Field Marshal
Public announcement of Haigs promotion to Field Marshal
Historical events in 1917
1,795 historical records
January 191746 historical events
Mining of Heligoland
Proposes mining the Heligoland Blight with 80,000 mines, publicly announced 23rd Jan
Field Marshal
Public announcement of Haigs promotion to Field Marshal
Arrest of David Lloyd George
Arrested for a plot to murder Lloyd George on a golf course
Assassination of David Lloyd George
The Wheeldon family is arrested for the attempted murder of Lloyd George
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Winter Operations on the Somme
British troops advance east of Beaucourt and take German prisoners.
Battle of Putna
Begins the first day of the Battle of Putna
Capture of Gurgueti
Captures Gurgueti
Capture of Romanul
Captures Romanuli
Einar Arnorsson Ministry
The Einar Arnorsson Ministry ends, concluding this period as Minister for Iceland.
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland
First Jon Magnusson Government
Begins the First Jon Magnusson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Neutrality
Says "There will be no war...it would be a crime against civilisation for us to go in"
Winter Operations on the Somme
British troops capture two German posts near Beaumont-Hamel.
Rome Allied Strategy Conference
Attends Allied discussions in Rome and argues for greater attention to the Italian front.
War Aims
Outlines his war aims in a speech to TU delegates at Central Hall, Westminster
Italian Front Offensive Alternative Promoted
Presses an alternative Allied strategy intended to avoid another Somme-scale battle in France.
Rafa Encirclement Directed
Chauvel directs the mounted encirclement and assault on the Ottoman position at Rafa.
Mobilization
At a GHQ meeting agrees to unrestricted submarine warfare
New Zealand Brigade Attacks Rafa
Chaytor's brigade attacks the Rafa defences as mounted forces close the encirclement.
Operations on the Ancre
Commands British Fifth Army during renewed winter operations on the Ancre front.
Operations on the Ancre
Directs continued pressure on German positions north of the Ancre after the 1916 Somme battle.
April Crisis
Kerensky records his position on april crisis in exile.
Arrival in New York
Arrives in New York after expulsion from Europe and joins the Russian socialist émigré community.
Mobilization
Moves the GHQ to Baden
Operations on the Ancre
British troops capture German posts on a 600 yard front north of Beaucourt-sur-Ancre.
Capture of Wejh
Helps support the Arab capture of Wejh on the Red Sea coast.
Birth of Ernest Borgnine
Birth of Ernest Borgnine
Battle of Verdun
A mile long stretch of French trenches is stormed at Hill 304 but recaptured
Operations on the Ancre
British troops take a position near Le Transloy and capture a German garrison.
Capture of Ancre
The British capture Ancre
Operations on the Ancre
British operations continue on the Ancre front after the winter pause following the 1916 Somme battle.
Peace
Writes a letter of peace to the Allies
Operations on the Ancre
British troops repulse German counter-attacks on the Ancre front.
Capture of Germany
Consolidates German control of Romania
Grand Fleet Plotting System Improved
Beatty introduces improved plotting arrangements to track British and enemy forces more clearly during operations.
HMS Queen Elizabeth Selected as Grand Fleet Flagship
Beatty uses the fast battleship Queen Elizabeth as his Grand Fleet flagship.
Agreement of Calais
Nivelle travels to London to sell his project to Lloyd George, the French would attack on the Oise, he wanted Haig to attack from Arras and then the French would smash the enemy on the Aisne at the Chemin des Dames
Battle of Passchendaele
The idea of a Flanders offensive had been in the mind of British commander Sir Douglas Haig for some time before the Battle of Passchendaele began. Orders plans to be drawn up for an attack in the area, and this attack might well have happened had the Germans not launched the Battle of Verdun
Dominion Participation in War Direction Expanded
Expands imperial consultation so Dominion governments can contribute to common strategy.
Food Supply Emergency Reviewed
Orders closer government supervision of food stocks, imports and domestic production.
Home Food Production Drive Expanded
Backs measures to increase British agricultural output and reduce dependence on imported food.
Imperial War Cabinet Invitations Issued
Invites Dominion prime ministers to take part directly in high-level wartime deliberations.
Merchant Tonnage Crisis Given Cabinet Priority
Makes merchant shipping capacity a central War Cabinet concern as losses and imports tighten.
National Service Labour Registration Advanced
Supports stronger organisation of civilian labour for munitions, transport and essential services.
February 1917129 historical events
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Response Planned
Reviews emergency measures after Germany announces unrestricted submarine warfare.
Capture of Jijila
Captures Jijila
Capture of Macin
Captures Macin
Offensive
Haig orders the Arras Offensive for Eighth April
Birth of Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan
Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan is born in Chakwal on 4 February 1917.
Operations on the Ancre
German forces begin abandoning exposed positions on the Ancre front under British pressure.
Operations on the Ancre
German forces withdraw from exposed positions on the Ancre front.
Operations on the Ancre
British troops capture positions around Sailly-Saillisel ridge and Hill 153.
German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line
Supports the withdrawal to a shorter defensive line known to the Allies as the Hindenburg Line.
German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line
Authorises Operation Alberich to withdraw German forces to the prepared Siegfried defensive system.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
Duma
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
Reballion of Rebels in Petrograd
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
Reballion of Rebels in Tsarskoye Selo
The Councillor of State Mikhail Rodzianko meets with Tsar Nicholas II in Tsarskoye Selo, and warns him of massive upheavel throughout the country, Rodzianko insists that tumultuous events can be avoided by stregthening the Duma
Reballion of Rebels in Tsarskoye Selo
The Councillor of State Mikhail Rodzianko meets with Tsar Nicholas II in Tsarskoye Selo, and warns him of massive upheavel throughout the country, Rodzianko insists that tumultuous events can be avoided by stregthening the Duma
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
Duma
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
Reballion of Rebels in Petrograd
The Bolsheviks call a strike in Petrograd to protest the 1915 arrest of their Duma members for opposing the war
Refuses to break off relations with the USA
Refuses to break off relations with the USA
Duma
The Duma opens in the halls of Taurida, Petrograd
Bolshevik Party
The Bolshevik Petrograd Committee calls on workers to overthrow the Tsar
Bolshevik Party
The strike called by the Bolsheviks continues, while a Menshevik called strike begins to show support for the Duma at Taurida Palace (as opposed to the Tsar), which opens a new session
Coup
The Bolshevik Petrograd Committee calls on workers to overthrow the Tsar
Duma
The strike called by the Bolsheviks continues, while a Menshevik called strike begins to show support for the Duma at Taurida Palace (as opposed to the Tsar), which opens a new session
Menshevik Party
The strike called by the Bolsheviks continues, while a Menshevik called strike begins to show support for the Duma at Taurida Palace (as opposed to the Tsar), which opens a new session
Petrograd Committee
The Bolshevik Petrograd Committee calls on workers to overthrow the Tsar
Reballion of Rebels in Taurida Palace
The strike called by the Bolsheviks continues, while a Menshevik called strike begins to show support for the Duma at Taurida Palace (as opposed to the Tsar), which opens a new session
Operations on the Ancre
Fifth Army attacks toward Miraumont to improve British positions before the spring offensive.
Operation Alberich
The German withdrawal plan toward the Siegfried Line is accelerated by a preliminary retirement.
Programme-Alberich
The Alberich programme for German retreat to the Siegried Line is accelerated
Demonstrations
The Tsarleaves Moscow for Mogliev, the security of Moscow is entrusted to Beliaev
Demonstrations
Leaves Moscow for Mogliev, the security of Moscow is entrusted to Beliaev
Exile of Nicholas II
Departs for Mogliev
February Revolution
The Tsar leaves for the General Headquarters in Mogilev
Negotiations
Duma & Soviet representitives reach agreement on the basis of an 8 point program
Domestic Production Urged to Save Shipping
Links increased home production with the need to reduce pressure on vulnerable merchant shipping.
Import Priorities Reordered
Places food, munitions and essential raw materials ahead of less critical imports.
Nonessential Imports Restricted
Announces restrictions on imports to conserve merchant shipping for food and war materials.
Tonnage Crisis Explained to Commons
Warns Parliament that solving the shipping shortage is essential to Allied success.
Demonstrations
Demonstrations pass off peacefully. Balk observes that the Cossacks are reluctant to confront the crowds
Demonstrations
128,000 workers take to the streets demanding an end to the World War and an increase in food
Demonstrations
International Womens Day demonstrations
February Revolution
The February Revolution is ignited by International Womens Day, women textile workers and soldier's wives
Strike
128,000 workers take to the streets demanding an end to the World War and an increase in food
Strike
The February Revolution is ignited by International Womens Day, women textile workers and soldier's wives
Bolshevik Party
Calls for the re-unification of the Bolsheviks & Mensheviks
Demonstrations
Calls for the re-unification of the Bolsheviks & Mensheviks. Calls for an end to the war & for revolution
Menshevik Party
Calls for the re-unification of the Bolsheviks & Mensheviks
Strike
General Khabalovs soldiers, acting under the Tsars orders, open fire on striking workers, 169 workers are killed, and over 1,000 people are injured
Coup
The strike doubles in size to around 200,000 workers, nearly half of all industrial workers in Petrograd are on strike, the new demands of the strike shift heavily towards overthrowing the autocracy and an end to the war
Coup
The strikers demand the overthrow of the autocracy and an end to the war
Demonstrations
Between 200,000 & 300,000 workers fill the streets
February Revolution
The strike doubles in size to around 200,000 workers, nearly half of all industrial workers in Petrograd
Strike
The strike doubles in size to around 200,000 workers, nearly half of all industrial workers in Petrograd are on strike
Strike
The strikers demand the overthrow of the autocracy and an end to the war
Demonstrations
Ordered by Nicholas II to use force on the Petrograd demonstrators
Demonstrations
Orders the suppression of demonstrations by the use of force. Nicholas orders that the demonstrations be suppressed by force
February Revolution
Armed clashes with the police occur, with many killed and wounded, Empress Alexandra writes to Nicholas II, "This is a hooligan campaign, with boys and girls running about shouting that they have no bread..all this will surely pass"
Demonstrations
The Volynskii Regiment fires on the crowd killing 40
Warning to Nicholas II
Rodzianko warns Nicholas II that unrest in Petrograd is becoming critical and urges immediate political concessions.
Demonstrations
Petrograd is occupied by military units in combat gear & a curfew imposed
Bolshevik Party
Submits a draft manifesto to the Russian bureau of Central Committee. Includes proposals for a Constituent Assembly & universal male suffrage
Manifesto
Submits a draft manifesto to the Russian bureau of Central Committee. Includes proposals for a Constituent Assembly & universal male suffrage
Bolshevik Party
General Khabalov's soldiers, acting under the Tsar's orders, open fire on striking workers, 169 workers are killed & over 1,000 injured
Bolshevik Party
The police launch wide scale arrests of over 100 leaders of revolutionary organisations, including the Bolsheviks
Demonstrations
The Volynskii Regiment fires on the crowd killing 40. The Pavlovski Regiment mutinies in protest when the crowd in Petrograd is fired upon. The Pavlovski regiment disobeys orders to fire on civilians. Petrograd is occupied by military units in combat gear, a curfew is declared
Demonstrations
The bridges of the River Neva are raised
Demonstrations
The Volynskii Guard Regiment open fire & kill 40, order is restored
February Revolution
General Khabalov's soldiers, acting under the Tsar's orders, open fire on striking workers, 169 workers are killed & over 1,000 injured
February Revolution
The police launch wide scale arrests of over 100 leaders of revolutionary organisations, including the Bolsheviks
Reballion of Rebels in Petrograd
The Pavlovski Regiment mutinies in protest when the crowd in Petrograd is fired upon
Strike
General Khabalov's soldiers, acting under the Tsar's orders, open fire on striking workers, 169 workers are killed & over 1,000 injured
Strike
The police launch wide scale arrests of over 100 leaders of revolutionary organisations, including the Bolsheviks
Agreement of Calais
The Haig-Nivelle plan is put in the command of the French C-in-C. Lloyd George & the French War Committee agree the Haig-Nivelle plan
Calais Subordination Terms Challenged
Haig objects to arrangements placing British operations under Nivelle's direct authority during the spring offensive.
Operations on the Ancre
British troops capture Le Barque and Ligny as German forces fall back on the Somme front.
Plan-Haig-Nivelle
Lloyd George & the French War Committee agree the Haig-Nivelle plan
Soviet Elections
Chkheidze is chosen as an early leader during Soviet formation.
Duma Committee
Kerensky works with members of the Duma as a temporary political authority emerges during the collapse of the imperial government.
February Revolution
Kerensky becomes an active revolutionary figure as demonstrations and military mutiny destroy imperial authority in Petrograd.
Petrograd Soviet
Kerensky uses his standing as a socialist Duma deputy to establish links with the newly forming Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.
Duma
Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses
February Revolution
Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses
Provisional Committee
Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses
Formation of Duma Provisional Committee
Rodzianko chairs the Provisional Committee of the State Duma as imperial authority collapses in Petrograd.
February Revolution
Supports the Duma committee as the monarchy collapses.
Demonstrations
Nicholas II orders General Ivanov to suppress the disorder
Demonstrations
Khabalov has only 2,000 loyal troops as Petrograd is taken over by peasant soldiers
Reballion of Rebels in Petrograd
Khabalov has only 2,000 loyal troops as Petrograd is taken over by peasant soldiers
Strike
Khabalov has only 2,000 loyal troops as Petrograd is taken over by peasant soldiers
Petrograd Soviet Organisation
Skobelev joins the Soviet leadership as workers and soldiers create new institutions.
Petrograd Soviet
Joins the Soviet leadership during the February Revolution.
Election
Factory and military delegates begin forming the Petrograd Soviet.
Menshevik Party
Menshevik influence shapes the early Petrograd Soviet leadership.
Petrograd Soviet Elections
Menshevik leaders call for elections to the Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet
Helps organise the Soviet as revolutionary authority emerges.
Petrograd Soviet
Records the formation of the Petrograd Soviet from inside revolutionary circles.
February Revolution Leadership
Plays a leading role during the February Revolution, helping establish the revolutionary authorities that replace the Romanov monarchy.
Petrograd Soviet Role
Kerensky connects the Duma committee with the newly formed Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet
Bridges the Duma committee and the new Soviet leadership.
February Revolution
Supports order as the imperial regime collapses.
Demonstrations
The Pavlovski Regiment votes to disobey orders to fire on civilians. Nicholas II orders General Ivanov to suppress the disorder. Most of Petrograd is in the hands of a mutinous garrison. Most of Petrgrad is in the hands of mutinous regiments. Government buildings are burnt, General Ivanov is ordered to quell the disorders
Duma
Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses
February Revolution
Rodzianko asks the Duma to convene to resolve on a course of action, the group creates a Provisional Committee, which urgently asks the Tsar to save himself by sharing power with a Prime Minister, the Tsar refuses
Reballion of Rebels in Petrograd
The Pavlovski Regiment disobey orders to fire on civilians. Demonstrations turn into soldier mutiny. By night Petrograd is in the hands of peasant soldiers
Dual Power
The Duma committee must coexist with the Petrograd Soviet.
Executive Committee
Chairs the Soviet Executive Committee during the revolution.
Bolshevik Party manifesto
Publishes the Bolshevik Party manifesto in Izvestia
Bolshevik Party
Publishes the Bolshevik Party manifesto in Izvestia
Manifesto
Publishes the Bolshevik Party manifesto in Izvestia
the Bolshevik Party manifesto
Publishes the Bolshevik Party manifesto in Izvestia
Demonstrations
Disturbances spread to Moscow
Exile of Nicholas II
Departs for Tsarskoye Selo
February Revolution
The revolutionary masses seize the city of Moscow, the Tsars Minister's are arrested, the Provisional Committee assumes control of the Army, while the Kronstadt sailors mutiny against their officers
Reballion of Rebels in Kronstadt
The revolutionary masses seize the city of Moscow, the Tsars Minister's are arrested, the Provisional Committee assumes control of the Army, while the Kronstadt sailors mutiny against their officers
First Army
With the promotion of General Arz von Straussenberg to the position of Chief of the General Staff, Rohr took charge of the First Army and for the first time served as a commander on the Eastern Front
General
With the promotion of General Arz von Straussenberg to the position of Chief of the General Staff, Rohr took charge of the First Army and for the first time served as a commander on the Eastern Front
Eastern Front
With the promotion of General Arz von Straussenberg to the position of Chief of the General Staff, Rohr took charge of the First Army and for the first time served as a commander on the Eastern Front
First Army
With the promotion of General Arz von Straussenberg to the position of Chief of the General Staff, Rohr took charge of the First Army and for the first time served as a commander on the Eastern Front
General
With the promotion of General Arz von Straussenberg to the position of Chief of the General Staff, Rohr took charge of the First Army and for the first time served as a commander on the Eastern Front
Fleet Initiative Emphasised after Jutland
Beatty promotes greater tactical initiative among senior officers while retaining coordinated fleet control.
Grand Fleet Battle Instructions Revised
Beatty revises tactical instructions to encourage subordinate commanders to exploit fleeting opportunities more aggressively.
Shipping Conservation Programme Ordered
Directs departments to reduce unnecessary use of merchant tonnage and protect essential imports.
Abdication
Supervises the Tsars abdication
Health of Mikhail Vasilevich Alexeiev
Returns to full duties
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Provisional Government
Arrest of Paul Karlovitch Rennenkampf
Arrested during The February Revolution of 1917 and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg
Abdication
Supervises the Tsars abdication during February Revolution
March 1917120 historical events
Chief of Staff
Appointed Austro-Hungarian Chief of Staff
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
February Revolution
The first Joint Plenum of the Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies issues Soviet Order No. 1: all soldiers units will elect Soldiers Committee's & the decree stipulates that soldiers will now accept orders from the Soldiers Soviet
Moscow Soviet
Formation of the Moscow Soviet
Soviet of Workers & Soldiers Deputies
The first Joint Plenum of the Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies issues Soviet Order No. 1: all soldiers units will elect Soldiers Committee's & the decree stipulates that soldiers will now accept orders from the Soldiers Soviet
Demonstrations
General Ivanov is ordered to abort his mission to suppress rebellion in Petrograd
Executive Committee
Becomes influential in the Soviet moderate majority.
Soviet Majority
Socialist Revolutionaries gain influence inside the Soviet movement.
Order Number One
The Soviet issues Order Number One increasing soldiers representation and influence.
Order Number One
The Soviet issues Order Number One to soldiers of the garrison.
Order Number One
Helps draft Order Number One for the Petrograd Soviet.
Order Number One
Sokolov helps prepare the order that defines early Soviet authority.
Demonstrations
General Ivanov is ordered to abort his mission to suppress the rebellion in Petrograd
Duma
Nicholas II orders General Alekseev to form a Duma ministry
Exile of Nicholas II
The Imperial train is diverted to Pskov
February Revolution
The first Joint Plenum of the Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies issues Soviet Order No. 1: all soldiers units will elect Soldiers Committee's & the decree stipulates that soldiers will now accept orders from the Soldiers Soviet
Government
Nicholas II orders General Alekseev to form a Duma ministry
Reballion of to suppress the
General Ivanov is ordered to abort his mission to suppress the rebellion in Petrograd
Dual Power
The Provisional Government shares authority with the Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Command
Is appointed commander of the Petrograd Military District.
Dual Power
His government must share authority with the Petrograd Soviet.
Negotiations
Duma & Soviet representitives reach agreement on the basis of an 8 point program
Constitution of Russia
Duma & Soviet representitives reach agreement on the basis of an 8 point program
Abdication of Nicholas II
Nicholas II signs his abdication, ending his reign as the monarchy collapses during the February Revolution.
