenches and strong points, where progress was slow and costly.
Battle of Artois, 2nd
The French suffered 100,000 casualties, the Germans 75,000, and as the French were well aware there were more Germans than Frenchmen.
Battle of Artois, 2nd
The Moroccan Division did manage to fight its way back onto Vimy Ridge on 16 June, but was once again pushed back
Battle of Artois, 2nd
The attack in Artois failed to achieve its original objectives. Vimy Ridge remained in German hands until it fell to the Canadians in 1917 (Battle of Vimy Ridge), while the battle of attrition favoured the Germans.
Spring Offensive
Over five weeks the French and Germans were engaged in a battle of attrition in the area immediately behind the old German front line. This was a maze of communications trenches and strong points, where progress was slow and costly.
Spring Offensive
The French suffered 100,000 casualties, the Germans 75,000, and as the French were well aware there were more Germans than Frenchmen.
Spring Offensive
The Moroccan Division did manage to fight its way back onto Vimy Ridge on 16 June, but was once again pushed back
Spring Offensive
The attack in Artois failed to achieve its original objectives. Vimy Ridge remained in German hands until it fell to the Canadians in 1917 (Battle of Vimy Ridge), while the battle of attrition favoured the Germans.
Tenth Army Staff
Following his recovery, Manstein joined the staff of the German Tenth Army under General Max von Gallwitz. He gained experience in the planning and coordination of large military operations.
Brusilov Offensive
The plan to attack all fronts is changed as General Evert decides to support Brusilov
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Field Marshal
Appointed Feild Marshal
National Registration Announced
Sets out the Government case for a national registration system covering available labour and manpower.
Capture of Lemberg
Lemberg is recaptured by Austria
Capture of Lvov
Captures Lvov
National Register Planning Reviewed
Explains how a national register will help the Government assess manpower and industrial resources.
Birth of Dennis Price
Birth of Dennis Price
Birth of Fred Hoyle near Bingley
Birth of Fred Hoyle near Bingley in the West Riding of Yorkshire.
National Resources Register Defended
Defends registration as a means of matching national manpower with military and industrial requirements.
Recruiting Reviewed after Coalition Formation
Reviews recruiting policy under the new coalition government.
Gully Ravine Offensive Launched
Hunter-Weston directs the Helles attack that gains ground along Gully Ravine but fails to break the front.
Invention of Tank
Watches a demonstration of a protype of the tank, a mechanical barbed wire cutter
Allied Supply Commitments Addressed
Addresses British responsibilities for supplying munitions and material to Allied governments.
Munitions of War Bill Supported
Supports legislation designed to increase and regulate the production of munitions.
Gouraud Wounded at Gallipoli
Gouraud is seriously wounded by shellfire while inspecting French positions at Cape Helles.
Late June Ottoman Attack Repulsed
Birdwood's troops repel another Ottoman assault against the ANZAC perimeter at the end of June.
Chauvel Evacuated Sick from Gallipoli
Chauvel leaves Gallipoli through illness after commanding the forward ANZAC posts.
Monash Valley Defences Consolidated
Monash strengthens defensive works and communications in the sector that comes to bear his name.
Manifesto
Signs the manifesto Gebot der Stunde which openly opposes the war aims of the Government
Munitions Control Transferred from War Office
Loses direct control of munitions production when responsibility moves to the new Ministry of Munitions.
Board of Invention and Research Chairmanship
After leaving the Admiralty, Fisher becomes chairman of the Royal Navy Board of Invention and Research.
Water Supply Crisis Managed at Anzac
Birdwood's staff struggles to maintain drinking-water supplies for troops crowded into the ANZAC perimeter.
Helles Reinforcement Requests Sent
Hamilton repeatedly requests additional divisions as the campaign becomes a prolonged struggle.
Royal Naval Division Reinforced Gallipoli Front
Hamilton employs Royal Naval Division battalions to reinforce overstretched sectors of the peninsula.
Bellewaarde Fighting Sustained
Plumer continues defensive and local offensive operations around Bellewaarde in the Ypres salient.
Liberal Election Victory during National Schism
The Liberal Party wins elections while conflict with the monarchy continues.
Quinn's Post Bombing Tactics Improved
Malone improves local bombing and defensive procedures against close Ottoman trench attacks.
Quinn's Post Overhead Cover Expanded
Malone improves overhead protection and trench organisation at Quinn's Post.
Brusilov Offensive
The 7th Army thrusts deep into Bukovina & within 3 weeks reaches the Carpathians
Gottingen Relativity Lectures
Lectures in Gottingen on his gravitational theory, presenting the unfinished framework to leading mathematicians while he approaches the final generally covariant equations.
July 191526 historical events
E14 Second Marmara Patrol Completed
Boyle returns from E14's second patrol after further disruption of Ottoman shipping.
Maori Contingent Lands at Anzac
Buck serves with the Maori Contingent when it lands at ANZAC to reinforce the garrison.
Invasion of Poland
Russia begins to withdraw from Poland
German Surrender at Khorab
Receives the unconditional surrender of German forces in the territory.
South West Africa Campaign Victory
Completes the Union conquest of German South West Africa.
Triple Offensive
The German Triple Offensive begins, aiming to destroy the Russian army
Duma
The Duma is reconvened for 6 weeks
Invasion of Poland
Russian troops evacuate Warsaw
Triple Offensive
The Great Retreat is ordered - Russian forces pull back out of Poland (currently part of Russia), taking machinery and equipment with them
Suvla Outline Scheme Given to Stopford
Hamilton briefs Stopford on the proposed Suvla landing and the need to seize the Tekke Tepe and Kiretch Tepe high ground.
Great Retreat
The Great Retreat is ordered - Russian forces pull back out of Poland (currently part of Russia), taking machinery and equipment with them
Triple Offensive
The Great Retreat is ordered - Russian forces pull back out of Poland (currently part of Russia), taking machinery and equipment with them
French Corps Command Assumed after Gouraud
Bailloud takes command of the French Expeditionary Corps after Gouraud is wounded.
Health of Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel
A 2nd leg wound forces him into hospital
Promotion to Captain
Manstein was promoted to captain during the First World War. His growing responsibilities took him increasingly into staff work rather than regimental command.
Anzac Disease Burden Reported
Birdwood reports increasing sickness as heat, flies and poor sanitation weaken the garrison.
Sari Bair Breakout Concept Expanded
Birdwood's proposal to seize the Sari Bair heights becomes the core of the August offensive.
Mediterranean Reinforcement Build-Up Approved
Hamilton receives additional formations for a new attempt to break the Gallipoli deadlock.
Suvla Landing Added to August Plan
Hamilton adds a new landing at Suvla to support the planned breakout from Anzac.
Battlecruiser Gunnery Training Continued
Beatty's squadrons continue gunnery training while waiting for another major German sortie.
Guildhall Recruiting Appeal Delivered
Calls for more men, materials and money as voluntary recruiting begins to slow.
New Army First Major Deployments Begin
New Army formations begin reaching the Western Front in growing numbers after months of training.
Attack on Lahej
Leads Ottoman forces attacking the Sultanate of Lahej.
Lahej Captured
Captures Lahej during the Yemen campaign.
Ottoman Advance from Yemen
The offensive pushes British-supported defenders back toward Aden.
Ottoman Occupation near Aden
Ottoman forces retain the area until the end of the war.
August 1915129 historical events
Sari Bair Assault Columns Organised
Godley organises columns to seize Chunuk Bair, Hill Q and Hill 971 during the August offensive.
Suvla Planning Doubts Recorded
Mackenzie records concern that senior IX Corps officers are questioning the Suvla plan and favour waiting for artillery before advancing.
Fourth Brigade Begins Hill 971 Advance
Monash's brigade enters the difficult northern gullies during its attempt to reach Hill 971.
