1917 in History

Supervises the Tsars abdication during February Revolution

Supervises the Tsars abdication

Abdicates in favour of his younger son Alexander

Nicholas abdication manifesto is made public

Issues his abdication manifesto

Forced to abdicate at his Russian front HQ at Pskov

Allied pressure forces Constantine to leave the throne and depart Greece.

Nicholas II signs his abdication, ending his reign as the monarchy collapses during the February Revolution.

Alexander succeeds his father as king during the National Schism.

Kornilov refuses Kerensky's dismissal and continues military movements that the government denounces as rebellion.

Nivelle travels to London to sell his project to Lloyd George, the French would attack on the Oise, he wanted Haig to attack from Arras and then the French would smash the enemy on the Aisne at the Chemin des Dames

The Haig-Nivelle plan is put in the command of the French C-in-C. Lloyd George & the French War Committee agree the Haig-Nivelle plan

Backs cultivation measures intended to increase grain production and reduce import dependence.

The Government appeals to farmers to use more women workers

Joins a party recovering a crashed British aircraft near Wadi Hamdh.

Joins anti-Bolshevik officers gathering around Alekseev.

Bolsheviks use Soviet meetings to press their slogan.

The machine gunners appeal met with a favorable response from the soldiers of the Moscow, Pavlovsky, Grenadiers, and 1st Reserve regiments who march to demonstrate under the slogan All Power to the Soviets

The Bolsheviks decide to provide leadership to the movement in order to give it an organized and peaceful character so.

The demands which the workers and soldiers take to the streets with in the July Days are influenced by the Bolshevik Party All Power to the Soviets.

during the afternoon of 17 July a peaceful demonstration of 500,000 workers, soldiers, and sailors under the slogan All Power to the Soviets is held.

Revives the slogan "all power to the Soviets"

Stalins article "All Power to the Soviets!" appears in Rabochy Put, No. 13

Churchill agrees with Louis Loucher to set up an Inter Allied Munitions Council

Churchill agrees with Louis Loucher to set up an Inter Allied Munitions Council

Churchill agrees with Louis Loucher to set up an Inter Allied Munitions Council

British and American battleships train together under Grand Fleet command as naval cooperation deepens.

Explains to Parliament the agreement for closer Allied strategic coordination.

Churchill agrees with Louis Loucher to set up an Inter Allied Munitions Council

Churchill agrees with Louis Loucher to set up an Inter Allied Munitions Council

United States battleships under Rear Admiral Hugh Rodman join Beatty's Grand Fleet for North Sea service.

Is detained by British authorities in Canada while returning from New York to revolutionary Russia.

Supports amnesty for political prisoners after February.

Promotes closer cooperation with the United States on finance, shipping and military supply.

The Canadian Corps relieved II ANZAC Corps on 18 October from their positions along the valley between Gravenstafel Ridge and the heights at Passchendaele

Chaytor succeeds Chauvel as commander of the ANZAC Mounted Division.

Chernov enters the coalition government as agriculture minister while pressure grows for immediate redistribution of land.

Krylenko is appointed commander in chief after Dukhonin refuses to seek an immediate armistice.

Lunacharsky becomes People's Commissar for Education in the first Soviet government.

Miliukov becomes foreign minister in the first Provisional Government headed by Prince Lvov.

Brusilov becomes supreme commander of the Russian army as the Provisional Government prepares a new offensive.

Kornilov becomes supreme commander and presses for stronger measures to restore discipline in the armed forces.

Guchkov becomes minister of war and navy in the first Provisional Government.

Kerensky records his position on april crisis in exile.

His war aims note intensifies Soviet opposition.

Kerensky faces mass demonstrations in Petrograd after publication of Milyukov's war aims statement.

Public demonstrations erupt after Miliukov's war-policy note becomes known, deepening the first major crisis of the Provisional Government.

Helps calm demonstrations against the government.

Helps manage Soviet authority during the April crisis.

Criticizes revolutionary excesses and warns against disorder after the demonstrations

Faces public anger over the war policy of the Provisional Government

Helps steer Bolshevik responses during the demonstrations

Appeals for order as demonstrations challenge the government and Soviet leaders

Appeals for order as demonstrations challenge the government.

Presses Bolshevik opposition to the Provisional Government during the crisis

Opposition to the Foreign Minister Milyukov boils over due to his refusal to renounce annexations

Milyukov resigns, members of the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries join the Government

Survives the crisis by moving toward a broader coalition government

Opposition to the Foreign Minister Milyukov boils over due to his refusal to renounce annexations

His note promising to honour Allied war commitments sparks street demonstrations

Argues for preserving coalition influence over the revolution.

Works to restrain demonstrations and preserve Soviet influence.

Tsereteli works within the Soviet to calm political unrest.

Defends cooperation with the Provisional Government.

Rejects Lenin's demand for Soviet power.

Presents a program rejecting support for the Provisional Government

Calls for all power to pass to the Soviets.

Asserts that Russia is "passing from the first stage of the revolutionwhich, owing to the insufficient class consciousness and organisation of the proletariat, placed power in the hands of the bourgeoisieto its second stage, which must place power in the hands of the proletariat and

Calls for a new "revolutionary International, an International against the social-chauvinists and against the Center" which later becomes the Comintern (Third International) formed in 1919.

Condemns the Provisional Government as bourgeois and urges "no support" for it, as "the utter falsity of all its promises should be made clear" & condemns World War I as a "predatory imperialist war" and the "revolutionary defensism" of foreign social democrat parties, calling for

In Russian the "Aprelskiye Tezisy", the April Theses formed a programme developed by Lenin during the 1917 Russian Revolution in which Lenin calls for Soviet control of the state & When published the theses contributed to the July Days rising and to the subsequent coup

Lenin delivers his April Thesis, states that Russia will become a republic of soviets.

Lenin succeeded in persuading the Bolsheviks of his arguments as laid out in the April Theses and they provided much of the ideological groundwork that later led to the October Revolution.

The April Theses are published in the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda and read by Lenin at two meetings of the All-Russia Conference of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies.

of October 1917, bringing the Bolsheviks to power.

revolutionary defeatism.

the poorest sections of the peasants"

Challenges Lenin's theses as too radical for immediate Bolshevik policy

Moves from cautious support for the Provisional Government toward Lenin's line

Takes part in Bolshevik discussions after Lenin presents his theses

Supports Lenin's demand for a new revolutionary course

Uses Aqaba as a supply and operating base for further Arab Revolt operations.

Leaves Wejh with Arab forces for the inland expedition against Aqaba.

Haig supports British and Canadian attacks around Arleux during the later Arras fighting.

20 November-3 December, heads the Russian armistice negotiations

Germany retains its captured territories

Sends delegates across the German lines to request an armistice

The German high command agrees to armistice negotiations to begin on 2 Dec

The Bolsheviks call for an armistice on all fronts

Pays host to the Russian Armistice Commission behind German lines at Dvinsk

A 28 day armistice is signed with the Central Powers

The 28 day armistice with the Central Powers begins

An armistice halts fighting between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers while formal peace negotiations continue.

Demands stronger discipline as Russian units begin to disintegrate.

His programme remains associated with demands for military discipline.

Tours the front to rally soldiers behind the offensive.

Issues orders aimed at restoring obedience in the army.

Third Army fails to fully exploit its initial breakthrough at Arras.

Third Army achieves an important initial breakthrough during the Battle of Arras.

Commands Third Army in the Arras offensive.

Haig ends the Arras offensive after tactical gains but no strategic breakthrough.

Reviews the British offensive at Arras within the wider Allied spring strategy.

Haig's armies begin intensive artillery preparation before the planned Arras offensive.

Is arrested after defending the Bolsheviks.

Kornilov is arrested after the failure of his confrontation with Kerensky and is later confined at Bykhov.

Escapes from prison in Bykhov & heads for the Don by train

Arrested for a plot to murder Lloyd George on a golf course

Carries out orders connected with custody of the imperial family.

Carries out orders connected with custody of the imperial family.

Arrested after refusing to swear an oath of allegience to the Central Powers

Is arrested after the failure of the Kornilov Affair.

Orders the arrest of leading Bolsheviks

Workers and soldiers in Petrograd demand the Soviet takes power, sporadic fighting results and the Soviet restores order with troops brought back from the front, Trotsky is arrested & Lenin goes into hiding

Bids farewell to his army officers & departs for Tsarskoye Selo under arrest

Bids farewell to his Army Officers & heads for Tsarskoye Selo

March-August, under arrest at Tsarskoye Selo

Arrested at Tiflis on a plotting charge

Taken with his family to Tobolsk

Under arrest at Tobolsk in Siberia from August for 8 months

The Soviet supports pressure for the former emperor's arrest.

Arrested during The February Revolution of 1917 and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg

Set free after October Revolution and moved to the city of Taganrog on Azov Sea coast, where he lived illegally under the fake name of Greek citizen Mandusakis

Arrives in New York after expulsion from Europe and joins the Russian socialist émigré community.

The Wheeldon family is arrested for the attempted murder of Lloyd George

The Australian Light Horse charge helps secure Beersheba during Allenby's offensive.

Welcomes the capture of Baghdad as an important success in the Mesopotamian campaign.

Awarded the Bavarian Service Cross

The capture of Beersheba breaks the Gaza deadlock and turns the Ottoman flank.

Uses a wide desert manoeuvre to outflank the heavily defended Gaza position.

Launches the main offensive against Beersheba after misleading Ottoman defenders near Gaza.

Employs British Empire mounted forces effectively in the attack on Beersheba.

Chauvel orders mounted forces to secure Beersheba before darkness threatens the water supply.

Russell directs the New Zealand Division during the disastrous attack on Bellevue Spur.

Bolsheviks win major influence in the Petrograd Soviet.

Kamenev supports increasing Bolshevik influence in the Petrograd Soviet.

Faces a Bolshevik majority in the Petrograd Soviet.

The Bolsheviks win control of the Petrograd Soviet.