Appointment as Foreign Minister
Miliukov becomes foreign minister in the first Provisional Government headed by Prince Lvov.
Formation of Provisional Government
Lvov becomes minister-chairman of the Provisional Government formed after negotiations between Duma leaders and Soviet representatives.
Appointment as War and Navy Minister
Guchkov becomes minister of war and navy in the first Provisional Government.
Government
A Provisional Government is formed
Provisional Government
A Provisional Government is formed
Exile of Joseph Stalin
Stalin, with a group of exiles, leaves Achinsk for Petrograd
Refusal of Russian Crown
Grand Duke Michael declines to accept the crown without approval from a future constituent assembly, ending Romanov rule.
House
The Provisional Government meets Michael & persuades him to reject the crown
Provisional Government
The Provisional Government meets Michael & persuades him to reject the crown
House
The Provisional Government meets Michael & persuades him to reject the crown
Provisional Government
The Provisional Government meets Michael & persuades him to reject the crown
Arrest of Nicholas II
The Soviet supports pressure for the former emperor's arrest.
February Revolution
Petrograd revolutionary authorities press for the former tsar's detention.
House
Michaels renunciation of the throne is made public
Police Department
The Police Department is abolished
Abdication
Issues his abdication manifesto
Abdication
Nicholas abdication manifesto is made public
Manifesto
Nicholas abdication manifesto is made public
Pravda
Pravda resumes printing & Molotov is appointed to the editorial board
Dismissal
The Provisional Government dismisses all governors & their deputies
Provisional Government
The Provisional Government dismisses all governors & their deputies
Pravda
Pravda resumes printing & Molotov is appointed to the editorial board
Irish Conference Proposal Advanced
Suggests a conference of Irish representatives as a route toward wartime political settlement.
Irish Settlement Initiative Presented
Presents proposals intended to reopen negotiations over Irish self-government during the war.
Ulster Exclusion Principle Reaffirmed
States that Home Rule cannot be imposed on areas of Ulster that reject it.
Arrest of Empress
Carries out orders connected with custody of the imperial family.
Arrest of Imperial Family
Carries out orders connected with custody of the imperial family.
Arrest of Nicholas II
Bids farewell to his army officers & departs for Tsarskoye Selo under arrest
Arrest of Nicholas II
Bids farewell to his Army Officers & heads for Tsarskoye Selo
House Arrest of Nicholas II
Nicholas II and his family are placed under guard at the Alexander Palace after the abdication.
Provisional Government
The USA recognizes the Provisional Government
Recognition of the Provisional Government
The USA recognizes the Provisional Government
Baghdad Victory Welcomed
Welcomes the capture of Baghdad as an important success in the Mesopotamian campaign.
Return from Siberia
Returns to Petrograd and works on Pravda.
Return from Siberia
Returns from exile and influences Bolshevik policy in Petrograd.
Petrograd Soviet
Represents Menshevik influence in the Petrograd Soviet.
Exile of Joseph Stalin
Released by the February Revolution from exile in Turukhansk, arrives in Petrograd
Chairman
Factory and military delegates elect Chkheidze chairman of the Soviet.
Chairman
Workers and soldiers choose Chkheidze to lead the Petrograd Soviet.
Vice Chairman
Becomes vice chairman of the Petrograd Soviet.
Election
Is elected vice chairman of the Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet
Is elected vice chairman while joining the revolutionary leadership.
Operations on the Ancre
British operations on the Ancre close as the German withdrawal changes the front line.
Return to Petrograd
Returns from exile and enters Bolshevik work around the Soviet.
Return to Petrograd
Returns from exile and influences Bolshevik Soviet tactics.
Party Organiser
Returns from Siberia and resumes Bolshevik organisation in Petrograd.
Party Organiser
Returns from Siberia and works with Bolsheviks in Petrograd.
German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line
The main German withdrawal toward the Hindenburg Line begins after preparations under Operation Alberich.
Hindenburg Line
The main German retreat to the Hindenburg line begins
Foreign Secretary of Russia
Appointed Foreign Minister
Minister of Justice
Appointed Minister of Justice
Dual Power
Joins the government while retaining links with the Soviet.
Editorial Control
Returns from exile and helps edit the Bolshevik newspaper
Editorial Policy
Helps guide the paper's cautious early revolutionary line
Abdication
Forced to abdicate at his Russian front HQ at Pskov
German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line
British troops occupy St Pierre Vaast Wood during the German withdrawal toward the Hindenburg Line.
Amnesty
Supports amnesty for political prisoners after February.
German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line
British Fifth Army follows the German retreat and occupies Bapaume after German forces abandon the town.
German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line
French forces advance after the German withdrawal and enter Noyon during the pursuit.
Battle of Verdun
German attacks in the Avocourt-Mort Sector are repulsed
German Retreat to the Hindenburg Line
German forces complete the withdrawal from exposed Somme positions to the new defensive line.
Lenins Letters from Afar, are published, though highly
Lenins Letters from Afar, are published, though highly abridged
Declaration of War
Defines Russias war aims
Peace
Holds a secret peace meeting
Nationalization
The Provisional Government introduces state monopoly on the grain trade
Provisional Government
The Provisional Government introduces state monopoly on the grain trade
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief by the Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Commander in Chief by the Provisional Government
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief by the Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Commander in Chief by the Provisional Government
First Gaza Mounted Envelopment
Chauvel's mounted division moves around Gaza during the first Allied attack on the city.
New Zealanders Enter Gaza Outskirts
Chaytor's mounted riflemen reach the outskirts of Gaza during the First Battle of Gaza.
Birth of James Callaghan
Birth of James Callaghan
Death Penalty Abolished
Supports abolition of the death penalty after the revolution.
Exile of Leon Trotsky
Trotsky leaves exile in New York to return to Russia
Commander of Tyrol
Continues as the Commander of the southern Tyrol
Dismissal
Dismised as Field Marshal
Commander of Tyrol
Continues as the Commander of the southern Tyrol
Dismissal
Dismised as Field Marshal
Dismissal
Dismissed by the new Emperor Charles I
Kite Balloon Observation Expanded
The Grand Fleet increases kite-balloon use for spotting and reconnaissance under Beatty's command.
Naval Aircraft Reconnaissance Encouraged
Beatty supports wider use of aircraft to extend the Grand Fleet's scouting and observation capabilities.
Agricultural Expansion Given War Priority
Backs cultivation measures intended to increase grain production and reduce import dependence.
Merchant Shipping Loss Reporting Restricted
Supports limiting publication of detailed shipping losses to deny useful information to Germany.
Russian Provisional Government Welcomed
Supports Allied relations with the new Russian authorities after the fall of the Tsar.
War Credit Requirements Reviewed
Reviews the growing financial requirements of the war with senior ministers.
Oath
Refuses to take the oath of allegiance to the Central Powers
Legal Reform
Backs reforms intended to democratise courts and prisons.
Petrograd Garrison
Tries to restore discipline among revolutionary soldiers.
Petrograd Soviet Policy
Tsereteli supports moderate socialist policies within the Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet
Supports cooperation with the Provisional Government.
Transition from Trudovik Politics
Kerensky's Trudovik parliamentary career gives way to senior revolutionary office as he enters the new political order created after the fall of the monarchy.
Arrest of Nicholas II
March-August, under arrest at Tsarskoye Selo
Exile of Nicholas II
Britain withdraws offer to provide asylum for the Imperial family
Commander of Army
Appointed Comander-in-Chief of the Russian Army
Commander of Army
Appointed Comander-in-Chief of the Russian Army
April 1917140 historical events
Exile of Joseph Stalin
At Byelo-Ostrov Station, Finland Railway, Stalin, Ulyanova and a delegation of Petrograd and Sestroretsk working men and women meet Lenin on his return from exile and accompany him to Petrograd
Return from Switzerland
Lenin arrives at Finland Station after returning from exile and immediately challenges support for the Provisional Government.
Bolshevik Party
Lenin, Zinoviev, and other Bolsheviks arrive in Petrograd from exile in Switzerland, they are met at the train station by a large contigent of jubilent workers, soldiers, and party members
Congress of Soviets
Kerensky wishes to convene the Constituent Assembly to institute more Liberal reforms
Exile of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin
Lenin, Zinoviev, and other Bolsheviks arrive in Petrograd from exile in Switzerland, they are met at the train station by a large contigent of jubilent workers, soldiers, and party members
Exile of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin
At Byelo-Ostrov Station, Finland Railway, Stalin, Ulyanova and a delegation of Petrograd and Sestroretsk working men and women meet Lenin on his return from exile and accompany him to Petrograd
Bolshevik Party
Lenin, Zinoviev, and other Bolsheviks arrive in Petrograd from exile in Switzerland, they are met at the train station by a large contigent of jubilent workers, soldiers, and party members
Exile of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
Lenin, Zinoviev, and other Bolsheviks arrive in Petrograd from exile in Switzerland, they are met at the train station by a large contigent of jubilent workers, soldiers, and party members
Arras Preparatory Bombardment Opened
Haig's armies begin intensive artillery preparation before the planned Arras offensive.
Bolshevik Party
Stalin takes part in the conference of leading members of the Bolshevik Party and in the joint meeting of Bolshevik and Menshevik delegates to the Alln Conference of Soviets where Lenin expounds his April Theses
Congress of Soviets
Stalin takes part in the conference of leading members of the Bolshevik Party and in the joint meeting of Bolshevik and Menshevik delegates to the Alln Conference of Soviets where Lenin expounds his April Theses
Menshevik Party
Stalin takes part in the conference of leading members of the Bolshevik Party and in the joint meeting of Bolshevik and Menshevik delegates to the Alln Conference of Soviets where Lenin expounds his April Theses
April Theses
Calls for all power to pass to the Soviets.
Presentation of April Theses
Lenin presents the April Theses, rejecting support for the Provisional Government and demanding transfer of power to the Soviets.
April Theses
Asserts that Russia is "passing from the first stage of the revolutionwhich, owing to the insufficient class consciousness and organisation of the proletariat, placed power in the hands of the bourgeoisieto its second stage, which must place power in the hands of the proletariat and
April Theses
Calls for a new "revolutionary International, an International against the social-chauvinists and against the Center" which later becomes the Comintern (Third International) formed in 1919.
April Theses
Condemns the Provisional Government as bourgeois and urges "no support" for it, as "the utter falsity of all its promises should be made clear" & condemns World War I as a "predatory imperialist war" and the "revolutionary defensism" of foreign social democrat parties, calling for
April Theses
In Russian the "Aprelskiye Tezisy", the April Theses formed a programme developed by Lenin during the 1917 Russian Revolution in which Lenin calls for Soviet control of the state & When published the theses contributed to the July Days rising and to the subsequent coup
April Theses
Lenin delivers his April Thesis, states that Russia will become a republic of soviets.
April Theses
Lenin succeeded in persuading the Bolsheviks of his arguments as laid out in the April Theses and they provided much of the ideological groundwork that later led to the October Revolution.
April Theses
The April Theses are published in the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda and read by Lenin at two meetings of the All-Russia Conference of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies.
April Theses
of October 1917, bringing the Bolsheviks to power.
April Theses
revolutionary defeatism.
April Theses
the poorest sections of the peasants"
Bolshevik Party
In Russian the "Aprelskiye Tezisy", the April Theses formed a programme developed by Lenin during the 1917 Russian Revolution in which Lenin calls for Soviet control of the state & When published the theses contributed to the July Days rising and to the subsequent coup
Bolshevik Party
Lenin succeeded in persuading the Bolsheviks of his arguments as laid out in the April Theses and they provided much of the ideological groundwork that later led to the October Revolution.
Bolshevik Party
The April Theses are published in the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda and read by Lenin at two meetings of the All-Russia Conference of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies.
Bolshevik Party
of October 1917, bringing the Bolsheviks to power
Comintern
In the April Theses Lenin calls for a new "revolutionary International, an International against the social-chauvinists and against the Center" which later becomes the Comintern (Third International) formed in 1919. Calls for a new "revolutionary International, an International against the social-chauvinists and against the Center" which later becomes the Comintern (Third International) formed in 1919
International, 3rd
In the April Theses Lenin calls for a new "revolutionary International, an International against the social-chauvinists and against the Center" which later becomes the Comintern (Third International) formed in 1919. Calls for a new "revolutionary International, an International against the social-chauvinists and against the Center" which later becomes the Comintern (Third International) formed in 1919
Pravda
The April Theses are published in the Bolshevik newspaper Pravda and read by Lenin at two meetings of the All-Russia Conference of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies
Provisional Government
Condemns the Provisional Government as bourgeois and urges "no support" for it, as "the utter falsity of all its promises should be made clear" & condemns World War I as a "predatory imperialist war" and the "revolutionary defensism" of foreign social democrat parties, calling for revolutionary defeatism
The April Theses
Publication of "The April Theses"
April Theses
Rejects Lenin's demand for Soviet power.
April Theses Discussion
Takes part in Bolshevik discussions after Lenin presents his theses
April Theses
Presents a program rejecting support for the Provisional Government
April Theses Support
Supports Lenin's demand for a new revolutionary course
Pursuit to the Hindenburg Line
Allied troops face the outer defences of the Hindenburg Line after the German withdrawal.
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
The USPD was founded at a conference in Gotha, with Hugo Haase as the party's first chairman
Party Chairman
The USPD was founded at a conference in Gotha, with Hugo Haase as the party's first chairman
United States Entry Welcomed
Welcomes American entry into the war as a major reinforcement of the Allied coalition.
April Policy
Defends cooperation with the Provisional Government.
Declaration of War
Signs the declaration of war against Germany
Declaration of War
Declares war on Germany after approval by the Senate & House of Representatives. Declares war as an "associated power" giving the US independence from France & Britain
Program Publication
Uses the Bolshevik newspaper to press a new revolutionary program
Bolshevik Soviet Line
Supports Bolshevik work inside the Soviet movement.
Bolshevik Soviet Line
Debates Lenin's radical Soviet policy.
April Theses Debate
Moves from cautious support for the Provisional Government toward Lenin's line
April Theses Debate
Challenges Lenin's theses as too radical for immediate Bolshevik policy
Battle of Vimy Ridge
Commands Canadian Corps forces that help capture Vimy Ridge.
Battle of Arras
Commands Canadian Corps during the successful assault on Vimy Ridge.
Battle of Arras
The British begin the Nivelle offensive against the German 6th under von Falkenhausen. A British tactical victory
Nivelle Offensive
The British begin the Nivelle offensive against the German 6th under von Falkenhausen
Battle of Arras
Commands German Sixth Army defending the Arras sector against British and Canadian attacks.
Battle of Arras
Commands British First Army as Canadian Corps attacks and captures Vimy Ridge.
Battle of Arras
Attacks the German 6th Army under von Falkenhausen, wins a tactical victory
Offensive
9-15 April, the British begin the Nivelle Offensive under Generals Horne & Allenby
Sixth Army
Attacks the German 6th Army under von Falkenhausen, wins a tactical victory
Battle of Arras
Launches the Arras offensive to support wider Allied operations on the Western Front.
First Scarpe Offensive Opened
Haig directs the opening First Army attack along the Scarpe during the Arras offensive.
Vimy Ridge Assault Supported
Haig supports the Canadian Corps assault that captures most of Vimy Ridge.
Arras Initial Breakthrough
Third Army achieves an important initial breakthrough during the Battle of Arras.
Arras Offensive Command
Commands Third Army in the Arras offensive.
Battle of Arras
Commands British Third Army in the main assault east of Arras.
Battle of Arras
The British 1st & 3rd Armies attack the German 6th Army, British tactical victory. Leads the 3rd Army into battle, the battle results in a stalemate. 9-15 April, preliminary to the Nivelle offensive
Hindenburg Defences Breached
Third Army breaches German defensive positions associated with the Hindenburg Line.
Hindenburg Line
Breaks through the Hindenburg Line. Breaches the Hindenburg Line
Sixth Army
The British 1st & 3rd Armies attack the German 6th Army, British tactical victory
Third Army
Leads the 3rd Army into battle, the battle results in a stalemate
Capture of Vimy Ridge
Leads the Canadian Corps in capturing Vimy Ridge, 1st day of the Arras Offensive
Offensive
Leads the Canadian Corps in capturing Vimy Ridge, 1st day of the Arras Offensive
First Bullecourt Attack Directed
Holmes's 4th Australian Division attacks the Hindenburg Line at First Bullecourt.
First Bullecourt Failure Reviewed
Haig reviews the failed British-Australian attack against the Hindenburg Line at Bullecourt.
Battle of Marne, 1st
Plans to use 27 French Divisions but his plans are intercepted & the Allies advance 4 miles
Foreign Propaganda Controls Defended
Defends wartime controls intended to prevent hostile material circulating through foreign channels.
July Days
His April Theses help shape slogans later used during the July Days.
Theoretical Physics Institute Proposal
Submits a detailed application to the university science faculty seeking a dedicated institute for theoretical physics with stronger research and laboratory facilities.
Battle of Arras
British Fifth Army advances against villages near the Hindenburg Line during the wider Arras operations.
Milyukov Note Debate
Kerensky opposes interpretations of Milyukov's note that suggest Russia will continue an expansionist war policy.
Miliukov Note
Miliukov assures the Allies that Russia will continue the war and honour its existing international commitments.
Miliukov Note
In the Milyukov note, Milyukov tells allies that the war aims are unchanged
In the Milyukov note, Milyukov tells allies that the war aims are
In the Milyukov note, Milyukov tells allies that the war aims are unchanged
Miliukov Note
In the Milyukov note, Milyukov tells allies that the war aims are unchanged
Second Gaza Mounted Operations Directed
Chauvel directs mounted operations during the unsuccessful Second Battle of Gaza.
April Crisis Demonstrations
Kerensky faces mass demonstrations in Petrograd after publication of Milyukov's war aims statement.
April Crisis Demonstrations
Public demonstrations erupt after Miliukov's war-policy note becomes known, deepening the first major crisis of the Provisional Government.
April Days
Helps calm demonstrations against the government.
April Days
His note promising to honour Allied war commitments sparks street demonstrations
April Days
Presses Bolshevik opposition to the Provisional Government during the crisis
April Days
Faces public anger over the war policy of the Provisional Government
April Days
Opposition to the Foreign Minister Milyukov boils over due to his refusal to renounce annexations
April Days
Opposition to the Foreign Minister Milyukov boils over due to his refusal to renounce annexations
Milyukov Crisis
Kerensky survives the political crisis caused by Milyukov's war aims note and supports a compromise between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet.
Milyukov Crisis
Survives the crisis caused by Milyukov’s war aims note.
Bolshevik Party
1st Bolshevik demonstrations in Petrograd & Moscow
Demonstrations
1st Bolshevik demonstrations in Petrograd & Moscow
April Crisis
His war aims note intensifies Soviet opposition.
April Days
Argues for preserving coalition influence over the revolution.
April Days
Tsereteli works within the Soviet to calm political unrest.
April Days
Helps manage Soviet authority during the April crisis.
April Days
Helps steer Bolshevik responses during the demonstrations
April Days
Works to restrain demonstrations and preserve Soviet influence.
April Days
Appeals for order as demonstrations challenge the government and Soviet leaders
April Days
Appeals for order as demonstrations challenge the government.
April Days
Criticizes revolutionary excesses and warns against disorder after the demonstrations
April Days
Survives the crisis by moving toward a broader coalition government
Second Scarpe Attack Continued
Haig continues Arras operations despite stronger German resistance and mounting casualties.
