General
Appointed Commander of the new 10th army following the dissolution of his army-group in anticipation of the Tyrol Offensive
Historical events in 1916
740 historical records
January 191660 historical events
Generaloberst
Having overseen the successful defense of the Corinthian frontier, Rohr was promoted to the rank of Generaloberst
General
Appointed Commander of the new 10th army following the dissolution of his army-group in anticipation of the Tyrol Offensive
Generaloberst
Having overseen the successful defense of the Corinthian frontier, Rohr was promoted to the rank of Generaloberst
Tenth Army
Appointed Commander of the new 10th army following the dissolution of his army-group in anticipation of the Tyrol Offensive
Commander of 6th Royal Scots
Appointed Commander of the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers, battalion of the 9th Division
Major
Informed he will command the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers
Commander of 6th Royal Scots
Appointed Commander of the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers, battalion of the 9th Division
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Commander of 6th Royal SF
Appointed Commander of the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant Colonel
Commander of 6th Royal SF
Appointed Commander of the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers
Commander of 6th Royal Scots
Appointed Commander with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel
Derby Recruiting Scheme Reviewed
Reviews the results and outstanding issues arising from Lord Derby’s voluntary recruiting scheme.
Battle of Mojkova
The Montenegrin Army was weakened by the harsh weather and lack of supplies. On 5 January 1916, they received a command to protect the retreat of the Serbian army to Corfu via Albania
Battle of Mojkovac
In the winter of 1915, the Army of Montenegro had been fighting Austro-Hungary for three months in Serbia. In January 1916 they had to resist the invasion of their own territory.
Battle of Mojkovac
The 62nd and 53rd Infantry Division entered Montenegro on 5 January 1916 from the north-east and advanced along the river towards Pljevlja and Bijelo Polje, where they were stopped by the Montenegrins in the Battle of Mojkovacc.
Battle of Mojkovac
The Austro-Hungarian forces left the battlefield, leaving more than 2,000 of their soldiers dead. By the end of the day, Montenegrin forces were able to push back multiple attacks made by Austro-Hungarian forces, taking back control of Mojkovacc and its surroundings.
Battle of Mojkovac
The Battle of Mojkovacc was a World War I battle fought between 6 January and 7 January 1916 near Mojkovacc, Montenegro, between the armies of Austria-Hungary and Montenegro. It ended with a Montenegrin victory.
Invasion of Montenegro
The 62nd and 53rd Infantry Division entered Montenegro on 5 January 1916 from the North-East and advanced along the river towards Pljevlja and Bijelo Polje, where they were stopped by the Montenegrins in the Battle of Mojkovac
Major
Takes command the 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers
Military Service Bill Introduced
Introduces legislation imposing compulsory service on eligible unmarried men after the Derby Scheme.
Army Expansion Results Reported to Lords
Reports that the volunteer system has created forces far larger than Britain possessed before the war.
Conscription Press Crisis
A political crisis follows reports that Asquith will not introduce conscription.
Conscription
Crisis breaks out when the press announces Asquith will not introduce concscription
Battle of Mojkova
On 7 January, the Austro-Hungarians launched a second attack on Montenegrin positions. The attack again failed, with heavy losses on both sides. Despite having a much stronger, larger, and better-equipped army, Austro-Hungarian forces abandoned their positions in Mojkovac on the 7th and retreated
Final Helles Defensive Line Maintained
Hunter-Weston's forces maintain the Helles perimeter while men, guns and stores are progressively embarked.
Cape Helles Rear Guard Withdraws
Hunter-Weston's rear guards leave their positions as the final evacuation of Cape Helles begins.
Dardanelles Expedition Ends after Helles Withdrawal
Monro reports completion of the final Helles evacuation, ending the Allied Dardanelles expedition.
Gallipoli Peninsula Fully Evacuated
Monro completes the withdrawal of the remaining Allied forces, ending the Gallipoli campaign.
Gallipoli Evacuation Completed
The final day of troop withdrawal from Gallipolli
Hamilton Gallipoli Report Discussed
Addresses publication and parliamentary consideration of Sir Ian Hamilton’s report on the Gallipoli campaign.
January War Statement Delivered
Gives Parliament a statement on current military and governmental questions at the start of 1916.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Birth of Pieter Willem Botha
Pieter Willem Botha is born near Paul Roux.
P W Botha Born
The future prime minister and state president is born.
Capture of Berane
Austria captures Berane
Capture of Cetinje
Austria captures Cetinje
Schwarzschild Solution Presented to Academy
Communicates Karl Schwarzschild's exact solution of the new field equations to the Prussian Academy, demonstrating that general relativity admits important exact solutions.
Promotion to Oberleutnant
Jodl is promoted to Oberleutnant while serving in the First World War.
Free State
The Irish Free State, southern Ireland, is established
Independence of Ireland
The Irish Free State, southern Ireland, is established
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's
Capture of Antivari
Antivari (Montenegro) occupied by Austrian forces
Capture of Podgoritza
Podgoritza (Montenegro) occupied by Austrian forces
Capture of Scutari
Scutari (Albania) occupied by Austrian forces
Conscription Introduced
Conscription is introduced during Asquith's wartime premiership.
Conscription
Conscription is introduced
Capture of San Giovanni
San Giovanni di Medua (Albania) captured by Austrian forces
Invasion of Montenegro
By 25 January the entire army of Montenegro had laid down its weapons
Montenegrin Campaign
By 25 January the entire army of Montenegro had laid down its weapons
Invasion of Montenegro
Mount Lovcen was the key defensive position of the Montenegrin army, who defended it as a citadel with roughly 2/3 of its forces. The Austrian-Hungarians, under Croatian general Stjepan Sarkotic, gathered large quantities of heavy artillery in Kotor, supported by ships artillery from the Austro-Hungarian Navy
Montenegrin Campaign
Mount Lovcen was the key defensive position of the Montenegrin army, who defended it as a citadel with roughly 2/3 of its forces. The Austrian-Hungarians, under Croatian general Stjepan Sarkotic, gathered large quantities of heavy artillery in Kotor, supported by ships artillery from the Austro-Hungarian Navy
Battle of Ploegsteert
Takes the battalion of 6th Royal Scots Fusiliers across the Belgian border
Invasion of Montenegro
The Montenegrin Campaign in 1916 was a part of the Serbian Campaign in World War I, in which Austria Hungary defeated and occupied the Kingdom of Montenegro, an ally of Serbia
Montenegrin Campaign
The Montenegrin Campaign in 1916 was a part of the Serbian Campaign in World War I, in which Austria Hungary defeated and occupied the Kingdom of Montenegro, an ally of Serbia
Schwarzschild Solution
Finds the exact spherical solution to Einstein's field equations, foundational for black hole theory.
Royal Flying Corps
Joins the Royal Flying Corps in January 1916 and is accepted for pilot training
Military Service Act Supported
Supports compulsory service for eligible unmarried men after voluntary recruiting proves insufficient.
February 191616 historical events
Birth of Gavin Buchanan Ewart
Birth of Gavin Buchanan Ewart
Capture of Erzerum
Leads Russian victory over the Turkish. Captures 13,000 prisoners & inflicts casualties of 60,000 killed or wounded
Berat
Berat (Albania) occupied by Austrian forces
Battle of Dardanelles
Involved in the successful bomardment of the outer-Dardanelles
Battle of Verdun
Flamethrowers are used for the 1st time at the Battle of Verdun. Decides "to bleed France white" by concentrating on a historically sensitive area. 1st day to "bleed the French white", 1200 German artillery guns open fire
Invention of Flamethrowers
Flamethrowers are used for the 1st time at the Battle of Verdun
Military and Naval Forces Reviewed
Reviews the manpower position of the armed forces as conscription begins to operate.
Home Defence Arrangements Reviewed
Addresses parliamentary questions concerning home defence during the continuing war.
Anti-Aircraft Defence Reviewed
Addresses the provision of anti-aircraft guns for defence against enemy raids.
Military Service Act Implementation Reviewed
Answers questions about implementation of the new Military Service Act.
Durazzo
Durazzo captured by Austrian forces
Battle of Verdun
Begins successfully when the Germans take Fort Douamont, Verduns strongest position
Battle of Verdun
Commander of Second Army during the Battle of Champagne
First ANZAC Corps Formed in Egypt
Birdwood takes command of I ANZAC Corps after the post-Gallipoli reorganisation.
Second ANZAC Corps Formed in Egypt
Godley takes command of II ANZAC Corps during the reorganisation of Australian and New Zealand forces.
Somme Offensive Preparations Expanded
Haig expands preparations for the planned Anglo-French offensive while Verdun increases pressure on France.
March 191623 historical events
New Zealand Division Formed
Russell assumes command when the New Zealand Division is formally created in Egypt.
Battle of Verdun
Wounded in battle & captured by the Germans. "posthumously" awarded the Legion of Honour. It is officially thought de Gaulle died in battle
Speech
Urges the First Lord of the Admiralty to recall Lord Fisher as First Sea Lord
National Economy Appeal Reinforced
Urges greater national economy as wartime expenditure and demands on resources increase.