Lenin's party benefits as the Petrograd Soviet moves leftward.

The Bolsheviks win control of the Petrograd Soviet.

The Bolsheviks win majority influence within the Petrograd Soviet.

The demonstration is organized by the Bolshevik Military Organisation without initial authorization from the Central Committee after pressure from rank and file soldiers

This record states: Both Trotsky and Zinoviev argued that the street protests remain peaceful so the Bolshevik Military Organisation organize the demonstration.

This record states: Coming out in support of the street demonstrations.

This record states: Mobilizing reinforcements from the front lines and dispatching armored cars to capture key posts including bridges and the Peter and Paul Fortress.

This record states: Under the pressure of what seemed like a developing mass demonstration of workers and soldiers in the streets, the leadership of the Bolshevik Military Organisation, the Petersburg Committee and later on the Central Committee, reversed their decision.

Returns to Moscow via Japan & Siberia

Circulates a letter to Bolshevik organisations arguing against "armed insurrection"

Kerensky orders the arrest of Lenin and the other leading Bolsheviks, accusing them of inciting revolt with German financial backing

The Bolsheviks gain Moscow

Lenin, Zinoviev, and other Bolsheviks arrive in Petrograd from exile in Switzerland, they are met at the train station by a large contigent of jubilent workers, soldiers, and party members

In Russian the "Aprelskiye Tezisy", the April Theses formed a programme developed by Lenin during the 1917 Russian Revolution in which Lenin calls for Soviet control of the state & When published the theses contributed to the July Days rising and to the subsequent coup

Lenin succeeded in persuading the Bolsheviks of his arguments as laid out in the April Theses and they provided much of the ideological groundwork that later led to the October Revolution.

The April Theses are published in the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda and read by Lenin at two meetings of the All-Russia Conference of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies.

of October 1917, bringing the Bolsheviks to power

1st Bolshevik demonstrations in Petrograd & Moscow

The Bolsheviks organize the Red Guard

The Bolsheviks hold back from a coup

The Bolsheviks decide to provide leadership to the movement in order to give it an organized and peaceful character so during the afternoon of 17 July a peaceful demonstration of 500,000 workers soldiers

The demands which the workers and soldiers take to the streets with in the July Days are influenced by the Bolshevik Party All Power to the Soviets.

The demonstration is organized by the Bolshevik Military Organisation without initial authorization from the Central Committee after pressure from rank and file soldiers.

and sailors under the slogan All Power to the Soviets is held

The offices and printing plant of Pravda and the headquarters of the Bolshevik Central Committee are destroyed

The Bolshevik Congress summons a 2nd Congress of Soviets

The Bolshevik Congress of Soviets of the Northern region opens. The Bolshevik Congress forms a "Northern Regional Committee"

The Government occupies Petrograd & closes down Bolshevik newspapers

The Bolsheviks open the 2nd Congress of Soviets

The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government on the eve of the meeting of Second All Congress of Soviets

The Bolsheviks broadcast their conditions for peace

The Bolsheviks call for an armistice on all fronts

The Bolsheviks win 175 seats out of 707. In the Constituent Assembly elections the Bolsheviks win 9.8 of 41.7 million votes

Bolsheviks decree the creation of Workers Committee's at placres of work

A Bolshevik decree establishes the Supreme Economic Council over all economic bodies

The Bolshevik led Kronstadt revolt is put down by the Provisional Government

Orders the arrest of leading Bolsheviks

Submits a draft manifesto to the Russian bureau of Central Committee. Includes proposals for a Constituent Assembly & universal male suffrage

Publishes the Bolshevik Party manifesto in Izvestia

The Bolshevik Petrograd Committee calls on workers to overthrow the Tsar

The strike called by the Bolsheviks continues, while a Menshevik called strike begins to show support for the Duma at Taurida Palace (as opposed to the Tsar), which opens a new session

General Khabalov's soldiers, acting under the Tsar's orders, open fire on striking workers, 169 workers are killed & over 1,000 injured

The police launch wide scale arrests of over 100 leaders of revolutionary organisations, including the Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war

The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war

Stalin takes part in the conference of leading members of the Bolshevik Party and in the joint meeting of Bolshevik and Menshevik delegates to the Alln Conference of Soviets where Lenin expounds his April Theses

Lenin and Stalin guide the work of the 7th Alln Conference of the Bolshevik Party

Stalin and Sverdlov direct the 6th Congress of the Bolshevik Party

Stalin is elected to the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks

The Party Central Committee approves the list of Bolshevik candidates to the Constituent Assembly, which includes Lenin and Stalin

Lenin and Stalin direct an enlarged meeting of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party Stalin sharply criticizes the speeches of the traitors Kamenev and Zinoviev on the question of armed insurrection

Calls for the re-unification of the Bolsheviks & Mensheviks

This record states: Both Trotsky and Zinoviev argued that the street protests remain peaceful so the Bolshevik Military Organisation organize the demonstration.

This record states: Coming out in support of the street demonstrations.

This record states: Mobilizing reinforcements from the front lines and dispatching armored cars to capture key posts including bridges and the Peter and Paul Fortress.

This record states: Under the pressure of what seemed like a developing mass demonstration of workers and soldiers in the streets, the leadership of the Bolshevik Military Organisation, the Petersburg Committee and later on the Central Committee, reversed their decision.

Appointed Chairman of the Lugansk Soviet, 2nd term

Lenin, Zinoviev, and other Bolsheviks arrive in Petrograd from exile in Switzerland, they are met at the train station by a large contigent of jubilent workers, soldiers, and party members

Opposes the Bolshevik armed uprising

Publishes the Bolshevik Party manifesto in Izvestia

Bolshevik recovery inside Soviets strengthens his position.

The Bolsheviks gain Moscow

Debates Lenin's radical Soviet policy.

Supports Bolshevik work inside the Soviet movement.

Builds party organisation linked to Soviet power.

Works within the party as Trotsky leads the Soviet.

Supports Bolshevik efforts to dominate Soviet politics.

Bolshevik forces gain control of Moscow after prolonged street fighting against forces loyal to the former government.

Backs measures intended to reduce wheat consumption and conserve imported grain.

Approves transfer of British formations to help stabilise the Italian front.

Appointed Commander of the BEF 3rd Army

Appointed Commander of the BEF 3rd Army

During April the BEF loses 120,070, the heaviest since July 1917

Godley directs II ANZAC Corps during the successful Broodseinde phase of the Ypres offensive.

Haig supports the successful attack at Broodseinde during a drier period of the Ypres campaign.

Plumer's forces gain important ground at Broodseinde during the strongest phase of the Flanders offensive.

The Russians defeat the Austrians but the Germans again come to their rescue

The Germans capture Riga

The Russian Army has disintegrated & Lenin seeks an armistice at Brest Litovsk

Birdwood's I ANZAC Corps coordinates Australian attacks during the prolonged fighting at Bullecourt.

Detention at Bykhov preserves future White commanders.

Is imprisoned alongside Denikin and other senior officers.

Is held with other officers after his arrest.

Outlaws the Cadet Party

Haig objects to arrangements placing British operations under Nivelle's direct authority during the spring offensive.

Haig supports the surprise Cambrai attack combining tanks, artillery, infantry and air power.

Currie's Canadian Corps is committed to the final stages of the Passchendaele fighting.

Haig supports Canadian Corps preparations for renewed attacks on the Passchendaele ridge.

Currie demands careful road, artillery and supply preparations before Canadian attacks on the ridge.

Moves to reinforce Italy after the Austro-German breakthrough at Caporetto.

The British capture Ancre

Helps Arab forces capture Aqaba after an overland desert approach.

Attacks the Turks, Beersheba is captured & 2,000 Turkish troops taken prisoner

Occupies Gaza

Captures Gaza

Consolidates German control of Romania

Captures Gurgueti

Captures Jerusalem

Captures Jijila

His troops capture Kalusz before the offensive collapses.

The Military Revolutionary Council troops seize the Kremlin

Captures Macin

Completes the occupation of Moscow

Canadian troops capture Passchendaele near Ypres.

The Government occupies Petrograd & closes down Bolshevik newspapers

Declares the triumph of the workers & peasants revolution in Petrograd

The Soviets sieze power in Petrograd

Bruchmuller & Hutier capture Riga, remains in German hands until the end of the war

Bruchmuller & Hutier capture Riga, remains in German hands until the end of the war

Captures Romanuli

The military revolutionary Council troops seize the Winter Palace

Leads the Canadian Corps in capturing Vimy Ridge, 1st day of the Arras Offensive

Captures Vimy Ridge

Helps support the Arab capture of Wejh on the Red Sea coast.

Podvoisky helps direct forces surrounding the Winter Palace as the remaining Provisional Government ministers are arrested.

During April the BEF loses 120,070, the heaviest since July 1917

A ceasefire commences between Russia & the Central Powers

Official ceasefire between Russia & the Central Powers

Stalin is elected to the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks

Lenin persuades the Bolshevik Central Committee to approve preparations for an armed insurrection.

The First Alln Congress of Soviets elects Stalin a member of the Central Executive Committee

Factory and military delegates elect Chkheidze chairman of the Soviet.

Workers and soldiers choose Chkheidze to lead the Petrograd Soviet.

Appointed Chairman of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)

Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda

Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda

Appointed Chairman of the Council of Peoples Commissars

Appointed Chairman of the Council of Peoples Commissars

Appointed Chairman of the Lugansk Soviet, 2nd term

Is elected chairman after the Bolshevik majority grows.

Is elected chairman of the Petrograd Soviet.

Replaces moderate leadership as Bolshevik strength grows.

Appointed Chancellor of Germany

Appointed Chancellor of Germany as well as Minister President of Prussia

Appointed Chief of the General Staff

Appointed Chief of the General Staff

Appointed Chief of Staff

Appointed Chief of Staff

Appointed Chief of Staff of the Provisional Government

Appointed Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff

Appointed Chief of Staff

Helps defend Petrograd from Kerensky-Krasnov forces.