Bolshevik Party
Lenin and Stalin guide the work of the 7th Alln Conference of the Bolshevik Party
Congress of Soviets
Lenin and Stalin guide the work of the 7th Alln Conference of the Bolshevik Party
Demonstrations
The Provisional Government concedes that it cannot maintain order
Provisional Government
The Provisional Government concedes that it cannot maintain order
Coalition Government Talks
Kerensky supports negotiations to bring socialist representatives into the Provisional Government after the April crisis.
Arleux Operations Supported
Haig supports British and Canadian attacks around Arleux during the later Arras fighting.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks organize the Red Guard
Mobilization
The Bolsheviks organize the Red Guard
Eighth Army Command
Receives command of the Eighth Army on the Southwestern Front.
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
During April the BEF loses 120,070, the heaviest since July 1917
Casualties
During April the BEF loses 120,070, the heaviest since July 1917
Resignation as War Minister
Guchkov resigns as war minister amid military breakdown and the political crisis over continuation of the war.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
Peace Negotiations
Demands immediate peace negotiations
Capture of Vimy Ridge
Captures Vimy Ridge
Grand Fleet Readiness Maintained during U-Boat Crisis
Beatty keeps the battlefleet ready for German surface action while unrestricted submarine warfare intensifies.
Anglo-American War Cooperation Expanded
Promotes closer cooperation with the United States on finance, shipping and military supply.
Arras Offensive Policy Reviewed
Reviews the British offensive at Arras within the wider Allied spring strategy.
Convoy Policy Pressed against U-Boats
Supports stronger convoy protection as submarine losses threaten Britain's supply system.
Imperial War Cabinet Meets
Presides over meetings bringing British and Dominion leaders together for common wartime policy.
Imperial War Conference Opens
Supports wider imperial discussions on war policy and the future constitutional relationship of the Empire.
Nivelle Offensive Prospects Reassessed
Reassesses Allied strategy as the French spring offensive fails to produce the expected breakthrough.
Arras Exploitation Failure
Third Army fails to fully exploit its initial breakthrough at Arras.
Coup
After the Russian monarchy was overthrown during the February Revolution, returns to Russia in a sealed train with Lenin and other revolutionaries opposed to the war
Exile of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
After the Russian monarchy was overthrown during the February Revolution, returns to Russia in a sealed train with Lenin and other revolutionaries opposed to the war
Coup
After the Russian monarchy was overthrown during the February Revolution, returns to Russia in a sealed train with Lenin and other revolutionaries opposed to the war
Exile of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
After the Russian monarchy was overthrown during the February Revolution, returns to Russia in a sealed train with Lenin and other revolutionaries opposed to the war
Commander in Chief
Dimissed by the provisional Government
Provisional Government
Dimissed by the provisional Government
Amherst Internment
Is detained by British authorities in Canada while returning from New York to revolutionary Russia.
Commander in Chief
Dimissed by the provisional Government
Provisional Government
Dimissed by the provisional Government
Transferred to Europe to liaise with the Allied navies
Transferred to Europe to liaise with the Allied navies
May 191768 historical events
Milyukov Resignation
Kerensky remains in government after Milyukov resigns following the April political crisis.
Resignation as Foreign Minister
Miliukov resigns from the Provisional Government after the April crisis destroys support for his foreign-policy position.
Reform of Armed Forces
Reports that the Army is in a state of ruin
Birth of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Birth of John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Brookline, Mass
Sixth Brigade Fights at Second Bullecourt
Gellibrand's 6th Australian Brigade fights during the opening of Second Bullecourt.
Second Bullecourt Assault Continued
Haig continues operations at Bullecourt against heavily fortified Hindenburg Line positions.
Third Scarpe Attack Ordered
Haig orders another Scarpe attack as the Arras offensive approaches its final phase.
Government
Forms a coalition Government, 6 socialists enter the cabinet
Return to Petrograd
Returns to Petrograd after release from British detention and immediately re-enters revolutionary politics.
Government
Forms a coalition Government, 6 socialists enter the cabinet
Minister of Posts & Telegraph
Appointed Minister for Posts & Telegraph in the 1st coalition Government
First Coalition Government
Kerensky helps form the first coalition government including socialist and liberal ministers.
Coalition Government
Becomes war minister in the new coalition.
Appointment as Agriculture Minister
Chernov enters the coalition government as agriculture minister while pressure grows for immediate redistribution of land.
Coalition Government
Supports socialist participation in the government.
First Coalition Government
Lvov forms a coalition government that brings moderate socialist ministers into the cabinet alongside liberals.
Coalition Government
Socialist leaders enter government with Soviet approval.
Provisional Government
Appointed Prime Minister of the Provisional Government
Dual Power
Leads the Provisional Government under pressure from the Petrograd Soviet.
Aircraft Recovery
Joins a party recovering a crashed British aircraft near Wadi Hamdh.
Aqaba Expedition
Leaves Wejh with Arab forces for the inland expedition against Aqaba.
Chairman
Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda
Menshevik Party
Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda
Pravda
Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda
Chairman
Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda
Menshevik Party
Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda
Pravda
Offers the "internationalist" Mensheviks a place on the editorial board of Pravda
First Liberty Loan
McAdoo launches a national bond campaign to finance United States participation in the war.
Peace
Offers an immediate peace to Russia
Arras Offensive Ended
Haig ends the Arras offensive after tactical gains but no strategic breakthrough.
Resignation of Paul Miliukov
Resigns as Foreign Minister
Peace
Writes a 2nd letter of peace
Peace
Declares Russia that it will not agree a separate peace with the Central Powers
Minister of War
Becomes Minister of War and Navy in the coalition government.
Kerensky Offensive
Becomes Minister of War and Navy before pressing for a renewed offensive.
Appointment as Supreme Commander
Brusilov becomes supreme commander of the Russian army as the Provisional Government prepares a new offensive.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief by the provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Commander in Chief by the provisional Government
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief by the provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Commander in Chief by the provisional Government
Dismissal
Dismissed as Commander in Chief because of opposition to the Kerenski Offensive
Offensive
Dismissed as Commander in Chief because of opposition to the Kerenski Offensive
Kerensky Offensive
Becomes commander in chief and prepares the army for the summer attack.
Birth of Nakasone
Birth of Nakasone
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief of the General Staff
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief of the General Staff
Regimental Adjutant Appointment
Jodl serves as a regimental adjutant after his period of battery command.
Eton College
Wins a scholarship place at Eton College.
Bullecourt Operations Coordinated
Birdwood's I ANZAC Corps coordinates Australian attacks during the prolonged fighting at Bullecourt.
North Sea Blockade Cover Maintained
The Grand Fleet continues providing strategic cover for Britain's blockade and northern patrol system.
Henderson Mission to Russia Supported
Sends Arthur Henderson to Russia to assess political conditions and Allied cooperation.
Irish Convention Plan Announced
Proposes a representative convention to seek an agreed settlement of the Irish constitutional question.
Merchant Convoy System Adopted
Backs the adoption of escorted convoys for merchant ships facing the U-boat campaign.
Petain Appointment Welcomed
Supports continued Allied cooperation after Philippe Petain replaces Nivelle in French command.
Shipping Loss Emergency Measures Expanded
Orders further measures to conserve tonnage while the convoy system begins reducing losses.
War Cabinet Reviews French Army Crisis
Monitors the French Army crisis after failed offensives and widespread indiscipline.
Battle of Carso, 3rd
Drives the Austrians from their trench lines from Kostanjevica to the Adriatic
Army Morale Tour
Tours the front to rally soldiers behind the offensive.
Bolshevik Party
Returns to Moscow via Japan & Siberia
Exile of Nikolai Bukharin
Returns to Moscow via Japan & Siberia
All Power to the Soviets
Bolsheviks use Soviet meetings to press their slogan.
Military Organisation
Works with soldiers linked to the Soviet and Bolsheviks.
Menshevik Party
Milyukov resigns, members of the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries join the Government
Resignation of Paul Miliukov
Milyukov resigns, members of the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries join the Government
Menshevik Party
Milyukov resigns, members of the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries join the Government
Resignation of Paul Miliukov
Milyukov resigns, members of the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries join the Government
April Days
Milyukov resigns, members of the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries join the Government
Menshevik Party
Milyukov resigns, members of the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries join the Government
June 191779 historical events
Flanders Reserves Shifted toward Ypres
Rupprecht moves additional divisions toward Flanders as German commanders anticipate a major British offensive.
German Reinforcements Transferred to Flanders
Transfers 10 Divisions from the Lens-Lille sector to Flanders
Battle of Carso, 3rd
The Austrians counter-attack but make only small gains
Kerensky Offensive
Commands the Eleventh Army in the opening sector of the offensive.
Kerensky Offensive
Commands the Seventh Army supporting the Russian attack in Galicia.
Kerensky Offensive
Commands the Southwestern Front selected to launch the main offensive.
Messines
Decides to distract the Germans from rebellion amongst French soldiers around Reims
Offensive
Orders an Allied offensive to distract the Germans from French mutinies
Arrest of Nicholas II
Arrested at Tiflis on a plotting charge
Siege of Baghdad
Reports that an offensive against Baghdad is feasible
Railway Sabotage
Conducts reconnaissance and sabotage work on the Damascus-Aleppo railway near Baalbek.
First Congress of Soviets
Chkheidze opens the first national congress of Soviet representatives.
Moderate Soviet Leadership
Chkheidze represents moderate socialist leadership during the early development of the Soviet.
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Opens the First All-Russian Congress of Soviets as a leading moderate.
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Presides as the first national Soviet congress opens.
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Presides over Soviet politics as the first national congress opens.
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Argues that the Soviets should support a coalition with the Provisional Government
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Supports moderate socialist policy at the First Congress of Soviets
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Represents Socialist Revolutionary influence at the First Congress of Soviets
Congress of Soviets
Stalin attends the sittings of the First Alln Congress of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies
Congress of Soviets
1st Alln Congress of Soviets opens
Constitution of Russia
The First All Congress of Workers and Soldiers Soviets opens
Reballion of Rebels in Villiers-Cotter
About 1,500 mutineers march on Villiers-Cotterelts to try & reach Paris
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Claims Bolsheviks are ready to take power.
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Defends coalition policy before Soviet delegates.
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Challenges moderate Soviet leaders by declaring that Bolsheviks are ready to take power
Commander of U-Boats
Appointed Commander of the U-Boats
Commander of U-Boats
Appointed Commander of the U-Boats
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Opposes moderate Soviet support for coalition government.
Congress of Soviets, 1st
Argues for socialist participation in coalition government during the congress
Reform of War Policy
Draft registration day for nearly 10 million men aged 21-31
Agricultural Labour
The Government appeals to farmers to use more women workers
Bolshevik Party
The Bolshevik led Kronstadt revolt is put down by the Provisional Government
Provisional Government
The Bolshevik led Kronstadt revolt is put down by the Provisional Government
Reballion of Kronstadt
The Bolshevik led Kronstadt revolt is put down by the Provisional Government
Oosttaverne Line Reinforced
Holmes's 4th Australian Division reinforces the final objective beyond Messines Ridge.
Third Australian Division Attacks at Messines
Monash's 3rd Australian Division advances on the southern part of the Messines battlefield.
Battle of Messines
German troops lose Messines Ridge near Ypres.
German Messines Defences Forced Back
German forces under Rupprecht's army group lose key positions on Messines Ridge after the British assault.
Messines Corps Assault Directed
Godley directs II ANZAC Corps during the successful attack on Messines Ridge.
Messines Ridge Assault Launched
Plumer's Second Army attacks after huge mines explode beneath German positions on Messines Ridge.
Messines Ridge Assault Opened
Haig opens the Messines operation after extensive mining and artillery preparation.
Messines Victory Welcomed
Welcomes the successful British attack at Messines as a major tactical achievement.
Battle of Messines
Plumer captures Messines Ridge south of Ypres.
Messines Village Captured
Russell's New Zealand Division captures Messines village and its assigned ridge objectives.
Messines Success Exploited
Haig orders consolidation and exploitation after British Empire forces capture Messines Ridge.
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Commander of the BEF 3rd Army
Commander of 3rd Army
Appointed Commander of the BEF 3rd Army
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Appointed Commander of the BEF 3rd Army
Commander of 3rd Army
Appointed Commander of the BEF 3rd Army
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks hold back from a coup
Coup
The Bolsheviks hold back from a coup
Kerensky Offensive
Works on operational planning at Stavka before the offensive begins.
Major Redmond Tribute Delivered
Pays tribute in Parliament to Major William Redmond after his death during the Messines fighting.
Accession of King Alexander
Alexander succeeds his father as king during the National Schism.
Abdication of Constantine I
Allied pressure forces Constantine to leave the throne and depart Greece.
Abdication
Abdicates in favour of his younger son Alexander
Visit to Paris
Arrives in Paris to discuss Americas involvement in the war
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, EEF
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
Assumes command of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, EEF
June Demonstration
Speaks for a more radical Soviet policy.
June Demonstration
Bolshevik slogans dominate the mass demonstration.
June Demonstration
Faces rising radical pressure in the Soviet streets.
Offensive
An offensive is launched by Russia against Austria Hungary
Central Executive Committee
The First Alln Congress of Soviets elects Stalin a member of the Central Executive Committee
Congress of Soviets
The First Alln Congress of Soviets elects Stalin a member of the Central Executive Committee
Kerensky Offensive
Warns that army discipline has weakened before the planned attack.
Kerensky Offensive
Tours the front to rally soldiers for the coming offensive.
Return to National Government
Venizelos returns to Athens and forms a national government.
Greece Enters First World War
The reunited government formally joins the Allied war effort.
Kerensky Offensive
Approves the final timetable for the renewed Russian attack.
Battle of Tarnopol
Prepares the German artillery for the attack on Tarnopol
Desert March
Crosses difficult desert country with Arab forces during the approach to Aqaba.
Messines Preparations Completed
Plumer completes detailed artillery, mining and infantry preparations for the assault on Messines Ridge.
Bread Consumption Reduction Promoted
Backs measures intended to reduce wheat consumption and conserve imported grain.
Food Conservation Campaign Intensified
Supports stronger public economy in food consumption as shipping shortages continue.
EEF Command Appointment
Takes command of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in June 1917.
Third Army Replacement
Is replaced in command of Third Army before transferring to the Middle East.
July 1917250 historical events
Regional President of Upper Bavaria
Is appointed Regierungspräsident, or regional president, of Upper Bavaria.
July Days
Defends the military offensive that helps provoke unrest in Petrograd.
July Days
Criticises the Provisional Government as war weariness intensifies.
Kerensky Offensive
The failed offensive undermines Soviet confidence in the government.
Arrest of Leading Bolsheviks
Orders the arrest of leading Bolsheviks
Bolshevik Party
Orders the arrest of leading Bolsheviks
Brusilov Offensive
The Russians defeat the Austrians but the Germans again come to their rescue
Kerensky Offensive
Addresses troops as the artillery preparation begins.
Kerensky Offensive
Launches the Russian summer offensive against the Central Powers.
Kerensky Offensive
Leads the Eighth Army during the Russian summer offensive.
Kerensky Offensive
His army attacks Austro-German positions near Zborov.
Kerensky Offensive
Supports the offensive with attacks near Brzezany.
Kerensky Offensive
Orders the Southwestern Front to begin the main attack.
Kerensky Offensive
Faces Russian attacks against Austro-Hungarian positions in Galicia.
Kerensky Offensive
Commands Austro-Hungarian forces resisting the Russian offensive.
Kerensky Offensive
Commands German forces opposing the Russian attack near Zborov.
Battle of Aba el Lissan
Takes part in the action at Aba el Lissan before the advance on Aqaba.
July Days
Works with Lenin and Kamenev as Bolsheviks debate tactics.
July Days
Supports caution as unrest grows among soldiers and workers.
July Days
Faces a coalition crisis before the July Days demonstrations begin.
July Days
Warns radicals that an isolated uprising would be dangerous.
Kerensky Offensive
Presents the initial advance as proof that revolutionary Russia can fight.
Kerensky Offensive
Receives early reports of Russian advances in Galicia.
July Days
Encourages soldiers and workers to take immediate action.
July Days
Encourages radical workers and soldiers demanding Soviet power.
July Days
Helps manage Bolshevik press and party activity during the crisis.
July Days
Supports party organisation as the demonstrations develop.
July Days
Speaks to radical crowds during the unrest.
July Days
Works with military activists as unrest spreads among soldiers.
July Days
Helps direct the Bolshevik Military Organisation before the demonstrations.
July Days
The Military Organisation helps mobilise armed demonstrators.
July Days
Supports Bolshevik agitation as unrest spreads beyond Petrograd.
July Days
Works in the Military Organisation as soldiers press for action.
Provisional Government
The July Days refer to events that take place in Petrograd, Russia, between 3 July and 7 July (Julian calendar) (16 July 20 July, Gregorian calendar), when soldiers and industrial workers engage in spontaneous demonstrations against the Russian Provisional Government
Arrest of Leon Trotsky
Workers and soldiers in Petrograd demand the Soviet takes power, sporadic fighting results and the Soviet restores order with troops brought back from the front, Trotsky is arrested & Lenin goes into hiding
July Days
Helps mobilise Kronstadt sailors for the Petrograd demonstrations.
July Days
Agitates among sailors preparing to move on Petrograd.
July Days
Chkheidze attempts to prevent the Soviet from supporting armed revolt.
July Days
Is targeted by angry demonstrators demanding Soviet power.
July Days
Refuses to let the Soviet endorse premature insurrection.
July Days
Seeks to keep the Petrograd Soviet from endorsing armed revolt.
July Days
Argues that the Soviet should resist pressure to seize power.
July Days
Supports efforts to restore military order during the crisis.
July Days
Commands loyal troops used against the demonstrations.
July Days
Seeks loyal troops to restore order in Petrograd.
July Days
Struggles to maintain authority as the coalition government weakens.
July Days
Addresses crowds demanding that the Soviet take power.
July Days
Supports attempts to prevent an uncontrolled armed uprising.
July Days
Works to keep party communications functioning during the unrest.
July Days
Protects Chernov from hostile sailors during the crisis.
July Days
Calls for restraint inside the Bolshevik leadership.
July Days
Tries to assess whether the movement is premature.
July Days
Helps maintain party discipline during the street actions.
July Days
Speaks to workers and soldiers during the crisis.
July Days
Helps coordinate demonstrators moving through Petrograd.
July Days
Maintains contact with armed soldier units.
July Days
Leads Kronstadt sailors into Petrograd.
July Days
Acts among the radical sailors during the demonstrations.
July Days
Supports bringing loyal troops to restore order.
July Days
Intervenes to protect Chernov from enraged demonstrators.
July Days
Urges demonstrators not to provoke isolated confrontation.
July Days
Is rescued from hostile sailors by Trotsky.
July Days
Is confronted by angry demonstrators at the Tauride Palace.
July Days
Presides as the Soviet refuses to take power.
July Days
Supports bringing loyal troops into the capital.
July Days
Supports the government response against Bolshevik influence.
July Days
Supports repression after loyal troops regain the streets.
July Days
Works within the Provisional Government during the crisis.
July Days
The crisis weakens his government and accelerates his resignation.
July Days
Faces accusations that Bolsheviks are serving German interests.
July Days
The failed demonstrations force Bolshevik leaders onto the defensive.
July Days
Comes under pressure as the Military Organisation is blamed for the unrest.
July Days
Faces government accusations against Bolshevik military activists.
July Days
Kadet pressure contributes to the government crisis around the July Days.
July Days
Kronstadt sailors are blamed for armed pressure on the Soviet.
July Days
Defends the movement while opposing reckless confrontation.
July Days
Supports the Soviet line against armed demonstrations.