Suvla Flotilla Departs Imbros
Ferrers-Guy sails with the landing flotilla from Imbros toward Suvla after darkness falls.
Lala Baba Captured during Night Landing
Troops of Hammersley's 11th Division seize Lala Baba after sharp fighting during the opening night of the Suvla operation.
Landing Craft Ground inside Suvla Bay
Landing craft carrying parts of the 34th Brigade ground offshore, forcing troops to wade and adding confusion to the night landing.
Lone Pine Diversion Launched
Walker directs the 1st Australian Division's diversionary assault against the Ottoman trenches at Lone Pine.
Suvla Landing Force Put Ashore
Stopford's IX Corps begins landing at Suvla Bay as the northern part of Hamilton's August offensive.
Battle of Gallipoli
Reinforcements arrive when IX Corps land at Suvla
Battle of Gallipoli
A 2nd failed attempt is made to land at Gallipoli
Battle of Sulva Bay
Leads the Allied ground forces
Sealed Suvla Landing Orders Opened
Priestman's battalion opens sealed orders and studies its assigned objectives shortly before embarking for the night landing.
Bauchop's Hill Captured
Russell's brigade captures Bauchop's Hill and helps secure the approach routes for the August advance.
Mounted Rifles Open Northern Approach
Russell's mounted riflemen attack Ottoman outposts to open routes toward the Sari Bair heights.
Old No. 3 Post Retaken
Russell's brigade retakes Old No. 3 Post during the opening night of the Sari Bair offensive.
Table Top Captured
Russell's mounted riflemen seize Table Top as the northern assault columns move inland.
Maori Contingent Joins August Offensive
Buck accompanies the Maori Contingent during operations supporting the August offensive toward Sari Bair.
Battle of Sulva Bay
Commands resistence to Allied Landings at Sulva Bay
Eighth Light Horse Leads Nek Assault
White leads the 8th Light Horse Regiment in the opening waves of the attack at The Nek.
Hill 971 Column Loses Direction
Monash's exhausted brigade becomes delayed in broken terrain and fails to reach Hill 971 on schedule.
Third Light Horse Brigade Commits at The Nek
Hughes commits the 3rd Light Horse Brigade to the assault at The Nek.
Ottoman Ninth Division Alerted to Suvla Landing
Kannengiesser receives warning that Allied troops have landed north of Ari Burnu and moves to assess the Suvla threat.
Nek Attack Retained despite Sari Bair Delay
Birdwood allows the Nek assault to proceed although the supporting advance toward Chunuk Bair is behind schedule.
The Nek Assault Proceeds
Birdwood's ANZAC command proceeds with the attack at The Nek despite the failure to secure the intended supporting heights.
Eleventh Division Command Control Breaks Down
Hammersley's headquarters lacks reliable knowledge of forward battalion positions while much of the division waits for orders.
Eleventh Division Pushes toward Chocolate Hill
Hammersley's division advances inland from Suvla toward Chocolate Hill amid confused command arrangements.
Eleventh Manchesters Reach Kiretch Tepe Slopes
The 11th Manchester Regiment advances onto the Kiretch Tepe sector while much of the Suvla force remains near the beaches.
Auckland Battalion Ordered toward Chunuk Bair
Godley commits the Auckland Battalion in an unsuccessful daylight attack toward the summit of Chunuk Bair.
IX Corps Headquarters Remains Offshore
Stopford continues directing the Suvla operation largely from offshore while opportunities inland diminish.
Suvla Inland Advance Delayed
Stopford fails to press rapidly inland after the largely unopposed landing, allowing Ottoman reinforcements to occupy the heights.
Tenth Division Elements Land at Suvla
Mahon's 10th Division units land at Suvla and enter the expanding northern beachhead.
Tenth Division Split between Landing Beaches
Hill's 10th Division battalions are divided between C Beach and Gazi Baba, complicating concentration of the Irish division.
Auckland Battalion Daylight Attack Ordered
Johnston orders the Auckland Battalion forward after delays prevent the planned dawn assault.
Night Assault on Chunuk Bair Approved
Johnston accepts the plan for the Wellington Battalion to attack the summit before dawn.
Rhododendron Spur Assembly Delayed
Johnston's brigade reaches the Chunuk Bair approaches late after difficult night movement.
Daylight Chunuk Bair Attack Refused
Malone refuses to send the Wellington Battalion into a suicidal daylight attack and waits for darkness.
Rhododendron Ridge Apex Seized
Malone leads the Wellington Battalion in capturing the Apex on Rhododendron Ridge during the Sari Bair offensive.
Lone Pine Trench Defence Led
Symons leads men defending newly captured trenches during fierce Ottoman counterattacks at Lone Pine.
Symons Organises Lone Pine Counterattacks
Symons organises local counterattacks and helps hold captured trenches during the Lone Pine fighting.
Suvla Command Criticised for Delay
Hamilton becomes increasingly dissatisfied with the slow advance from the Suvla beachhead.
Chunuk Bair Relief Ordered
Godley arranges relief of the shattered Wellington Battalion after its day-long defence of Chunuk Bair.
W Hills Reconnaissance Ordered
Coleridge is sent from divisional headquarters to locate forward troops and stress the need to gain the W Hills before nightfall.
Barbaros Hayreddin Torpedoed
Nasmith's E11 torpedoes and sinks the Ottoman battleship Barbaros Hayreddin.
Chunuk Bair Counterattacks Repelled
Malone's battalion holds Chunuk Bair through repeated Ottoman attacks and devastating artillery fire.
Chunuk Bair Summit Captured
Malone leads the Wellington Battalion onto the summit of Chunuk Bair before dawn.
Malone Killed on Chunuk Bair
Malone is killed on Chunuk Bair by shellfire while his depleted battalion continues holding the summit.
Chunuk Bair Telephone Line Maintained
Bassett repeatedly repairs telephone lines under fire between the front and headquarters at Chunuk Bair.
Anafarta Group Command Assumed
Mustafa Kemal assumes command of Ottoman forces opposing the Allied advance around Suvla and Sari Bair.
Lone Pine Bombing Attacks Led
Shout leads repeated bombing attacks against Ottoman trenches during the fighting at Lone Pine.
Shout Mortally Wounded at Lone Pine
Shout is mortally wounded when a bomb explodes during close fighting at Lone Pine.
Lone Pine Sap Held under Bomb Attack
Tubb helps defend a captured sap against repeated Ottoman bombing attacks at Lone Pine.
Lone Pine Barricade Defended
Burton helps defend a trench barricade during close fighting at Lone Pine.
Lone Pine Bombing Position Held
Dunstan remains at a forward bombing position while Ottoman counterattacks press the Australian line.
Lone Pine Forward Trench Held
Hamilton holds a forward trench position under intense fire during the Battle of Lone Pine.
Hansen Rescues Wounded from Burning Scrub
Hansen repeatedly crosses exposed ground under fire and rescues six wounded soldiers threatened by burning scrub.
First Scimitar Hill Attack Repulsed
Hammersley's troops attack around Scimitar Hill but are driven back amid increasing Ottoman artillery, rifle fire and burning scrub.
Herefordshire Battalion Lands at C Beach
The 1/1st Herefordshire Regiment lands at C Beach in the morning as the 53rd Welsh Division enters the Suvla fighting.
Tekke Tepe Advance Forestalled
Hamilton observes that Ottoman reinforcements have reached Tekke Tepe before the delayed British advance can secure the ridge.
Hill Q Assault Attempted
Godley directs renewed attacks toward Hill Q as the August offensive struggles to secure the Sari Bair crest.
Appointed Bishop of Down and Connor
MacRory is appointed Bishop of Down and Connor after many years teaching scripture and theology at Maynooth.
Chunuk Bair Counterattack Prepared
Mustafa Kemal prepares a concentrated counterattack against British troops holding positions near Chunuk Bair.