Socialist leaders enter government with Soviet approval.

Becomes war minister in the new coalition.

Forms a new coalition government after the July crisis.

Supports socialist participation in the government.

Kerensky supports negotiations to bring socialist representatives into the Provisional Government after the April crisis.

In the April Theses Lenin calls for a new "revolutionary International, an International against the social-chauvinists and against the Center" which later becomes the Comintern (Third International) formed in 1919. Calls for a new "revolutionary International, an International against the social-chauvinists and against the Center" which later becomes the Comintern (Third International) formed in 1919

Appointed Commander in Chief by the Provisional Government

Appointed Commander in Chief by the Provisional Government

Appointed as Commander in Chief, 2nd term, recalled

Appointed as Commander in Chief, 2nd term, recalled

Appointed Commander in Chief, EEF

Appointed Commander in Chief, EEF

Appointed Commander in Chief by the provisional Government

Appointed Commander in Chief by the provisional Government

Replaces Brusilov as commander in chief of the Russian army.

Appointed Commander in Chief

Appointed Commander in Chief

Appointed Commander in Chief

Appointed Commander in Chief

Dimissed by the provisional Government

Dimissed by the provisional Government

Appointed Commander of the BEF 3rd Army

Appointed Commander of the BEF 3rd Army

Appointed Comander-in-Chief of the Russian Army

Appointed Comander-in-Chief of the Russian Army

Appointed Commander of the First Army

Appointed Commander of the First Army

Appointed Commander of the Tigris Corps

Appointed Commander of the Tigris Corps

Continues as the Commander of the southern Tyrol

Continues as the Commander of the southern Tyrol

Appointed Commander of the U-Boats

Appointed Commander of the U-Boats

Revolution breaks out across Germany, the leftists, led by Rosa Luxemburg and the Spartacist League, form the KPD

Heads the Austrian mission during at Brest Litovsk

Prepared, if necessary, to sign a separate peace Treaty if the armistice breaksdown. Offers to give up all land occupied by Austria if the Allies join peace negotiations. Offers to give up all land occupied by Austria if the Allies join in negotiations

Drafts the peace proposals for the Brest Litovsk negotiations

Talks resume at Brest Litovsk

A letter intercepted from Trotsky to a partisan indicates Russia is playing for time

Stalin and Sverdlov direct the 6th Congress of the Bolshevik Party

Congress of Socialist Revolutionaries results in victory for the left under Chernov

Menshevik Congress gives victory to Martovs Menshevik internationalists

Sixth Congress of the RSDLP occurs, representing 240,000 party members, since Lenin is in hiding, Stalin delivers the report on the work of the Central Committee, the Congress resolves that a peaceful revolution has become impossible

Kerensky wishes to convene the Constituent Assembly to institute more Liberal reforms

1st Alln Congress of Soviets opens

The Bolshevik Congress summons a 2nd Congress of Soviets

The Bolshevik Congress of Soviets of the Northern region opens

The 2nd alln Congress of Soviets proclaims transfer of power to the Soviets

The Bolsheviks open the 2nd Congress of Soviets

The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government on the eve of the meeting of Second All Congress of Soviets. Power is given to the 2nd Congress of Soviets but withdrawn after Lenins opposition

Stalin takes part in the conference of leading members of the Bolshevik Party and in the joint meeting of Bolshevik and Menshevik delegates to the Alln Conference of Soviets where Lenin expounds his April Theses

Lenin and Stalin guide the work of the 7th Alln Conference of the Bolshevik Party

Stalin attends the sittings of the First Alln Congress of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies

The First Alln Congress of Soviets elects Stalin a member of the Central Executive Committee

Lenin and Stalin direct the Second Alln Congress of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies

Represents Socialist Revolutionary influence at the First Congress of Soviets

Opens the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets as a leading moderate.

Presides as the first national Soviet congress opens.

Presides over Soviet politics as the first national congress opens.

Challenges moderate Soviet leaders by declaring that Bolsheviks are ready to take power

Claims Bolsheviks are ready to take power.

Supports moderate socialist policy at the First Congress of Soviets

Argues for socialist participation in coalition government during the congress

Opposes moderate Soviet support for coalition government.

Argues that the Soviets should support a coalition with the Provisional Government

Defends coalition policy before Soviet delegates.

Introduces conscription through the Military Service Act.

The Provisional Government schedules Constituent Assembly elections for 12 Nov

Remains associated with the democratic election promise.

Chernov's Socialist Revolutionary Party emerges as the largest force in voting for the Constituent Assembly.

Schedules elections to the Constituent Assembly for November.

Elections return the Socialist Revolutionaries as the largest party.

Ludendorff becomes the dominant figure in the 3rd Supreme Command and after the resignation of Theobald Bethmann Hollweg takes political, military and economic control of Germany

The Provisional Government schedules Constituent Assembly elections for 12 Nov

The First All Congress of Workers and Soldiers Soviets opens

The 2nd alln Congress of Soviets proclaims transfer of power to the Soviets

Congress approves the Council of Peoples Commissars

A Bolshevik decree establishes the Supreme Economic Council over all economic bodies

Duma & Soviet representitives reach agreement on the basis of an 8 point program

Supports stronger convoy protection as submarine losses threaten Britain's supply system.

Announces plans to create a streamlined department composed of a council of 11 members

Becomes head of the new Soviet government.

Lenin becomes chairman of the Council of People's Commissars created by the Second Congress of Soviets.

Ludendorfs 2nd council of war

Circulates a letter to Bolshevik organisations arguing against "armed insurrection"

Escapes from the Winter Palace dressed up as a female nurse

The Bolsheviks hold back from a coup

Writes to the Central Committee saying that the time is ripe for the seizure of power

Revives the slogan "all power to the Soviets"

Writes to the Central Committee a for a 2nd time urging it to seize power. Does not receive a reply from the Central Comm & threatens to resign

The Central Committee votes 10 to 2 for armed insurrection

The 2nd alln Congress of Soviets proclaims transfer of power to the Soviets. Declares the Provisional Government deposed

The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government on the eve of the meeting of Second All Congress of Soviets

Overthrows the Kerensky Government

The Bolshevik Petrograd Committee calls on workers to overthrow the Tsar

The strike doubles in size to around 200,000 workers, nearly half of all industrial workers in Petrograd are on strike, the new demands of the strike shift heavily towards overthrowing the autocracy and an end to the war

The strikers demand the overthrow of the autocracy and an end to the war

After the Russian monarchy was overthrown during the February Revolution, returns to Russia in a sealed train with Lenin and other revolutionaries opposed to the war

After the Russian monarchy was overthrown during the February Revolution, returns to Russia in a sealed train with Lenin and other revolutionaries opposed to the war

Opposes the Bolshevik armed uprising

The Soviet government creates the Cheka to combat counter-revolution and sabotage.

Agrees to set up a munitions factory so arms can be repaired in France

Agrees to set up a munitions factory so arms can be repaired in France

"The establishment in Palestine of a National home for the Jewish people". Sends the "Balfour Declaration" to Lord Rothschild of the British Zionist Federation

The USA declares war on Austria

The Soviet Commissars declare war on the Cossack chiefs

Signs the declaration of war against Germany

Defines Russias war aims

Declares war on Germany after approval by the Senate & House of Representatives. Declares war as an "associated power" giving the US independence from France & Britain

Lenin presents the Decree on Land abolishing private landed estates and transferring land for local redistribution.

Presents early Soviet decrees after the Bolshevik victory.

Declares, "The workers movement will triumph and will pave the way to peace and socialism".

The Decree on Peace, written by Vladimir Lenin, is passed by the Second Congress of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and Peasants Deputies following the success of the October Revolution.

The workers and peasants Government, created by the Revolution of October 24-25 based on the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers and Peasants Deputies, calls upon all belligerent peoples and their Government to start negotiations for a democratic peace.

Lenin presents the Decree on Peace calling for immediate negotiations toward a democratic peace without annexations or indemnities.

The Decree on Peace is published in the Izvestiya newspaper, proposes an immediate withdrawal of Russia from World War I

The Soviet government issues a decree establishing workers' control over production, accounting and enterprise administration.

Avksentiev presides over the Democratic Conference convened to determine the political basis of a new government.

Seeks broader socialist support through the Democratic Conference.

Demonstrations pass off peacefully. Balk observes that the Cossacks are reluctant to confront the crowds

The Tsarleaves Moscow for Mogliev, the security of Moscow is entrusted to Beliaev

Nicholas II orders General Ivanov to suppress the disorder

General Ivanov is ordered to abort his mission to suppress rebellion in Petrograd

Ordered by Nicholas II to use force on the Petrograd demonstrators

Petrograd is occupied by military units in combat gear & a curfew imposed

Khabalov has only 2,000 loyal troops as Petrograd is taken over by peasant soldiers

The Volynskii Regiment fires on the crowd killing 40

1st Bolshevik demonstrations in Petrograd & Moscow

The Provisional Government concedes that it cannot maintain order

Leaves Moscow for Mogliev, the security of Moscow is entrusted to Beliaev

128,000 workers take to the streets demanding an end to the World War and an increase in food

International Womens Day demonstrations

Between 200,000 & 300,000 workers fill the streets

Orders the suppression of demonstrations by the use of force. Nicholas orders that the demonstrations be suppressed by force

The Volynskii Regiment fires on the crowd killing 40. The Pavlovski Regiment mutinies in protest when the crowd in Petrograd is fired upon. The Pavlovski regiment disobeys orders to fire on civilians. Petrograd is occupied by military units in combat gear, a curfew is declared

The bridges of the River Neva are raised

The Volynskii Guard Regiment open fire & kill 40, order is restored

The Pavlovski Regiment votes to disobey orders to fire on civilians. Nicholas II orders General Ivanov to suppress the disorder. Most of Petrograd is in the hands of a mutinous garrison. Most of Petrgrad is in the hands of mutinous regiments. Government buildings are burnt, General Ivanov is ordered to quell the disorders

Disturbances spread to Moscow

General Ivanov is ordered to abort his mission to suppress the rebellion in Petrograd

Calls for the re-unification of the Bolsheviks & Mensheviks. Calls for an end to the war & for revolution

Conducts reconnaissance around Deraa during northern operations of the Arab Revolt.