July Days
Backs restoration of order under Soviet authority.
July Days
Supports punitive measures against armed demonstrators.
Capture of Aqaba
Helps Arab forces capture Aqaba after an overland desert approach.
Irish Convention Terms Defended
Defends the proposed Irish Convention as a means of seeking agreement without imposing a settlement.
July Days
Uses the crisis to strengthen his political authority.
July Days
Goes into hiding with Lenin after government pressure increases.
July Days
Helps arrange Lenin's movement to safety.
July Days
Is exposed to arrest as the government moves against Bolsheviks.
July Days
Avoids arrest as attacks on Bolshevik offices intensify.
July Days
Works to preserve the party organisation after the crackdown.
July Days
Is among Bolshevik figures threatened by repression.
July Days
Remains in Petrograd as arrests of Bolsheviks begin.
Kerensky Offensive
The offensive stalls as discipline collapses in the Russian army.
Kerensky Offensive
Reports that discipline problems are slowing the advance.
July Days
Resigns as the government crisis reaches its peak.
Resignation of Prince Lvov
Lvov resigns as minister-chairman after disputes over land reform and the continuing political crisis.
Kerensky Offensive
Urges units to continue the attack despite falling morale.
July Days
Takes over as head of the Provisional Government.
July Days Aftermath
Uses the crisis to strengthen government authority.
Kerensky Offensive
Sees the offensive weaken as soldiers refuse renewed attacks.
Kerensky Offensive
Attempts to hold gains as Russian units begin to disintegrate.
Kerensky Offensive
Receives reports that the Russian attack is beginning to falter.
Peace
The Kaiser rejects Bethmanns peace policy
July Days
Hides with Lenin near Razliv after the crackdown.
July Days
Helps decide that Lenin should not surrender to the authorities.
July Days
Faces arrest as government repression continues.
July Days
Hides near Razliv after the government issues arrest orders.
July Days
Condemns slanders against Lenin and the Bolsheviks.
Capture of Kalusz
His troops capture Kalusz before the offensive collapses.
Kerensky Offensive
Oversees German strategic support for the counterattack.
Kerensky Offensive
Assesses Russian collapse and supports plans for a counterblow.
Kerensky Offensive
Organises support for the Central Powers counteroffensive in Galicia.
Report to Allenby
Travels to Cairo after Aqaba and reports the success to British command.
Reballion of to support Arab
Grants Lawrence a 200,000 pound monthly subsidy to support Arab rebellion against the Turks
July Days
Continues in office under Kerensky during the post-July settlement.
July Days
Supports Kerensky's reorganised government after the crisis.
July Days
Forms a strengthened government after the July Days.
July Days
Continues supporting the coalition against Bolshevik pressure.
July Days
Presides over a Soviet shaken by the armed demonstrations.
July Days
Defends the Soviet majority's support for the government.
Army Discipline
Demands stronger discipline as Russian units begin to disintegrate.
Kerensky Offensive
Works with German commanders as the counteroffensive is prepared.
Kerensky Offensive
Coordinates forces preparing to exploit Russian weakness.
Provisional Government
Helps found a provisional Government
July Days
Faces rising opposition as defeat and disorder damage the government.
July Days
Faces rising opposition as the government crisis deepens before the July Days.
July Days
Faces political danger as the Bolshevik press is suppressed.
July Days
Escapes Petrograd with Lenin after the crackdown.
July Days
Prepares to flee toward Finland while avoiding arrest.
July Days
Helps rebuild party communications after arrests and raids.
Exile of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin
Travels to Finland for a rest
July Days
Comes under suspicion for the role of Kronstadt sailors.
July Days
Faces repression after the sailors' role in the demonstrations.
July Days
Oversees military measures against radical organisations.
July Days
Presents the Bolshevik movement as a threat to revolutionary order.
July Days
Is arrested as part of the post-July repression.
July Days
Is arrested after the government moves against Bolshevik leaders.
July Days
Challenges the accusation that Bolshevik leaders are German agents.
Kerensky Offensive
Faces political unrest as the offensive fails to deliver victory.
Kerensky Offensive
Observes that revolutionary discipline cannot sustain offensive operations.
Resignation of Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
The passage of the Peace Resolution by an alliance of the Social Democratic, Progressive, and Center parties, forces his resignation and replacement by the political nonentity Georg Michaelis
July Days
Stays hidden after the failure of the demonstrations.
July Days
Takes part in efforts to keep the Bolshevik organisation intact.
July Days
Remains underground as the Bolshevik Party retreats tactically.
July Days
Helps stabilise party structures during the reaction.
July Days
Supports continued coalition rule after the street crisis.
July Days
Argues that Bolshevik influence must be checked.
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Germany as well as Minister President of Prussia
July Days
Promotes accusations of German money behind the Bolsheviks.
July Days
Moves to consolidate authority after Lvov's resignation.
July Days
Left Socialist Revolutionaries watch the crisis reshape revolutionary politics.
July Days
The Military Organisation is forced onto the defensive after the crackdown.
July Days
Bolshevik military networks are disrupted by government pressure.
July Days
Kronstadt radicalism is blamed for the armed character of the protests.
July Days
Sailor activists face intensified scrutiny after the demonstrations.
Independence of Finland
Finland declares independence from Russia
Independence of Russia
Finland declares independence from Russia
July Days
Is increasingly targeted by the authorities after defending Lenin.
Kerensky Offensive
Recognises that the operation has failed to restore army cohesion.
July Days
Uses the aftermath to form a stronger coalition government.
July Days
Machine-gunners and radical activists prepare demonstrations demanding Soviet power.
All Power to the Soviets
The machine gunners appeal met with a favorable response from the soldiers of the Moscow, Pavlovsky, Grenadiers, and 1st Reserve regiments who march to demonstrate under the slogan All Power to the Soviets
Menshevik Party
The Kadets walk out of the Russian Provisional Government, threatening the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) with the breakup of the Government coalition and a Government crisis results
Provisional Government
The Kadets walk out of the Russian Provisional Government, threatening the Mensheviks and the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) with the breakup of the Government coalition and a Government crisis results
July Days
Demonstrations begin among soldiers of the First Machine-Gun Regiment.
July Days
The July Days begin as soldiers and workers protest against the Provisional Government.
July Days
Workers and soldiers demand Soviet power as disorder spreads through Petrograd.
July Days
Workers and soldiers demand Soviet power as Trotsky supports restraint.
War Cabinet
Appointed Member of War Cabinet, without portfolio
Minister Without Portfolio
Appointed Minister without Portfolio
House of Windsor
A royal proclamation by George V provides that all agnatic descendants of Queen Victoria would be members of the House of Windsor with the personal surname of Windsor
Bolshevik Party
Kerensky orders the arrest of Lenin and the other leading Bolsheviks, accusing them of inciting revolt with German financial backing
July Days
Orders action against leading Bolsheviks after accusing them of inciting revolt.
Lenin Arrest Order
Orders Lenin and other Bolsheviks arrested after the July Days.
July Days
Anti-government demonstrations also spread beyond Petrograd to Moscow and other cities.
July Days
Bolsheviks try to give the mass movement a more organised and peaceful direction.
July Days
Government troops fire on demonstrators and the Soviet supports punitive measures.
July Days
The Bolshevik Military Organisation helps organise the armed demonstration.
July Days
The Central Committee tries to restrain the developing street movement.
July Days
Workers and soldiers march under the slogan All Power to the Soviets.
All Power to the Soviets
The Bolsheviks decide to provide leadership to the movement in order to give it an organized and peaceful character so.
All Power to the Soviets
The demands which the workers and soldiers take to the streets with in the July Days are influenced by the Bolshevik Party All Power to the Soviets.
All Power to the Soviets
during the afternoon of 17 July a peaceful demonstration of 500,000 workers, soldiers, and sailors under the slogan All Power to the Soviets is held.
Bolshevik Military Organisation
The demonstration is organized by the Bolshevik Military Organisation without initial authorization from the Central Committee after pressure from rank and file soldiers
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks decide to provide leadership to the movement in order to give it an organized and peaceful character so during the afternoon of 17 July a peaceful demonstration of 500,000 workers soldiers
Bolshevik Party
The demands which the workers and soldiers take to the streets with in the July Days are influenced by the Bolshevik Party All Power to the Soviets.
Bolshevik Party
The demonstration is organized by the Bolshevik Military Organisation without initial authorization from the Central Committee after pressure from rank and file soldiers.
Bolshevik Party
and sailors under the slogan All Power to the Soviets is held
Menshevik Party
The military authorities send troops against the demonstration, leaving more than 700 people killed and wounded & the SRs and Mensheviks support punitive measures against the July Days insurgents. The Mensheviks oppose the demonstrations during the July Days
Bolshevik Military Organisation
Both Trotsky and Zinoviev argued that the street protests remain peaceful so the Bolshevik Military Organisation organize the demonstration.
Bolshevik Military Organisation
Coming out in support of the street demonstrations.
Bolshevik Military Organisation
Mobilizing reinforcements from the front lines and dispatching armored cars to capture key posts including bridges and the Peter and Paul Fortress.
Bolshevik Military Organisation
Under the pressure of what seemed like a developing mass demonstration of workers and soldiers in the streets, the leadership of the Bolshevik Military Organisation, the Petersburg Committee and later on the Central Committee, reversed their decision.
Bolshevik Party
Both Trotsky and Zinoviev argued that the street protests remain peaceful so the Bolshevik Military Organisation organize the demonstration.
Bolshevik Party
Coming out in support of the street demonstrations.
Bolshevik Party
Mobilizing reinforcements from the front lines and dispatching armored cars to capture key posts including bridges and the Peter and Paul Fortress.
Bolshevik Party
Under the pressure of what seemed like a developing mass demonstration of workers and soldiers in the streets, the leadership of the Bolshevik Military Organisation, the Petersburg Committee and later on the Central Committee, reversed their decision.
Petersburg Committee
Under the pressure of what seemed like a developing mass demonstration of workers and soldiers in the streets, the leadership of the Bolshevik Military Organisation, the Petersburg Committee and later on the Central Committee, reversed their decision, coming out in support of the street demonstrations
Provisional Government
A new provisional Government is set up with Kerensky at its head
July Days
Bolshevik leaders reverse course and support the mass demonstrations.
July Days
Trotsky argues that street protests should remain peaceful and disciplined.
July Days
Trotsky supports Central Committee efforts to restrain the movement.
Minister of Munitions
Appointed Minister of Munitions but is not appointed as a member of the War Cabinet
Minister of Reconstruction
Appointed Minister of Reconstruction
Appointment as Supreme Commander
Kornilov becomes supreme commander and presses for stronger measures to restore discipline in the armed forces.
Kerensky Offensive
Austro-Hungarian forces join the counterattack toward Tarnopol.
Kerensky Offensive
German forces launch the counteroffensive that breaks the Russian line.
Resignation of Edward Carson
Resigns as First Lord of the Admiralty
Supreme Commander
Receives growing support from officers after becoming army leader.
July Days
An arrest order forces Lenin underground after Bolshevik offices are attacked.
Bolshevik Party
The offices and printing plant of Pravda and the headquarters of the Bolshevik Central Committee are destroyed
Pravda
The offices and printing plant of Pravda and the headquarters of the Bolshevik Central Committee are destroyed
Provisional Government
The Provisional Government issues an order for the arrest of Lenin, who is forced to go underground
Kornilov Appointment
Appoints Kornilov commander in chief despite Soviet unease.
Prime Minister of Russia
Appointed Prime Minister of Russia
July Days Repression
Uses the July Days aftermath to move against Bolshevik leaders.
July Days
Becomes head of a reorganised Provisional Government after the crisis.
Prime Minister of Russia
Becomes head of the Provisional Government after Lvov resigns.
Kerensky Offensive
The failed offensive helps clear his path to become prime minister.
Birth of Adam Malik
Birth of Adam Malik
Arrest after July Days
Is arrested after defending the Bolsheviks.
Coalition Government
Forms a new coalition government after the July crisis.
Post-July Soviet
Moderate Soviet leaders briefly recover authority.
Bolshevik Party
Stalin and Sverdlov direct the 6th Congress of the Bolshevik Party
Congress of Bolsheviks, 6th
Stalin and Sverdlov direct the 6th Congress of the Bolshevik Party
Congress of RSDLP 6th
Sixth Congress of the RSDLP occurs, representing 240,000 party members, since Lenin is in hiding, Stalin delivers the report on the work of the Central Committee, the Congress resolves that a peaceful revolution has become impossible
War Industries Board
Baruch leads federal coordination of industrial priorities, materials and production during wartime.
Reform of Munitions Ministry
Reforms the Ministry of Munitions
Election
Returns to Parliament after winning the Dundee election
Arrest of Josef Klemens Pilsudski
Arrested after refusing to swear an oath of allegience to the Central Powers
Battle of Pilckem Ridge
French forces attack on the left of Ypres.
Battle of Ypres, 3rd
Armin defends German positions around Ypres.
Fifth Army Opens Pilckem Ridge Attack
Gough's Fifth Army opens the Third Ypres offensive with the attack on Pilckem Ridge.
Pilckem Ridge Assault Opened
Haig launches the opening phase of the Third Battle of Ypres against Pilckem Ridge.
Battle of Ypres, 3rd
Haig launches the Third Battle of Ypres.
Battle of Pilckem Ridge
Gough commands the opening attack at Ypres.
Commander in Chief
Replaces Brusilov as commander in chief of the Russian army.
Arrest of Nicholas II
Taken with his family to Tobolsk
Constitution of Germany
Ludendorff becomes the dominant figure in the 3rd Supreme Command and after the resignation of Theobald Bethmann Hollweg takes political, military and economic control of Germany
Third Supreme Command
Ludendorff becomes the dominant figure in the 3rd Supreme Command and after the resignation of Theobald Bethmann Hollweg takes political, military and economic control of Germany
Peace
Introduces the Peace Resolution to the Reichstag which is passed. Carries a resolution favoring peace free from annexations
Resolution-Peace
Introduces the Peace Resolution to the Reichstag which is passed
Vote-Peace
Carries a resolution favoring peace free from annexations
Third Supreme Command
Ludendorff becomes the dominant figure in the 3rd Supreme Command and after the resignation of Theobald Bethmann Hollweg takes political, military and economic control of Germany
Election
Wins the election with a vote of 7,302. Must be elected to Parliament because of his Cabinet appointment
Aqaba Base
Uses Aqaba as a supply and operating base for further Arab Revolt operations.
Flanders Offensive Final Planning Approved
Haig approves final preparations for the major offensive east of Ypres.
Third Ypres Offensive Authorised
Haig authorises the main Flanders offensive intended to break through east of Ypres.
National Expenditure Scrutiny Expanded
Supports closer examination of wartime spending as government expenditure continues to rise.
Shipping Position Reviewed after Convoys
Reviews merchant losses as the expanding convoy system begins improving protection.
Third Ypres Strategy Reviewed
Examines the strategic case for the Flanders offensive proposed by the military command.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for East Clare
Exile of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
Forced into exile to Finland during the July Days
August 191797 historical events
Death Penalty Debate
Calls for harsh measures to restore discipline at the front.
Military Reform Demands
Presses Kerensky for authority to rebuild army discipline.
Bolshevik Party
Stalin is elected to the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks
Central Committee
Stalin is elected to the Central Committee of the Bolsheviks
Rabochy i Soldat
At a plenary meeting of the Party Central Committee Stalin is appointed editor of Rabochy i Soldat
Front Inspection
Inspects army units and demands stricter discipline.
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Foreign Minister
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State
Battle of Marasesti
Leads Romanian resistance at Marasesti.
Order Restoration Plan
Develops plans for stronger executive and military authority.
Constituent Assembly Election
Schedules elections to the Constituent Assembly for November.
Constituent Assembly
The Provisional Government schedules Constituent Assembly elections for 12 Nov
Constitution of Russia
The Provisional Government schedules Constituent Assembly elections for 12 Nov
Election
The Provisional Government schedules Constituent Assembly elections for 12 Nov
Provisional Government
The Provisional Government schedules Constituent Assembly elections for 12 Nov
Food Administration
Hoover directs voluntary conservation and federal controls over wartime food distribution.
Henderson Resignation Accepted
Accepts Arthur Henderson's resignation after disagreement over participation in the Stockholm socialist conference.
Moscow State Conference
Addresses the Moscow State Conference seeking national unity.
Moscow State Conference
Receives conservative support during the Moscow State Conference.
Moscow Speech
Warns that military collapse threatens revolutionary Russia.
Officer Support
Receives applause from conservative officers and public figures.
Army Order
Issues orders aimed at restoring obedience in the army.
President of Bolivia
Gutierrez Guerra begins the final presidency of the Liberal Party era.
Munitions of War Bill
Presents the Munitions of War Bill to Parliament to reform munitions production
Petrograd Fears
Socialists fear his programme could threaten revolutionary gains.
Langemarck Offensive Continued
Gough continues the offensive around Langemarck despite difficult ground and stronger German resistance.
Langemarck Operations Continued
Haig continues the Ypres offensive as British forces attack around Langemarck in difficult conditions.
Battle of Langemarck
Maxse commands XVIII Corps near Ypres.
Petrograd Security Plan
Discusses moving reliable troops toward Petrograd.
RAF
Recommends the Royal Flying Corps & Royal Naval Air Service join under an Air Ministry. Reccomends the creation of an RAF capable of a German bombing offensive
Council of Munitions
Announces plans to create a streamlined department composed of a council of 11 members
Negotiations with Kerensky
Relations with Kerensky deteriorate over power and military authority.
Krymov Mission
Uses Krymov cavalry corps in plans involving Petrograd.
Savinkov Negotiations
Negotiates with Savinkov over restoring authority in the capital.
Lvov Mission
Receives Vladimir Lvov as tensions with Kerensky grow.
Petrograd Troop Movement
Orders troops toward Petrograd as the crisis escalates.
Savage Division Movement
The Caucasian Native Cavalry Division is drawn into Petrograd plans.
Kornilov Affair
Receives conflicting reports about Kornilov's intentions as relations between the government and army headquarters deteriorate.
Kornilov Affair
Insists that military authority must be strengthened to save Russia.
Kornilov Affair
Insists that stronger military authority is required to restore discipline and prevent further collapse of the Russian army.
Kornilov Affair
Presses demands for stronger government and military measures as tensions with Kerensky reach a critical stage.
Kornilov Affair
Bolsheviks support resistance to Kornilov while continuing to oppose the political programme of Kerensky's government.
Kornilov Affair
His advance alarms the Petrograd Soviet and the government.
Kornilov Affair
Appeals for support against Kornilov's move on Petrograd.
Kornilov Affair
Appeals to the Petrograd Soviet and revolutionary organisations for support against Kornilov's movement toward the capital.
Kornilov Affair
Dismisses Kornilov after concluding that the commander in chief is challenging the authority of the Provisional Government.
Advance toward Petrograd
Kornilov refuses Kerensky's dismissal and continues military movements that the government denounces as rebellion.
Kornilov Affair
Appeals to officers and soldiers after Kerensky publicly denounces his actions as a challenge to the government.
Kornilov Affair
Rejects Kerensky dismissal and calls for resistance to disorder.
Kornilov Affair
Rejects Kerensky's dismissal and presents his actions as necessary to defend Russia from disorder and military disintegration.
Kornilov Affair
Bolshevik organisers gain greater freedom to mobilise workers and soldiers for the defence of Petrograd.
Kornilov Affair
Bolsheviks gain influence by helping resist Kornilov.
Kornilov Affair
The party presents Kornilov's action as evidence that counter-revolutionary forces threaten the gains of February.