Birth of Harold Wilson
Birth of Harold Wilson
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Portugal
Austria-Hungary severs diplomatic relations with Portugal. Austria-Hungary declares war on Portugal
DEclaration of War
Austria-Hungary declares war on Portugal
Battle of Dardanelles
Forced to hand over his command to John de Robeck, due to ill health
Brusilov Offensive
The Russians attack Lake Naroch under French pressure to divert forces from Verdun
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
Several SPD members in the Reichstag vote against the authorization of further credits to finance World War I, pacifists led by Hugo Haase are expelled from the SPD
ANZAC Mounted Division Formed
Chauvel takes command of the newly formed ANZAC Mounted Division in Egypt.
First Light Horse Brigade Joins Mounted Division
Cox's 1st Light Horse Brigade joins the ANZAC Mounted Division in Egypt.
Second Light Horse Brigade Joins Mounted Division
Ryrie's 2nd Light Horse Brigade joins the ANZAC Mounted Division during its formation.
Budget
Haase and 18 other SPD delegates vote against the Government's emergency budget
Resignation of Hugo Haase
Forced to resign as party chairman of the SPD
Sozialdemokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft
Founded and led the Sozialdemokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft
Commander of Danube Army
Appointed Commander of the Army of the Danube
Commander of Danube Army
Appointed Commander of the Army of the Danube
New Zealand Mounted Rifles Joins ANZAC Mounted Division
Chaytor's brigade becomes the New Zealand component of the ANZAC Mounted Division.
Brusilov Offensive
Russia has 130 Divisions for an offensive coinciding with Anglo-French attacks on the Somme
April 191621 historical events
Lifeboat Escape from Pack Ice
Crean joins the expedition's lifeboat escape after the drifting ice begins breaking apart and the men are forced to seek solid land.
Elephant Island Landing
Crean reaches Elephant Island with the Endurance party, giving the men their first secure landfall after months on drifting ice.
Elephant Island Landing
Shackleton's entire party reaches Elephant Island by lifeboat, gaining solid ground after months living on drifting sea ice.
James Caird Voyage
Leaves Elephant Island in the James Caird with five companions to seek rescue from South Georgia
Arrest of Roger Casement
Returns to Ireland with a brigade of German POWs in a German submarine
James Caird Voyage Begins
Shackleton leaves Elephant Island with five companions in the James Caird to seek rescue assistance from South Georgia.
James Caird Rescue Voyage Begins
Crean leaves Elephant Island with Shackleton and four other men aboard James Caird on an open-boat voyage to seek rescue assistance.
Siege of Dublin
24-29 April, leads 125 men & captures the Boland mill during the Easter Rebelion
Easter Rebellion
24-29 April, during the Easter Rebellion seeks immediate independence for Ireland
Declaration of Government
Declaration of Provisional Government of the Irish Republic from the rebel held GPO
Easter Rebellion
Declaration of Provisional Government of the Irish Republic from the rebel held GPO. 24-29 April, the rebellion seeks independence for Ireland
Provisional Government
Declaration of Provisional Government of the Irish Republic from the rebel held GPO
Compulsory Service Decision
The government decides upon compulsory conscription, except for Ireland.
Easter Rising Begins
The Easter Rebellion breaks out in Dublin.
Reballion of Easter
The Easter Rebellion breaks out in Dublin
Reform of Armed Forces
Decides upon compulsory conscription, except for Ireland
First ANZAC Corps Deploys to France
Birdwood's I ANZAC Corps deploys from Egypt to the Western Front.
Siege of Kut-al-Imara
Surrnders to the Turks after a siege of 147 days
Easter Rebellion
Fights alongside Patrick Pearse and others in the General Post Office. Collins railed against what he perceived as its ham-fisted amateurism, notably the seizure of indefensible and very vulnerable positions such as St Stephens Green that were impossible to escape from and difficult to supply. Collins, like many of the risings participants, is arrested, almost sent to the gallows and winds up at Frongoch internment camp
Bolshevik Party
Opening of the Kienthal Conference of anti-war socialists
Conference of Kienthal
Opening of the Kienthal Conference of anti-war socialists
May 191663 historical events
Reballion of of the Easter
Crushes the last remnants of the Easter Rebellion in Dublin
Reballion of of the Easter
Takes the surrender of the last of the rebels, over 1,000 prisoners have been taken. Crushes the last remnants of the Easter Rebellion in Dublin
Compulsory Military Service Expanded
Announces the Government decision to broaden compulsory military service beyond the January settlement.
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
The 6th Royal Scots merges with the 15th Division. Churchill does not seek another command & returns to Parliament
Birrell Resignation Addressed
Addresses the resignation of Augustine Birrell following the Easter Rising in Ireland.
Second Military Service Bill Introduced
Introduces a Bill extending military service obligations to a wider group of eligible men.
Secret Parliamentary Session Arranged
Explains arrangements for a secret parliamentary session on military manpower and recruiting.
Irish Rebellion Repression Policy Reviewed
Addresses the Government response to the Easter Rising and the treatment of rebels.
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Gives his Officers a farewell lunch at Armentieres
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Holds a farewell luncheon for the officers of his batallion
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Returns to England, the end of his military career
Clemency for Irish Prisoners Considered
Addresses parliamentary appeals for clemency toward prisoners detained after the Easter Rising.
Easter Rising Inquiry Announced
Supports an inquiry into the causes of and responsibility for the Easter Rising.
Irish Rebel Trials Addressed
Answers questions about the trials of participants in the Easter Rising.
James Caird Voyage
Navigates the James Caird across the Southern Ocean to South Georgia during the Endurance rescue effort
James Caird Reaches South Georgia
Crean and the James Caird crew reach South Georgia after a seventeen-day voyage of more than eight hundred miles across the Southern Ocean.
Death of Karl Schwarzschild
Death of Karl Schwarzschild
Trentino Offensive
Austrian offensive in the Trentino begins
South Georgia Interior Crossing
Crean crosses the unmapped mountainous interior of South Georgia with Shackleton and Frank Worsley during a continuous journey to Stromness whaling station.
Coalition Government Constitution Reviewed
Explains the constitution and working arrangements of the wartime coalition government.
Post-Rising Ireland Statement Delivered
Gives Parliament a statement on conditions in Ireland after the Easter Rising.
Irish Prisoner Treatment Reviewed
Answers questions concerning the treatment and release of prisoners detained after the rebellion.
Government of Ireland Policy Reconsidered
Addresses possible political arrangements for Ireland following the Easter Rising.
Military Service Extended to Married Men
Implements the extension of compulsory military service to married men through further legislation.
Paris Economic Conference Discussed
Addresses British participation in Allied discussions about wartime and postwar economic cooperation.
Martial Law in Ireland Reviewed
Reviews the continuing operation of martial law in Ireland after the rebellion.
Battle of Jutland
Beatty sails from Rosyth with six battlecruisers and the four fast battleships of the Fifth Battle Squadron.
Battlecruiser Fleet Sorties for Jutland
Beatty leads the Battle Cruiser Fleet from the Forth toward its planned North Sea rendezvous.
Fifth Battle Squadron Attached for Jutland Sortie
Four Queen Elizabeth-class battleships under Evan-Thomas reinforce Beatty's six battlecruisers for the operation.
German Fleet Sortie Intelligence Received
Beatty receives orders to sail after Admiralty intelligence indicates major German naval movement.
Battle of Jutland
Leads 5 cruisers along the Jutland Peninsula to break the British North Sea blockade. Hipper & Beattys destroyers see each other & the Germans entice the British fleet. Germans have 16 Dreadnoughts, 6 pre-Dreadnoughts, 11 light cruisers & 72 destroyers
Battle of Jutland
Intends to entice British battle-cruisers offf the Norwegian coast & destroy them. Follows von Hipper with the German Fleet of 99 ships along the Jutland Peninsula
War Office
Stands alone in criticizing the Government during the War Office vote
Battle of Jutland
British and German scouting forces make contact, drawing Beatty's and Hipper's battlecruisers toward battle.
Battlecruisers Turn East before Grand Fleet
Beatty turns eastward as he approaches Jellicoe, helping clear the deployment area for the battlefleet.
Beatty Reports German Fleet Position
Beatty sends position information as Jellicoe prepares the Grand Fleet for deployment.
Beatty Turns North before High Seas Fleet
Beatty reverses course to lead Hipper and Scheer toward Jellicoe's approaching Grand Fleet.
Beatty Turns toward Hipper
Beatty alters course to bring his battlecruisers into action against Hipper's First Scouting Group.
Fifth Battle Squadron Enters Heavy Action
Evan-Thomas's fast battleships bring their powerful guns into action against Hipper's ships.
Fifth Battle Squadron Falls Astern
Evan-Thomas's battleships trail Beatty's faster battlecruisers during the opening pursuit.
Fifth Battle Squadron Turn Delayed
Signalling difficulties delay Evan-Thomas's turn, exposing the fast battleships to concentrated German fire.
German Fleet Drawn toward Jellicoe
Beatty fulfils the battlecruiser scouting role by bringing Scheer's fleet toward Jellicoe's battleships.
Grand Fleet Deployment Supported by Beatty Screen
Beatty's battlecruisers operate ahead of the deploying Grand Fleet as Jellicoe forms his battle line.
HMS Engadine Seaplane Reconnaissance Used
A seaplane from HMS Engadine scouts ahead of Beatty's force and reports German ships during the approach to battle.
HMS Galatea Reports Enemy Contact
A sighting report from Galatea helps draw Beatty toward Hipper's battlecruisers.
HMS Indefatigable Lost at Jutland
Indefatigable explodes under German battlecruiser fire during the Run to the South.