Suvla Heights Secured before British Advance
Mustafa Kemal directs Ottoman forces onto the heights overlooking Suvla before the British can seize them.
Piecemeal Scimitar Fighting Ends without Gain
Further unsupported attacks around Scimitar Hill fail and exhausted British units fall back from exposed positions.
East Anglian Division Begins Suvla Landing
The first units of Inglefield's 54th East Anglian Division land at Suvla to reinforce IX Corps.
Lone Pine Gains Consolidated
Walker oversees consolidation of the captured Lone Pine position after four days of close fighting.
Brusilov Offensive
The Germans are forced to end their Verdun Operation. The Brusilov Offensive ends with half a million Russian casualties. The attempt to drive Austria out of the war fails
Chunuk Bair Recaptured by Ottoman Counterattack
Mustafa Kemal leads the counterattack that drives Allied troops from Chunuk Bair and restores Ottoman control.
East Anglian Headquarters Comes Ashore
By the end of 11 August the 54th Division headquarters and most of its infantry battalions are ashore at Suvla.
Kavak Tepe Advance Pressed by IX Corps
Stopford looks to the newly arrived 54th Division for another attempt toward Kavak Tepe after earlier attacks fail.
Suvla Stalemate Develops
Stopford's corps remains confined near the coast as Ottoman defenders consolidate the surrounding high ground.
Anafarta Spur Advance Ordered
The 163rd Brigade is ordered forward from the Suvla line to clear ground near Anafarta Spur and improve the connection toward Kiretch Tepe.
Fifth Norfolks Isolated beyond Brigade Line
Proctor-Beauchamp presses ahead with part of his battalion after support falls away, leaving the group isolated in broken ground.
Fifth Norfolks Lead 163rd Brigade Advance
Proctor-Beauchamp leads the 1/5th Norfolks on the right of the 163rd Brigade advance through difficult scrub-covered ground.
Proctor-Beauchamp Killed in Suvla Advance
Proctor-Beauchamp is killed during the failed 1/5th Norfolk advance from the Suvla sector.
Hamilton Reviews Suvla Position with Stopford
Hamilton meets Stopford again as he considers renewed attempts to seize the inland high ground after the Norfolk losses.
East Anglian Brigade Attacks Kidney Hill
The 162nd Brigade attacks toward Kidney Hill but heavy fire, heat and difficult ground break up the advance.
Stopford Removed from Suvla Command
Hamilton removes Stopford after the Suvla force fails to exploit the surprise achieved by the landing.
Suvla Command Assumed after Stopford
De Lisle assumes command at Suvla and attempts to restore momentum to the stalled British force.
Kiretch Tepe Assault Renewed
Mahon's 10th Irish Division renews the attack along Kiretch Tepe as the Allies try to improve the northern Suvla position.
The Pimple Captured on Kiretch Tepe
Irish troops gain the Ottoman position known as the Pimple during the renewed fighting on Kiretch Tepe.
Ottoman Night Counterattacks on Kiretch Tepe
Ottoman forces launch repeated bomb and bayonet counterattacks against the Allied foothold on Kiretch Tepe.
Second Mounted Division Lands at Suvla
Peyton's dismounted 2nd Mounted Division completes its arrival at Suvla after landing during the night of 17 to 18 August.
Death of Paul Ehrlich
Death of Paul Ehrlich, Nobel Prize winning bacteriologist
Yeomanry Reserve Concentrates behind Lala Baba
Peyton's yeomanry units move into reserve behind Lala Baba before the planned 21 August assault.
Baghdad Railway Sabotage Landing
D'Oyly-Hughes swims ashore from E11 and damages the Constantinople-Baghdad railway line.
Hill 60 Platoon Advance Rallied
Addison rallies his platoon under machine-gun fire during the first assault on Hill 60.
Yeomanry Falls Back from Green Hill
Benn experiences the confused withdrawal as exhausted yeomanry fall back from the Green Hill area after the failed attack.
Battle of Dardanelles
Writes to Asquith, Kitchener & Balfour suggesting a naval attack, the plea is rejected
Scimitar Hill Offensive Ordered
Hamilton orders a major Suvla attack against Scimitar Hill and neighbouring positions.
First Hill 60 Assault Coordinated
Godley coordinates ANZAC participation in the first costly attempt to seize Hill 60.
Scimitar Hill Attack Directed
De Lisle directs the British attack at Scimitar Hill, which ends with heavy casualties and no decisive gain.
Twenty-Ninth Division Opens Scimitar Hill Assault
De Lisle commits regular troops of the 29th Division in the opening assault on Scimitar Hill.
Yeomanry Advance across the Salt Lake
Peyton's 2nd Mounted Division advances dismounted across the dry Salt Lake toward the Scimitar Hill fighting.
Potts Rescues Wounded Comrade after Scimitar Hill
After being wounded, Potts remains between the lines and later brings a wounded comrade back toward British positions on a shovel.
Mounted Rifles Attack Hill 60
Russell's mounted riflemen attack Hill 60 as Allied forces try to secure the link between ANZAC and Suvla.
Constitution of Russia
Most Minister's request that the Duma be allowed to form a cabinet
Duma
Most Minister's request that the Duma be allowed to form a cabinet
Scimitar Hill Defence Holds against Final Assault
Mustafa Kemal's Anafarta forces hold the commanding ground as successive Allied attacks at Scimitar Hill fail with heavy casualties.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the Russian armed forces
Constitution of Germany
Creates a semi-independent "Congress Poland" ruled by an aristocratic Assembly
Governor
Appointed Military Governor of Poland
Ninth Light Horse Commits to Hill 60
Reynell's 9th Australian Light Horse Regiment is committed as reinforcements during the renewed fighting for Hill 60.
Second Hill 60 Assault Ordered
Birdwood's force renews the attempt to seize Hill 60, using Australian, New Zealand, British and Irish troops at the Anzac-Suvla junction.
Renewed Hill 60 Assault Begins
Russell's New Zealand mounted troops join a renewed Allied attack against the summit trenches on Hill 60.
Ninth Light Horse Enters Hill 60 Fighting
Reynell leads the 9th Light Horse Regiment in close fighting during the renewed assault on Hill 60.
Reynell Killed at Hill 60
Reynell is killed while his regiment fights for Ottoman trenches during the second phase of the Hill 60 battle.
Reynell Killed during Hill 60 Fighting
Reynell is killed while his regiment is engaged in the continuing struggle for Hill 60.
Tenth Light Horse Ordered toward Hill 60 Summit
Godley tells the depleted 10th Australian Light Horse to attack a trench near the summit of Hill 60.
Tenth Light Horse Enters Hill 60 Bombing Fight
Fry commands a combined squadron as the 10th Light Horse fights through captured trenches with bombs and rifles before dawn.
Hill 60 Bombing Defence
Throssell helps hold captured trenches during repeated Ottoman bomb attacks at Hill 60.
August Offensive Fails to Break Stalemate
Hamilton's August offensive ends without gaining the decisive heights or breaking the strategic deadlock.
Hill 60 Offensive Ended
Godley ends further attacks after Allied troops fail to secure the summit but establish a limited connection with Suvla.
Battle of Sulva Bay
The Allies lose over 40,000 men after failing to cross the Gallipoli peninsular
Battle of Sulva Bay
The Allies lose over 40,000 men after failing to cross the Gallipoli peninsular
Battle of Champagne, 2nd
Hopes to divert the Germans from the Eastern front
Capture of Mount Cosna
Leads a raid which captures Mount Cosna from the Romanians
Diplomatic Mission
Involved in a failed diplomatic mission to Italy, headed by von Bulow
Battle of Gallipoli
Despite heavy losses Churchill recommends troop reinforcements to the Dardanelles Comm
Eleventh Division Command Reorganised
Hammersley is removed from active divisional command after the breakdown of leadership during the opening Suvla operations.