Crosses difficult desert country with Arab forces during the approach to Aqaba.

Chauvel becomes commander of the Desert Mounted Corps, which includes Australian and New Zealand mounted troops.

Heads a temporary directory after the coalition breaks down.

Dismissed as Commander in Chief because of opposition to the Kerenski Offensive

Dismissed after the Italian defeat at the Battle of Caporetto

Calls for the dismissal of the Chancellor, Georg Michaelis

Dismised as Field Marshal

Dismised as Field Marshal

Dismissed by the new Emperor Charles I

The Provisional Government dismisses all governors & their deputies

Links increased home production with the need to reduce pressure on vulnerable merchant shipping.

Expands imperial consultation so Dominion governments can contribute to common strategy.

The Provisional Government shares authority with the Petrograd Soviet.

Joins the government while retaining links with the Soviet.

His government must share authority with the Petrograd Soviet.

Leads the Provisional Government under pressure from the Petrograd Soviet.

The Duma committee must coexist with the Petrograd Soviet.

The Duma opens in the halls of Taurida, Petrograd

The strike called by the Bolsheviks continues, while a Menshevik called strike begins to show support for the Duma at Taurida Palace (as opposed to the Tsar), which opens a new session

Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses

Nicholas II orders General Alekseev to form a Duma ministry

The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war

The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war

Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses

Kerensky works with members of the Duma as a temporary political authority emerges during the collapse of the imperial government.

With the promotion of General Arz von Straussenberg to the position of Chief of the General Staff, Rohr took charge of the First Army and for the first time served as a commander on the Eastern Front

The Vesenkha gains control over Government finance of industry & wages state wages

A Bolshevik decree establishes the Supreme Economic Council over all economic bodies

Returns from exile and helps edit the Bolshevik newspaper

Helps guide the paper's cautious early revolutionary line

Takes command of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in June 1917.

Assumes command of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force.

Receives command of the Eighth Army on the Southwestern Front.

Factory and military delegates begin forming the Petrograd Soviet.

Returns to Parliament after winning the Dundee election

Wins the election with a vote of 7,302. Must be elected to Parliament because of his Cabinet appointment

Is elected vice chairman of the Petrograd Soviet.

The Provisional Government schedules Constituent Assembly elections for 12 Nov

Elections to the Constituent Assembly, the Socialist Revolutionaries the largest party

The Socialist Revolutionaries win 17.5 million votes. The Bolsheviks win 175 seats out of 707. In the Constituent Assembly elections the Bolsheviks win 9.8 of 41.7 million votes

The Party Central Committee approves the list of Bolshevik candidates to the Constituent Assembly, which includes Lenin and Stalin

Is elected to the Bolshevik Central Committee as the party prepares for a new phase of revolutionary struggle.

The Einar Arnorsson Ministry ends, concluding this period as Minister for Iceland.

Enters Jerusalem during General Allenby's formal entry after the Ottoman withdrawal.

Moves south after release to avoid Bolshevik control.

Wins a scholarship place at Eton College.

Shot in Paris by the Germans for espionage

Chairs the Soviet Executive Committee during the revolution.

Becomes influential in the Soviet moderate majority.

Lenin, Zinoviev, and other Bolsheviks arrive in Petrograd from exile in Switzerland, they are met at the train station by a large contigent of jubilent workers, soldiers, and party members

After the Russian monarchy was overthrown during the February Revolution, returns to Russia in a sealed train with Lenin and other revolutionaries opposed to the war

After the Russian monarchy was overthrown during the February Revolution, returns to Russia in a sealed train with Lenin and other revolutionaries opposed to the war

Forced into exile to Finland during the July Days

Stalin, with a group of exiles, leaves Achinsk for Petrograd

Released by the February Revolution from exile in Turukhansk, arrives in Petrograd

At Byelo-Ostrov Station, Finland Railway, Stalin, Ulyanova and a delegation of Petrograd and Sestroretsk working men and women meet Lenin on his return from exile and accompany him to Petrograd

Trotsky leaves exile in New York to return to Russia

Departs for Mogliev

Departs for Tsarskoye Selo

The Imperial train is diverted to Pskov

Britain withdraws offer to provide asylum for the Imperial family

Returns to Moscow via Japan & Siberia

Lenin, Zinoviev, and other Bolsheviks arrive in Petrograd from exile in Switzerland, they are met at the train station by a large contigent of jubilent workers, soldiers, and party members

At Byelo-Ostrov Station, Finland Railway, Stalin, Ulyanova and a delegation of Petrograd and Sestroretsk working men and women meet Lenin on his return from exile and accompany him to Petrograd

Travels to Finland for a rest

Supports the Duma committee as the monarchy collapses.

Kerensky becomes an active revolutionary figure as demonstrations and military mutiny destroy imperial authority in Petrograd.

Supports order as the imperial regime collapses.

The first Joint Plenum of the Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies issues Soviet Order No. 1: all soldiers units will elect Soldiers Committee's & the decree stipulates that soldiers will now accept orders from the Soldiers Soviet

The Tsar leaves for the General Headquarters in Mogilev

The February Revolution is ignited by International Womens Day, women textile workers and soldier's wives

The strike doubles in size to around 200,000 workers, nearly half of all industrial workers in Petrograd

Armed clashes with the police occur, with many killed and wounded, Empress Alexandra writes to Nicholas II, "This is a hooligan campaign, with boys and girls running about shouting that they have no bread..all this will surely pass"

General Khabalov's soldiers, acting under the Tsar's orders, open fire on striking workers, 169 workers are killed & over 1,000 injured

The police launch wide scale arrests of over 100 leaders of revolutionary organisations, including the Bolsheviks

Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses

The revolutionary masses seize the city of Moscow, the Tsars Minister's are arrested, the Provisional Committee assumes control of the Army, while the Kronstadt sailors mutiny against their officers

The first Joint Plenum of the Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies issues Soviet Order No. 1: all soldiers units will elect Soldiers Committee's & the decree stipulates that soldiers will now accept orders from the Soldiers Soviet

Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses

Petrograd revolutionary authorities press for the former tsar's detention.

Plays a leading role during the February Revolution, helping establish the revolutionary authorities that replace the Romanov monarchy.

Wilson orders temporary federal control of railroads to coordinate wartime transportation.

Public announcement of Haigs promotion to Field Marshal

Public announcement of Haigs promotion to Field Marshal

Gough's Fifth Army opens the Third Ypres offensive with the attack on Pilckem Ridge.

With the promotion of General Arz von Straussenberg to the position of Chief of the General Staff, Rohr took charge of the First Army and for the first time served as a commander on the Eastern Front

With the promotion of General Arz von Straussenberg to the position of Chief of the General Staff, Rohr took charge of the First Army and for the first time served as a commander on the Eastern Front

Holmes's 4th Australian Division attacks the Hindenburg Line at First Bullecourt.

Haig reviews the failed British-Australian attack against the Hindenburg Line at Bullecourt.

Kerensky helps form the first coalition government including socialist and liberal ministers.

Lvov forms a coalition government that brings moderate socialist ministers into the cabinet alongside liberals.

Chkheidze opens the first national congress of Soviet representatives.

Chauvel's mounted division moves around Gaza during the first Allied attack on the city.

Begins the First Jon Magnusson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.

McAdoo launches a national bond campaign to finance United States participation in the war.

Haig approves the first major assault toward Passchendaele after previous attacks fail to secure the ridge.

Haig directs the opening First Army attack along the Scarpe during the Arras offensive.

Keeps the progress and cost of the Ypres offensive under War Cabinet review.

Haig approves final preparations for the major offensive east of Ypres.

Rupprecht moves additional divisions toward Flanders as German commanders anticipate a major British offensive.

Beatty promotes greater tactical initiative among senior officers while retaining coordinated fleet control.

Escapes the capital as the Winter Palace is threatened.

Hoover directs voluntary conservation and federal controls over wartime food distribution.

Supports stronger public economy in food consumption as shipping shortages continue.

Orders closer government supervision of food stocks, imports and domestic production.

Defends wartime controls intended to prevent hostile material circulating through foreign channels.

Appointed Foreign Minister

Appointed Foreign Minister

Rodzianko chairs the Provisional Committee of the State Duma as imperial authority collapses in Petrograd.

Lvov becomes minister-chairman of the Provisional Government formed after negotiations between Duma leaders and Soviet representatives.

Grant leads the 4th Light Horse Brigade in the mounted charge that breaks into Beersheba.

Hart's 4th New Zealand Brigade attacks successfully during the capture of Gravenstafel Spur.

Coordinates emergency Allied military support for Italy following the Caporetto defeat.

Inspects army units and demands stricter discipline.

Podvoisky helps extend Military Revolutionary Committee authority by placing commissars with key Petrograd military units.

The Soviet claims authority over the Petrograd garrison during the crisis.

Tries to move unreliable troops away from Petrograd.

Claims authority over Petrograd garrison orders through the Soviet.

Enters Gaza after Ottoman forces abandon the position.

Beersheba's capture forces Ottoman troops to retreat from the Gaza position.

Plans a feint toward Gaza while preparing the main attack against Beersheba.

With the promotion of General Arz von Straussenberg to the position of Chief of the General Staff, Rohr took charge of the First Army and for the first time served as a commander on the Eastern Front

With the promotion of General Arz von Straussenberg to the position of Chief of the General Staff, Rohr took charge of the First Army and for the first time served as a commander on the Eastern Front

Haig reviews the German counterattack that recovers much of the ground gained earlier at Cambrai.

Rupprecht's command relies on layered defences and counterattacks to absorb British attacks east of Ypres.