HMS Lion Magazine Flooded
Emergency flooding prevents flash from reaching Lion's magazines after the Q-turret hit.
HMS Lion Q Turret Hit
A German shell penetrates Lion's Q turret and creates a serious risk of a magazine explosion.
HMS Princess Royal Damaged at Jutland
Princess Royal suffers German hits while remaining in action with Beatty's battlecruiser force.
HMS Queen Mary Lost at Jutland
Queen Mary is destroyed by catastrophic magazine explosions during the battlecruiser action.
HMS Tiger Continues Battlecruiser Action
Tiger remains with Beatty's force through the main phases of the Jutland battle.
High Seas Fleet Sighted
Beatty identifies Scheer's approaching battlefleet and realises his force has been drawn toward superior numbers.
Hipper Force Re-engaged near Grand Fleet
Beatty's surviving battlecruisers renew action as Hipper's ships encounter the Grand Fleet.
Jutland Scouting Screen Deployed
Beatty spreads light cruisers ahead of his capital ships to search for Hipper's scouting force.
Nightfall Ends Beatty's Main Gun Action
Fading light reduces Beatty's opportunity to maintain effective heavy-gun contact with the German fleet.
Run to the North Begins
Beatty leads the German forces north toward the main body of the Grand Fleet.
Run to the South Begins
Beatty pursues Hipper southward as both battlecruiser forces exchange heavy gunfire.
Battle of Jutland
Commands the Grand Fleet in the Battle of Jutland
Grand Fleet
Commands the Grand Fleet in the Battle of Jutland
Somme Artillery Build-Up Directed
Haig oversees the concentration of guns, ammunition and divisions for the coming offensive.
Married Men Conscription Extension Supported
Supports extending compulsory military service to married men as manpower demands continue.
Capture of Fort Rupel
Bulgaria captures Fort Rupel & enters Macedonia, a threat to the Allies
Brusilov Offensive
Forwarded after an appeal from the Italian King after the invasion of Italy by Austria
June 191635 historical events
Battle of Jutland
The Germans claim a victory because they have sunk more ships than they have lost. The German Fleet retrurns to port & does not break out again during the war. Scheer is outgunned by Jellicoes fleet & turns away under cover of smokescreens. Both sides lose 6 ships but the British lose greater tonnage
Battle of Jutland
Commands the Colossus during the Battle of Jutland
Battle of Jutland
Commands the 2nd Cruiser Squadron at the Battle of Jutland
Battle of Jutland
The Commander of the 4th Battle Squadron at the Battle of Jutland
Battlecruiser Fleet Returns after Jutland
Beatty's surviving ships return after the largest fleet action of the war.
Jutland Search Operations Continue
Beatty's force continues searching as the German fleet escapes toward its bases during the night.
Battle of Jutland
Scheer is outgunned by Jellicoes fleet & turns away under cover of smokescreens. Learns of the movement of the German Fleet along the Jutland Peninsula & mobilizes. Britain claims victory because the German Fleet stays in its harbour during the war
Battle of Jutland
Sails from Scapa Flow with 28 Dreadnoughts & 3 Battle cruisers
Trentino Offensive
the main Austrian offensive in the Trentino
Brusilov Offensive
Transfers 15 Divisions from the Western to the Eastern front after the Brusilov Offensive
Eastern Front
Transfers 15 Divisions from the Western to the Eastern front after the Brusilov Offensive
Death of Horatio Herbert Kitchener
Death of Horatio Herbert Kitchener
Sinking of HMS Hampshire - Mine Loss
HMS Hampshire struck a mine west of Orkney and sank rapidly while carrying Kitchener to Russia; only twelve men survived.
Sinking of HMS Hampshire
Killed on his visit to Nicholas II when the Hampshire hits a mine
Embarks for Russia aboard HMS Hampshire
Leaves Scapa Flow aboard HMS Hampshire for the wartime mission to Russia.
Death of Shih-Kai Yuan
Death of Shih-Kai Yuan, China plunges into chaos
Commission
Learns Asquith witheld documents in the Dardanelles enquiry which would clear him
Dardanelles Papers Withheld
Refuses release of documents connected with the Dardanelles inquiry.
Civil Law Restoration in Ireland Considered
Addresses restoration of normal civil law in Ireland after the period of rebellion and martial law.
Bukovina Offensive
Austrian forces driven out of The Bukovinah
Battle of Verdun
Cancels supplies to the battle when the French are saved from by Allied bombardment
Fourth Army
Leads the fourth army in the main part of the offensive North of the River Somme
Invention of Tank
24 June-13 November, tanks are used for the 1st time at the 1st Battle of the Somme
Somme Preliminary Bombardment Opened
Haig's armies begin the prolonged bombardment intended to destroy German wire and forward defences.
Third Army
Leads the 3rd Army south of the River Somme
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Royal Flying Corps aircraft support preparatory operations by attacking German observation balloons.
Paris Economic Conference Reported
Reports on Allied economic coordination discussed at the Paris Economic Conference.
Irish Settlement Negotiations Reviewed
Addresses negotiations intended to find a political settlement in Ireland during wartime.
Elevent Army
With the halting of all offensive operations on the Italian front in the face of the Brusilov Offensive, the Tyrol effort was prematurely brought to an end and Rohr was switched to take charge of the 11th army
Jutland Ammunition Handling Practices Reviewed
The Royal Navy examines dangerous ammunition-handling practices exposed by battlecruiser magazine losses.
Jutland Battlecruiser Gunnery Reviewed
Beatty's command reviews rangefinding, fire control and gunnery performance after the battle.
Jutland Battlecruiser Losses Reviewed
Beatty reviews the destruction of Indefatigable and Queen Mary and the heavy damage suffered by other ships.
Jutland Battlecruiser Signalling Reviewed
The fleet studies signalling failures that complicated control of Beatty's forces during Jutland.
Russia Fact-Finding Mission Accepted
Accepts a mission to Russia intended to discuss military cooperation and assess the Eastern Front.
Gravitational Waves
Predicts gravitational waves as propagating disturbances in spacetime within general relativity.
July 191646 historical events
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Commands French Sixth Army on the southern part of the Somme offensive.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Coordinates French northern army operations supporting the Allied Somme offensive.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Commands German Second Army at the opening of the Allied Somme attack.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Commands British Fourth Army in the main British attack north of the River Somme.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Commands British Fourth Army in the main attack north of the River Somme.
Battle of Albert Operations Directed
Haig directs the opening Somme phase as British armies attack across the Albert sector.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Commands the British Expeditionary Force as the Somme attack opens after a week of bombardment.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
The British attack opens on the Somme, causing 57,470 British casualties on the first day.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Leads the 36th Ulster Division in its costly attack toward the Schwaben Redoubt.
Gommecourt Diversion
Commands Third Army during the diversionary attack at Gommecourt.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Commands British Third Army during the diversionary attack at Gommecourt.
First-Day Somme Losses Reviewed
Haig reviews catastrophic first-day casualties but decides the offensive must continue.
Somme Offensive Continuation Ordered
Haig orders continued pressure to support France and wear down the German army.
Birth of Walter Leland Cronkite
Birth of Walter Leland Cronkite
Hampshire Loss Questions Addressed
Addresses parliamentary questions arising from the loss of HMS Hampshire and Lord Kitchener.
Minister of Munitions
Appointed Minister of Munitions
Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
Appointed Secretary for War
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Posted to No. 7 Squadron and flies bombing, reconnaissance and photographic missions over the Somme front.
Birth of Edward Richard George Heath
Birth of Edward Richard George Heath, son of a carpenter & maid. Birth of Edward Richard George Heath
Birth of Edward Richard George Heath
Born in Broadstairs, Kent, into a modest family before his later Conservative political career.
Government of Ireland Statement Delivered
Gives Parliament a detailed statement on the Government’s Irish policy after failed settlement talks.
Mesopotamia Campaign Reviewed
Addresses parliamentary criticism of the conduct and administration of the Mesopotamia campaign.
Mesopotamia Inquiry Supported
Supports formal investigation into failures connected with the Mesopotamia campaign.
Bazentin Ridge Night Attack Approved
Haig supports the night assembly and dawn attack that gains ground on Bazentin Ridge.
Delville Wood Operations Continued
Haig maintains pressure around Delville Wood during the second phase of the Somme battle.
High Wood Exploitation Attempted
Haig seeks rapid exploitation toward High Wood after the Bazentin Ridge success.
War Minister Appointment Addressed
Addresses the wartime leadership of the War Office after Lloyd George becomes Secretary of State for War.
Escape from Captivity
Escapes from Austro-Hungarian captivity and returns to Russia.
Federal Farm Loan Act
The Act creates regional banks providing long-term mortgage credit to farmers.
Commission
The formation of a Commission is announced to investigate the Dardanelles Campaign
Commission
The Cromer Commission is announced to investigate the Dardanelles Campaign
Cromer Commission Announced
The Cromer Commission is announced to investigate the Dardanelles Campaign
Cromer Dardanelles Commission
Announces the Cromer Commission to investigate the Dardanelles campaign.
Ireland Settlement Position Restated
Restates the Government position after efforts to reach an Irish political settlement break down.
Fifth Australian Division Attacks at Fromelles
McCay's 5th Australian Division attacks at Fromelles and suffers severe losses.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Takes command of German Second Army after German forces on the Somme are reorganised.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Takes command of the reorganised German Second Army south of the Somme.