Fifty-Third Division Reinforces Suvla
Lindley's 53rd Division arrives to reinforce the stalled Suvla force.
Black Sea Collier Isfahan Sunk
Nasmith's E11 sinks the collier Isfahan as Ottoman coal supplies come under increasing pressure.
E11 Second Marmara Patrol Opens
Nasmith begins another patrol intended to disrupt reinforcements and supplies for Gallipoli.
Ottoman Sea Supply Route Disrupted
Nasmith's patrol forces Ottoman authorities to reduce reliance on vulnerable Marmara shipping routes.
Mahon Resigns over Temporary Corps Command
Mahon resigns after the temporary IX Corps command is given to De Lisle, whom he is unwilling to serve under.
Mahon Returns to Tenth Division Command
Mahon is recalled and resumes command of the 10th Irish Division after his protest over IX Corps command arrangements.
Constitution of Russia
The Government authorizes the creation Municipal Council organisations. The Government authorizes the creation a national Zemstvo
Municipal Council Organisations
The Government authorizes the creation Municipal Council organisations
Reform of Local Government
The Government authorizes the creation a national Zemstva
Zemstvo
The Government authorizes the creation on national Zemstvo. The Government authorizes the creation a national Zemstvo
September 191546 historical events
After American outrage, Germany officially stops sinking passenger vessels without
After American outrage, Germany officially stops sinking passenger vessels without warning
Chief of Imperial General Staff (CIGS)
Appointed Chief of the Imperial General Staff
Dismissal
Dismissed after the Tsar takes personal charge of STAVKA
Chief of Imperial General Staff (CIGS)
Appointed Chief of the Imperial General Staff
Dismissal
Dismissed after the Tsar takes personal charge of STAVKA
Dismissal
Dismissed after Nicholas II takes charge of Stavka
Dismissal
Dismissed & replaced by Nicholas II
Duma
The Duma is prorogued
Mounted Division Composite Brigades Formed
Heavy losses force Peyton's 2nd Mounted Division to reorganise its depleted mounted brigades into two composite formations.
Bolshevik Party
On the eve of the conference Lenin organizes a group of socialist internationalists, the Zimmerwald Left
Conference of Zimmerwald
On the eve of the conference Lenin organizes a group of socialist internationalists, the Zimmerwald Left
Zimmerwald Left
On the eve of the conference Lenin organizes a group of socialist internationalists, the Zimmerwald Left
Bolshevik Party
Lenin appeals to all soldiers to lay down their arms. Calls for the "self determination of peoples". Calls for "peace without indemnities & without annexations". Calls for open civil war & the organisation of a new revolutionary international
Bolshevik Party
The Second International dissolves during World War I, in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists. The "internationalists" open their Conference in Switzerland. Opening day of a Conference of European anti-war Socialists.
Bolshevik Party
The Zimmerwald Conference sees the beginning of the end of the coalition between left-wing socialists (communists) and right-wing socialists (social democrats) in the Second International.
Conference of Zimmerwald
Lenin appeals to all soldiers to lay down their arms. Calls for the "self determination of peoples". Calls for "peace without indemnities & without annexations". Calls for open civil war & the organisation of a new revolutionary international
Conference of Zimmerwald
The Second International dissolves during World War I, in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists. The "internationalists" open their Conference in Switzerland. Opening day of a Conference of European anti-war Socialists.
Conference of Zimmerwald
The Zimmerwald Conference sees the beginning of the end of the coalition between left-wing socialists (communists) and right-wing socialists (social democrats) in the Second International.
International, 2nd
The Zimmerwald Conference sees the beginning of the end of the coalition between left-wing socialists (communists) and right-wing socialists (social democrats) in the Second International. The Second International dissolves during World War I, in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists
Zimmerwald Conference
Presses for revolutionary defeatism at the anti-war socialist conference.
Zimmerwald Conference
Joins anti-war socialists opposing the imperial war.
Zimmerwald Conference
Attends the international socialist anti-war conference at Zimmerwald, which meets from 5 to 8 September.
Conference of Zimmerwald
Calls for "peace without indemnities & without annexations"
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the Russian armed forces
Zimmerwald Manifest
Drafts the Zimmerwald Manifest, adopted by the international socialist conference opposing the continuation of the war.
New Zealand Infantry Withdrawn to Lemnos
Godley's depleted New Zealand infantry units leave ANZAC temporarily for rest on Lemnos.
National Service Debate Addressed
Addresses competing proposals for national service and military compulsion.
Mounted Rifles Withdrawn to Lemnos for Rest
Russell's exhausted mounted rifle brigade is withdrawn from ANZAC to Lemnos for rest and reinforcement.
New Culture Movement
The magazine "New Youth" initiates the New Culture Movement, promotes science, democracy, and Vernacular Chinese literature. Chen Duxiu is one of the key figures in starting the New Culture Movement, publishing a journal called New Youth. He began with the intention of promoting individual freedom, science, democracy and the emancipation of women
New Youth
The magazine "New Youth" initiates the New Culture Movement, promotes science, democracy, and Vernacular Chinese literature. The magazine is started by Chen Duxiu in Shanghai on 15 September 1915 in Shanghai. Chen Duxiu is one of the key figures in starting the New Culture Movement, publishing a journal called New Youth. He began with the intention of promoting individual freedom, science, democracy and the emancipation of women
Wartime Situation Review Delivered
Gives Parliament a broad review of the military and political situation.
Recruiting and Compulsory Service Reviewed
Reviews recruiting figures and the continuing debate over compulsory military service.
British Land Forces Position Reviewed
Addresses the strength and deployment requirements of British land forces.
Parliamentary War Committees Explained
Answers questions about the organisation of parliamentary and Cabinet bodies directing the war.
Loos Assault Opened
Haig's First Army attacks at Loos and initially penetrates parts of the German defensive system.
Loos Reserves Requested Forward
Haig presses for reserve divisions to exploit the initial breakthrough before German defences recover.
Reballion of Rebels in Crete
Flees to Crete & proclaims a revolution
Loos Second-Day Attacks Continued
Haig continues offensive operations as German reinforcements strengthen the threatened sector.
Mediterranean Expeditionary Force Reviewed
Addresses parliamentary concerns about the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force.
National Recruiting Appeal Issued
Issues a further appeal for men to volunteer before the Government turns to stronger measures.
Commander of 6th Corps
Appointed Commander of 6th Corps when Italy enters the war
Commander of 6th Corps
Appointed Commander of 6th Corps when Italy enters the war
Invasion of Galicia
Leads the Austrian Army into Galicia during the Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive
Battlecruiser Signals Procedures Practised
The fleet practises signalling procedures intended to improve control of fast-moving battlecruiser formations.
First Army Gas Preparations for Loos Approved
Haig supports preparations to use chlorine gas during the planned autumn offensive at Loos.
Loos Offensive Plan Confirmed
Haig confirms First Army plans for a major attack supporting the wider Allied autumn offensive.
October 191535 historical events
Battle of Champagne, 2nd
A final French attempt to attack the Germans is halted
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Threatens to resign from the cabient if Kitchener is not dismissed, Asquith refuses
Battle of Dardanelles
Proposes to the Dardanelles Committee Lloyd George replace Kitchener at the War Office. Proposes to the Dardanelles Committee French & Kitchener swap roles in Turkey & France
Committee of Dardanelles
Proposes to the Dardanelles Committee French & Kitchener swap roles in Turkey & France
Dismissal of Venizelos
Constantine dismisses Venizelos after renewed disagreement over Allied military operations.