German forces under Rupprecht's army group lose key positions on Messines Ridge after the British assault.

British cruisers and battlecruisers attack German forces protecting minesweepers in the Heligoland Bight.

Transfers 10 Divisions from the Lens-Lille sector to Flanders

German forces complete the withdrawal from exposed Somme positions to the new defensive line.

British Fifth Army follows the German retreat and occupies Bapaume after German forces abandon the town.

British troops occupy St Pierre Vaast Wood during the German withdrawal toward the Hindenburg Line.

Supports the withdrawal to a shorter defensive line known to the Allies as the Hindenburg Line.

Authorises Operation Alberich to withdraw German forces to the prepared Siegfried defensive system.

The main German withdrawal toward the Hindenburg Line begins after preparations under Operation Alberich.

French forces advance after the German withdrawal and enter Noyon during the pursuit.

Wilson subjects gold exports to federal licensing to protect wartime reserves.

A Provisional Government is formed

Forms a coalition Government, 6 socialists enter the cabinet

Forms a coalition Government, 6 socialists enter the cabinet

Nicholas II orders General Alekseev to form a Duma ministry

Beatty keeps heavier units available while forward British forces engage German ships near Heligoland.

Beatty introduces improved plotting arrangements to track British and enemy forces more clearly during operations.

Beatty keeps the battlefleet ready for German surface action while unrestricted submarine warfare intensifies.

Russell's division captures Gravenstafel Spur during the Third Battle of Ypres.

The reunited government formally joins the Allied war effort.

Operated on for a duodenal ulcer

Returns to full duties

Sends Arthur Henderson to Russia to assess political conditions and Allied cooperation.

Accepts Arthur Henderson's resignation after disagreement over participation in the Stockholm socialist conference.

Goes into hiding after the failure of the counteroffensive.

Third Army breaches German defensive positions associated with the Hindenburg Line.

Breaks through the Hindenburg Line. Breaches the Hindenburg Line

Within hours the lightly defended Germans are forced back 6 km to Cambrai, the three trench systems of the Hindenburg Line pierced for the first time in the war

The main German retreat to the Hindenburg line begins

Within hours the lightly defended Germans are forced back 6 km to Cambrai, the three trench systems of the Hindenburg Line pierced for the first time in the war

Within hours the lightly defended Germans are forced back 6 km to Cambrai, the three trench systems of the Hindenburg Line pierced for the first time in the war

Beatty uses the fast battleship Queen Elizabeth as his Grand Fleet flagship.

Backs measures to increase British agricultural output and reduce dependence on imported food.

The Provisional Government meets Michael & persuades him to reject the crown

The Provisional Government meets Michael & persuades him to reject the crown

Michaels renunciation of the throne is made public

Nicholas II and his family are placed under guard at the Alexander Palace after the abdication.

A royal proclamation by George V provides that all agnatic descendants of Queen Victoria would be members of the House of Windsor with the personal surname of Windsor

Invites Dominion prime ministers to take part directly in high-level wartime deliberations.

Presides over meetings bringing British and Dominion leaders together for common wartime policy.

Supports wider imperial discussions on war policy and the future constitutional relationship of the Empire.

Places food, munitions and essential raw materials ahead of less critical imports.

In the Milyukov note, Milyukov tells allies that the war aims are unchanged

Finland declares independence from Russia

Finland declares independence from Russia

The Ukraine is proclaimed independent by the Central Rada

The Ukrainian Council proclaims Ukrainian independence

The Ukraine is proclaimed independent by the Central Rada

The Ukrainian Council proclaims Ukrainian independence

The USPD was founded at a conference in Gotha, with Hugo Haase as the party's first chairman

Urges Bolsheviks to prepare seizure of power through Soviet organs.

The Soviet provides organisational support for preparations before the uprising.

Uses Soviet authority to shield Bolshevik preparations.

In the April Theses Lenin calls for a new "revolutionary International, an International against the social-chauvinists and against the Center" which later becomes the Comintern (Third International) formed in 1919. Calls for a new "revolutionary International, an International against the social-chauvinists and against the Center" which later becomes the Comintern (Third International) formed in 1919

An attack against Gaza diverts Turkey away from Allenbys planned attack on Beersheba

Suggests a conference of Irish representatives as a route toward wartime political settlement.

Proposes a representative convention to seek an agreed settlement of the Irish constitutional question.

Defends the proposed Irish Convention as a means of seeking agreement without imposing a settlement.

Presents proposals intended to reopen negotiations over Irish self-government during the war.

Presses an alternative Allied strategy intended to avoid another Somme-scale battle in France.

Works with British and Arab forces during the wider Palestine campaign as Jerusalem falls.

Welcomes the British capture of Jerusalem during the Palestine campaign.

Commands the campaign that captures Jerusalem in December 1917.

Makes his formal entry into Jerusalem on foot.

Receives Jerusalem's notables following the city's capture.

Renews operations toward Jerusalem after the Gaza-Beersheba victories.

Joins the Bolshevik Party with the Mezhrayonka during the party's Sixth Congress.

Travels toward the Don to join anti-Bolshevik forces.

Encourages soldiers and workers to take immediate action.

Supports Bolshevik agitation as unrest spreads beyond Petrograd.

Is targeted by angry demonstrators demanding Soviet power.

Is rescued from hostile sailors by Trotsky.

Is confronted by angry demonstrators at the Tauride Palace.

Supports the Soviet line against armed demonstrations.

Continues supporting the coalition against Bolshevik pressure.

Supports continued coalition rule after the street crisis.

Presides as the Soviet refuses to take power.

Backs restoration of order under Soviet authority.

Presides over a Soviet shaken by the armed demonstrations.

Refuses to let the Soviet endorse premature insurrection.

Seeks to keep the Petrograd Soviet from endorsing armed revolt.

Chkheidze attempts to prevent the Soviet from supporting armed revolt.

Supports efforts to restore military order during the crisis.

Supports caution as unrest grows among soldiers and workers.

Calls for restraint inside the Bolshevik leadership.

Is exposed to arrest as the government moves against Bolsheviks.

Faces arrest as government repression continues.

Is arrested as part of the post-July repression.

Defends the military offensive that helps provoke unrest in Petrograd.

Seeks loyal troops to restore order in Petrograd.

Supports repression after loyal troops regain the streets.

Uses the crisis to strengthen his political authority.

Takes over as head of the Provisional Government.

Forms a strengthened government after the July Days.

Faces rising opposition as defeat and disorder damage the government.

Faces rising opposition as the government crisis deepens before the July Days.

Presents the Bolshevik movement as a threat to revolutionary order.

Moves to consolidate authority after Lvov's resignation.

Uses the aftermath to form a stronger coalition government.

Orders action against leading Bolsheviks after accusing them of inciting revolt.

Becomes head of a reorganised Provisional Government after the crisis.

Encourages radical workers and soldiers demanding Soviet power.

Addresses crowds demanding that the Soviet take power.

Faces political danger as the Bolshevik press is suppressed.

Works with military activists as unrest spreads among soldiers.

His April Theses help shape slogans later used during the July Days.

Criticises the Provisional Government as war weariness intensifies.

Tries to assess whether the movement is premature.

Faces accusations that Bolsheviks are serving German interests.

The failed demonstrations force Bolshevik leaders onto the defensive.

Avoids arrest as attacks on Bolshevik offices intensify.

Hides near Razliv after the government issues arrest orders.

Prepares to flee toward Finland while avoiding arrest.

Remains underground as the Bolshevik Party retreats tactically.

Machine-gunners and radical activists prepare demonstrations demanding Soviet power.

Demonstrations begin among soldiers of the First Machine-Gun Regiment.

The July Days begin as soldiers and workers protest against the Provisional Government.

Workers and soldiers demand Soviet power as disorder spreads through Petrograd.

Anti-government demonstrations also spread beyond Petrograd to Moscow and other cities.

Bolsheviks try to give the mass movement a more organised and peaceful direction.

Government troops fire on demonstrators and the Soviet supports punitive measures.

The Bolshevik Military Organisation helps organise the armed demonstration.

The Central Committee tries to restrain the developing street movement.

Workers and soldiers march under the slogan All Power to the Soviets.

An arrest order forces Lenin underground after Bolshevik offices are attacked.

Speaks to radical crowds during the unrest.

Speaks to workers and soldiers during the crisis.

Is among Bolshevik figures threatened by repression.

Is arrested after the government moves against Bolshevik leaders.

Faces a coalition crisis before the July Days demonstrations begin.

Struggles to maintain authority as the coalition government weakens.

The crisis weakens his government and accelerates his resignation.

Resigns as the government crisis reaches its peak.

Kadet pressure contributes to the government crisis around the July Days.

Works within the Provisional Government during the crisis.

Supports Kerensky's reorganised government after the crisis.

Works in the Military Organisation as soldiers press for action.

Maintains contact with armed soldier units.

Faces government accusations against Bolshevik military activists.

Bolshevik military networks are disrupted by government pressure.

Promotes accusations of German money behind the Bolsheviks.

Helps direct the Bolshevik Military Organisation before the demonstrations.

The Military Organisation helps mobilise armed demonstrators.

Helps coordinate demonstrators moving through Petrograd.

Comes under pressure as the Military Organisation is blamed for the unrest.

The Military Organisation is forced onto the defensive after the crackdown.

Commands loyal troops used against the demonstrations.

Oversees military measures against radical organisations.

Helps mobilise Kronstadt sailors for the Petrograd demonstrations.

Leads Kronstadt sailors into Petrograd.

Kronstadt sailors are blamed for armed pressure on the Soviet.

Comes under suspicion for the role of Kronstadt sailors.

Kronstadt radicalism is blamed for the armed character of the protests.

Agitates among sailors preparing to move on Petrograd.

Acts among the radical sailors during the demonstrations.

Faces repression after the sailors' role in the demonstrations.

Sailor activists face intensified scrutiny after the demonstrations.

Left Socialist Revolutionaries watch the crisis reshape revolutionary politics.