Fromelles Assault Ordered
Haking orders the joint British-Australian attack intended to pin German reserves at Fromelles.
Pozieres Village Assault Directed
Walker directs the 1st Australian Division's assault that captures most of Pozieres.
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Commands Reserve Army forces as fighting expands around Pozieres and the Albert-Bapaume road.
Pozieres Ridge Operations Supported
Haig supports Australian and British attacks intended to seize the important Pozieres ridge.
Special War Inquiries Bill Advanced
Advances legislation creating special commissions to investigate the Dardanelles and Mesopotamia campaigns.
Second Division Takes Over Pozieres Sector
Legge's 2nd Australian Division relieves exhausted troops in the Pozieres sector.
Somme Front Service
Manstein worked with German army staff formations on the Somme during the major Allied offensive of 1916. His duties involved supporting the coordination and supply of formations under intense battlefield pressure.
Second ANZAC Corps Organised for Western Front
Godley organises II ANZAC Corps for operations on the Western Front.
Somme Staff Service
Performs brigade staff duties during the Somme campaign and observes the heavy cost of offensive operations.
August 191638 historical events
Criticism of the Somme Offensive
Criticises the conduct of the Somme offensive while out of ministerial office.
Allied Economic Strategy Statement Delivered
Explains the Government approach to Allied economic cooperation during and after the war.
Death of Roger Casement
Death of Roger Casement, executed for treason
Execution
Hanged for high treason in Pentonville prison
Treason
Hanged for high treason in Pentonville prison. Death of Roger Casement, executed for treason
Romani Defence Directed
Chauvel directs the ANZAC Mounted Division during the successful defence of Romani.
First Light Horse Holds Romani Line
Cox's brigade helps hold the defensive line during the Ottoman attack at Romani.
New Zealand Brigade Counterattacks at Romani
Chaytor's mounted riflemen counterattack Ottoman forces during the Battle of Romani.
Second Light Horse Pursues from Romani
Ryrie's brigade joins the pursuit after the Ottoman withdrawal from Romani.
Peace
Offers the good offices of the US in the interests of peace
Fourth Division Enters Pozieres Battle
Holmes's 4th Australian Division enters the Pozieres sector after earlier Australian formations are exhausted.
Council of State
Appointed Member of Polish Council of State
Commission
Writes to Earl Cromer asking to present his own case without Counsel
War Inquiry Commissions Legislation Advanced
Supports detailed provisions governing the special wartime commissions of inquiry.
Alliance Romania and Allies
Romania signs a military alliance with the Allies
Peace Terms Position Restated
Addresses questions about possible peace negotiations and the conditions required for a settlement.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Declaration of War
Romanian Government order mobilisation and declare war on Austria-Hungary
Romanian Government order mobilisation and declare war on Austria-Hungary
Romanian Government order mobilisation and declare war on Austria-Hungary
Entry into World War One
Bratianu's government enters the war alongside the Entente.
Declaration of War
Ferdinand approves Romania's declaration of war against Austria-Hungary.
Alliance Ferdinand I and Allies
Romania joins the Allies
Declaration of War
Enters the war on the side of the Allies by declaring war on Austria
Entry into World War I
Romania enters the war on the Allied side.
Rescue
Rescues the remaining Endurance crew from Elephant Island without loss of life
Elephant Island Crew Rescued
Shackleton returns aboard the Chilean vessel Yelcho and rescues every member of the party left waiting on Elephant Island.
Elephant Island Rescue
Crean returns with Shackleton aboard the Chilean vessel Yelcho when the remaining Endurance men are finally rescued from Elephant Island.
Mouquet Farm Attacks Directed
Holmes directs repeated 4th Division attacks toward Mouquet Farm during the Somme fighting.
Alliance Ottokar Czernin and Entente Powers
Romania joins the Entente Powers against Germany & Austria
Dismissal
Paul von Hindenburg replaces Erich von Falkenhayn as Chief of Staff of the German Army
Dismissal
Paul von Hindenburg replaces Erich von Falkenhayn as Chief of Staff of the German Army
Pozieres Operations Coordinated by I ANZAC
Birdwood coordinates successive Australian divisions fighting around Pozieres and Mouquet Farm.
Creeping Barrage Methods Expanded
Haig's armies increasingly use creeping barrages to improve infantry support during Somme attacks.
Capture of Kavalla
Bulgaria captures the port of Kavalla
Commander of 3rd Army
Appointed Commander of the 3rd Army
Declaration of War
Romania declares war on the Central Powers
Return to Command
Is celebrated after escaping captivity and resumes military service.
September 191642 historical events
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Guillemont Attacks Continued
Haig continues attacks around Guillemont to improve the British position before renewed larger operations.
Bolshevik Party
The Second International dissolves during World War I, in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists
Conference of Zimmerwald
The Second International dissolves during World War I, in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists
International, 2nd
The Second International dissolves during World War I, in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference of anti-war socialists
Capture of Silistra
Captures Silistra
Capture of Turtukai
Captures Turtukai
Battle of Turtucaia
Romania suffers a severe defeat in Dobruja.
Ginchy Capture Exploited
Haig orders pressure maintained after British troops capture Ginchy during the Somme offensive.
Battle of Flers-Courcelette
Commands Canadian Corps as Canadian troops enter the Somme battle and attack toward Courcelette.
Battle of Flers-Courcelette
Commands German First Army forces resisting the British and Dominion attacks on the Somme front.
Birth of Margaret Lockwood
Birth of Margaret Lockwood
Battle of Flers-Courcelette
Commands British Fourth Army during the attack against Flers, Martinpuich and Courcelette.
Battle of Flers-Courcelette
British tanks are used in battle for the first time during the Somme offensive.
Battle of Flers-Courcelette
Orders the Somme offensive to continue as tanks are used in battle for the first time.
Tank Commitment at Flers Approved
Haig approves the first battlefield use of tanks during the attack at Flers-Courcelette.
Battle of Flers-Courcelette
Raymond Asquith, son of Prime Minister H. H. Asquith, is killed during the attack near Ginchy.
New Zealand Division Enters Somme Battle
Russell's New Zealand Division enters the Somme offensive near Flers.
Switch Trench Captured by New Zealanders
Russell's division captures its objectives around the Switch Trench during the Flers-Courcelette attack.
Battle of Flers-Courcelette
Leads New Zealand Division in its first major Western Front action during the Somme offensive.
Battle of Cambrai
Haig reinforces Byngs command with the entire Tank Corps
Brusilov Offensive
The Russians had taken 450,000 prisoners but lost 1,000,000. The offensive is called off
Commission
Cromer informs Churchill the Commission will meet secretly & Churchill cannot examine
Brusilov Offensive
The Offensive is halted, the Russians had taken 450,000 prisoners but lost 1,000,000
Battle of Morval
British Fourth Army attacks Morval, Gueudecourt and Lesboeufs while French forces move toward Combles and Rancourt.
Sixth Army
Supported by Fochs 6th Army but 20,000 British perish on the first day of the battle
Thiepval Ridge Assault Opened
Haig's forces attack Thiepval Ridge and secure important positions overlooking the Ancre valley.
Battle of Hermannstadt
The German Ninth Army pushes back the Romanian forces during the Romanian Campaign
Ninth Army
The German Ninth Army pushes back the Romanian forces during the Romanian Campaign
Commission
Says there was full authority & at the time there was a reasonable prospect of success. Appears at the enquiry to defend the Dardanelles Campaign
Battle of Sibiu
Battle of Sibiu ends, the city is retaken by Austrian forces
Capture of Sibiu
Battle of Sibiu ends, the city is retaken by Austrian forces
National Defence Government Established
Venizelos establishes a provisional government supporting the Allied war effort.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Mesopotamia
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Mesopotamia
Battle of Carso, 1st
Gains ground before being stopped by a the Austrian artillery & bad weather
Battle of Flamanda
Leads a failed attack across the River Danube
Battle of Flamanda
Commands the Army Unit South against the combined Bulgarian & Turkish forces across the Danube at Flamanda, he is defeated
Commander of Army Unit South
Appointed Commander of the Army Unit South
Capture of Transylvania
The Romanian army captures Transylvania
Expulsion from France
Is expelled from France after sustained anti-war journalism and political activity during the First World War.
Southwestern Front
Serves again on the Southwestern Front after returning to duty.
October 191618 historical events
Ancre Heights Operations Continued
Haig continues pressure on the heights north of the Somme as autumn weather worsens.
Le Transloy Offensive Continued
Haig sustains attacks toward Le Transloy despite mud, rain and increasingly difficult supply conditions.
New Zealand Division Withdrawn from Somme
Russell's division leaves the Somme after weeks of costly offensive operations.
Health of Adolf Hitler
Injured by a grenade splinter & returns to Germany for the 1st time in 2 yrs
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Wounded in the thigh by a shell splinter near Bapaume and evacuated to hospital in Germany.