Resignation of Paul Karlovitch Rennenkampf
Rennenkampf submits his resignation
Invasion of Serbia
Begins an Axis assault on Serbia
Capture of Belgrade
Captures Belgrade
Capture of Belgrade
Commands the Eleventh Army which helps capture Belgrade
Evacuation Estimate Opposed
Hamilton argues that withdrawing from Gallipoli could cause catastrophic casualties and damage British prestige.
Battle of Dardanelles
The Dardanelles Committee decides to recall Hamilton
Battle of Dardanelles
The Dardanelles Committee decides to recall Hamilton, his last generals command
Hamilton Relieved after Campaign Failure
Hamilton is relieved of command as the British government reassesses the failed Gallipoli strategy.
Dismissal
Dismissed after the Dardanelles campaign, never given another command
Declaration of War
Russia and Italy declare war on Bulgaria
Resignation of Edward Carson
Resigns over the war in the Balkans, which had left two British and one French division in Salonica instead of being dispatched to support the Serbs who were being attacked by from the north and Bulgaria from the east. Carson becomes the leader of those Unionists who were not members of the Government, effectively Leader of the Opposition in the Commons
Declaration of War
Russia and Italy declare war on Bulgaria
Declaration of War
Russia and Italy declare war on Bulgaria
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Writes to Asquith threatning to resign if Kitchener is not removed from the War Office
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia, 1st term
Endurance Expedition
Watches Endurance crushed by ice and helps organize the party's survival on the drifting floes
Endurance Abandoned
Shackleton orders the expedition to abandon Endurance after crushing pack ice damages the ship beyond any realistic possibility of recovery.
Endurance Abandoned
Crean leaves Endurance with the expedition after crushing ice damages the vessel so severely that Shackleton orders the crew onto the pack.
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Threatens to resign if Asquith carries out his announcement to reduce the War Council
Dismissal
Reduces the size of the War Council
War Council Reduced
Reduces the size of the War Council.
Mediterranean Expeditionary Force Command Assumed
Monro arrives to take command and immediately reviews whether the peninsula should be evacuated.
Third Army Command
Is appointed to command the British Third Army.
Dismissal
Dismissed from his command after the failure of the Galliploi Campaign
Dardanelles Committee Reviews Campaign Failure
Asquith's government reviews the deteriorating campaign and competing demands for troops in the Balkans.
Loos Offensive Casualties Reviewed
Haig reviews severe First Army losses after the offensive fails to achieve a strategic breakthrough.
Derby Recruiting Scheme Supported
Supports the Derby Scheme as the government tests whether voluntary enlistment can meet remaining manpower needs.
Dismissal
Replaces French as Commander of the Expeditionary Force in France with Haig
Haig Replaces French
Replaces Sir John French with Douglas Haig as commander in France.
Third Army Appointment
Takes command of the British Third Army in October 1915.
November 191537 historical events
November 4 Covariant Gravity Equations
Einstein presented new gravitational field equations to the Prussian Academy that restored much broader covariance and marked the first of his decisive November 1915 communications.
Restricted Covariance Equations
Presents revised gravitational field equations to the Prussian Academy during his final push toward general relativity.
November 11 Vacuum Field Equations
Einstein refined his field equations under a trace condition and showed how the revised framework could approach fully covariant gravitation in regions outside matter.
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Churchill resigns from the Government
February Revolution
Kerensky participates in february revolution during his political career.
Second November Field Equations
Presents improved gravitational equations to the Prussian Academy and moves substantially closer to the generally covariant form completed later that month.
Unimodular Gravitation Equations
Presents another formulation of gravitation using a restricted coordinate condition with unit determinant.
Anzac Position Inspected Personally
Kitchener visits ANZAC to inspect the front and assess the arguments for abandoning the campaign.
Consecrated Bishop
MacRory receives episcopal consecration and formally begins his ministry as Bishop of Down and Connor.
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Churchill makes his resignation speech in Parliament
Mercury Anomaly Reproduced without Adjustable Parameters
The relativistic Mercury calculation matched the anomalous perihelion advance using the gravitational theory itself rather than introducing an additional planet or an adjustable correction to Newtonian gravity.
November 18 Mercury Advance Calculation
Einstein used the emerging general theory to account for Mercury's unexplained perihelion advance, obtaining the observed residual shift that earlier gravitational models had failed to reproduce.
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Arrives at Boulogne-sur-Mer to take up duties
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Taken to General HQ at St Omer
Major
Crosses the Channel to join his pre-1914 regiment of the Oxfordshire Hussars
Mercury Perihelion
Explains Mercury's anomalous perihelion advance using the emerging general theory of relativity.
General Relativity
Hilbert submits a variational treatment of gravitational field equations during the final formulation of general relativity
Endurance Sinks
Endurance sinks beneath the Weddell Sea ice, leaving Shackleton and his men dependent on camps established on the drifting pack.
Endurance Sinks
Crean watches with the stranded expedition as Endurance finally sinks beneath the Weddell Sea after weeks of destructive ice pressure.
Anzac and Suvla Withdrawal Decision Implemented
Monro prepares to implement the British decision to abandon the ANZAC and Suvla sectors.
Capture of Germany
German, Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian forces push the Serbian army into exile; Serbia falls
Birth of Augusto Jose Ramon Pinochet Ugarte
Birth of Augusto Jose Ramon Pinochet Ugarte
November 25 Matter-Coupled Field Equations
Einstein presented the final generally covariant field equations including their coupling to matter, completing the mathematical core of general relativity.
Final Generally Covariant Field Equations
Presents the final generally covariant gravitational field equations to the Prussian Academy, completing the mathematical core of general relativity.
General Relativity Field Equations
Presents the final generally covariant gravitational field equations to the Prussian Academy.
East Anglian Division Ordered to Re-Embark
The 54th East Anglian Division receives orders to prepare to leave Gallipoli and return to Mudros.
Marriage
Rommel marries Lucie Mollin
Winter Storm Hits ANZAC Positions
Birdwood's troops endure flooding, snow, frostbite and exposure as a severe winter storm strikes Gallipoli.
Suvla Winter Exposure Crisis
A severe snowstorm, frost and exposure strike the Suvla and Anzac positions, causing heavy non-battle casualties.
Revised Solar Deflection Reaches Full Relativistic Value
With the completed geometric treatment of gravity, Einstein obtained a solar light-deflection prediction approximately twice the value produced by his earlier equivalence-principle calculation.
Evacuation Casualty Risk Reassessed
Monro concludes that evacuation risks are lower than Hamilton had feared and presses for withdrawal.
Helles Position Inspected during Withdrawal Review
Kitchener inspects the remaining Allied positions while considering whether Cape Helles should also be abandoned.
Third E11 Marmara Patrol Conducted
Nasmith conducts a third patrol against Ottoman shipping before the Gallipoli campaign ends.
First Army Winter Reorganisation Begun
Haig reorganises First Army formations and staff arrangements after the Loos fighting.
Bolshevik Party
The Central Workers Group is formed
Central Workers
The Central Workers Group is formed
Revised Solar Light-Bending Value
Using the completed theory, obtains the full gravitational deflection predicted for starlight grazing the Sun, approximately twice his earlier 1911 estimate.
December 191534 historical events
East Anglian Evacuation to Mudros Begins
Units of the 54th East Anglian Division begin leaving the Suvla sector for Mudros in the staged withdrawal.
Conference of Calais
It is agreed to withdraw from Salonika although this decision is reversed at Chantilly. Attends the Calais Conference with the French
Anzac and Suvla Evacuation Approved
Asquith's government authorises withdrawal from the ANZAC and Suvla sectors.
Symphony No 5 Premiere
Conducts the first version of Symphony No 5 in Helsinki on his fiftieth birthday.
Formal Order to Evacuate ANZAC Received
Birdwood receives the final order to evacuate the ANZAC and Suvla positions.