Helps manage Bolshevik press and party activity during the crisis.

Works to keep party communications functioning during the unrest.

Helps arrange Lenin's movement to safety.

Helps decide that Lenin should not surrender to the authorities.

Takes part in efforts to keep the Bolshevik organisation intact.

Supports party organisation as the demonstrations develop.

Helps maintain party discipline during the street actions.

Works to preserve the party organisation after the crackdown.

Helps rebuild party communications after arrests and raids.

Helps stabilise party structures during the reaction.

Supports the government response against Bolshevik influence.

Continues in office under Kerensky during the post-July settlement.

Warns radicals that an isolated uprising would be dangerous.

Intervenes to protect Chernov from enraged demonstrators.

Protects Chernov from hostile sailors during the crisis.

Urges demonstrators not to provoke isolated confrontation.

Defends the movement while opposing reckless confrontation.

Remains in Petrograd as arrests of Bolsheviks begin.

Condemns slanders against Lenin and the Bolsheviks.

Challenges the accusation that Bolshevik leaders are German agents.

Is increasingly targeted by the authorities after defending Lenin.

Workers and soldiers demand Soviet power as Trotsky supports restraint.

Bolshevik leaders reverse course and support the mass demonstrations.

Trotsky argues that street protests should remain peaceful and disciplined.

Trotsky supports Central Committee efforts to restrain the movement.

Argues that the Soviet should resist pressure to seize power.

Supports bringing loyal troops to restore order.

Supports bringing loyal troops into the capital.

Supports punitive measures against armed demonstrators.

Defends the Soviet majority's support for the government.

Argues that Bolshevik influence must be checked.

Works with Lenin and Kamenev as Bolsheviks debate tactics.

Supports attempts to prevent an uncontrolled armed uprising.

Goes into hiding with Lenin after government pressure increases.

Hides with Lenin near Razliv after the crackdown.

Escapes Petrograd with Lenin after the crackdown.

Stays hidden after the failure of the demonstrations.

Uses the crisis to strengthen government authority.

Uses the July Days aftermath to move against Bolshevik leaders.

Faces rising radical pressure in the Soviet streets.

Bolshevik slogans dominate the mass demonstration.

Speaks for a more radical Soviet policy.

Works with German commanders as the counteroffensive is prepared.

Commands the Seventh Army supporting the Russian attack in Galicia.

Supports the offensive with attacks near Brzezany.

Faces Russian attacks against Austro-Hungarian positions in Galicia.

Austro-Hungarian forces join the counterattack toward Tarnopol.

Commands German forces opposing the Russian attack near Zborov.

Becomes commander in chief and prepares the army for the summer attack.

Approves the final timetable for the renewed Russian attack.

Receives early reports of Russian advances in Galicia.

Sees the offensive weaken as soldiers refuse renewed attacks.

Recognises that the operation has failed to restore army cohesion.

Receives reports that the Russian attack is beginning to falter.

Warns that army discipline has weakened before the planned attack.

Observes that revolutionary discipline cannot sustain offensive operations.

Works on operational planning at Stavka before the offensive begins.

Commands the Southwestern Front selected to launch the main offensive.

Orders the Southwestern Front to begin the main attack.

Reports that discipline problems are slowing the advance.

Oversees German strategic support for the counterattack.

Assesses Russian collapse and supports plans for a counterblow.

Becomes Minister of War and Navy before pressing for a renewed offensive.

Tours the front to rally soldiers for the coming offensive.

Addresses troops as the artillery preparation begins.

Launches the Russian summer offensive against the Central Powers.

The failed offensive undermines Soviet confidence in the government.

Presents the initial advance as proof that revolutionary Russia can fight.

The offensive stalls as discipline collapses in the Russian army.

Urges units to continue the attack despite falling morale.

Faces political unrest as the offensive fails to deliver victory.

The failed offensive helps clear his path to become prime minister.

Commands Austro-Hungarian forces resisting the Russian offensive.

Leads the Eighth Army during the Russian summer offensive.

Coordinates forces preparing to exploit Russian weakness.

Organises support for the Central Powers counteroffensive in Galicia.

German forces launch the counteroffensive that breaks the Russian line.

Commands the Eleventh Army in the opening sector of the offensive.

His army attacks Austro-German positions near Zborov.

Attempts to hold gains as Russian units begin to disintegrate.

Krasnov leads Cossack troops supporting Kerensky in an attempt to retake Petrograd from the Bolsheviks.

Kerensky leaves Petrograd with Krasnov's support in an effort to regain control from the Bolsheviks.

Kerensky joins Krasnov's headquarters while seeking military support for a counter-revolutionary campaign.

His counterattack fails against Soviet-backed forces.

Kerensky's forces are defeated near Petrograd, ending his immediate attempt to reverse the Bolshevik takeover.

The attempted counterattack collapses after Cossack support fails.

Krasnov gathers Cossack forces south of Petrograd after agreeing to support Kerensky's attempt to challenge Bolshevik power.

Krasnov's Cossack detachment advances toward Gatchina during the unsuccessful attempt to restore the Provisional Government.

Krasnov's forces encounter Soviet defenders at Pulkovo during the fighting outside Petrograd.

Lenin's government faces an armed challenge from Kerensky and Krasnov during the early consolidation of Bolshevik power.

Bolshevik organisers support defence measures as Krasnov's forces threaten Petrograd.

Trotsky helps organise Soviet resistance against the advance of Krasnov's Cossack forces.

The Petrograd Soviet strengthens its military organisation after the failure of the Kerensky-Krasnov advance.

The Grand Fleet increases kite-balloon use for spotting and reconnaissance under Beatty's command.

Receives conflicting reports about Kornilov's intentions as relations between the government and army headquarters deteriorate.

Appeals for support against Kornilov's move on Petrograd.

Dismisses Kornilov after concluding that the commander in chief is challenging the authority of the Provisional Government.

Appeals to the Petrograd Soviet and revolutionary organisations for support against Kornilov's movement toward the capital.

Authorises defensive measures around Petrograd while political organisations mobilise workers and soldiers against Kornilov.

Allows revolutionary groups greater freedom to organise resistance as the threat from Kornilov appears to increase.

Relies on railway workers and political activists to disrupt communications and troop movements toward Petrograd.

Seeks support from loyal military units as Kornilov's advance begins losing momentum outside the capital.

Receives reports that soldiers are abandoning the advance after railway disruption and revolutionary agitation.

Attempts to restore government authority as the immediate military danger from Kornilov rapidly diminishes.

Emerges from the failed Kornilov movement with emergency authority but weakened support among conservatives and socialists.

Orders action against senior officers associated with Kornilov after the attempted military challenge collapses.

Begins reorganising the government after the crisis while facing growing distrust from both left and right.

Tries to stabilise political authority after the Kornilov confrontation exposes deep divisions within revolutionary Russia.

Kerensky denounces Kornilov's advance toward Petrograd as a military revolt.

Kerensky dismisses Kornilov and assumes emergency authority during the crisis.

The affair damages Kerensky's relationship with senior army officers and further isolates the Provisional Government.

The defeat of Kornilov removes an immediate military threat but strengthens radical opposition to Kerensky's government.

Insists that military authority must be strengthened to save Russia.

Insists that stronger military authority is required to restore discipline and prevent further collapse of the Russian army.

Presses demands for stronger government and military measures as tensions with Kerensky reach a critical stage.

His advance alarms the Petrograd Soviet and the government.

Rejects Kerensky dismissal and calls for resistance to disorder.

Rejects Kerensky's dismissal and presents his actions as necessary to defend Russia from disorder and military disintegration.

Appeals to officers and soldiers after Kerensky publicly denounces his actions as a challenge to the government.

Appeals to the army after Kerensky denounces him.

Attempts to rally military support while troops associated with his movement continue toward the Petrograd region.

Maintains that his programme is intended to restore order rather than destroy the revolution.

His attempted move on Petrograd loses momentum as railway workers intervene.

Receives reports that railway workers are delaying troop movements and disrupting communications with advancing units.

Finds support weakening as soldiers encounter political delegations urging them not to move against Petrograd.

Finds support collapsing as soldiers are persuaded not to advance.

Learns that key units are refusing to continue the operation and that the movement toward Petrograd is breaking down.

Attempts to maintain authority at army headquarters as political and military support for his action collapses.

The attempted march on Petrograd fails without major battle.

The attempted movement on Petrograd ends without a major battle as supporting troops disperse or abandon the operation.

Faces the failure of his challenge after communication failures, railway resistance and political agitation stop the advance.

Remains at army headquarters while government authorities prepare to remove and detain officers connected with the affair.

The collapse of the affair destroys Kornilov's command position and deepens hostility between conservative officers and Kerensky.

His failed challenge becomes a major turning point in the political decline of the Provisional Government.

Bolsheviks support resistance to Kornilov while continuing to oppose the political programme of Kerensky's government.

Bolsheviks gain influence by helping resist Kornilov.

Bolshevik organisers gain greater freedom to mobilise workers and soldiers for the defence of Petrograd.

The party presents Kornilov's action as evidence that counter-revolutionary forces threaten the gains of February.

Bolshevik activists help organise resistance while railway workers and soldiers obstruct the advance toward Petrograd.

The crisis allows Bolshevik organisers to rebuild influence among workers after the repression following the July Days.

Bolshevik political influence grows as Kornilov's forces lose momentum and the immediate threat to Petrograd recedes.

The failure of Kornilov strengthens Bolshevik claims that revolutionary organisations successfully defended the capital.

Bolshevik supporters use the aftermath of the crisis to press for greater influence in the Petrograd Soviet.

The party's standing rises sharply after the affair, weakening moderate socialist influence among workers and soldiers.

Bolshevik propaganda portrays the Kornilov episode as proof that the revolution remains threatened by military counter-revolution.

Becomes a symbol for anti-Bolshevik military circles.

Appoints Kornilov commander in chief despite Soviet unease.

Accepts arrest after the affair collapses.