Kornilov Affair
Allows revolutionary groups greater freedom to organise resistance as the threat from Kornilov appears to increase.
Kornilov Affair
Authorises defensive measures around Petrograd while political organisations mobilise workers and soldiers against Kornilov.
Kornilov Affair
Appeals to the army after Kerensky denounces him.
Kornilov Affair
Attempts to rally military support while troops associated with his movement continue toward the Petrograd region.
Kornilov Affair
Maintains that his programme is intended to restore order rather than destroy the revolution.
Krymov Advance
Krymov cavalry advance toward Petrograd falters near Luga.
Conscription Crisis
Introduces conscription through the Military Service Act.
Kornilov Affair
Bolshevik activists help organise resistance while railway workers and soldiers obstruct the advance toward Petrograd.
Kornilov Affair
The crisis allows Bolshevik organisers to rebuild influence among workers after the repression following the July Days.
Kornilov Affair
Relies on railway workers and political activists to disrupt communications and troop movements toward Petrograd.
Kornilov Affair
Seeks support from loyal military units as Kornilov's advance begins losing momentum outside the capital.
Kornilov Affair
Finds support weakening as soldiers encounter political delegations urging them not to move against Petrograd.
Kornilov Affair
His attempted move on Petrograd loses momentum as railway workers intervene.
Kornilov Affair
Receives reports that railway workers are delaying troop movements and disrupting communications with advancing units.
Railway Strike
Railway workers disrupt troop movements toward Petrograd.
Birth of Denis Healey
Denis Winston Healey is born in Mottingham.
Kornilov Affair
Bolshevik political influence grows as Kornilov's forces lose momentum and the immediate threat to Petrograd recedes.
Kornilov Affair
Attempts to restore government authority as the immediate military danger from Kornilov rapidly diminishes.
Kornilov Affair
Receives reports that soldiers are abandoning the advance after railway disruption and revolutionary agitation.
Kornilov Affair
Attempts to maintain authority at army headquarters as political and military support for his action collapses.
Kornilov Affair
Finds support collapsing as soldiers are persuaded not to advance.
Kornilov Affair
Learns that key units are refusing to continue the operation and that the movement toward Petrograd is breaking down.
Troop Demoralisation
Agitators persuade many soldiers not to continue the advance.
Kornilov Affair
The failure of Kornilov strengthens Bolshevik claims that revolutionary organisations successfully defended the capital.
Kornilov Affair
Emerges from the failed Kornilov movement with emergency authority but weakened support among conservatives and socialists.
Kornilov Affair
Faces the failure of his challenge after communication failures, railway resistance and political agitation stop the advance.
Kornilov Affair
The attempted march on Petrograd fails without major battle.
Kornilov Affair
The attempted movement on Petrograd ends without a major battle as supporting troops disperse or abandon the operation.
Desert Mounted Corps Command Assumed
Chauvel becomes commander of the Desert Mounted Corps, which includes Australian and New Zealand mounted troops.
German Defence-in-Depth Applied in Flanders
Rupprecht's command relies on layered defences and counterattacks to absorb British attacks east of Ypres.
Railway Demolition
Continues demolition raids against Ottoman railway lines after Aqaba.
Flanders Offensive Continues under Review
Keeps the progress and cost of the Ypres offensive under War Cabinet review.
National Service Direction Strengthened
Strengthens central efforts to move labour into essential wartime industries and services.
Papal Peace Note Considered
Considers Pope Benedict XV's peace proposals while maintaining Allied demands for a durable settlement.
Stockholm Conference Policy Rejected
Opposes government participation in the proposed international socialist peace conference at Stockholm.
ANZAC Mounted Division Command Assumed
Chaytor succeeds Chauvel as commander of the ANZAC Mounted Division.
Battle of Foscani
Averescu succesfully defends Foscani
Election to Bolshevik Central Committee
Is elected to the Bolshevik Central Committee as the party prepares for a new phase of revolutionary struggle.
Joins the Bolshevik Party
Joins the Bolshevik Party with the Mezhrayonka during the party's Sixth Congress.
Bolshevik Party
Appointed Chairman of the Lugansk Soviet, 2nd term
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Lugansk Soviet, 2nd term
Transfer to Tobolsk
Nicholas II and his family are transferred from Tsarskoye Selo to Tobolsk for confinement away from Petrograd.
Arrest of Nicholas II
Under arrest at Tobolsk in Siberia from August for 8 months
September 191798 historical events
Battle of Riga
Prepares the German artillery for the attack on Riga. Hutier & Bruchmuller use artilley on to break holes in the defensive line
Battle of Riga
Hutiers Eighth Army attacks Russian positions around Riga to clear the coastal salient. Hutier & Bruchmuller use artilley to break holes in the defensive line
Battle of Riga
Establishes a bridgehead over the Dvina & the Russian Twelfth Army flees
Twelfth Army
Establishes a bridgehead over the Dvina & the Russian Twelfth Army flees
Kornilov Affair
Bolshevik supporters use the aftermath of the crisis to press for greater influence in the Petrograd Soviet.
Arrest after Kornilov Affair
Kornilov is arrested after the failure of his confrontation with Kerensky and is later confined at Bykhov.
Kornilov Affair
Orders action against senior officers associated with Kornilov after the attempted military challenge collapses.
Kornilov Affair
Remains at army headquarters while government authorities prepare to remove and detain officers connected with the affair.
Arrest of Kornilov
Is arrested after the failure of the Kornilov Affair.
Kornilov Surrenders
Accepts arrest after the affair collapses.
Commander in Chief
Appointed as Commander in Chief, 2nd term, recalled
Commander in Chief
Appointed as Commander in Chief, 2nd term, recalled
Battle of Riga
Riga is evacuated
Kornilov Affair
Begins reorganising the government after the crisis while facing growing distrust from both left and right.
Bykhov Prison
Is held with other officers after his arrest.
Battle of Riga
Bruchmuller & Hutier capture Riga, remains in German hands until the end of the war
Capture of Riga
Bruchmuller & Hutier capture Riga, remains in German hands until the end of the war
Battle of Riga
Riga remains in German hands until the end of the war. Bruchmuller & Hutier capture Riga
Capture of Riga
Bruchmuller & Hutier capture Riga, remains in German hands until the end of the war
Rule of Riga
Riga remains in German hands until the end of the war
Kornilov Affair
Tries to stabilise political authority after the Kornilov confrontation exposes deep divisions within revolutionary Russia.
Brusilov Offensive
The Germans capture Riga
Battle of Carso, 4th
The Auastrians discover plans to attack San Gabriele & mount a spoiling attack
Release after Kornilov
Is released as Bolsheviks gain prestige after the crisis.
Bolshevik Recovery
Bolshevik recovery inside Soviets strengthens his position.
Bykhov Officers
Is imprisoned alongside Denikin and other senior officers.
Gold Export Embargo
Wilson subjects gold exports to federal licensing to protect wartime reserves.
Gold Export Licensing
The United States introduces licensing controls on gold exports during wartime, temporarily restricting the free international movement of monetary gold.
Bolshevik Majority
Bolsheviks win major influence in the Petrograd Soviet.
Bolshevik Majority
Kamenev supports increasing Bolshevik influence in the Petrograd Soviet.
Kornilov Affair
Kerensky denounces Kornilov's advance toward Petrograd as a military revolt.
Kornilov Affair
Kerensky dismisses Kornilov and assumes emergency authority during the crisis.
Kornilov Affair Aftermath
Becomes a symbol for anti-Bolshevik military circles.
Coup
Writes to the Central Committee saying that the time is ripe for the seizure of power
Resignation of Mikhail Vasilevich Alexeiev
Resigns as Commander in Chief after 12 days after being recalled
Resignation of Mikhail Vasilevich Alexeiev
Resigns as Commander in Chief after 12 days after being recalled
Democratic Conference
Seeks broader socialist support through the Democratic Conference.
Directory Government
Heads a temporary directory after the coalition breaks down.
All Power to the Soviets
Revives the slogan "all power to the Soviets"
Coup
Revives the slogan "all power to the Soviets"
Democratic Conference
Avksentiev presides over the Democratic Conference convened to determine the political basis of a new government.
Battle of Isonzo
Plays a key part in the capture of Bainsizza, Yugoslavia
Death of Mata Hari
Death of Mata Hari, executed for espionage
Execution
Shot in Paris by the Germans for espionage
Coup
Writes to the Central Committee a for a 2nd time urging it to seize power. Does not receive a reply from the Central Comm & threatens to resign
Bykhov Detention
Detention at Bykhov preserves future White commanders.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Battle of Cambrai
Approves the plan for the offensive on the plain of Cambrai
Alliance Louis Loucher and Winston Churchill
Churchill agrees with Louis Loucher to set up an Inter Allied Munitions Council
AMC
Churchill agrees with Louis Loucher to set up an Inter Allied Munitions Council
Alliance Louis Loucher and Winston Churchill
Churchill agrees with Louis Loucher to set up an Inter Allied Munitions Council
AMC
Churchill agrees with Louis Loucher to set up an Inter Allied Munitions Council
Bavarian Service Cross
Awarded the Bavarian Service Cross
Alliance Winston Churchill and Louis Loucher
Churchill agrees with Louis Loucher to set up an Inter Allied Munitions Council
Meeting with The French to discuss munitions
Meets the French to discuss munitions
All Power to the Soviets
Stalins article "All Power to the Soviets!" appears in Rabochy Put, No. 13
Rabochy i Soldat
Stalins article "All Power to the Soviets!" appears in Rabochy Put, No. 13
Menin Road Bite-and-Hold Attack Conducted
Plumer uses limited objectives and heavy artillery support during the successful Menin Road attack.
Menin Road Ridge Attack Supported
Haig supports Plumer's limited-objective attack that gains ground along Menin Road Ridge.
Battle of Menin Road Ridge
Plumer uses step-by-step tactics near Ypres.
Army Discipline Debate
His programme remains associated with demands for military discipline.
Bolshevik Party
The Party Central Committee approves the list of Bolshevik candidates to the Constituent Assembly, which includes Lenin and Stalin
Election
The Party Central Committee approves the list of Bolshevik candidates to the Constituent Assembly, which includes Lenin and Stalin
Battle of Caporetto
Victory enables the German March offensive on the Western Front. Bombards Caporetto & crosses the River Isonzo. 300,000 Italians are taken prisoner
Battle of Caporetto
Bombards Caporetto & crosses the River Isonzo
Siege of River Isonzo
Ludendorf crosses the River Isonzo
Petrograd Soviet Leadership
Trotsky strengthens Bolshevik influence within the Petrograd Soviet before the October uprising.
Bolshevik Soviet Strategy
Supports Bolshevik efforts to dominate Soviet politics.
Bolshevik Soviet Strategy
Works within the party as Trotsky leads the Soviet.
Chairman of Petrograd Soviet
Is elected chairman after the Bolshevik majority grows.
Chairman of Petrograd Soviet
Is elected chairman of the Petrograd Soviet.
Chairman of Petrograd Soviet
Replaces moderate leadership as Bolshevik strength grows.
Battle of Polygon Wood
Monash commands Australian troops near Ypres.
Polygon Wood Attack Conducted
Plumer continues the step-by-step advance with another carefully prepared attack around Polygon Wood.
Polygon Wood Offensive Supported
Haig continues the step-by-step offensive as British and Australian troops attack Polygon Wood.
Bolshevik Soviet Organisation
Builds party organisation linked to Soviet power.
Insurrection Letters
Urges Bolsheviks to prepare seizure of power through Soviet organs.
Train Attack
Attacks Ottoman railway traffic as part of the Arab guerrilla campaign.
Gold Export Embargo
Japan prohibits gold exports during the First World War, suspending the external operation of the pre-war gold standard while retaining the legal parity.
Bolshevik Majority
Lenin's party benefits as the Petrograd Soviet moves leftward.
Bolshevik Majority
The Bolsheviks win control of the Petrograd Soviet.
Bolshevik Majority
The Bolsheviks win majority influence within the Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet
Bolshevik influence grows after the July repression weakens moderate socialists.
Petrograd Soviet
Lenin's party gains influence as the Soviet moves toward Bolshevik control.
Bolshevik Majority
Faces a Bolshevik majority in the Petrograd Soviet.
Bolshevik Majority
The Bolsheviks win control of the Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet Pressure
Kerensky faces growing pressure as Bolshevik influence expands inside the Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet
Bolshevik control of the Soviet increases pressure on Kerensky.
Petrograd Soviet
Faces the Bolshevik majority in the Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet
The Soviet's shift left weakens Kerensky's authority.
Kornilov Affair
Bolshevik propaganda portrays the Kornilov episode as proof that the revolution remains threatened by military counter-revolution.
Kornilov Affair
The party's standing rises sharply after the affair, weakening moderate socialist influence among workers and soldiers.
Labour Service
States that after capitalism "universal labour service" is the order of the day
Kornilov Affair
The affair damages Kerensky's relationship with senior army officers and further isolates the Provisional Government.
Kornilov Affair
The defeat of Kornilov removes an immediate military threat but strengthens radical opposition to Kerensky's government.
Kornilov Affair
His failed challenge becomes a major turning point in the political decline of the Provisional Government.
Kornilov Affair
The collapse of the affair destroys Kornilov's command position and deepens hostility between conservative officers and Kerensky.
October 1917185 historical events
War Revenue Act
The War Revenue Act raises income, corporate and excess-profits taxes to fund mobilisation.
Third Division Advances at Broodseinde
Monash's 3rd Australian Division advances with other ANZAC formations during the Broodseinde attack.
Broodseinde ANZAC Operations Directed
Godley directs II ANZAC Corps during the successful Broodseinde phase of the Ypres offensive.
Broodseinde Ridge Attack Conducted
Plumer's forces gain important ground at Broodseinde during the strongest phase of the Flanders offensive.
Broodseinde Ridge Assault Supported
Haig supports the successful attack at Broodseinde during a drier period of the Ypres campaign.
Fourth New Zealand Brigade Attacks Gravenstafel
Hart's 4th New Zealand Brigade attacks successfully during the capture of Gravenstafel Spur.
Gravenstafel Spur Captured
Russell's division captures Gravenstafel Spur during the Third Battle of Ypres.
Battle of Broodseinde
New Zealand troops fight on the Ypres ridges.
Battle of Passchendaele
Haig decides to capture Passchendaele
Provisional Council
Supports the Provisional Council as a bridge to elections.
Return from Finland
Lenin secretly returns to Petrograd to press the Bolshevik leadership toward an immediate armed seizure of power.
Pre-Parliament
Tries to offset Soviet pressure through the Pre-Parliament.
Sultan of Egypt
Succeeds Hussein Kamel as Sultan of Egypt.
Battle of Passchendaele
Orders the Canadian Corps to capure the Pascendale Ridge
Poelcappelle Attack Continued
Haig continues offensive operations around Poelcappelle despite worsening mud and weather.
Battle of Poelcappelle
Jacob commands II Corps in the Ypres fighting.
October Revolution
Lenin and Stalin attend a meeting of the Party Central Committee where Lenins resolution on armed insurrection is approved and a 7 man Political Bureau of the CC headed by Lenin and Stalin is setup to direct the uprising
Central Committee Insurrection Vote
Lenin persuades the Bolshevik Central Committee to approve preparations for an armed insurrection.
Coup
The Central Committee votes 10 to 2 for armed insurrection
October Revolution
Lenin and Stalin attend a meeting of the Party Central Committee where Lenins resolution on armed insurrection is approved and a 7 man Political Bureau of the CC headed by Lenin and Stalin is setup to direct the uprising
October Revolution
On October 10, 1917 (Julian calendar), he and Lev Kamenev were the only two Central Committee members to vote against an armed revolt
Bolshevik Party
Circulates a letter to Bolshevik organisations arguing against "armed insurrection"
Coup
Circulates a letter to Bolshevik organisations arguing against "armed insurrection"
Bolshevik Party
The Bolshevik Congress summons a 2nd Congress of Soviets
Bolshevik Party
The Bolshevik Congress of Soviets of the Northern region opens. The Bolshevik Congress forms a "Northern Regional Committee"
Congress of Soviets
The Bolshevik Congress summons a 2nd Congress of Soviets
Congress of Soviets
The Bolshevik Congress of Soviets of the Northern region opens
Northern Regional Committee
The Bolshevik Congress forms a "Northern Regional Committee"
Union Government
Forms a wartime Union government with pro-conscription Liberals.
Battle of Ypres, 3rd
The four divisions of the Canadian Corps were transferred to the Ypres Salient and to make additional advances on Passchendaele
Battle of Passchendaele
1st day of the Passchendaele Offensive
First Passchendaele Attack Approved
Haig approves the first major assault toward Passchendaele after previous attacks fail to secure the ridge.
Bellevue Spur Attack Directed
Russell directs the New Zealand Division during the disastrous attack on Bellevue Spur.
Military Revolutionary Committee
The Petrograd Soviet supports creation of the Military Revolutionary Committee under Bolshevik leadership.
Military Revolutionary Committee
Becomes active in the committee's military preparations.
Military Revolutionary Committee
Represents Baltic sailors in revolutionary military planning.
Military Revolutionary Committee
Works with the committee preparing armed action.
Military Revolutionary Committee
Helps create the committee under Petrograd Soviet authority.
Bolshevik Party
Lenin and Stalin direct an enlarged meeting of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party Stalin sharply criticizes the speeches of the traitors Kamenev and Zinoviev on the question of armed insurrection
October Revolution
Lenin and Stalin direct an enlarged meeting of the Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party Stalin sharply criticizes the speeches of the traitors Kamenev and Zinoviev on the question of armed insurrection. A Party Centre, headed by Stalin, is elected to direct the uprising
Military Revolutionary Committee
Serves in the committee as Bolshevik plans advance.
MRC
Approves the creation of the Military Revolutionary Committee
President of Russia
Appointed President of the Military Revolutionary Committee
President of Russia
Appointed President of the Military Revolutionary Committee
ANZAC
The Canadian Corps relieved II ANZAC Corps on 18 October from their positions along the valley between Gravenstafel Ridge and the heights at Passchendaele
Battle of Passchendaele
The Canadian Corps relieved II ANZAC Corps on 18 October from their positions along the valley between Gravenstafel Ridge and the heights at Passchendaele
Military Revolutionary Committee
Works with Bolshevik revolutionary structures linked to the Soviet.
Military Revolutionary Committee
Attends the first meeting of the committee.
Petrograd Soviet Activity
Stalin participates in Bolshevik organisation connected with the Petrograd Soviet.
Petrograd Soviet
Supports Bolshevik work inside the Petrograd Soviet before the uprising.
Revolutionary Military Committee
Takes part in the first meeting of the Petrograd Soviet's Military Revolutionary Committee.
Resignation of Lev Borisovich Kamenev
Kamenev & Zinoviev resign from the Central Committee. An injunction is issued against Kamenev reventing further pronouncements
Garrison Commissars Appointed
Podvoisky helps extend Military Revolutionary Committee authority by placing commissars with key Petrograd military units.
Garrison Control
The Soviet claims authority over the Petrograd garrison during the crisis.
Garrison Order
Claims authority over Petrograd garrison orders through the Soviet.
Petrograd Garrison
Attempts to assert authority over the radicalised garrison.
Negotiations
Declares military staff to be "Counter revolutionary"
Garrison Crisis
Tries to move unreliable troops away from Petrograd.
Negotiations
23-24 October, negotiates with the military staff
Insurrection Preparation
The Soviet provides organisational support for preparations before the uprising.
Insurrection Preparation
Uses Soviet authority to shield Bolshevik preparations.