First Evacuation Stage Removes Surplus Personnel
White's plan removes sick men, surplus troops and stores while the front continues to appear fully occupied.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for idealism, sympathy, and commitment to truth in his writing.
Sick Wounded and Stores Removed before Final Evacuation
The evacuation programme removes sick and wounded men, surplus troops and valuable stores before the final nights of withdrawal.
Battle of Gallipoli
The first day of troop withdrawal from Gallipolli
Welsh Division Evacuated from Suvla
The depleted 53rd Welsh Division begins evacuation from Suvla to Mudros during the carefully staged withdrawal.
Black Yellow Offensive
After the failure of the Austrian Black Yellow offensive, Germany takes over ultimate control of Austro-Hungarian forces
Black Yellow Offensive
After the failure of the Austrian Black Yellow offensive, Germany takes over ultimate control of Austro-Hungarian forces
Detailed Final Evacuation Orders Issued
White's detailed timetable governs the final nights of withdrawal from the ANZAC perimeter.
Zangger Letter Revisits Gravitational Lensing
Einstein mentioned the possibility of gravitational lensing in a letter to Heinrich Zangger, revisiting the double-image effect he had calculated in his 1912 notebook.
Detailed Anzac Suvla Evacuation Orders Issued
Detailed orders are issued for the final evacuation phase, with secrecy and deception measures designed to conceal the withdrawal.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Göttingen Society Corresponding Membership
Elected a corresponding member of the Royal Society of Sciences at Göttingen.
Rear-Guard Deception Maintained
White's rear guards maintain irregular rifle fire to conceal the final movement of troops toward the beaches.
BEF Command Appointment Confirmed
Haig replaces Sir John French as Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force.
General Headquarters Command Assumed
Haig assumes control of BEF General Headquarters and begins reviewing the army's organisation.
Dismissal
French is replaced after failures following Ypres and Loos.
Anzac Evacuation Completed without Major Loss
White's withdrawal plan succeeds as the final ANZAC troops leave before dawn with virtually no casualties.
Suvla Withdrawal Completed
De Lisle's remaining troops leave the Suvla sector during the successful December evacuation.
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile and leads the final full administration before Alessandri.
Western Front
Cabinet endorses Robertsons & Haigs decision for the Western Front to have priority
Warns the Americans, had better look out
Warns the Americans, "had better look out after this war"
Winter North Sea Readiness Maintained
Beatty keeps the Battle Cruiser Fleet ready for rapid deployment against any German surface sortie.
Dismissal
Replaced as Commander-in-Chief by General Haig
Allied Strategy Consultation with Joffre Renewed
Haig begins coordinating future British operations with Joffre as the new BEF commander.
BEF Command Succession Discussed
Haig emerges as the leading candidate to replace Sir John French as commander of the BEF.
British Western Front Responsibilities Reviewed
Haig reviews the expanding British sector and the requirements for larger operations in 1916.
Salonika Commitment Reviewed
Participates in Allied deliberations over maintaining British forces at Salonika after Serbia's defeat.
Warns the French President Russia will be forced to make peace without
Warns the French President Russia will be forced to make peace without economic help. France moves quickly to give Russia the economic assistance she requires
Central Powers Mission
Habibullah receives a German-Ottoman mission but continues Afghanistan's wartime neutrality.
Secret ANZAC Withdrawal Plan Developed
White devises a phased evacuation plan intended to remove troops and stores without alerting Ottoman observers.
Silent Stunt Deception Introduced
White uses deliberate periods of silence followed by normal firing to condition Ottoman troops before the withdrawal.
Imprisonment
Held as a prisoner after capture on the Eastern Front.
Physics Research During War
Continues scientific work during military service and maintains active engagement with theoretical physics despite wartime duties.
Battle of Galicia
Defeats the Russians in Galicia
Bug
Suuports the German Bug Offensive
Alliance Ferdinand I and central powers
Takes Bulgaria into the war on the side of the central powers
Succession
Succeeds as King of Bulgaria
Senate of Chile
Begins service in the Senate after winning election for Tarapaca.
Marriage
Marries Sun Yetsen
Restoration
The monarchy is restored
Secretary of Association of Students
Appointed Secretary of the Association of Students
Opposition to Yuan Monarchy
Supports the revolutionary opposition to Yuan Shikai after Yuan announces plans to restore monarchy under his own rule.
21 Demands
Yuan is forced to agree to Japans "Twenty One Demands". Forced to agree to Japans "Twenty One Demands"
Result of Surrender of Yuan Shih-Kai to the Twenty-One Demands
China accepts the core Japanese demands, increasing Japanese political influence over the Chinese government.
Surrender of Yuan Shih-Kai to the Twenty-One Demands
Yuan is forced to agree to Japans "Twenty One Demands"
Slavonic and East European Studies
One of the first members of staff of the newly formed School of Slavonic and East European Studies, initially a department of King's College London
Independence of Czech Republic
One of the first members of staff of the newly formed School of Slavonic and East European Studies, initially a department of King's College London
Independence of Czechoslovakia
One of the first members of staff of the newly formed School of Slavonic and East European Studies, initially a department of King's College London
Les Vampires
Directs Les Vampires, the celebrated French silent crime serial.
Douze Preludes
Composes, "Douze Preludes"
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature
Minister of Justice
Appointed Minister of Justice
Minister of Public Instruction
Appointed Minister of Public Instruction
Secretary General of Foreign Ministry
Appointed Secretary General of the Foreign Ministry
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Commander of Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Second Army
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Battle of Champagne, 1st
Commander of Second Army during the Battle of Champagne
Commander of Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Second Army
Second Army
Commander of Second Army during the Battle of Champagne
Operation Champagne
Directs the Champagne Offensive
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Hesperien
Publication of "Hesperien"
Reichsgetreidestelle
Appointed leader of the Reichsgetreidestelle, an office in which he was responsible for the administration of Prussian corn and wheat in the World War I
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
President of Germany
Appointed President of the Allgemeine-Elektrizitats-Gesellschaft
Freiburg Habilitation
Heidegger completes his habilitation and begins teaching at Freiburg.
Return to General Covariance
Einstein abandoned key restrictions of the Entwurf approach and returned to generally covariant tensor equations, beginning the final rapid reconstruction of his gravitational theory.
Assistant Signals Officer
Appointed Assisstant Signals Officer in 4th Army HQ
Captain
Appointed Captain in the General Staff
General
Appointed Head of the Navy General Staff. Appointed General
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant
Military Attache
Appointed Military Attache to the USA
Quartermaster General
Appointed Quartermaster General, 1st term
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Iron Cross
Awarded the Iron Cross, 2nd class
Assistant Signals Officer
Appointed Assisstant Signals Officer in 4th Army HQ
Iron Cross
Awarded the Iron Cross, 1st class
Gallipoli Defence System Reorganised
Liman von Sanders redistributes Ottoman formations and prepares mobile reserves against expected Allied landings.
Siege of Novogievsk
Leads the Siege of Novogeorgievsk
General
Appointed Head of the Navy General Staff
Mobilization
Claims submarine warfare can end the war in 6 months, forced to resign in Aug 1918
Invasion of Serbia
Leads the Eleventh Army in the Autumn invasion of Serbia
Triple Offensive
The Army Group Gallwitz joins in the Triple Offensive in central Poland
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant
Military Attache
Appointed Military Attache to the USA
Purge
Expelled from the USA as "persona non grata"
Quartermaster General
Appointed Quartermaster General, 1st term
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Battle of Ypres, 2nd
Spearheads the 2nd major German offensive around Ypres. Albrecht's Army uses the first chlorine gas attacks against the British and French
The Rainbow
Publication of "The Rainbow"
The Good Soldier
Publication of "The Good Soldier"
The Research Significant
Publication of "The Research Significant"
The Thirty-Nine Steps
Publication of "The Thirty-Nine Steps"
1914 and Other Poems
Publication of "1914 & Other Poems"
Death of Rupert Brooke
Death of Rupert Brooke
Of Human Bondage
Publication of "Of Human Bondage"
Excess Profits Duty
McKenna introduces a tax on exceptional wartime business profits.