Autumn War Statement Delivered
Gives Parliament a statement on the war and the Government’s conduct of national affairs.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina, 1st term
ANZAC
The First Battle of Passchendaele, on 12 October 1917 began with a further Allied attempt by 5 British and 3 ANZAC divisions (the New Zealand Division and the Australian 3rd and 4th Divisions) to gain ground around Poelcappelle
Battle of Passchendaele
The First Battle of Passchendaele, on 12 October 1917 began with a further Allied attempt by 5 British and 3 ANZAC divisions (the New Zealand Division and the Australian 3rd and 4th Divisions) to gain ground around Poelcappelle. The Allied troops were fought-out, and morale was suffering, against the well-prepared German defences, the gains were minimal and there were 13,000 Allied casualties
Assassination of Karl von Sturgkh
Assassination of Karl von Sturgkh
Death of Karl von Sturgkh
Death of Karl von Sturgkh, assassinated
Capture of Constanta
Captures the key Black Sea port of Constanta from Romania
Meeting with Faisal
Meets Emir Faisal and identifies him as an effective Arab Revolt commander.
Battle of Ypres, 3rd
The four divisions of the Canadian Corps were transferred to the Ypres Salient and to make additional advances on Passchendaele
Health of Adolf Hitler
Convalesces in Beelitz
Arab Revolt
Is sent to the Hejaz to assess the Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule.
Somme Weather Constraints Reviewed
Haig reviews deteriorating battlefield conditions as rain and mud sharply reduce operational mobility.
Battle of Carso, 2nd
Resumes his attack & gains some ground but is stopped by bad winter weather
November 191632 historical events
Manpower Policy Reviewed
Addresses the growing manpower problem and the balance between military service and essential industry.
Constitution of Germany
Proclaims the Polish Congress of State for military & economic resources for Germany
Rule of Poland
Proclaims the Polish Congress of State for military & economic resources for Germany
Constitution of Poland
The Central Powers establish Poland as a semi-autonomous client state
Independence of Poland
The Central Powers establish Poland as a semi-autonomous client state
Rule of Poland
The Central Powers establish Poland as a semi-autonomous client state
Vote of Confidence
A motion forwarded by Carson on ownership of property in Nigeria creates a crisis
Carson Confidence Crisis
An Edward Carson motion concerning Nigerian property creates a government crisis.
Vote of Confidence
A motion by Edward Carson on ownership of property in Nigeria creates a crisis
Succession
Accedes to the throne on the death of Franz Josef
Death of Franz Josef I
Death of Franz Josef I, at Schonnbrunn Palace
Battle of the Somme, 1st
Commands Fifth Army during the Battle of the Ancre, the final major phase of the Somme offensive.
Final Ancre Attack Approved
Haig approves the final major British attack of the Somme campaign along the Ancre.
Agreement of Calais
As the Battle of the Somme comes to a bitterly cold end, a meeting is held between the Allied generals at Chantilly just outside Paris, a decision is reached by Generals Haig and Joffre that on the Western Front things would recommence in February
Western Front
As the Battle of the Somme comes to a bitterly cold end, a meeting is held between the Allied generals at Chantilly just outside Paris, a decision is reached by Generals Haig and Joffre that on the Western Front things would recommence in February
Somme Offensive Formally Ended
Haig ends major Somme operations after months of attritional fighting and limited territorial gains.
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
Leads 380 tanks in the 1st large scale mobilization of the tank
Battle of Cambrai
In Britain news of the initial spectacular breakthrough served to greatly enhance Byngs reputation; and it resulted in the ringing of church bells in Britain for the first time during the war. During the battle casualties were high, the Germans suffered losses of approximately 50,000 and the British 45,000
Commission
The findings are published but Churchills evidence is not. Churchill has his account of the Antwerp expedition published in the Sunday Pictoral
Beatty Appointed Commander in Chief Grand Fleet
Beatty succeeds Jellicoe as Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Fleet after Jellicoe becomes First Sea Lord.
Battle of Argesul
German & Austrian victory which leads to the capture of Bucharest. Attacks the Romanians at the River Argesul who launch an operation to defend Bucharest
Battle of Argesul
German & Austrian victory which leads to the capture of Bucharest. Attacks the Romanians at the River Argesul who launch an operation to defend Bucharest
Western Front
The new French Commander in Chief, Robert Nivelle, believed that a concentrated attack by French forces on the Western Front in Spring 1917 could break the German front and lead to a quick victory
Acting Admiral Rank Accompanies Grand Fleet Command
Beatty receives acting admiral rank as he assumes command of the Grand Fleet.
Battle of Passchendaele
At a conference in Chantilly in November 1916, and a series of subsequent meetings, the Entente agreed on an offensive strategy where they would overwhelm the Central Powers by means of attacks on the Western, Eastern and Italian Fronts
Conference of Chantilly
Haig was ordered to co-operate with Nivelles planned attack, but secured Nivelles agreement that in the event the French offensive failed, the British would attack in the area of Flanders. At a conference in Chantilly in November 1916, and a series of subsequent meetings, the Entente agreed on an offensive strategy where they would overwhelm the Central Powers by means of attacks on the Western, Eastern and Italian Fronts
Somme Tactical Lessons Reviewed
Haig reviews artillery, infantry, tank and communications lessons from the completed Somme campaign.
Conference of Chantilly
At a conference in Chantilly in November 1916, and a series of subsequent meetings, the Entente agreed on an offensive strategy where they would overwhelm the Central Powers by means of attacks on the Western, Eastern and Italian Fronts
Conference of Chantilly
Lloyd George sought to find ways of avoiding a repeat of the British casualties involved in the Battle of the Somme, and proposed an alternative strategy at a conference in Rome, which would involve the offensive being focused on the Italian front.
Conference of Chantilly
The new French Commander in Chief, Robert Nivelle, believed that a concentrated attack by French forces on the Western Front in Spring 1917 could break the German front and lead to a quick victory.
Western Front
The new French Commander in Chief, Robert Nivelle, believed that a concentrated attack by French forces on the Western Front in Spring 1917 could break the German front and lead to a quick victory
Health of Mikhail Vasilevich Alexeiev
Has a heart attack & is forced into temporary reirement
December 191654 historical events
Siege of Athens
Greek royalist troops attack an Allied landing party
Resignation of Andrew Bonar Law
Resigns from Asquiths Coalition Government
Resignation of Curzon
Resigns from Asquiths Coalition Government
Premiership Resignation
Resigns as Prime Minister in December 1916.
Resignation of Henry Herbert Asquith
Resigns as Prime Minister of Great Britain
Resignation of David Lloyd George
Resigns from Asquiths Coalition Government
Asquith Resigns Premiership
Resigns as Prime Minister after the coalition crisis over the proposed reorganisation of central war direction.
Capture of Bucharest
The Germans capture Bucharest after the Battle of Argesul
Capture of Bucharest
The Germans capture Bucharest after the Battle of Argesul
Government
Requested by the King to form a new Government. Asquith refuses to serve under Law him so he is unable to form a new Government
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Capture of Bucharest
Bucharest is captured by the Germans
Occupation of Bucharest
Central Powers occupy Bucharest.
Agreement of Calais
Nivelle proposes that the system of attack he had used at Verdun could be scaled upwards and used on a weaker part of the German line, the enemy lines could be ruptured within 48 hours
Appointment as Wartime Prime Minister
Accepts the premiership after Asquith resigns and begins forming a new coalition government.
First Lord of Admiralty
When Asquith resigned, he returns to office as First Lord of the Admiralty
Five-Member War Cabinet Formed
Creates a small War Cabinet intended to accelerate strategic and administrative decisions.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature as a leading representative of a new era in Swedish literature.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister, 2nd term
Peace
Issues a Peace Note for negotiations, hopes to control Belgium & North East France
Provisional Government
Kerensky develops his views through provisional government after 1917.
Turkestan Speech
Kerensky addresses the Duma on conditions in Turkestan and the Steppe region, criticising official abuses and the government's handling of unrest.
Order of the Garter
Awarded the Order of the Garter on his 21st birthday
War Cabinet Membership Announced
Confirms Curzon, Bonar Law, Milner and Henderson as colleagues in the new War Cabinet.
Centralised War Direction Announced
Promises more concentrated control of manpower, shipping, food and strategy under the new administration.
First Commons War Policy Statement
Addresses the Commons on the new government's policy and the scale of the national war effort.
Magdhaba Attack Directed
Chauvel directs the mounted assault that captures the Ottoman position at Magdhaba.
First Light Horse Advances at Magdhaba
Cox's brigade advances across open ground during the Magdhaba operation.
New Zealanders Assault Magdhaba Redoubts
Chaytor's brigade attacks Ottoman redoubts during the capture of Magdhaba.
Promotion to Acting Boatswain
Crean is promoted to acting boatswain after returning from the Endurance expedition, advancing to warrant officer status in the Royal Navy.
Assassination of Grigor Rasputin
Assassination of Grigor Rasputin
Death of Grigor Rasputin
Death of Grigor Rasputin
Dismissal
Moved to an advisery post after the failure of the Somme offensive
Commander of Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Second Army
Transfer toward Eastern Front
Jodl leaves the Western Front for service connected with an Austro-Hungarian artillery formation.
Battle of Verdun
Each loses about 350,000. After 10 months the Germans are forced back to their original positions
Commander of Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Second Army
Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Second Army
Defence of Yanbu
Helps coordinate British and Arab support as Ottoman forces threaten Yanbu.
Grand Fleet Tactical Doctrine Review Begins
Beatty begins revising fleet doctrine to apply tactical lessons drawn from Jutland.
BEF Army Reorganisation after Somme
Haig reorganises formations and command arrangements after the heavy losses of the Somme.