Battle of Caporetto
Erwin Rommel, who, as a junior officer, won the Pour le Merite for his exploits in the battle
Battle of Caporetto
Austro-Hungarian forces, reinforced by German units, were able to break into the Italian front line and rout the Italian army, which had practically no mobile reserves.
Battle of Caporetto
The Austro-German 14th Army, under General der Infanterie Otto von Below, achieved a significant victory against the Italian Army at the Battle of Caporetto.
Battle of Caporetto
The Battle was a demonstration of the effectiveness of the use of stormtroopers and the infiltration tactics developed in part by Oskar von Hutier.
Battle of Caporetto
The use of poison gas by the Germans played a key role in the collapse of the Italian Second Army. The Battle was a demonstration of the effectiveness of the use of stormtroopers and the infiltration tactics developed in part by Oskar von Hutier
Battle of Caporetto
The Germans under von Bulow break through Italian lines at Isonzo & head for Caporetto
Siege of Isonzo
The Germans under von Bulow break through Italian lines at Isonzo & head for Caporetto
Battle of Passchendaele
The Passchandale Offensive ceases after only advancing half a mile in 12 days
Caporetto Crisis Response Ordered
Moves to reinforce Italy after the Austro-German breakthrough at Caporetto.
Battle of Caporetto
The Germans under von Bulow break through west of Isonzo & head for Caporetto
October Revolution
Lenin and Stalin direct the October armed uprising
Return to Petrograd
Returns secretly as the Soviet-backed uprising begins.
Bolshevik Party
The Government occupies Petrograd & closes down Bolshevik newspapers
Capture of Petrograd
The Government occupies Petrograd & closes down Bolshevik newspapers
October Revolution
Lenin and Stalin direct the October armed uprising
October Revolution
Orders action against Bolshevik newspapers and the Military Revolutionary Committee.
Battle of Caporetto
The Germann Army captures Caporetto
Second Congress of Soviets
The Second Congress confirms the Bolshevik takeover of government power.
Second Congress of Soviets
Presides over Congress as the uprising succeeds.
Second Congress of Soviets
Presides over the Second Congress as Bolsheviks seize power.
October Revolution Defeat
His government is overthrown during the Bolshevik October Revolution, forcing Kerensky to flee Petrograd and begin political exile.
Menshevik Opposition
Criticizes the Bolshevik insurrection from the perspective of socialist democracy
Menshevik Opposition
Condemns the Bolshevik seizure of power and calls for socialist pluralism
Congress of Soviets
Lenin and Stalin direct the Second Alln Congress of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies
October Revolution
Lenin and Stalin direct the Second Alln Congress of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies
Winter Palace Assault
Leads forces acting under the Military Revolutionary Committee.
Capture of Moscow
Completes the occupation of Moscow
Capture of Petrograd
Declares the triumph of the workers & peasants revolution in Petrograd
Congress of Soviets
The 2nd alln Congress of Soviets proclaims transfer of power to the Soviets
Constitution of Russia
The 2nd alln Congress of Soviets proclaims transfer of power to the Soviets
Coup
The 2nd alln Congress of Soviets proclaims transfer of power to the Soviets. Declares the Provisional Government deposed
October Revolution
Lenin and Stalin direct the Second Alln Congress of Soviets of Workers and Soldiers Deputies
Provisional Government Declared Overthrown
Lenin announces that the Provisional Government has been overthrown as the Bolsheviks consolidate control of Petrograd.
Provisional Government
Declares the Provisional Government deposed
October Revolution
Announces that the Provisional Government has been overthrown.
October Revolution
Trotsky uses the Petrograd Soviet as a base for revolutionary action.
Second Congress of Soviets
Trotsky presides as Soviet delegates approve the transfer of power.
Coup
Escapes from the Winter Palace dressed up as a female nurse
Flight from Petrograd
Escapes the capital as the Winter Palace is threatened.
Mobilization
Calls for support from the Russian Front
October Revolution
Escapes from the Winter Palace dressed up as a female nurse
October Revolution
Leaves Petrograd to seek loyal troops as Bolsheviks seize power.
October Revolution
Remains imprisoned when Bolsheviks seize power in Petrograd.
Battle of Passchendaele
Currie prepares Canadian attacks near Ypres.
Battle of Caporetto
The Germann Army captures Caporetto
Second Passchendaele Offensive Opened
Haig continues the campaign with Canadian-led attacks toward the village and ridge.
Council of People's Commissars
Becomes head of the new Soviet government.
Decree on Peace
Presents early Soviet decrees after the Bolshevik victory.
Second Congress of Soviets
Presents decrees on peace and land to the Second Congress
Menshevik Opposition
Opposes one-party Bolshevik rule after the October uprising
Capture of Winter Palace
Podvoisky helps direct forces surrounding the Winter Palace as the remaining Provisional Government ministers are arrested.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks open the 2nd Congress of Soviets
Capture of Kremlin
The Military Revolutionary Council troops seize the Kremlin
Capture of Saint Petersburg
The military revolutionary Council troops seize the Winter Palace
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Peoples Commissars
Congress of Soviets
The Bolsheviks open the 2nd Congress of Soviets
Constitution of Russia
Congress approves the Council of Peoples Commissars
Council of People's Commissars Formed
Lenin becomes chairman of the Council of People's Commissars created by the Second Congress of Soviets.
Decree on Land
Lenin presents the Decree on Land abolishing private landed estates and transferring land for local redistribution.
Decree on Peace
Lenin presents the Decree on Peace calling for immediate negotiations toward a democratic peace without annexations or indemnities.
Appointment as Education Commissar
Lunacharsky becomes People's Commissar for Education in the first Soviet government.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Peoples Commissars
Decree on Peace
Declares, "The workers movement will triumph and will pave the way to peace and socialism".
Decree on Peace
The Decree on Peace, written by Vladimir Lenin, is passed by the Second Congress of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and Peasants Deputies following the success of the October Revolution.
Decree on Peace
The workers and peasants Government, created by the Revolution of October 24-25 based on the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers and Peasants Deputies, calls upon all belligerent peoples and their Government to start negotiations for a democratic peace.
Peace
The Decree on Peace, written by Vladimir Lenin, is passed by the Second Congress of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and Peasants Deputies following the success of the October Revolution
Battle of Beersheba
An attack against Gaza diverts Turkey away from Allenbys planned attack on Beersheba
Invasion of Gaza
An attack against Gaza diverts Turkey away from Allenbys planned attack on Beersheba
Death of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin
The Death Penalty abolished
Post-Revolution Soviet
The Petrograd Soviet becomes a foundation of the new revolutionary government.
Post-Revolution Soviet
Uses the Soviet as a base for new Bolshevik authority.
Death Penalty Abolished
The Death Penalty is abolished
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Kerensky leaves Petrograd with Krasnov's support in an effort to regain control from the Bolsheviks.
Krasnov March
Joins General Krasnov in an attempt to retake Petrograd.
Decree on Peace
The Decree on Peace is published in the Izvestiya newspaper, proposes an immediate withdrawal of Russia from World War I
Peace
The Decree on Peace is published in the Izvestiya newspaper, proposes an immediate withdrawal of Russia from World War I
Military Revolutionary Committee
The committee helps defend the new regime.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Krasnov's Cossack detachment advances toward Gatchina during the unsuccessful attempt to restore the Provisional Government.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Krasnov gathers Cossack forces south of Petrograd after agreeing to support Kerensky's attempt to challenge Bolshevik power.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Kerensky joins Krasnov's headquarters while seeking military support for a counter-revolutionary campaign.
Kerensky-Krasnov Advance
Krasnov leads Cossack troops supporting Kerensky in an attempt to retake Petrograd from the Bolsheviks.
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Germany
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Bolshevik organisers support defence measures as Krasnov's forces threaten Petrograd.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Lenin's government faces an armed challenge from Kerensky and Krasnov during the early consolidation of Bolshevik power.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Trotsky helps organise Soviet resistance against the advance of Krasnov's Cossack forces.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Krasnov's forces encounter Soviet defenders at Pulkovo during the fighting outside Petrograd.
Battle of Pulkovo
His forces are repulsed outside Petrograd.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
His counterattack fails against Soviet-backed forces.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
Kerensky's forces are defeated near Petrograd, ending his immediate attempt to reverse the Bolshevik takeover.
Beersheba Mounted Attack Ordered
Chauvel orders mounted forces to secure Beersheba before darkness threatens the water supply.
Fourth Light Horse Brigade Charges Beersheba
Grant leads the 4th Light Horse Brigade in the mounted charge that breaks into Beersheba.
Australian Light Horse Charge
The Australian Light Horse charge helps secure Beersheba during Allenby's offensive.
Beersheba Breakthrough
The capture of Beersheba breaks the Gaza deadlock and turns the Ottoman flank.
Beersheba Desert Manoeuvre
Uses a wide desert manoeuvre to outflank the heavily defended Gaza position.
Beersheba Main Attack
Launches the main offensive against Beersheba after misleading Ottoman defenders near Gaza.
Beersheba Mounted Assault
Employs British Empire mounted forces effectively in the attack on Beersheba.
Battle of Beersheba
Attacks the Turks, Beersheba is captured & 2,000 Turkish troops taken prisoner
Capture of Beersheba
Attacks the Turks, Beersheba is captured & 2,000 Turkish troops taken prisoner
Tel el Saba Captured before Beersheba Charge
Chaytor's division captures Tel el Saba, helping open the eastern approach to Beersheba.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
The Petrograd Soviet strengthens its military organisation after the failure of the Kerensky-Krasnov advance.
Kerensky-Krasnov Rising
The attempted counterattack collapses after Cossack support fails.
Battle of Passchendaele
Commander of Canadian Corps ordered by Haig to take Passchendaele Ridge
Canadian Corps Assigned to Passchendaele
Currie's Canadian Corps is committed to the final stages of the Passchendaele fighting.
Canadian Preparations for Passchendaele Completed
Currie demands careful road, artillery and supply preparations before Canadian attacks on the ridge.
Battle of Caporetto
Made adviser to the Italian Government after the Italian disaster at Caporetto
Dismissal
Calls for the dismissal of the Chancellor, Georg Michaelis
Royal Navy Retirement
Carden retires from the Royal Navy in October 1917 after forty-seven years of service.
Battle of Passchendaele
Wins the Victoria Cross at the Battle of Passchendaele
Norway Convoy Surface Threat Reviewed
Beatty reviews the danger from German surface raiders after attacks on Scandinavian convoy traffic.
Canadian Passchendaele Preparations Supported
Haig supports Canadian Corps preparations for renewed attacks on the Passchendaele ridge.
Passchendaele Ridge Objective Retained
Haig keeps Passchendaele Ridge as an objective despite mud, casualties and worsening weather.
British Divisions Sent to Italy
Approves transfer of British formations to help stabilise the Italian front.
French and British Aid to Italy Coordinated
Coordinates emergency Allied military support for Italy following the Caporetto defeat.
Passchendaele Losses Reviewed
Reviews the mounting casualties and limited gains produced by the Flanders campaign.
Gaza Strategic Feint
Plans a feint toward Gaza while preparing the main attack against Beersheba.
Passchendaele Staff Service
Serves as a staff officer during the Passchendaele campaign and studies the problems of artillery and infantry coordination.
Menshevik Party
Advocates a socialist coalition but fails & forms an opposition Menshevik Party
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government on the eve of the meeting of Second All Congress of Soviets
Congress of Soviets
The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government on the eve of the meeting of Second All Congress of Soviets. Power is given to the 2nd Congress of Soviets but withdrawn after Lenins opposition
Coup
The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government on the eve of the meeting of Second All Congress of Soviets
Provisional Government
The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government on the eve of the meeting of Second All Congress of Soviets
Bolshevik Party
Opposes the Bolshevik armed uprising
Coup
Opposes the Bolshevik armed uprising
Arrest of Paul Karlovitch Rennenkampf
Set free after October Revolution and moved to the city of Taganrog on Azov Sea coast, where he lived illegally under the fake name of Greek citizen Mandusakis
November 1917135 historical events
Third Gaza Offensive
Begins the Third Battle of Gaza after the success at Beersheba.
Hiding after October
Goes into hiding after the failure of the counteroffensive.
Left SR Cooperation
Left SRs cooperate with Bolsheviks in Soviet institutions.
Declaration of Balfour
"The establishment in Palestine of a National home for the Jewish people". Sends the "Balfour Declaration" to Lord Rothschild of the British Zionist Federation
Supreme War Council
Opposes political interference in military command during council creation.
Bolshevik Victory in Moscow
Bolshevik forces gain control of Moscow after prolonged street fighting against forces loyal to the former government.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks gain Moscow
Bolshevik Revolution
The Bolsheviks gain Moscow
Moscow Fighting
Bolsheviks gain control of Moscow after heavy fighting.
Reballion of Rebels in Moscow
The Bolsheviks gain Moscow
Battle of Caporetto
The Italians are forced back as far as the River Piave
Battle of Caporetto
Austro-Hungarian and German forces advanced more than 100 km (62 mi) in the direction of Venice, but they were not able to cross the Piave River
Battle of Caporetto
Luigi Cadorna was forced to resign after the defeat. Italian losses were enormous, 11,000 were killed, 20,000 wounded and 265,000 taken prisoner, morale was so low among the Italian troops, mainly due to Cadornas harsh disciplinary regime, that most of these surrendered willingly.
Battle of Caporetto
The Piave serves as a natural barrier where the Italians could establish a new defensive line, held during the subsequent Battle of the Piave River and served as springboard for the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, where the Austro-Hungarian are defeated.
October Revolution
Zinoviev, Kamenev, Alexei Rykov, Vladimir Milyutin, and Victor Nogin resign from the Central Committee on November 4, 1917 (Julian calendar)
October Revolution
Zinoviev, Kamenev, Alexei Rykov, Vladimir Milyutin, and Victor Nogin resign from the Central Committee on November 4, 1917 (Julian calendar)
October Revolution
Zinoviev, Kamenev, Alexei Rykov, Vladimir Milyutin, and Victor Nogin resign from the Central Committee on November 4, 1917 (Julian calendar)
October Revolution
Zinoviev, Kamenev, Alexei Rykov, Vladimir Milyutin, and Victor Nogin resign from the Central Committee on November 4, 1917 (Julian calendar)
October Revolution
Lenin wrote a proclamation calling Zinoviev and Kamenev "deserters", he never forgot their behavior, eventually making an ambiguous reference to their "October episode" in his Testament
October Revolution
Lenin wrote a proclamation calling Zinoviev and Kamenev "deserters", he never forgot their behavior, eventually making an ambiguous reference to their "October episode" in his Testament
October Revolution
Lenin wrote a proclamation calling Zinoviev and Kamenev "deserters", he never forgot their behavior, eventually making an ambiguous reference to their "October episode" in his Testament
Battle of Passchendaele
Although inflicting irreplaceable casualties on the Germans, the Allies had captured a mere 5 miles (8 km) of new territory at a cost of 140,000 combat deaths.
Battle of Passchendaele
The Battle consisted of a series of Bite and Hold attacks to capture critical terrain and wear down the German army, lasting until the Canadian Corps took Passchendaele on 6 November 1917, ending the battle.
Battle of Passchendaele
a ratio of roughly 2 inches (5 cm) gained per dead soldier.
Passchendaele Village Secured by Canadian Corps
Currie's corps secures Passchendaele village and nearby ridge positions after a sequence of costly attacks.
Battle of Passchendaele
Although inflicting irreplaceable casualties on the Germans, the Allies had captured a mere 5 miles (8 km) of new territory at a cost of 140,000 combat deaths.
Battle of Passchendaele
The Battle consisted of a series of Bite and Hold attacks to capture critical terrain and wear down the German army, lasting until the Canadian Corps took Passchendaele on 6 November 1917, ending the battle.
Battle of Passchendaele
a ratio of roughly 2 inches (5 cm) gained per dead soldier.
Passchendaele Village Capture Consolidated
Haig orders consolidation after Canadian troops secure Passchendaele village and nearby high ground.
Mounted Pursuit after Gaza Withdrawal
Chauvel drives mounted formations forward after Ottoman forces abandon Gaza.
Supreme War Council
Participates in French diplomacy around the Rapallo agreement.
Supreme War Council
Accepts the council as a mechanism for closer Allied coordination.
Rapallo Allied Coordination Agreement
Supports a new permanent mechanism for coordinating Allied strategy after the Italian crisis.
Supreme War Council
Helps establish the Allied Supreme War Council after the Caporetto crisis.
Supreme War Council
Promotes creation of the Supreme War Council to coordinate Allied strategy.
Supreme War Council
Supports a permanent Allied body to coordinate operations on common fronts.
Capture of Gaza
Occupies Gaza
Gaza Entry
Enters Gaza after Ottoman forces abandon the position.
Supreme War Council
Becomes involved in the permanent machinery of Allied war coordination.
Supreme War Council
Represents Italian foreign policy in the Rapallo discussions.
Supreme War Council
Italian defeat at Caporetto helps force Allied leaders to create the council.
Supreme War Council
Supports formation of the council after Italy's defeat at Caporetto.
Independence of Russia
The Ukraine is proclaimed independent by the Central Rada
Independence of Ukraine
The Ukraine is proclaimed independent by the Central Rada
Capture of Petrograd
The Soviets sieze power in Petrograd
Coup
Overthrows the Kerensky Government
Nationalization
The Bolshevik land decree abolishes private landed property and transfers land to peasant use
Peace
Proposes just & democratic peace without annexations, indemnities & self-determination
Appointment as Commander in Chief
Krylenko is appointed commander in chief after Dukhonin refuses to seek an immediate armistice.
Refusal of Armistice Order
Dukhonin refuses the Soviet government's order to open armistice negotiations with the Central Powers.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks broadcast their conditions for peace
Peace
The Bolsheviks broadcast their conditions for peace
Battle of Passchendaele
The Canadian Corps launched a final action on 10 November to gain control of the remaining high ground north of the village, in the vicinity of Hill 52
Capture of Passchendaele
Canadian troops capture Passchendaele near Ypres.
Battle of Passchendaele
Armin commands German defence at Ypres.
Meeting
Convenes a General Staff Meeting to consider an offensive in the west
Offensive
Caught out by the Caporetto Offensive
Constituent Assembly Election
Chernov's Socialist Revolutionary Party emerges as the largest force in voting for the Constituent Assembly.
Battle of Passchendaele
The Canadians take Passchendaele Ridge, 15,654 casualties
Allied Unity Policy Defended in Commons
Explains to Parliament the agreement for closer Allied strategic coordination.
Decree on Workers Control
The Soviet government issues a decree establishing workers' control over production, accounting and enterprise administration.
Constituent Assembly Election
Elections return the Socialist Revolutionaries as the largest party.
Election
Elections to the Constituent Assembly, the Socialist Revolutionaries the largest party
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, 2nd term
German Minesweeping Cover Challenged
British cruisers and battlecruisers attack German forces protecting minesweepers in the Heligoland Bight.
Grand Fleet Heavy Support Held Ready at Heligoland
Beatty keeps heavier units available while forward British forces engage German ships near Heligoland.
Second Heligoland Bight Operation Supported
Grand Fleet forces support the British operation against German minesweeping cover near Heligoland Bight.
Resignation of Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov
Resigns in protest against Lenins refusal to form a coalition Government
Armistice
The Bolsheviks call for an armistice on all fronts
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks call for an armistice on all fronts
Jerusalem Operations Renewed
Renews operations toward Jerusalem after the Gaza-Beersheba victories.
Siege of Jerusalem
Resumes operations against Jerusalem
Maude and Primrose Tribute Delivered
Pays parliamentary tribute after the deaths of General Stanley Maude and Neil Primrose.