Adviser
Appointed Adviser to the Treasury
Attorney General
Appointed Attorney General
Education Board
Appointed Head of the Education Board, the first Labour Member of Parliament to have Cabinet rank
Education
Appointed Head of the Education Board, the first Labour Member of Parliament to have Cabinet rank
Cabinet
Appointed Member of Cabinet
Solicitor General
Appointed Solicitor General
First Lord of Admiralty
Appointed First Sea Lord of the Admiralty
Minister of Munitions
Appointed Minister of Munitions
Seven Tank Steamers Ordered
Orders seven tank steamers as Anglo-Persian invests government-backed capital in transport capacity.
Viceroy
Appointed Viceroy of Ireland
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Dismissal
Dismissed for alleged German sympathies
Lord Mayor of Birmingham
Chamberlain becomes Lord Mayor and promotes municipal savings during wartime.
Dardanelles Campaign Controversy
Churchill faced political criticism concerning the Dardanelles campaign, an episode he later addressed in historical writing.
Tredegar Medical Aid Society
Sees local mutual medical provision in Tredegar.
Twyford School
Receives his early education at Twyford School before progressing to Winchester College.
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics, studied crystalline structures using x-rays
Khaki Cup Final Opening Goal
Simmons scored for Sheffield United as the side defeated Chelsea 3-0 in the 1915 FA Cup final, held during the First World War.
FA Cup Final Third Goal
Fazackerley added Sheffield United's third goal against Chelsea, completing the 3-0 victory in the 1915 FA Cup final.
Captain
Appointed Captain of the Luisitania
Chief of Imperial Staff
Appointed Chief-of-Imperial Staff
Commander of 87th Brigade
Appointed Commander of the 87th Brigade at Gallipoli
Commander of Mediterranean
Appointed Commander of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force
Commander of Thirteenth Division
Appointed Commander of the Thirteenth Division at Gallipoli
Secretary of State for India
Appointed Secretary of State for India
Commander of First Corps
Appointed Commander of the 1st Corps in France
Royal Flying Corps
Appointed Member the Royal Flying Corps
Admiral
Appointed Admiral
Commander of Home Forces
Appointed Commander of the Home Forces
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister, 1st term
Commander of 3rd Army
Appointed Commander of the 3rd Army
Commander of 5th Corps
Appointed Commander of 5th Corps
Military Service
Eden joins the King's Royal Rifle Corps during the First World War
Captain
Appointed Captain of the Luisitania
Chief of Imperial Staff
Appointed Chief of the Imperial Staff
Gallipoli Evacuation Recommended
Monro recommends withdrawal after concluding that the Allied position offers little prospect of strategic success.
Helles Evacuation Prepared
Monro directs preparations to remove the remaining British and French forces from Cape Helles.
August Breakout Plan Approved
Hamilton approves a major August offensive combining ANZAC attacks, a Sari Bair advance and new landings at Suvla.
Gallipoli Landing Plan Developed
Hamilton develops simultaneous landings at Cape Helles and north of Gaba Tepe with a French diversion at Kum Kale.
Battle of Dardanelles
Commands the military forces at the Dardanelles
Commander of 87th Brigade
Appointed Commander of the 87th Brigade at Gallipoli
Commander of Mediterranean
Appointed Commander of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force
Battle of Gallipoli
The Thirteenth Division suffers 50% losses before its transfer to Mesopotamia in March 1916
Commander of Thirteenth Division
Appointed Commander of the Thirteenth Division at Gallipoli
Battle of Dardanelles
At the outset of the operation, the expected role of the infantry was to be the occupation of Istanbul; the taking of the straits was to be accomplished by the Entente naval forces.
Battle of Dardanelles
The British hope to turn the Balkans against the Axis. The British hope to capture Constantinople & force Turkey to surrender
Battle of Dardanelles
The operation was originally intended to be purely naval due to a lack of available troops and the independence of Lord of the admiralty Winston Churchill but, by early February, it was decided that more regular infantry was needed.
Dardanelles Mine Threat Reassessed
The Admiralty reassesses the mine danger after battleships are sunk or damaged in the Narrows.
Dardanelles Minesweeping Reinforcement Supported
Churchill supports stronger minesweeping efforts as Ottoman minefields block progress through the straits.
Dardanelles Naval Gunfire Effort Expanded
The Admiralty increases naval gunfire against Ottoman forts while attempts continue to open the straits.
Merchant Shipping Warning Measures Expanded
The Admiralty expands warnings and routing advice to merchant vessels facing the growing submarine threat.
Queen Elizabeth Assigned to Dardanelles
The Admiralty commits the modern battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth to long-range bombardment at the Dardanelles.
Renewed Minesweeping Case Considered
Churchill considers arguments that determined minesweeping could still reopen the naval route through the Dardanelles.
Steam Roller Trench Experiment Ordered
Churchill authorises experimental work using heavy machinery to explore methods of crossing fortified trench systems.
Tennyson d'Eyncourt Chairs Landships Committee
Churchill places Director of Naval Construction Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt in charge of the landship project.
Tracked Landship Experiments Authorised
Churchill authorises practical experiments with tracked vehicles rather than relying only on paper designs.
Courageous Baltic Cruiser Concept
Fisher promotes Courageous as a fast, heavily armed, shallow-draught vessel intended for operations including the Baltic.
Director Fire-Control Installation Supported
Fisher strongly supports fitting director firing systems to battleships and battlecruisers without withdrawing them from service.
Furious Heavy-Gun Cruiser Concept
Fisher backs Furious as an exceptionally fast shallow-draught ship carrying very heavy guns for specialised offensive work.
Glorious Baltic Cruiser Concept
Fisher promotes Glorious as another shallow-draught fast capital ship for his projected northern-water strategy.
Heavy 9.2-Inch Coastal Monitors Added
Further monitor construction is authorised around available 9.2-inch guns for coastal bombardment operations.
Small 6-Inch Coastal Monitors Added
Smaller monitors carrying six-inch weapons are added to the wartime shallow-water construction programme.
Secretary of State for India
Appointed Secretary of State for India
Partial Withdrawal Recommendation Supported
Kitchener supports evacuation from ANZAC and Suvla after inspecting conditions on the peninsula.
Commander of First Corps
Appointed Commander of the 1st Corps in France
Admiral
Appointed Admiral
Battle of Loos
The high number of casualties leadss to French's dismissal
Commander of Home Forces
Appointed Commander of the Home Forces
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister, 1st term
Battle of Gallipoli
Visits the Peninsular in November & recommends evacuation
Mobilization
Kitcheners slogan, "Your Country Needs You!", helps gain 1.7 million volunteers
Arab Bureau
Serves in Cairo intelligence circles as British officers assess Ottoman Arabia and Arab nationalist politics.
Arras Sector Command
Assumes responsibility for Third Army operations on the Arras sector.
Commander of 3rd Army
Appointed Commander of the 3rd Army
Commander of 5th Corps
Appointed Commander of 5th Corps
Fifth Corps Command
Takes command of V Corps on the Western Front.
Second Ypres Defence
Leads V Corps through the difficult defensive fighting at Second Ypres.