BEF Artillery Expansion for 1917 Planned
Haig directs further artillery and ammunition preparation for the next year's major operations.
Battle of Passchendaele
In December 1916, at the conclusion of the Battle of the Somme, Haig identified Flanders as the most promising theatre for a British offensive of 1917 and by January 1917 the idea of a Flanders offensive had met with the approval of the British Cabinet
Flanders Offensive Concept Revived
Haig renews plans for a future offensive in Flanders against German positions near Ypres.
Flanders Offensive Planning Renewed
Haig renews planning for a major offensive in Flanders after the Somme campaign ends.
Winter Defensive Programme Ordered
Haig orders winter strengthening of trenches, communications and reserve systems across the British front.
Cabinet Secretariat Established
Creates a permanent secretariat to record War Cabinet conclusions and circulate papers systematically.
Food Controller Office Established
Establishes central food control to manage imports, prices and supplies during wartime shortages.
Garden Suburb Advisory Staff Created
Builds a small advisory staff around Downing Street to collect statistics and bypass departmental delay.
Hankey Becomes War Cabinet Secretary
Uses Maurice Hankey's organisation to provide the War Cabinet with continuous records and coordinated information.
Ministry of Shipping Established
Creates a dedicated shipping ministry to control scarce merchant tonnage during the submarine crisis.
National Service Organisation Launched
Creates machinery for directing civilian labour toward military and essential industrial needs.
War Cabinet Meeting System Introduced
Introduces frequent War Cabinet meetings as the central mechanism for directing the war.
Relativity: The Special and General Theory
Publishes his popular introduction to special and general relativity.
High Commissioner
Appointed High Commissioner
Coalition Government
Leaves the Labour Party & leads a coalition Government
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia, 2nd term
Foreign Secretary of Austria
Appointed Foreign Minister
Succession
Succeeds as King of Hungary. Succeeds as Emperor of Austria, last Emperor
Vom Menschenratsel
Publication of "Vom Menschenratsel"
Press
Founds the German Jewish monthly, "Der Jude"
Italian Front Service
Serves on the Italian front as an artillery officer while remaining intellectually active in physics.
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army
First Army
Commands the First Army to military victory in the Romanian Campaign
Romanian Campaign
Commands the First Army to military victory in the Romanian Campaign
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal, in charge of the Flanders sector
General de Brigade
Appointed General de Brigade
General de Brigade
Appointed General de Brigade
Arrest of Khristian Georgiyevich Rakovsky
Arrested in Romania for subversion, 1916-17
Governor
Appointed Governor of Fengtien Province, supported by the Japanese
President of China
Appointed President of China
Vice President
Appointed Vice President of China
Revolution of China
Returns to revolutionary activity as opposition to Yuan Shikai’s attempted monarchy succeeds and the monarchy collapses.
Coup
Participates in the revolt against Yuan Shih-kai
Green Gang
Works within Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary movement during the renewed struggle against Yuan Shikai.
Czech National Council
Forms the Czech National Council to lobby the Allies for an independent Czech state
Independence of Czech Republic
Forms the Czech National Council to lobby the Allies for an independent Czech state
Independence of Czechoslovakia
Forms the Czech National Council to lobby the Allies for an independent Czech state
Professor of Theoretical Physics
Is appointed professor of theoretical physics at the University of Copenhagen, giving him a permanent institutional base for atomic and quantum research.
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of Ethiopia
Judex
Directs Judex, a twelve-episode silent adventure serial.
Under Fire
Publication of "Under Fire"
Commander of Armies Centre
Appointed Commander of the Armies of the Centre
Arrest of Charles Andre Marie Joseph de Gaulle
Imprisoned by the Germans at Ingolstadt, Bavaria
Battle of Verdun
Taken prisoner during the Battle of Verdun
Commander of Armies Centre
Appointed Commander of the Armies of the Centre
Radiology Training
Trains nurses in battlefield radiography.
Homunculus
Directs Homunculus, a six-part science fiction serial.
Das Sternenkind
Publication of "Das Sternenkind"
Cabinet
Appointed Cabinet Chief
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Constitution of Germany
Ludendorff and Hindenburg become the leaders of the military-industrial dictatorship 3rd Supreme Command
Third Supreme Command
Ludendorff and Hindenburg become the leaders of the military-industrial dictatorship 3rd Supreme Command
Independent Social Democratic Party
Founds the Independent Social Democratic Party
Reichstag
Appointed Party Leader in the Reichstag
Schwarzschild Metric
Papers on relativity produced the first exact solutions to the Einstein field equations, and a minor modification of these results gives the well-known solution that now bears his name: the Schwarzschild metric
Schwarzschild Radius
The Schwarzschild solution, which makes use of Schwarzschild coordinates and the Schwarzschild metric, leads to the well-known Schwarzschild radius, which is the size of the event horizon of a non-rotating black hole
Absorption Probability Coefficient Defined
Einstein represented the probability of an atom absorbing incident radiation and moving to a higher energy state with a coefficient proportional to the surrounding radiation density.
Atomic Transition Probabilities Introduced
Einstein formulated radiation processes in terms of probabilities for transitions between atomic energy states, creating a statistical framework for absorption and emission.
Detailed Balance Applied to Matter and Radiation
Einstein required upward and downward atomic transitions to balance in thermal equilibrium, using that condition to connect transition probabilities with the equilibrium radiation spectrum.
General Relativity Review Article Published
Einstein published a comprehensive exposition of general relativity that assembled the geometric framework, field equations and physical consequences into a systematic theory.
Geodesic Motion Described in Curved Spacetime
Einstein's mature theory described freely falling bodies as following the straightest possible world-lines through curved spacetime rather than being pulled by a Newtonian gravitational force.
Gravitational Energy Flux Treated with Pseudotensor
Einstein developed a gravitational energy-momentum construction to discuss how changing gravitational fields can transport energy despite the special conservation difficulties of general relativity.
Gravitational Waves Propagate at Light Speed
Einstein's wave analysis showed that physical gravitational disturbances in the relativistic theory propagate through empty space at the speed of light.
Nonlinearity of Gravitational Field Established
Einstein's field equations made gravity nonlinear, so the gravitational field contributes to the dynamics instead of behaving as a simple superposition of independent Newtonian forces.
Planck Spectrum Recovered from Transition Statistics
Einstein showed that his statistical rules for absorption, spontaneous emission and induced emission can reproduce Planck's black-body radiation law under thermal equilibrium.
Radiative Transitions Linked to Discrete Energy Differences
Einstein treated the frequency of absorbed or emitted radiation as fixed by the discrete energy difference between the participating atomic states.
Spontaneous Emission Probability Defined
Einstein introduced a coefficient describing the probability that an excited atom will emit radiation spontaneously and fall to a lower energy state.
Stimulated Emission Probability Coefficient Defined
Einstein introduced a second radiation-dependent transition probability in which incident radiation stimulates an excited atom to emit additional radiation.
Stress-Energy Identified as Source of Curvature
General relativity connected spacetime curvature with the energy, momentum and stresses of matter, making the physical contents of the universe sources of the gravitational geometry.
Weak-Field Gravitational Waves Derived
Einstein linearised the gravitational field equations in the weak-field limit and identified wave-like disturbances capable of propagating through spacetime.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of the General Staff, serves the Austrian Archduke Charles
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff on the Eastern Front
Commander of German Fleet
Appointed Commander of the German Fleet
Commander of Ninth Army
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army for the Romanian Campaign
Ninth Army
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army for the Romanian Campaign
General
Appointed Commander of the Turkish forces in the Middle East
Major
Takes over control of the war economy from Ludendorf when the Kriegsamt is established
Major
Appointed Major
Quartermaster General
Hindenburg appoints Ludendorff as his Quartermaster General
Verdun Staff Service
Manstein served in staff appointments associated with German operations around Verdun. This assignment gave him experience of the logistical and operational difficulties of a prolonged offensive.
Commander of Rupprecht
Appointed Commander of the "Army Group Rupprecht", a group of northern German armies
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Battle of Verdun
Learns how to use tanks in battle, leading exponent in World War II
Battle of Neuville
Participates in the Battle of Neuville St Vaast
Battle of Verdun
Participates in the Battle of Verdun
Dismissal
Dimissed by the Kaiser after the failure of Verdun
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of the General Staff, serves the Austrian Archduke Charles
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Eastern Front
Commander of German Fleet
Appointed Commander of the German Fleet
Commander of Ninth Army
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army for the Romanian Campaign
Ninth Army
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army for the Romanian Campaign
Capture of Dobrudja
Captures Dobrudja from Romania
Hindenburg Line
The completion of a fortified German Defence line across North Eastern France. Named after the Field Marshal
Hindenburg Program
The Hindenburg Program is the name given to a series of initiatives that attempted to reorganize Germany's war effort around the concept of total war. The High Command issues a program to direct the war economy. Makes war work compulsory for every male aged 17-60. Issues instructions for annexation, mobilization & the auxiliary service law
General
Appointed Commander of the Turkish forces in the Middle East
Economy of Germany
Takes over control of the war economy from Ludendorf when the Kriegsamt is established
Kriegsamt
Takes over control of the war economy from Ludendorf when the Kriegsamt is established
Peace
Ludendorff supports unrestricted submarine warfare and successfully puts pressure on Kaiser Wilhelm II to dismiss those in the armed forces that favour a negotiated peace settlement
Quartermaster General
Hindenburg appoints Ludendorff as his Quartermaster General
Submarine Warfare
Ludendorff supports unrestricted submarine warfare and successfully puts pressure on Kaiser Wilhelm II to dismiss those in the armed forces that favour a negotiated peace settlement
Third Supreme Command
Ludendorff and Hindenburg become the leaders of the military-industrial dictatorship 3rd Supreme Command
Capture of Germany
Serves under Von Mackensen
Declaration of War
The Party is split by Eberts opposition to the minority anti-war caucus of the SDP. Supports defending German territory, including Alsace & Lorraine, non-annexationist
Ypres Salient
German forces continue holding high ground near Ypres.