Unified Allied Strategy Defended
Argues that stronger coordination among the Allies is essential to the conduct of the war.
Release from Bykhov
Is released after the Bolshevik seizure of power.
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
A surprise British tank attack.
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
During the battle casualties were high, the Germans suffered losses of approximately 50,000 and the British 45,000.
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
Orders an immediate counter-attack only to discover that reserves could not be brought forward for a further two days, at one stage he even contemplates a general withdrawal from the Cambrai front.
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
Within hours the lightly defended Germans are forced back 6 km to Cambrai, the three trench systems of the Hindenburg Line pierced for the first time in the war.
Hindenburg Line
Within hours the lightly defended Germans are forced back 6 km to Cambrai, the three trench systems of the Hindenburg Line pierced for the first time in the war
Siege of Cambrai
Within hours the lightly defended Germans are forced back 6 km to Cambrai, the three trench systems of the Hindenburg Line pierced for the first time in the war
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
20 divisions are deployed during the German counter-attack, the so-called Hutier infiltration tactics (named after the German commander who had first deployed them, Oskar von Hutier), within a week virtually all lost ground had been reclaimed
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
During the battle casualties were high, the Germans suffered losses of approximately 50,000 and the British 45,000.
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
In pressing home wave after wave of German counterattacks, starting 20 November, he worked to recover all ground lost to the British. Facing the British attack is the German Second Army led by Georg von der Marwitz.
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
Within hours the lightly defended Germans are forced back 6 km to Cambrai, the three trench systems of the Hindenburg Line pierced for the first time in the war.
Hindenburg Line
Within hours the lightly defended Germans are forced back 6 km to Cambrai, the three trench systems of the Hindenburg Line pierced for the first time in the war
Second Army
Facing the British attack is the German Second Army led by Georg von der Marwitz
Deraa Reconnaissance
Conducts reconnaissance around Deraa during northern operations of the Arab Revolt.
Battle of Cambrai
Within hours the lightly defended Germans are forced back 6 km to Cambrai, the three trench systems of the Hindenburg Line pierced for the first time in the war. Lieutenant Colonel John Fuller recommended wide-scale use of tanks on the dry battlefield sited between the Canal du Nord and the St. Quentin Canal, the proposal is taken up by Julian Byng, Commander on the ground
Hindenburg Line
Within hours the lightly defended Germans are forced back 6 km to Cambrai, the three trench systems of the Hindenburg Line pierced for the first time in the war
Battle of Cambrai
German reinforcements stop the Allied advance to Cambrai & regain lost land by Nov 30. 6 KM are gained
Cambrai Mass-Tank Assault Opened
Haig supports the surprise Cambrai attack combining tanks, artillery, infantry and air power.
Battle of Cambrai
& 14 newly formed squadrons of the Royal Flying Corps.
Battle of Cambrai
A forerunner of the blitzkrieg tactics employed to great effect by the German army during the Second World War, the attack is not preceded by a preliminary bombardment, helping to ensure complete surprise
Battle of Cambrai
Demonstrates the potential of the tank. Commands the 3rd Army during the Cambrai Offensive.
Battle of Cambrai
Lieutenant Colonel John Fuller recommended wide-scale use of tanks on the dry battlefield sited between the Canal du Nord and the St.
Battle of Cambrai
Quentin Canal, the proposal is taken up by Julian Byng, Commander on the ground. launched at dawn with all available tanks advancing across a 10 km front, 476 tanks are accompanied by six infantry and two cavalry divisions (to exploit any breakthrough), plus 1,000 guns
Royal Flying Corps
launched at dawn with all available tanks advancing across a 10 km front, 476 tanks are accompanied by six infantry and two cavalry divisions (to exploit any breakthrough), plus 1,000 guns & 14 newly formed squadrons of the Royal Flying Corps
Third Army
Commands the 3rd Army during the Cambrai Offensive
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 1st term
Death of Nikolai Dukhonin
Dukhonin is killed by soldiers at army headquarters after Krylenko arrives to assume command.
Escape to Don
Moves south after release to avoid Bolshevik control.
Armistice
20 November-3 December, heads the Russian armistice negotiations
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks win 175 seats out of 707. In the Constituent Assembly elections the Bolsheviks win 9.8 of 41.7 million votes
Election
The Socialist Revolutionaries win 17.5 million votes. The Bolsheviks win 175 seats out of 707. In the Constituent Assembly elections the Bolsheviks win 9.8 of 41.7 million votes
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Referendum
The constitutional referendum approves the framework that will create a partly collegial executive
Armistice
Sends delegates across the German lines to request an armistice
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Bolshevik Party
Bolsheviks decree the creation of Workers Committee's at placres of work
Workers Committees
In all enterprises of "state importance" all matters should be deferred to the state. Bolsheviks decree the creation of Workers Committee's at placres of work
Armistice
The German high command agrees to armistice negotiations to begin on 2 Dec
Constituent Assembly
Remains associated with the democratic election promise.
Peace
The Allied Supreme Council rejects Lenins Decree on Peace
Health of George VI
Operated on for a duodenal ulcer
German Cambrai Counterattack Reviewed
Haig reviews the German counterattack that recovers much of the ground gained earlier at Cambrai.
Supreme Allied War Council
Appointed Member of Supreme Allied War Council
Supreme Allied War Council
Appointed Member of Supreme Allied War Council
Commander of Tigris Corps
Appointed Commander of the Tigris Corps
Death of Frederick Stanley Maude
Death of Frederick Stanley Maude, cholera
Commander of Tigris Corps
Appointed Commander of the Tigris Corps
Passchendaele Mud
Kiggell sees the devastated battlefield near Ypres.
Gaza Ottoman Retreat
Beersheba's capture forces Ottoman troops to retreat from the Gaza position.
Road to Jerusalem
The Gaza victory opens the road for the British advance toward Jerusalem.
Capture of Gaza
Captures Gaza
Dismissal
Dismissed after the Italian defeat at the Battle of Caporetto
People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs
Takes charge of Soviet foreign policy as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs in the new Council of People's Commissars.
Civil War Defence
Helps defend Petrograd from Kerensky-Krasnov forces.
Opposition to Bolsheviks
Opposes Bolshevik domination of Soviet power.
Moderate Defeat
Moderate socialists lose influence after the Bolshevik seizure of power.
Journey to Don
Travels toward the Don to join anti-Bolshevik forces.
December 191788 historical events
Supreme War Council
Coordinates French army concerns with the new Allied planning body.
Supreme War Council
Serves as French military representative to the council.
Supreme War Council
Faces new Allied scrutiny through the council's strategic reviews.
Supreme War Council
Serves as British military representative at Versailles.
Supreme War Council
Represents British headquarters concerns in Allied planning debates.
Supreme War Council
Takes command in Italy as the council reviews the Italian front.
Supreme War Council
Represents Italy after being removed from field command.
Cadet Party
Outlaws the Cadet Party
Alekseev Organisation
Joins anti-Bolshevik officers gathering around Alekseev.
Supreme War Council
Represents Wilson's views during early Supreme War Council sessions.
Supreme War Council
Resists full amalgamation of American troops into Allied armies.
Supreme War Council
Represents American military interests in Allied planning.
Result of Surrender of Austro-Hungarian Offensive
Austria-Hungary halts its main offensive, signalling serious military exhaustion late in the war.
Surrender of Austro-Hungarian Offensive
Suspends the main offensive
Armistice
Pays host to the Russian Armistice Commission behind German lines at Dvinsk
Ceasefire
A ceasefire commences between Russia & the Central Powers
Peace
A ceasefire commences between Russia & the Central Powers
Arrest of Anton Ivanovich Denikin
Escapes from prison in Bykhov & heads for the Don by train
Peace
German representitive at Brest Litovsk where the Russians are seeking an armistice
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
A German counter-offensive wipes out British gains
Polderhoek Attack Ordered
Russell orders the New Zealand attack on Polderhoek Chateau after the Passchendaele fighting.
Polderhoek Strongpoint Attacked
Nicholas attacks German positions during the New Zealand assault at Polderhoek.
Peace
Brest Litovsk talks begin between Russia & the Central Powers
Brusilov Offensive
The Russian Army has disintegrated & Lenin seeks an armistice at Brest Litovsk
Creil Munitions
Agrees to set up a munitions factory so arms can be repaired in France
Creil Munitions
Agrees to set up a munitions factory so arms can be repaired in France
Declaration of War
The USA declares war on Austria
Creation of Cheka
The Soviet government creates the Cheka to combat counter-revolution and sabotage.
Ceasefire
Official ceasefire between Russia & the Central Powers
Peace
Official ceasefire between Russia & the Central Powers
Conference of Brest Litovsk
Heads the Austrian mission during at Brest Litovsk
Jerusalem Captured
Commands the campaign that captures Jerusalem in December 1917.
Capture of Jerusalem
Captures Jerusalem
Declaration of War
The Soviet Commissars declare war on the Cossack chiefs
White Army
Forms the 1st White Volunteer units
Nobel Prize in Literature
Shares the Nobel Prize in Literature for authentic descriptions of contemporary Danish life.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Shares the Nobel Prize in Literature for varied and idealistic poetry.
Conference of Brest Litovsk
Drafts the peace proposals for the Brest Litovsk negotiations
Entry into Jerusalem
Enters Jerusalem during General Allenby's formal entry after the Ottoman withdrawal.
Jerusalem Capture Welcomed
Welcomes the British capture of Jerusalem during the Palestine campaign.
Jerusalem Formal Entry
Makes his formal entry into Jerusalem on foot.
Jerusalem Notables
Receives Jerusalem's notables following the city's capture.
Siege of Jerusalem
Enters Jerusalem
Nationalization of Banks
The Soviet government nationalizes private banks and strengthens state control over the financial system.
Nationalization
The Red Guard occupies private banks & a decree is passed to nationalize them
Armistice with Central Powers
An armistice halts fighting between Soviet Russia and the Central Powers while formal peace negotiations continue.
Armistice
Germany retains its captured territories
Peace
An armistices is signed between Russia & the central powers
Armistice
A 28 day armistice is signed with the Central Powers
Armistice
The 28 day armistice with the Central Powers begins
UFA Founded
Universum Film AG is founded, creating a major German studio structure.
Economy of Russia
The Vesenkha gains control over Government finance of industry & wages state wages
Nationalization
The Vesenkha gains control over Government finance of industry & wages state wages
Veshenka
The Vesenkha gains control over Government finance of industry & state wages
Birth of Heinrich Boll
Birth of Heinrich Boll
Peace
Heads the Russian peace negotiations which begins after the agreement of an armistice
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Heads the Russian peace negotiations which begins after the agreement of an armistice
Conference of Brest Litovsk
Talks resume at Brest Litovsk
Peace
Peace negotiations commence with the Central Powers
Conference of Brest Litovsk
Prepared, if necessary, to sign a separate peace Treaty if the armistice breaksdown. Offers to give up all land occupied by Austria if the Allies join peace negotiations. Offers to give up all land occupied by Austria if the Allies join in negotiations
Peace
Peace negotiations with the Central Powers are broken off
Federal Control of Railroads
Wilson orders temporary federal control of railroads to coordinate wartime transportation.
Council of War
Ludendorfs 2nd council of war
Volunteer Army
Helps form the Volunteer Army with Alekseev and Denikin.
Mobilization
Presses for the cavalry to man tanks
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army
Communist Party
Revolution breaks out across Germany, the leftists, led by Rosa Luxemburg and the Spartacist League, form the KPD
Spartacist League
Revolution breaks out across Germany, the leftists, led by Rosa Luxemburg and the Spartacist League, form the KPD
Return to Western Front Staff Duty
Jodl returns west as adjutant to an artillery commander.
Jerusalem Campaign
Works with British and Arab forces during the wider Palestine campaign as Jerusalem falls.
Allied Battleship Cooperation Expanded
British and American battleships train together under Grand Fleet command as naval cooperation deepens.
American Battleship Division Joins Grand Fleet
United States battleships under Rear Admiral Hugh Rodman join Beatty's Grand Fleet for North Sea service.
US British Fleet Integration Begins
Beatty incorporates American dreadnoughts into Grand Fleet organisation, exercises and operational planning.
Petrograd Soviet
Rises in Petrograd Bolshevik politics after the revolution.
Congress of Mensheviks
Congress of Socialist Revolutionaries results in victory for the left under Chernov
Menshevik Party
Congress of Socialist Revolutionaries results in victory for the left under Chernov
Congress of Mensheviks
Menshevik Congress gives victory to Martovs Menshevik internationalists
Menshevik Party
Menshevik Congress gives victory to Martovs Menshevik internationalists
Bolshevik Party
A Bolshevik decree establishes the Supreme Economic Council over all economic bodies
Constitution of Russia
A Bolshevik decree establishes the Supreme Economic Council over all economic bodies
Economy of Russia
A Bolshevik decree establishes the Supreme Economic Council over all economic bodies
Independence of Russia
The Ukrainian Council proclaims Ukrainian independence
Independence of Ukraine
The Ukrainian Council proclaims Ukrainian independence
Nationalization
The Vesenkha decrees each region establish a Council of National Economy (Sovnarkhoz)
SEC
A Bolshevik decree establishes the Supreme Economic Council over all economic bodies
Sovnarkhozes
The Vesenkha decrees each region establish a Council of National Economy (Sovnarkhoz)
Conference of Brest Litovsk
A letter intercepted from Trotsky to a partisan indicates Russia is playing for time
Menshevik Opposition
Opposes Bolshevik pressure while arguing for democratic socialist organization
Editor
Appointed Editor of The Westralian
Böhm-Ermolli Defence
Böhm-Ermolli commands forces resisting the Russian attack.
Counterattack Planning
German commanders prepare a counterattack after the Russian advance loses momentum.
Denikin Report
Denikin reports on declining effectiveness of revolutionary army units.
Eastern Front Assessment
German commanders evaluate the weakening Russian military position.
Front Morale
Reports show serious problems with army morale and discipline.
Historical Assessment
The campaign demonstrates the weakening of Russian military power.
July Crisis
The military setback contributes to unrest during the July crisis.
Kerensky Visit
Kerensky visits troops attempting to restore confidence before the offensive.
Russian Advance
Russian armies advance temporarily before facing stronger resistance.
Russian Command
Senior commanders discuss operational problems facing the army.
Integral Geometry
Provides mathematics later fundamental to computed tomography and image reconstruction.
Radon Transform
Introduces a transform reconstructing functions from their line integrals.
Institute for History of Medicine
Founds the 1st institute for the history of medicine
Malaria Therapy
Treats neurosyphilis patients by inducing controlled malaria fever.
Treatment of General Paralysis
Establishes fever therapy for general paralysis before antibiotic treatment existed.
Statistical Physics Work
Continues developing ideas in statistical and theoretical physics during the later years of the First World War.
Commander of Army Group Albrecht
Appointed Commander of the Army Group Albrecht
Commander of Army Group Albrecht
Appointed Commander of the Army Group Albrecht
Peace
Wishes to make peace with the Central Powers
Arrest of Khristian Georgiyevich Rakovsky
Released by the Russians
Constitution of Canada
Demands that British Dominions should be equal with Britain in international affairs
Demands that British Dominions should be equal with Britain in international affairs
Demands that British Dominions should be equal with Britain in international affairs
Imperial War Cabinet
Appointed Member of Imperial War Cabinet
Independence of Canada
Demands that British Dominions should be equal with Britain in international affairs
Independence of South Africa
Demands that British Dominions should be equal with Britain in international affairs
Reform of Political Party
Demands that British Dominions should be equal with Britain in international affairs
Factory Nursery Law
Promulgates legislation requiring nursery services in qualifying workplaces employing women.
Sunday Rest Law
Promulgates social legislation strengthening workers' entitlement to Sunday rest.
Acting President
Appointed Acting President of China
Governor
Appointed Governor General of Chihli by Pu Yi
Major General
Appointed Major General
President of China
Appointed President of China, northern Government
Restoration
Nominally restored to the throne for 12 days
Nankai School Graduation
Graduates from Nankai School before travelling to Japan for further study.
Study in Japan
Travels to Japan for further study after completing his education at Nankai.
Coup
Helps the 11 year old Pu Yi resume full authority as Emperor
Coup
A coup in Peking forces Hsun to seek refuge in the Dutch legation
Alliance China, Britain, France, Japan and the United States
China joins World War I on the side of Britain, France, Japan and the USA, the first time ever that Chinese soldiers walk into another continent
Declaration of War
China joins World War I on the side of Britain, France, Japan and the USA, the first time ever that Chinese soldiers walk into another continent
Alliance China, Britain, France, Japan and the United States
China joins World War I on the side of Britain, France, Japan and the USA, the first time ever that Chinese soldiers walk into another continent
Declaration of War
China joins World War I on the side of Britain, France, Japan and the USA, the first time ever that Chinese soldiers walk into another continent
Coup
Junta Government is established
Wayside Crosses
Publication of "Wayside Crosses"
Czech Legions
After the February Revolution in 1917 he proceedes to Russia to help organize Slavic resistance to the Austrians, so-called Czechoslovak Legions
Independence of Czech Republic
After the February Revolution in 1917 he proceedes to Russia to help organize Slavic resistance to the Austrians, so-called Czechoslovak Legions
Independence of Czechoslovakia
After the February Revolution in 1917 he proceedes to Russia to help organize Slavic resistance to the Austrians, so-called Czechoslovak Legions
Independence of Czech Republic
Organizes the Nationalist Czechoslovak Legion
Independence of Czechoslovakia
Organizes the Nationalist Czechoslovak Legion
Czechoslovak Legions
Supports Czechoslovak Legion organisation in Russia.
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War, 1st term
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, 1st term
Superheterodyne Receiver
Develops receiver principles later important for sensitive radar systems.
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Turkey
Mayor
Appointed Mayor of Cologne
Party Leader
Appointed leader of the Independent Social Democratic Party
Chairman
Appointed co-Chairman of the SDP
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
The party's stance, under the leadership of Ebert and other revisionists like Scheidemann, in favour of the war eventually led to a split, with the more left wing elements in the party leaving in early 1917 to form the USPD
Cosmological Term Added to Field Equations
To support a static cosmological solution, Einstein modified the gravitational field equations with an additional cosmological term that could counterbalance large-scale attraction.
Machian Motivation Shapes Einstein Cosmology
Einstein designed his early relativistic cosmology partly around the hope that inertia would be determined by the overall distribution of matter, reflecting his interpretation of Mach's ideas.
Static Closed Universe Model Proposed
Einstein applied general relativity to the universe as a whole and proposed a spatially closed, homogeneous model intended to remain static on cosmic scales.
Atomic Recoil Required by Photon Momentum
By assigning momentum to individual radiation quanta, Einstein concluded that atoms must recoil when they emit or absorb directed packets of light.
Light Quantum Momentum Set by Energy and Light Speed
Einstein's radiation theory assigned each emitted or absorbed light quantum a momentum equal to its energy divided by the speed of light.
Radiation Equilibrium Connects Quantum Events and Thermodynamics
Einstein united discrete atomic transitions with thermodynamic equilibrium, demonstrating that quantum absorption and emission rules could generate the observed black-body spectrum.
Random Emission Directions Linked to Molecular Motion
Einstein showed that randomly directed quantum emission events contribute to molecular momentum fluctuations and must be balanced statistically in thermal equilibrium.
Spontaneous Emission Formalized in Quantum Radiation Theory
Einstein's published quantum theory of radiation formalized spontaneous emission as an intrinsically statistical process occurring without an externally applied radiation field.
Stimulated Emission Predicted from Thermal Equilibrium
Einstein's equilibrium analysis required an induced emission process in which incident radiation increases the probability that an excited atom emits matching radiation.