Invasion of Serbia
Bulgarian forces are driven back from the eastern bank of the Vardar by the Allies
Invasion of Serbia
An Allied Expeditionary Force lands the day of the Austro-German attack of Serbia
Warns Bulgaria that if she attacks Serbia Britain will come to Serbias
Warns Bulgaria that if she attacks Serbia Britain will come to Serbias assistance
Suvla Bay Command
Commands IX Corps at Suvla Bay on Gallipoli, August 1915-January 1916
Battle of Dardanelles
Venizelos wishes to send 3 Greek Divisions to the Dardanelles Constantine refuses. Venizelos resigns over Constantines policy
Advocate General
Appointed Advocate General of Bengal, 2nd term.
Congress Party
Helps found the Congress Party
Independence of India
Returns to India from South Africa to campaign for independence
Commandant
Appointed Commandant in the Irish Volunteers
Early Physics Studies
As a teenager, Fermi intensively studies mathematics and physics and begins performing experiments with his friend Enrico Persico.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Admiral
Appointed Admiral, cousin of King Victor Emmanuel III
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Admiral
Appointed Admiral, cousin of King Victor Emmanuel III
Diet
Appointed Member of Diet
Peace
China accepts Japans "Twenty One Demands"
Hussein McMahon Correspondence
Abdullah helped facilitate contacts between his father Sharif Hussein and British representatives during negotiations over a possible Arab uprising against Ottoman rule.
Battle of Celaya
Defeats Villa at Celaya
Battle of Leon
Defeats Villa at Leon
Battle of Gelaya
Defeats Pancho Villa
Mayoral Term
Concludes service as Mayor of Amsterdam after the 1910-1915 municipal term.
Mayor of Amsterdam
Begins serving as Mayor of Amsterdam during the 1915-1921 municipal term.
Prime Minister of New Zealand
Appointed Prime Minister of New Zealand, 2nd term, heads the wartime coalition
Quinn's Post Defences Rebuilt
Malone improves trenches, communications and overhead protection at one of the most exposed ANZAC positions.
Recursive Triangle Construction
Creates a classic mathematical object later central to fractal geometry.
Sierpinski Triangle
Describes the recursively generated triangular set bearing his name.
Professor
Appointed Professor at the University of Warsaw
Independence of Poland
Forms a movement for a free Poland
Partition
The partition of Poland by Germany & Austria
Little Curies
Equips mobile X-ray cars known as Little Curies.
President of Portugal
Appointed President of Portugal, 1st term
President of Portugal
Appointed President of Portugal
Scythian Suite
Composes, "Scythian Suite"
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Alln Union of Town Councils
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Union of Zemstvos
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of Zengor
Bolshevik Party
Exiled to Siberia, 1915-1917
Exile of Lev Borisovich Kamenev
Exiled to Siberia, 1915-1917
German Captivity
German forces captured Malinovsky during the First World War, and he spent much of the remaining conflict as a Russian prisoner of war in Germany.
Bolshevik Party
Prevents Lenin creating a Bolshevik revolutionary civil war
Conference of Zimmerwald
Prevents Lenin creating a Bolshevik revolutionary civil war
Menshevik Party
Prevents Lenin creating a Bolshevik revolutionary civil war
Constitutional Reform
Kerensky argues that successful prosecution of the war requires domestic political reform, stronger representative institutions and an end to arbitrary government practices.
Duma Opposition
Kerensky uses renewed Duma sessions to press the government on wartime administration and to demand greater political accountability.
Minority Rights
Kerensky supports demands to remove discriminatory restrictions and extend political and cultural rights to national minorities within the Russian Empire.
Political Amnesty Demand
Kerensky supports opposition demands for a general amnesty for political prisoners as part of a broader programme of wartime political reform.
War Criticism
Kerensky criticises military failures, shortages and government incompetence, arguing that wartime problems reveal deeper weaknesses in the imperial political system.
Activated Charcoal Gas Mask
Develops an activated-charcoal filter protecting soldiers from poison gases.
Chemical Protection Filter
The achievement marks chemical protection filter as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Caucasian Army
Commander of North West Army
Appointed Commander of the North West Army Group. Appointed Commander of the Northwestern Front
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the Eastern Front to hold the Caucasus against the Turks
Eastern Front
Appointed Commander of the Eastern Front to hold the Caucasus against the Turks
First Year of the War
Writes First Year of the War as part of his continuing socialist opposition to the First World War.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Caucasian Army
Commander of North West Army
Appointed Comander of the North West Army Group. Appointed Commander of the Northwestern Front
Offensive
Delays detachment of reserves for the Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive, Ivanov is defeated
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the Eastern Front to hold the Caucasus against the Turks
Eastern Front
Appointed Commander of the Eastern Front to hold the Caucasus against the Turks
Native Life In South Africa
Publication of "Native Life In South Africa"
Prime Minister of South Africa
Appointed Prime Minister of South Africa, 2nd term
Editor
Appointed Editor of "De Burger", the newly founded Nationalist newspaper
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Nationalist Party
Editor
Appointed Editor of "De Burger", the newly founded Nationalist newspaper
Election
Stands as prospective Member of Parliament but is defeated
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Nationalist Party
Election
Appointed Party Leader of the National Party. Almost defeated by the Nationalist Party but allies with the Anglophile Unionist Party
Election
Campaigns on a platform of neutrality & gradual progress towards full independence
Party Leader
Campaigns on a platform of neutrality & gradual progress towards full independence. Appointed Party Leader of the South Africa National Party
Capture of South Africa
Smuts & Louis Botha lead the South African army into German South West Africa & capture it
Invasion of South West Africa
Smuts & Louis Botha lead the South African army into German South West Africa & capture it
Capture of South Africa
Captures Southwest Africa
Rule of Namibia
South West Africa is placed under South African military administration
German South West Africa Campaign
Personally commands Union forces in German South West Africa.
Union Forces Advance
Directs a multi-pronged campaign against German colonial troops.
President of Switzerland
Appointed President of the Swiss Confederation, 1st term
Colonel
Appointed Colonel
Commander of Nineteenth Division
Appointed Commander the Nineteenth Division based at Rodosto on the Gallipoli Peninsula
General
Appointed General
Dardanelles Shore Defences Directed
Cevat directs Ottoman coastal artillery and mine defences protecting the Dardanelles approaches.
Nineteenth Division Held as Mobile Reserve
Mustafa Kemal prepares the 19th Division as a mobile reserve covering the central Gallipoli peninsula.
Commander of Nineteenth Division
Appointed Commander the Nineteenth Division based at Rodosto on the Gallipoli Peninsula
General
Appointed General after "Anzac Cove" & Suvla Bay
Melody in A Major
Composes a melody later adapted into the popular song It's All in the Game.
The Freudian Wish
Publication of "The Freudian Wish"
American Relief
Appointed Chairman of the American Relief Commission in Belgium
Election
Elected Senator
Discovery of Cepheid Stars
Harlow Shapley uses Cepheids to place initial constraints on the size and shape of the Milky Way, and of the placement of our Sun within it
Einstein-de Haas Effect
Publishes experimental work with Wander de Haas linking magnetism to angular momentum.
Göttingen Relativity Lectures
Lectures on gravitation in Göttingen, stimulating intense discussion with leading mathematicians.
Photoelectric Equation Verification
Experimentally verifies Einstein's relation between light frequency and the kinetic energy of emitted electrons.
Captain
Appointed Captain
The Song of the Lark
Cather published The Song of the Lark, a novel about a singer's artistic development.
First Mesa Verde Visit
Cather visited Mesa Verde, gaining impressions that later informed her fiction.
Bealby
Wells published Bealby, a comic novel centered on a boy's adventures.
Boon
Wells published Boon under the pseudonym Reginald Bliss.
Literary Work During Wartime
Strachey pursued literary research and writing amid the disruption of the war.
Law Negotiates Wartime Coalition
Bonar Law helps negotiate Conservative participation in Asquith's wartime coalition following criticism of the war administration.
Law Appointed Colonial Secretary
Bonar Law becomes Secretary of State for the Colonies in Asquith's coalition cabinet.