Ypres Salient
Armin commands German forces opposite Ypres.
Commander of Rupprecht
Appointed Commander of the "Army Group Rupprecht", a group of northern German armies
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Mr Britling Sees It Through
Publication of "Mr Britling Sees It Through"
Letters From America
Publication of "Letters From America"
War Cabinet
Excluded from Lloyd George's new 5 man War Cabinet
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
War Cabinet
Appointed Member of 5 man War Cabinet
War Cabinet
Appointed Member of 5 man War Cabinet, representitive of Labour
Minister of Munitions
Appointed Minister of Munitions
Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade
President of Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade
War Cabinet
Appointed Member of 5 man War Cabinet
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
Parliamentary Private Secretary
Appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Bonar Law
Independence of Great Britain
The Government calls a truce & leaves the Republicans in control of much of the South
Independence of Ireland
The Government calls a truce & leaves the Republicans in control of much of the South
Peace
The Government calls a truce & leaves the Republicans in control of much of the South
War Cabinet
Forms a 5 man War Cabinet, himself, Bonar Law, Curzon & Milner
Legislation
The Conscription Bill is passed
War Cabinet
Appointed Member of 5 man War Cabinet
Legislation
The Conscription Bill is passed
Birmingham Corporation Savings Bank
Chamberlain establishes a municipal savings bank to mobilise household savings during wartime.
Purchase of Express
Buys control of the Daily Express
Mining Dispute
Builds experience of union conflict and pit politics.
Liaison with Faisal
Becomes an important British liaison with Faisal's Arab forces.
Reballion of Irish Republican
Forms a brigade of Irish POWs for an Irish Republican rebellion
Commander of Battle Cruiser
Appointed Commander of the battle Cruisr Force
Commander of EEF
Appointed Commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force
Commander of Tigris Corps
Appointed Commander of the Tigris Corps
Peerage
Created Baron Sturdee
Commander of 15th Corps
Appointed Commander of the 15th Corps in France
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army
44th Squadron-Harris
Appointed Member of 44 Squadron in France, saw the futility of trench warfare which shaped his views on bombing
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Grand Fleet
First Lord of Admiralty
Appointed First Sea Lord of the Admiralty
First Sea Lord of the Admiralty
Appointed First Sea Lord
Brigade-Major
Appointed Brigade-Major in the Western Front in France
Western Front
Appointed Brigade-Major in the Western Front in France
Western Front
Serves on the Western Front during the Somme campaign
Commander of Battle Cruiser
Appointed Commander of the battle Cruisr Force
Commander of EEF
Appointed Commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force
Commander of Tigris Corps
Appointed Commander of the Tigris Corps
Offensive
Commands the entire front in Mesopotamia
National Service
Leaves Birmingham municipal work for national wartime service.
Commander of 15th Corps
Appointed Commander of the 15th Corps in France
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Grand Fleet
First Lord of Admiralty
Appointed First Sea Lord of the Admiralty
First Sea Lord of the Admiralty
Appointed First Sea Lord
Peace
Rejects Betmanns Peace Note & demands the defeat of Germany by a "knock out blow"
Gallipoli Campaign
Troops are evacuated from the Gallipoli Campaign
Gallipoli Evacuation
British troops are evacuated from the Gallipoli campaign.
Ypres Staff Work
Harington helps plan operations in the Ypres sector.
Ypres Planning
Haig considers future offensives around Ypres.
Ypres Salient
Plumer commands the British Second Army around Ypres.
Battle of Jutland
Sees service at the Battle of Jutland
Brigade-Major
Appointed Brigade-Major in the Western Front in France
Western Front
Appointed Brigade-Major in the Western Front in France
Somme Northern Sector
Leads Third Army operations north of the main Somme battlefield.
Third Army Trench Warfare
Directs Third Army during prolonged attritional warfare on the Western Front.
Canada in Flanders
Publication of "Canada in Flanders"
Government
Venizelos forms a rival Government in Crete & Salonika with Allied support
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of Hungary, the last Emperor of Austria & King of Hungary
All India Home Rule League
Tilak helps found the All India Home Rule League in 1916-18 with Annie Besant and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The League creates considerable excitement at the time, and attracts many members of the Indian National Congressand the All India Muslim League, who had been allied since the 1916 Lucknow Pact
Home Rule
Tilak re-unites with his fellow nationalists and re-joins the Indian National Congress. Tilak helps found the All India Home Rule League in 1916-18 with Annie Besant and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The League creates considerable excitement at the time, and attracts many members of the Indian National Congressand the All India Muslim League, who had been allied since the 1916 Lucknow Pact
Home Rule
Concludes a pact with Muslim leaders
Independence of India
Concludes a pact with Muslim leaders
Indian National Congress
Tilak re-unites with his fellow nationalists and re-joins the Indian National Congress
Pact between Indian National Congress and Muslim League
Concludes a pact with Muslim leaders
Congress Party
Tilak re-unites with his fellow nationalists and re-joins the Indian National Congress
Birth of Giani Zail Singh
Birth of Giani Zail Singh
All India Home Rule League
The League creates considerable excitement at the time, and attracts many members of the Indian National Congressand the All India Muslim League, who had been allied since the 1916 Lucknow Pact
Home Rule
The League creates considerable excitement at the time, and attracts many members of the Indian National Congressand the All India Muslim League, who had been allied since the 1916 Lucknow Pact
Independence of India
Concludes a pact with Muslim leaders
Pact between Indian National Congress and Muslim League
Concludes a pact with Muslim leaders
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
Publication of "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man"
Dual Monarchy
Sinn Fein is wrongly blamed by the British for the Easter Rising, with which it had no association, apart from a desire of separation stronger than Home Rule - the leaders of the Rising were certainly looking for more than Dual Monarchy
Easter Rising
British authorities wrongly blamed Sinn Fein for the Easter Rising, although the organization had no involvement.
Easter Rising
Sinn Fein wanted separation beyond Home Rule, while the Rising's leaders sought more than a dual monarchy.
Easter Rising
The term Sinn Fein Rebellion is used by the Irish media, the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), the Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP) and even by a few of those involved in the Easter Rising.
Home Rule
Sinn Fein is wrongly blamed by the British for the Easter Rising, with which it had no association, apart from a desire of separation stronger than Home Rule - the leaders of the Rising were certainly looking for more than Dual Monarchy
Sinn Fein
Surviving leaders of the Rising under Eamon de Valera took over the party. De Valera replaced Griffith as president. Sinn Fein is wrongly blamed by the British for the Easter Rising with which it had no association
Sinn Fein
The term Sinn Fein Rebellion is used by the Irish media, the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), the Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP) and even by a few of those involved in the Easter Rising.
Sinn Fein
apart from a desire of separation stronger than Home Rule - the leaders of the Rising were certainly looking for more than Dual Monarchy
Sinn Fein
Surviving leaders of the Rising under Eamon de Valera took over the party. De Valera replaced Griffith as president
Arrest of Eamon de Valera
Spared the death penalty because of his US citizenship & receives a life sentence. Arrested for treason, 1916-1917
Treason
Arrested for treason, 1916-1917
Death of James Connolly
Executed in Kilmainham jail alongside 13 other leaders of the Easter rebellion
Execution
Executed in Kilmainham jail alongside 13 other leaders of the Easter rebellion
Death of Patrick Pearse
Executed in Kilmainham jail alongside 13 other leaders of the Easter rebellion
Execution
Executed in Kilmainham jail alongside 13 other leaders of the Easter rebellion
Production-Acetone
Discovers how to mass produce acetone
Declaration of Balfour
Helps secure the Balfour Declaration on behalf of Jewish interests
Prime Minister of Italy
Appointed Prime Minister of Italy
Declaration of War
Declares war on Germany
Foreign Secretary of Japan
Appointed Foreign Minister
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Resignation of Okuma
Okumas resignation brings in the expansionist General Masatake as Prime Minister
Resignation of Okuma
China agrees to demands but Anglo-American objections lead to the Governments fall
Peerage
Created a Viscount
Arab Campaign Leadership
Abdullah commanded Arab fighters during the revolt and helped sustain pressure on Ottoman positions in the Arabian Peninsula.
Great Arab Revolt
Abdullah took part in the Great Arab Revolt launched by his father Sharif Hussein against Ottoman authority during the First World War.