Joins General Krasnov in an attempt to retake Petrograd.

Krymov cavalry advance toward Petrograd falters near Luga.

Uses Krymov cavalry corps in plans involving Petrograd.

States that after capitalism "universal labour service" is the order of the day

Gough continues the offensive around Langemarck despite difficult ground and stronger German resistance.

Haig continues the Ypres offensive as British forces attack around Langemarck in difficult conditions.

Left SRs cooperate with Bolsheviks in Soviet institutions.

Backs reforms intended to democratise courts and prisons.

Orders Lenin and other Bolsheviks arrested after the July Days.

Lenins Letters from Afar, are published, though highly abridged

Receives Vladimir Lvov as tensions with Kerensky grow.

Pays tribute in Parliament to Major William Redmond after his death during the Messines fighting.

Submits a draft manifesto to the Russian bureau of Central Committee. Includes proposals for a Constituent Assembly & universal male suffrage

Publishes the Bolshevik Party manifesto in Izvestia

Nicholas abdication manifesto is made public

Pays parliamentary tribute after the deaths of General Stanley Maude and Neil Primrose.

Convenes a General Staff Meeting to consider an offensive in the west

Meets the French to discuss munitions

Elected Member of Parliament for East Clare

Plumer uses limited objectives and heavy artillery support during the successful Menin Road attack.

Haig supports Plumer's limited-objective attack that gains ground along Menin Road Ridge.

Opposes one-party Bolshevik rule after the October uprising

Opposes Bolshevik pressure while arguing for democratic socialist organization

Condemns the Bolshevik seizure of power and calls for socialist pluralism

Criticizes the Bolshevik insurrection from the perspective of socialist democracy

Congress of Socialist Revolutionaries results in victory for the left under Chernov

Menshevik influence shapes the early Petrograd Soviet leadership.

Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda

Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda

Milyukov resigns, members of the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries join the Government

Milyukov resigns, members of the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries join the Government

The Kadets walk out of the Russian Provisional Government, threatening the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) with the breakup of the Government coalition and a Government crisis results

The military authorities send troops against the demonstration, leaving more than 700 people killed and wounded & the SRs and Mensheviks support punitive measures against the July Days insurgents. The Mensheviks oppose the demonstrations during the July Days

Advocates a socialist coalition but fails & forms an opposition Menshevik Party

Menshevik Congress gives victory to Martovs Menshevik internationalists

Milyukov resigns, members of the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries join the Government

The strike called by the Bolsheviks continues, while a Menshevik called strike begins to show support for the Duma at Taurida Palace (as opposed to the Tsar), which opens a new session

Stalin takes part in the conference of leading members of the Bolshevik Party and in the joint meeting of Bolshevik and Menshevik delegates to the Alln Conference of Soviets where Lenin expounds his April Theses

Calls for the re-unification of the Bolsheviks & Mensheviks

Backs the adoption of escorted convoys for merchant ships facing the U-boat campaign.

Supports limiting publication of detailed shipping losses to deny useful information to Germany.

Makes merchant shipping capacity a central War Cabinet concern as losses and imports tighten.

Decides to distract the Germans from rebellion amongst French soldiers around Reims

Godley directs II ANZAC Corps during the successful attack on Messines Ridge.

Plumer completes detailed artillery, mining and infantry preparations for the assault on Messines Ridge.

Plumer's Second Army attacks after huge mines explode beneath German positions on Messines Ridge.

Haig opens the Messines operation after extensive mining and artillery preparation.

Haig orders consolidation and exploitation after British Empire forces capture Messines Ridge.

Welcomes the successful British attack at Messines as a major tactical achievement.

Russell's New Zealand Division captures Messines village and its assigned ridge objectives.

Works with soldiers linked to the Soviet and Bolsheviks.

Presses Kerensky for authority to rebuild army discipline.

Works with the committee preparing armed action.

Represents Baltic sailors in revolutionary military planning.

Works with Bolshevik revolutionary structures linked to the Soviet.

Becomes active in the committee's military preparations.

The committee helps defend the new regime.

Attends the first meeting of the committee.

Helps create the committee under Petrograd Soviet authority.

The Petrograd Soviet supports creation of the Military Revolutionary Committee under Bolshevik leadership.

Serves in the committee as Bolshevik plans advance.

In the Milyukov note, Milyukov tells allies that the war aims are unchanged

In the Milyukov note, Milyukov tells allies that the war aims are unchanged

Miliukov assures the Allies that Russia will continue the war and honour its existing international commitments.

Survives the crisis caused by Milyukov’s war aims note.

Kerensky survives the political crisis caused by Milyukov's war aims note and supports a compromise between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet.

Kerensky opposes interpretations of Milyukov's note that suggest Russia will continue an expansionist war policy.

Kerensky remains in government after Milyukov resigns following the April political crisis.

Proposes mining the Heligoland Blight with 80,000 mines, publicly announced 23rd Jan

Appointed Minister of Justice

Appointed Minister of Munitions but is not appointed as a member of the War Cabinet

Appointed Minister for Posts & Telegraph in the 1st coalition Government

Appointed Minister of Reconstruction

Appointed Minister of War

Becomes Minister of War and Navy in the coalition government.

Appointed Minister without Portfolio

Moves the GHQ to Baden

Presses for the cavalry to man tanks

Calls for support from the Russian Front

The Bolsheviks organize the Red Guard

At a GHQ meeting agrees to unrestricted submarine warfare

Moderate socialists lose influence after the Bolshevik seizure of power.

Chkheidze represents moderate socialist leadership during the early development of the Soviet.

Bolsheviks gain control of Moscow after heavy fighting.

Formation of the Moscow Soviet

Warns that military collapse threatens revolutionary Russia.

Addresses the Moscow State Conference seeking national unity.

Receives conservative support during the Moscow State Conference.

Chauvel drives mounted formations forward after Ottoman forces abandon Gaza.

Approves the creation of the Military Revolutionary Committee

Presents the Munitions of War Bill to Parliament to reform munitions production

Supports closer examination of wartime spending as government expenditure continues to rise.

Strengthens central efforts to move labour into essential wartime industries and services.

Supports stronger organisation of civilian labour for munitions, transport and essential services.

The Bolshevik land decree abolishes private landed property and transfers land to peasant use

The Red Guard occupies private banks & a decree is passed to nationalize them

The Vesenkha gains control over Government finance of industry & wages state wages

The Vesenkha decrees each region establish a Council of National Economy (Sovnarkhoz)

The Provisional Government introduces state monopoly on the grain trade

The Soviet government nationalizes private banks and strengthens state control over the financial system.

Beatty supports wider use of aircraft to extend the Grand Fleet's scouting and observation capabilities.

Duma & Soviet representitives reach agreement on the basis of an 8 point program

Declares military staff to be "Counter revolutionary"

23-24 October, negotiates with the military staff

Duma & Soviet representitives reach agreement on the basis of an 8 point program

Relations with Kerensky deteriorate over power and military authority.

Says "There will be no war...it would be a crime against civilisation for us to go in"

Chaytor's brigade attacks the Rafa defences as mounted forces close the encirclement.

Chaytor's mounted riflemen reach the outskirts of Gaza during the First Battle of Gaza.

The British begin the Nivelle offensive against the German 6th under von Falkenhausen

Reassesses Allied strategy as the French spring offensive fails to produce the expected breakthrough.

Shares the Nobel Prize in Literature for varied and idealistic poetry.

Shares the Nobel Prize in Literature for authentic descriptions of contemporary Danish life.

Announces restrictions on imports to conserve merchant shipping for food and war materials.

The Grand Fleet continues providing strategic cover for Britain's blockade and northern patrol system.

The Bolshevik Congress forms a "Northern Regional Committee"

Beatty reviews the danger from German surface raiders after attacks on Scandinavian convoy traffic.

Refuses to take the oath of allegiance to the Central Powers

Zinoviev, Kamenev, Alexei Rykov, Vladimir Milyutin, and Victor Nogin resign from the Central Committee on November 4, 1917 (Julian calendar)

Lenin wrote a proclamation calling Zinoviev and Kamenev "deserters", he never forgot their behavior, eventually making an ambiguous reference to their "October episode" in his Testament

Orders action against Bolshevik newspapers and the Military Revolutionary Committee.

Escapes from the Winter Palace dressed up as a female nurse

Leaves Petrograd to seek loyal troops as Bolsheviks seize power.

Remains imprisoned when Bolsheviks seize power in Petrograd.

Lenin and Stalin attend a meeting of the Party Central Committee where Lenins resolution on armed insurrection is approved and a 7 man Political Bureau of the CC headed by Lenin and Stalin is setup to direct the uprising

Lenin and Stalin direct the October armed uprising

Lenin and Stalin direct the Second Alln Congress of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies

Lenin wrote a proclamation calling Zinoviev and Kamenev "deserters", he never forgot their behavior, eventually making an ambiguous reference to their "October episode" in his Testament

Zinoviev, Kamenev, Alexei Rykov, Vladimir Milyutin, and Victor Nogin resign from the Central Committee on November 4, 1917 (Julian calendar)

Zinoviev, Kamenev, Alexei Rykov, Vladimir Milyutin, and Victor Nogin resign from the Central Committee on November 4, 1917 (Julian calendar)

Lenin and Stalin attend a meeting of the Party Central Committee where Lenins resolution on armed insurrection is approved and a 7 man Political Bureau of the CC headed by Lenin and Stalin is setup to direct the uprising

Lenin and Stalin direct an enlarged meeting of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party Stalin sharply criticizes the speeches of the traitors Kamenev and Zinoviev on the question of armed insurrection. A Party Centre, headed by Stalin, is elected to direct the uprising

Lenin and Stalin direct the October armed uprising

Lenin and Stalin direct the Second Alln Congress of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies

Announces that the Provisional Government has been overthrown.

Trotsky uses the Petrograd Soviet as a base for revolutionary action.

On October 10, 1917 (Julian calendar), he and Lev Kamenev were the only two Central Committee members to vote against an armed revolt

Zinoviev, Kamenev, Alexei Rykov, Vladimir Milyutin, and Victor Nogin resign from the Central Committee on November 4, 1917 (Julian calendar)

Lenin wrote a proclamation calling Zinoviev and Kamenev "deserters", he never forgot their behavior, eventually making an ambiguous reference to their "October episode" in his Testament

His government is overthrown during the Bolshevik October Revolution, forcing Kerensky to flee Petrograd and begin political exile.

Dismissed as Commander in Chief because of opposition to the Kerenski Offensive

Leads the Canadian Corps in capturing Vimy Ridge, 1st day of the Arras Offensive

Caught out by the Caporetto Offensive

Haig orders the Arras Offensive for Eighth April

Orders an Allied offensive to distract the Germans from French mutinies

9-15 April, the British begin the Nivelle Offensive under Generals Horne & Allenby

An offensive is launched by Russia against Austria Hungary

Receives applause from conservative officers and public figures.

Holmes's 4th Australian Division reinforces the final objective beyond Messines Ridge.

The German withdrawal plan toward the Siegfried Line is accelerated by a preliminary retirement.

German forces begin abandoning exposed positions on the Ancre front under British pressure.

German forces withdraw from exposed positions on the Ancre front.

Commands British Fifth Army during renewed winter operations on the Ancre front.

Fifth Army attacks toward Miraumont to improve British positions before the spring offensive.

British operations on the Ancre close as the German withdrawal changes the front line.

Directs continued pressure on German positions north of the Ancre after the 1916 Somme battle.

British troops capture German posts on a 600 yard front north of Beaucourt-sur-Ancre.

British troops take a position near Le Transloy and capture a German garrison.

British operations continue on the Ancre front after the winter pause following the 1916 Somme battle.

British troops repulse German counter-attacks on the Ancre front.

British troops capture positions around Sailly-Saillisel ridge and Hill 153.

British troops capture Le Barque and Ligny as German forces fall back on the Somme front.

Opposes Bolshevik domination of Soviet power.

The Soviet issues Order Number One to soldiers of the garrison.

The Soviet issues Order Number One increasing soldiers representation and influence.

Helps draft Order Number One for the Petrograd Soviet.

Sokolov helps prepare the order that defines early Soviet authority.

Develops plans for stronger executive and military authority.

Considers Pope Benedict XV's peace proposals while maintaining Allied demands for a durable settlement.

The USPD was founded at a conference in Gotha, with Hugo Haase as the party's first chairman

Returns from Siberia and resumes Bolshevik organisation in Petrograd.

Returns from Siberia and works with Bolsheviks in Petrograd.

Reviews the mounting casualties and limited gains produced by the Flanders campaign.

Kiggell sees the devastated battlefield near Ypres.

Haig keeps Passchendaele Ridge as an objective despite mud, casualties and worsening weather.

Serves as a staff officer during the Passchendaele campaign and studies the problems of artillery and infantry coordination.

Haig orders consolidation after Canadian troops secure Passchendaele village and nearby high ground.

Currie's corps secures Passchendaele village and nearby ridge positions after a sequence of costly attacks.

Offers an immediate peace to Russia

The Kaiser rejects Bethmanns peace policy

Writes a letter of peace to the Allies

Holds a secret peace meeting

Writes a 2nd letter of peace

Introduces the Peace Resolution to the Reichstag which is passed. Carries a resolution favoring peace free from annexations

German representitive at Brest Litovsk where the Russians are seeking an armistice

An armistices is signed between Russia & the central powers

Heads the Russian peace negotiations which begins after the agreement of an armistice

The Decree on Peace, written by Vladimir Lenin, is passed by the Second Congress of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and Peasants Deputies following the success of the October Revolution

The Decree on Peace is published in the Izvestiya newspaper, proposes an immediate withdrawal of Russia from World War I

Proposes just & democratic peace without annexations, indemnities & self-determination

The Bolsheviks broadcast their conditions for peace

The Allied Supreme Council rejects Lenins Decree on Peace

Declares Russia that it will not agree a separate peace with the Central Powers

A ceasefire commences between Russia & the Central Powers

Brest Litovsk talks begin between Russia & the Central Powers

Official ceasefire between Russia & the Central Powers

Peace negotiations commence with the Central Powers

Peace negotiations with the Central Powers are broken off

Demands immediate peace negotiations

Takes charge of Soviet foreign policy as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs in the new Council of People's Commissars.

Supports continued Allied cooperation after Philippe Petain replaces Nivelle in French command.

Under the pressure of what seemed like a developing mass demonstration of workers and soldiers in the streets, the leadership of the Bolshevik Military Organisation, the Petersburg Committee and later on the Central Committee, reversed their decision, coming out in support of the street demonstrations

Is appointed commander of the Petrograd Military District.

The Bolshevik Petrograd Committee calls on workers to overthrow the Tsar

Socialists fear his programme could threaten revolutionary gains.

Attempts to assert authority over the radicalised garrison.

Tries to restore discipline among revolutionary soldiers.

Discusses moving reliable troops toward Petrograd.

Helps organise the Soviet as revolutionary authority emerges.

Represents Menshevik influence in the Petrograd Soviet.

Bridges the Duma committee and the new Soviet leadership.

Kerensky uses his standing as a socialist Duma deputy to establish links with the newly forming Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.

Is elected vice chairman while joining the revolutionary leadership.

Bolshevik control of the Soviet increases pressure on Kerensky.

Faces the Bolshevik majority in the Petrograd Soviet.

The Soviet's shift left weakens Kerensky's authority.

Bolshevik influence grows after the July repression weakens moderate socialists.

Lenin's party gains influence as the Soviet moves toward Bolshevik control.

Joins the Soviet leadership during the February Revolution.

Supports Bolshevik work inside the Petrograd Soviet before the uprising.

Records the formation of the Petrograd Soviet from inside revolutionary circles.

Supports cooperation with the Provisional Government.

Rises in Petrograd Bolshevik politics after the revolution.

Stalin participates in Bolshevik organisation connected with the Petrograd Soviet.

Menshevik leaders call for elections to the Petrograd Soviet.

Trotsky strengthens Bolshevik influence within the Petrograd Soviet before the October uprising.

Skobelev joins the Soviet leadership as workers and soldiers create new institutions.

Tsereteli supports moderate socialist policies within the Petrograd Soviet.

Kerensky faces growing pressure as Bolshevik influence expands inside the Soviet.

Kerensky connects the Duma committee with the newly formed Petrograd Soviet.

Orders troops toward Petrograd as the crisis escalates.

Haig launches the opening phase of the Third Battle of Ypres against Pilckem Ridge.

Lloyd George & the French War Committee agree the Haig-Nivelle plan

Haig continues offensive operations around Poelcappelle despite worsening mud and weather.

Russell orders the New Zealand attack on Polderhoek Chateau after the Passchendaele fighting.

Nicholas attacks German positions during the New Zealand assault at Polderhoek.

The Police Department is abolished

Plumer continues the step-by-step advance with another carefully prepared attack around Polygon Wood.

Haig continues the step-by-step offensive as British and Australian troops attack Polygon Wood.

Moderate Soviet leaders briefly recover authority.

The Petrograd Soviet becomes a foundation of the new revolutionary government.

Uses the Soviet as a base for new Bolshevik authority.

The April Theses are published in the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda and read by Lenin at two meetings of the All-Russia Conference of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies

Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda

Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda

The offices and printing plant of Pravda and the headquarters of the Bolshevik Central Committee are destroyed

Pravda resumes printing & Molotov is appointed to the editorial board

Pravda resumes printing & Molotov is appointed to the editorial board

Tries to offset Soviet pressure through the Pre-Parliament.

Lenin presents the April Theses, rejecting support for the Provisional Government and demanding transfer of power to the Soviets.

Gutierrez Guerra begins the final presidency of the Liberal Party era.

Appointed President of the Military Revolutionary Committee

Appointed President of the Military Revolutionary Committee

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.

Appointed Prime Minister of France, 2nd term

Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland

Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 1st term

Appointed Prime Minister of Russia

Becomes head of the Provisional Government after Lvov resigns.

Uses the Bolshevik newspaper to press a new revolutionary program

The Alberich programme for German retreat to the Siegried Line is accelerated

Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses

Supports the Provisional Council as a bridge to elections.

Appointed Commander in Chief by the Provisional Government

Appointed Commander in Chief by the Provisional Government

Appointed Commander in Chief by the provisional Government

Appointed Commander in Chief by the provisional Government

Appointed Chief of Staff of the Provisional Government

Helps found a provisional Government

A new provisional Government is set up with Kerensky at its head

The Provisional Government schedules Constituent Assembly elections for 12 Nov

Condemns the Provisional Government as bourgeois and urges "no support" for it, as "the utter falsity of all its promises should be made clear" & condemns World War I as a "predatory imperialist war" and the "revolutionary defensism" of foreign social democrat parties, calling for revolutionary defeatism

The July Days refer to events that take place in Petrograd, Russia, between 3 July and 7 July (Julian calendar) (16 July 20 July, Gregorian calendar), when soldiers and industrial workers engage in spontaneous demonstrations against the Russian Provisional Government

The Kadets walk out of the Russian Provisional Government, threatening the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) with the breakup of the Government coalition and a Government crisis results

The Provisional Government issues an order for the arrest of Lenin, who is forced to go underground

Declares the Provisional Government deposed

The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government on the eve of the meeting of Second All Congress of Soviets

A Provisional Government is formed

The Provisional Government meets Michael & persuades him to reject the crown

The Provisional Government dismisses all governors & their deputies

The USA recognizes the Provisional Government

The Provisional Government introduces state monopoly on the grain trade

The Provisional Government concedes that it cannot maintain order

Appointed Prime Minister of the Provisional Government

The Bolshevik led Kronstadt revolt is put down by the Provisional Government

The Provisional Government meets Michael & persuades him to reject the crown