The Underdogs
Publication of "The Underdogs"
General Relativity
Droste independently derives the exterior solution for a spherical gravitational field in general relativity
Labour Party
Forms the Labour Party
All India Home Rule League
Jinnah plays an important role in the founding of the All India Home Rule League
Home Rule
Jinnah plays an important role in the founding of the All India Home Rule League
Independence of India
Jinnah plays an important role in the founding of the All India Home Rule League. Jinnah demands "home rule" for India, the status of a self-governing dominion in the Empire similar to Canada, New Zealand and Australia
Independence of Pakistan
Jinnah plays an important role in the founding of the All India Home Rule League. Jinnah demands "home rule" for India, the status of a self-governing dominion in the Empire similar to Canada, New Zealand and Australia
Pact between Indian National Congress and Muslim League
Architect of the Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the League, bringing them together on most issues regarding self-Government and presenting a united front to the British
President of Pakistan
Appointed President of the Muslim League
All India Home Rule League
Jinnah plays an important role in the founding of the All India Home Rule League
Home Rule
Jinnah plays an important role in the founding of the All India Home Rule League
Independence of India
Jinnah plays an important role in the founding of the All India Home Rule League. Jinnah demands "home rule" for India, the status of a self-governing dominion in the Empire similar to Canada, New Zealand and Australia
Independence of Pakistan
Jinnah plays an important role in the founding of the All India Home Rule League. Jinnah demands "home rule" for India, the status of a self-governing dominion in the Empire similar to Canada, New Zealand and Australia
Pact between Indian National Congress and Muslim League
Architect of the Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the League, bringing them together on most issues regarding self-Government and presenting a united front to the British
President of Pakistan
Appointed President of the Muslim League
Czochralski Crystal Growth Method
Discovers a method for pulling single crystals from molten material.
Single-Crystal Pulling Technique
Creates a crystal-growth technique later essential to semiconductor manufacturing.
Planar Fractal Construction
Provides an influential example in topology and fractal mathematics.
Sierpinski Carpet
Introduces a recursively perforated square now called the Sierpinski carpet.
Commander of Polish Army
Appointed Commander of the Army
Commander of Polish Army
Appointed Commander of the Army
Independence of Poland
Poland is given semi-independence by Central Powers
Commander of 3rd Army
Appointed Commander of the 3rd Army, charged with defence of the southern border with Bulgaria
Third Army
Appointed Commander of the 3rd Army, charged with defence of the southern border with Bulgaria
Comintern
Founded after the dissolution of the Second International in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference in which Vladimir Lenin had led the "Zimmerwald Left" against those who supported the "national union" Governments in war with each other
Conference of Zimmerwald
Founded after the dissolution of the Second International in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference in which Vladimir Lenin had led the "Zimmerwald Left" against those who supported the "national union" Governments in war with each other
International, 2nd
Founded after the dissolution of the Second International in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference in which Vladimir Lenin had led the "Zimmerwald Left" against those who supported the "national union" Governments in war with each other
Zimmerwald Left
Founded after the dissolution of the Second International in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference in which Vladimir Lenin had led the "Zimmerwald Left" against those who supported the "national union" Governments in war with each other
Dismissal
Dismissed by Empress Alexandra after a contrived quarrel with Rasputin
Bolshevik Party
Appointed Editor of Novy Mir
Editor
Appointed Editor of Novy Mir
Novy Mir
Appointed Editor of Novy Mir
Conference of Kienthal
Prevents Lenin transforming the peace movement into a Bolsheik revolutionary civil war
Menshevik Party
Prevents Lenin transforming the peace movement into a Bolsheik revolutionary civil war
Imperialism
Writes Imperialism during wartime exile.
Autocracy Criticism
Kerensky's late-war speeches increasingly portray autocratic government as incapable of solving Russia's military, economic and political crises.
Duma Opposition Campaign
Kerensky intensifies attacks on the imperial government as military defeats, economic disruption and political distrust undermine confidence in the monarchy.
Government Accountability
Kerensky demands that ministers answer to representative institutions and argues that wartime government cannot continue without public confidence and political reform.
Turkestan Investigation
Kerensky investigates government conduct in Turkestan and the Steppe region after unrest connected with wartime mobilisation and imperial administration.
War Administration Criticism
Kerensky attacks administrative failures connected with the war and presents them as evidence of the inability of the autocratic system to govern effectively.
Commander of Black Sea Fleet
Appointed Commander of the Black Sea Fleet
Clemency
Writes Clemency during his final period of wartime political journalism in France.
On the Events in Dublin
Writes On the Events in Dublin in response to the Easter Rising and the national struggle in Ireland.
The Big Lie The Defence of Small Nations
Writes The Big Lie: The Defence of Small Nations, challenging wartime claims used to justify the conflict.
The National Principle
Writes The National Principle, examining nationalism and the national question during the First World War.
Blockade of Sea of Marmora
Establishes superiority over the Turkish Navy. Blockades hostile shipping by mining the Sea of Marmora
Commander of Black Sea Fleet
Appointed Commander of the Black Sea Fleet
Sea of Marmora Mining Blockade Expanded
Kolchak's Black Sea forces use mines and naval superiority to restrict hostile shipping through the Sea of Marmora.
South Africa Party
Helps lead the South Africa Party, a new pann Afrikaner party
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the British troops in British East Africa
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the British troops in British East Africa
Invasion of German East Africa
Smuts is put in charge of the conquest of German East Africa
The Four Men of the Apocalypse" Portrays World War One
Publication of "The Four Men of the Apocalypse" Portrays World War One
The Four Men of the Apocalypse
Publication of "The Four Men of the Apocalypse" Portrays World War One
Real Madrid Presidency Begins
Begins his presidency during an era of growing institutional and sporting development.
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature
Discovery of X-Rays
Discovers the M series in the X-ray spectrum
Characteristic X-Ray Measurement
Advances understanding of atomic electron shells through high-resolution spectroscopy.
Precision X-Ray Spectroscopy
Develops improved instruments for precise measurement of X-ray spectra.
Brigadier General
Appointed Brigadier General
Commander of Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Second Army
Commander of Sixteenth Army Corps
Appointed Commander of the Sixteenth Army Corps in eastern Anatolia
Brigadier General
Appointed Brigadier General
Commander of Second Army
Appointed Commander of the Second Army
Battle of Lake Van
Fights a succesful series of actions against the Russians at Lake Van
Commander of Sixteenth Army Corps
Appointed Commander of the Sixteenth Army Corps in eastern Anatolia
New Songs of Paradise
Charles Albert Tindley, first black gospel composer to be published, releases New Songs of Paradise, collection of 37 gospel works
National Anthem
President Woodrow Wilson issues executive order making "The Star-Spangled Banner" the national anthem, Congress confirms it, 1931
Star Spangled Banner
President Woodrow Wilson issues executive order making "The Star-Spangled Banner" the national anthem, Congress confirms it, 1931
Governor
Appointed Governor of Massachusetts
Strike
Crushes the Boston Police strike
Marriage
Marries Earl Winfield Spencer, Jr
Discovery of Pluto
Lowell continues the search for Planet X until his death in 1916 without identifying Pluto.
Changes in the Form of NGC 2261
Hubble reports observed structural changes in NGC 2261 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, adding evidence that the visible form of the nebula changes with time.
Study of the Variable Nebula NGC 2261
Hubble publishes a detailed study of the variable nebula NGC 2261, documenting changes in its appearance and establishing the object as an important example of a nebula with observable variability.
Twelve Faint Stars with Sensible Proper Motions
Hubble publishes measurements of twelve faint stars with detectable proper motions in the Astronomical Journal, contributing early astrometric work before his later concentration on nebulae.
Energy Conservation in General Relativity
Develops the treatment of energy and momentum in the gravitational field, addressing how conservation laws operate within the generally covariant theory.
Foundation of General Relativity
Publishes a systematic presentation of the general theory of relativity and its field equations.
German Physical Society Presidency
Serves as president of the German Physical Society during the consolidation of general relativity.
Hamilton Principle for General Relativity
Formulates general relativity using Hamilton's variational principle, providing a compact mathematical route to the gravitational field equations and their conservation properties.
Kottler Equivalence Hypothesis Response
Responds to Friedrich Kottler's criticism of the equivalence hypothesis, defending the conceptual basis on which his route from special to general relativity depended.
Quantum Theory of Radiation
Develops a quantum theory of radiation introducing transition probabilities later represented by Einstein coefficients.
Peace Mediation at Washington
Offers to mediate war aims of the Allies & Central Powers, the Germans fail to answer
Peace
Offers to mediate war aims of the Allies & Central Powers, the Germans fail to answer
Opening South American Championship Goals
Gradín scores twice in Uruguay's opening 4-0 victory against Chile at the inaugural South American Championship, establishing himself as a key forward in the title-winning side.
Inaugural Continental Title Attacker
Piendibene supplies Uruguay with skilful attacking play during the first South American Championship, which the team wins after finishing above Argentina.
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of Vietnam
Henry James Study
West published Henry James, a critical study of the American novelist.
Begins Anna Pavelka Inspired Novel
Cather began planning a novel inspired by the life of her friend Anna Pavelka.
What Is Coming
Wells published What Is Coming, offering predictions about politics after the war.
Conscientious Objection Proceedings
Strachey applied for exemption from military service and became known for his antiwar position.
Law Supports Government Reconstruction
Bonar Law becomes a central figure in negotiations surrounding the collapse of Asquith's ministry.
Law Declines Premiership Opportunity
Bonar Law declines to form a government without sufficient support during the December political crisis.
Law Joins Lloyd George War Cabinet
Bonar Law joins Lloyd George's small War Cabinet when the new wartime administration takes office.
Law Becomes Chancellor of Exchequer
Bonar Law assumes responsibility for the Exchequer in Lloyd George's wartime government.