Hungarian Artillery Battery Command
Jodl commands a battery in the 72nd Royal Hungarian Field Artillery Regiment.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of the General Staff for the Turkish Army
Fourth Cavalry Division
Manstein became a senior operations officer with the German Fourth Cavalry Division in the eastern theatre. He helped organise divisional operations during a period of shifting military conditions.
Captain
Appointed Captain
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of the General Staff for the Turkish Army
Riga Offensive
Plans the successful Riga Offensive
General
Appointed General Governor of Belgium
Peace Mediation
Hopes for President Woodrow Wilson's mediation come to nothing, and, over Bethmann Hollwegs objections, Hindenburg and Ludendorff force the adoption of unrestricted submarine warfare bringing the US into the war in 1917
Iron Cross
Awarded the Iron Cross, 1st class
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
After the withdrawal of Russia from the war in Ludendorff is a key figure in the Brest Litovsk negotiations
Peace
Helps draft the Reichstag Peace Resolution
Rule of Alsace
Offers to negotiate but Lloyd George supports France in recovering Alsace & Lorraine
Rule of Lorraine
Offers to negotiate but Lloyd George supports France in recovering Alsace & Lorraine
Ypres Defence
Ludendorff manages German defence during Third Ypres.
Army Morale Crisis
Russian commanders report declining discipline and weakening morale among troops.
German Counterstroke
German and Austro-Hungarian forces launch their counterstroke.
German Offensive Response
German forces exploit Russian weakness following the failed attack.
German Reinforcements
German units reinforce Austro-Hungarian forces during the counteroffensive.
Kirchbach Defence
Kirchbach directs Austro-Hungarian units during defensive operations.
Offensive
The Kerensky Offensive ends after the Russian retreat.
Prime Minister Path
The offensive failure influences Kerensky's rise to prime minister.
Russian Defeat
The offensive ends with major losses and withdrawal.
Russian Offensive Failure
The offensive fails to achieve its strategic objectives.
War Speech
Kerensky appeals to soldiers to continue fighting for revolutionary Russia.
Nuts in May
Makes his first film appearance in Nuts in May
Hymn of Jesus
Composes, "Hymn of Jesus"
Loom of Youth
Publication of "Loom of Youth"
Chief Whip
Appointed Chief Whip
Ministry of Munitions
Appointed Head of the Council Secretariat of the Ministry of Munitions by Churchill
Financial Secretary of Treasury
Appointed Financial Secretary to the Treasury
Diplomatic Mission to London
Heads a diplomatic mission to the USA
Parliament
Appointed Parliamentary Secretary of the Ministry of Food in the Lloyd George coalition Government
Sunbury Research Laboratory Established
Establishes a research laboratory at Sunbury, broadening Anglo-Persian's technical and refining capabilities.
Swansea Refinery Development Chosen
Decides to establish refining capacity at Swansea using improved technology for British and European markets.
D'Arcy Directorship Ends
D'Arcy's death ends his directorship after the concession he pioneered has become a major oil enterprise.
Peerage
Created Baron Aitken
Medal
Awarded the Military Cross
Death of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
Death of Elizabeth Garrett Anderson
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics
First National Championship Manager
English coach Jack Reynolds builds a structured Ajax side that wins the Dutch championship in 1917–18, establishing the basis for decades of Amsterdam success.
Alliance with Howeitat
Works with Auda Abu Tayi and Howeitat fighters during the Aqaba campaign.
Hejaz Railway Raids
Supports raids that disrupt Ottoman communications along the Hejaz Railway.
Promotion to Admiral
Carden reaches the rank of admiral before leaving active Royal Navy service.
Admiral
Appointed Admiral
Commander of Eastern Command
Appointed Commander of the Eastern Command
Chief of Naval Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff, Naval
Commander of Fourteenth Corps
Appointed Commander of the 14th Corps in the Guards Division in Italy
Major
Appointed the rank of Major, and continued to be known as "Major Attlee" for much of the inter-war period
Resignation of Austen Chamberlain
Resigns after assuming responsipility for the Mesopotamia affair
Death of Raymond Asquith
Death of Raymond Asquith, son of the Herbert Asquith, during the Battle of the Somme
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
After the Battle of Cambrai, No. 8 Squadron was involved in Army cooperation, directing tanks and artillery
Military Cross
Receives the Military Cross for wartime service
Capture of Baghdad
Captures Baghdad
Capture of Kut-al-Imara
Drives the Turks out of Kut-al-Imara
Capture of Samarrah
Captures Samarrah
Admiral
Appointed Admiral
Commander of Eastern Command
Appointed Commander of the Eastern Command
Chief of Naval Staff
Appointed Chief of Naval Staff
Commander of Fourteenth Corps
Appointed Commander of the 14th Corps in the Guards Division in Italy
Battle of Cambrai
Authorizes the Allied attack by the BEF against the Hindenburg Line
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Authorizes the Allied attack by the BEF against the Hindenburg Line
Major
Appointed the rank of Major, and continued to be known as "Major Attlee" for much of the inter-war period
Reform of Electoral System
An Act is passed giving women the vote for the 1st time, includes 6 million women
Ypres Salient
British corps operate in the Ypres Salient.
Arab Revolt Support
Increases British support for T E Lawrence and the Arab Revolt.
EEF Discipline
Strengthens discipline within the Egyptian Expeditionary Force.
EEF Efficiency
Works to improve the efficiency of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force.
EEF Reorganisation
Reorganises the Egyptian Expeditionary Force after taking command.
Front Line Visits
Makes frequent front-line visits to improve morale after assuming EEF command.
Irregular Warfare Support
Encourages irregular operations against Ottoman communications.
Jerusalem National Success
The capture of Jerusalem makes Allenby a celebrated British wartime commander.
Mounted Force Integration
Combines infantry operations with mobile mounted formations during the Palestine advance.
Ottoman Southern Front Turned
The Beersheba manoeuvre turns the Ottoman southern defensive position.
Palestine Campaign Revitalised
His organisational and operational changes revitalise the British campaign in Palestine.
Palestine Mobile Warfare
Restores mobile warfare to the Palestine campaign after the earlier failures at Gaza.
Palestine Morale Campaign
Uses personal visits and energetic command to raise morale in the Palestine force.
Conference of Saint Petersburg
Attends the Allied Conference in Saint Petersburg
Abdication
Leaves Greece with his brother, King Constantine, who had abdicated in favour of his son after unsuccessfully attempting to keep Greece neutral in World War I
Exile of Andrew
Leaves Greece with his brother, King Constantine, who had abdicated in favour of his son after unsuccessfully attempting to keep Greece neutral in World War I
Succession
Succeeds as King of Greece
Capture of Athens
The Allies occupy Athens to counter Constantines support for the Central Powers
The Wooden Prince
Composition of "The Wooden Prince "
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary, 3rd term
Imperial War Conference
Satyendra Prasanna Sinha participates in the Imperial War Conference in London.
Birth of Indira Nehru Gandhi
Birth of Indira Nehru Gandhi, daughter of Nehru
Palit Chair of Physics
C. V. Raman takes the Palit Professorship of Physics at the University of Calcutta and expands his experimental research programme.
Deputy Finance Minister
Appointed Deputy Finance Minister
Irish Volunteers
Collins rises to become a member of the executive of Sinn F‚in and director of organisation of the Irish Volunteers
Sinn Fein
Collins rises to become a member of the executive of Sinn Fein and director of organisation of the Irish Volunteers
Sinn Fein
Nearly splits between monarchist and republican wings at its Ard Fheis (conference) until, in a compromise motion, it proposes the establishment of an independent republic, after which people could decide whether they wanted a monarchy or republic
Arrest of Eamon de Valera
Spare execution, because of his American citizenship & released after nearly 2 years
Execution
Spare execution, because of his American citizenship & released after nearly 2 years
President of Ireland
Appointed President of Sinn Fein
Prime Minister of Italy
Appointed Prime Minister of Italy
Pope
Appointed Nuncio in Bavaria & Germany, 1917-1929
Gold Export Embargo
Japan prohibits gold exports as wartime demand places pressure on its monetary reserves.
Agreement of Lansing-IshII
Wins recognition by the us of Japanese interests in China
Treaty of Lansing-IshII
The USA recognizes Japans interests in China
Hejaz Railway Operations
Arab forces operating under Hashemite leadership attacked Ottoman communications and transport routes, including the Hejaz Railway, as part of the wider revolt in which Abdullah was a commander.
Constitution of Mexico
Accepts the new leftist constitution under which he becomes President of Mexico. Accepts the eftist constitution under which he becomes the President of Mexico
Cosmology
De Sitter develops an expanding relativistic cosmological solution without matter, influencing later debate over cosmic expansion
Cosmology
De Sitter finds a relativistic cosmological solution that later becomes important in expanding universe models
De Sitter Cosmological Model
De Sitter develops a solution of Einstein's equations containing a cosmological constant, demonstrating that cosmic behaviour can be strongly affected by vacuum-like geometry.
De Sitter Universe
Develops a relativistic cosmological model with repulsive expansion-like behaviour.
Captain
Appointed Captain
National Committee
Opposes Pilsudskis revolutionary policy & founds the National Committee
Alliance Roman Dmowski and the Allies
The Allies recognize the National Committee
Independence of Poland
Russia supports Polish independence
Declaration of Balfour
Takes part in the Anglo-French negotiations leading to the Balfour Declaration
Programme for Polish Mathematics
Proposes concentrating Polish mathematical research in selected modern fields.
Specialized Mathematical Journals
Advocates specialized international journals to strengthen the national mathematical community.
Military Radiology
Expands military radiology services for French hospitals.
Battle of Foscani
Successfully defends the Foscani line
Symphony No 1
Composes, "Symphony No 1"
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Comintern
The Comintern is founded at the Congress of the 3rd International. Founded after dissolving the Second International in 1916. At the Zimmerwald Conference Lenin had led the "Zimmerwald Left" against those who supported "national union" Governments
Conference of Zimmerwald
At the Zimmerwald Conference Lenin had led the "Zimmerwald Left" against those who supported "national union" Governments
International, 2nd
Founded after dissolving the Second International in 1916
International, 3rd
The Comintern is founded at the Congress of the 3rd International
Zimmerwald Left
At the Zimmerwald Conference Lenin had led the "Zimmerwald Left" against those who supported "national union" Governments
Secretary of State for Agriculture
Appointed Minister of Agriculture
Ministerial Crisis
Kerensky becomes a central figure during the government crisis created by disagreements over foreign policy and war aims.
Revolutionary Coalition
Kerensky's role in resolving the April crisis increases his influence within the revolutionary government.
Soviet Cooperation
Kerensky uses his position as minister to maintain cooperation between the government and the Petrograd Soviet.
War Policy Conflict
Kerensky attempts to balance revolutionary opposition to the war with the continued commitments of the Provisional Government.
Prime Minister Leadership
Leads the Provisional Government during a period of war, economic crisis and increasing pressure from Bolshevik opponents.
Editorial Work
Works with the Bolshevik newspaper during the revolutionary period
Newspaper Organization
Works in the Bolshevik press apparatus during the revolution
Bolshevik Party
In exile during the February Revolution
Exile of Sergei Mironovich Kirov
In exile during the February Revolution
Bolshevik Party
Appointed Member of Bolshevik Party in Baku
Alliance Provisional Government
Cannot get Menshevik leaders to leave the coalition with the Provisional Government
Menshevik Party
Cannot get Menshevik leaders to leave the coalition with the Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Cannot get Menshevik leaders to leave the coalition with the Provisional Government
Declaration of War
Heads group of Menshevik-Internationalists opposed to the war
Government
Cannot prevent the Menshevik leadership from joining the provisional Government
Menshevik Party
Advocates a socialist coalition but fails & forms an opposition Menshevik Party. Heads group of Menshevik-Internationalists opposed to the war. Cannot prevent the Menshevik leadership from joining the provisional Government
Provisional Government
Cannot prevent the Menshevik leadership from joining the provisional Government
Petrograd Soviet Debate
Chkheidze argues for cooperation between the Soviet and the Provisional Government.
Petrograd Soviet Leadership
Represents Menshevik influence in the Petrograd Soviet.
Menshevik Press
Defends Menshevik positions against Bolshevik demands for immediate power
Coalition Policy
Supports cooperation between the Soviet and the Provisional Government
Menshevik Opposition
Criticizes Bolshevik seizure of power and defends socialist democracy
Party Organization
Participates in Menshevik organization during the revolutionary year
Novy Mir Editorial Work
Writes for the Russian-language socialist newspaper Novy Mir during his brief stay in New York.
After the October Revolution Litvinov is appointed by Vladimir Lenin as the
After the October Revolution Litvinov is appointed by Vladimir Lenin as the Soviet Governments representative in Britain
The White Flock
Publication of "The White Flock"
Exile of Karl Bernhardovich Radek
Returns to Russia with Lenin to fight in the revolution
Exposure as Okhrana Informer
Documents opened after the collapse of the tsarist regime established that Malinovsky had secretly worked as an Okhrana agent while holding senior positions in the Bolshevik movement.
Exile of Sergey Dmitriyevich Sazonov
Escapes from Russia during the revolution
Bolshevik Party
A Bolshevik decree establishes the Supreme Economic Council over all economic bodies. The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional Government on the eve of the meeting of Second All Congress of Soviets. Publication of "Will The Bolsheviks Retain State Power?"
Congress of Alln Peasant
Addresses the Alln Peasant Congress
Constitution of Russia
A Bolshevik decree establishes the Supreme Economic Council over all economic bodies. In the April Theses states that Russia will become a republic of soviets
Declaration of War
Attacks the War as an "Imperialist struggle"
Imperialism the Highest Stage of Capitalism
Publication of "Will The Bolsheviks Retain State Power?". Publication of "The State & Revolution", officials will receive workers wages. Publication of "The State & Revolution". Publication of "Imperialism the Highest Stage of Capitalism"
Labour Service
States that after capitalism "universal labour service" is the order of the day. At the Alln Peasants Congress speaks for "labour service". At the Alln Peasants Congress asks for workers agricultural units
Sovnarkom
The Council of Peoples Commissars is founded, the Russian Government
The State and Revolution", officials will receive workers wages
Publication of "Will The Bolsheviks Retain State Power?". Publication of "The State & Revolution", officials will receive workers wages. Publication of "The State & Revolution". Publication of "Imperialism the Highest Stage of Capitalism"
The State and Revolution
Publication of "Will The Bolsheviks Retain State Power?". Publication of "The State & Revolution", officials will receive workers wages. Publication of "The State & Revolution". Publication of "Imperialism the Highest Stage of Capitalism"
Will The Bolsheviks Retain State Power?
Publication of "Will The Bolsheviks Retain State Power?". Publication of "The State & Revolution", officials will receive workers wages. Publication of "The State & Revolution". Publication of "Imperialism the Highest Stage of Capitalism"
Soviet Authority
The Petrograd Soviet becomes central to Bolshevik political authority.
Chief of Staff
Serves under Mikhail Alekseyev of the provisional Government
Provisional Government
Serves under Mikhail Alekseyev of the provisional Government
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Commissar
Appointed Commissar of the Soviet Navy
Congress of Soviets
Delegate at the 2nd Congress of Soviets
Fackel, Die
Trotsky founds a propaganda section under Radek. Produces a paper for German & Austrian prisoners of war & troops on the Eastern front
Bolshevik Party
Opposes the Bolshevik armed uprising. Resigns after Lenin decides to form a Bolshevik Government but is re-instated
Coup
Opposes the Bolshevik armed uprising. After the Russian monarchy was overthrown during the February Revolution, returns to Russia in a sealed train with Lenin and other revolutionaries opposed to the war. Favours broad socialist coalition Government after the October Revolution
Resignation of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
Resigns after Lenin decides to form a Bolshevik Government but is re-instated
Communist Party
Appointed Member of Communist Party
MRC
Appointed Member of Military Revolutionary Committee
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo
Red Guard
Appointed Member of Red Guard
Vesenkha
Appointed Member of Vesenkha
Naval Attache
Appointed Naval Attache to Washington
Bolshevik Party
Overthrown by Bolshevik Revolution
Mezhrayonka Leadership
Works with the Mezhrayonka, a revolutionary group that moves increasingly toward cooperation with the Bolsheviks.
The Struggle for State Power
Writes The Struggle for State Power during the revolutionary confrontation over which institutions should govern Russia.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 10
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 11
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 12
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 13
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 14
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 15
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 16
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 17
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 18
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 19
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 1
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 20
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 2
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 3
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 4
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 5
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 6
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 7
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 8
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Petrograd Soviet Organisation 9
The Petrograd Soviet develops revolutionary administration through elected workers and soldiers representatives.
Vice Minister of War
Appointed Vice Minister of War in the Kerensky Government
Revolutionary Political Activity
Becomes active in workers' political organizations during the revolutionary upheaval.
Bolshevik Party
Executed with other members of his familly by the Bolsheviks during the Revolution
Death of Alexis Nikolayevich
Death of Alexis Nikolayevich, executed
Execution
Executed with other members of his familly by the Bolsheviks during the Revolution
Chief of Staff
Serves under Mikhail Alekseyev of the provisional Government
Provisional Government
Serves under Mikhail Alekseyev of the provisional Government
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff to the Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Chief of Staff to the Provisional Government
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Commander of 5th Army
Appointed Commander of the 5th Army
Commander of Western Front
Appointed Commander of the Western Front
Commissar
Appointed Commissar of the Soviet Navy
Communist Party
Appointed Member of Communist Party
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo
Red Guard
Appointed Member of Red Guard
Vesenkha
Appointed Member of Vesenkha
Vice Minister of War
Appointed Vice Minister of War in the Kerensky Government
Commander of 5th Army
Appointed Commander of the 5th Army
Commander of Western Front
Appointed Commander of the Western Front
Army Breakdown
Military breakdown contributes to wider political instability.
Arz Command
Arz coordinates Austro-Hungarian military responses to the offensive.
Central Powers Defence
Austro-Hungarian commanders organise defensive measures against the Russian attack.
Command Difficulties
Russian commanders struggle to maintain effective control over forces.
Front Line Collapse
The Russian front weakens as units refuse further offensive operations.
Military Administration
The government reviews military administration following defeat.
Military Legacy
The offensive becomes a symbol of the Russian army's collapse in 1917.
Operational Failure
Command failures contribute to the collapse of the offensive.
Shcherbachev Operations
The Eleventh Army participates in operations during the offensive.
Tarnopol Operations
Central Powers forces respond to Russian attacks around Tarnopol.
Artillery Preparation
Russian forces begin artillery preparations before launching the summer offensive.
Frontline Appeals
Kerensky makes appeals to soldiers during the campaign.
Government Crisis
Military failure increases pressure on the Provisional Government.
Initial Success
Russian units achieve early gains against Central Powers positions during the offensive.
Kornilov Command
Kornilov leads operations while attempting to restore military discipline.
Ludendorff Planning
Ludendorff coordinates military responses after the Russian offensive begins.
Military Reports
Stavka receives reports about battlefield developments and operational difficulties.
Ministerial Responsibility
Kerensky faces criticism after the failure of the offensive.
Revolutionary Army
The offensive reveals tensions between revolutionary politics and military command.
War Cabinet Crisis
The failed offensive creates divisions inside the government.
Battle Reports
Austro-Hungarian reports describe progress against Russian forces.
Brusilov Assessment
Brusilov reviews the failure of the offensive and problems within the army.
Central Powers Victory
Central Powers forces regain territory after the Russian retreat.
Government Support
Kerensky attempts to maintain support after military setbacks.
Hindenburg Strategy
Hindenburg supports wider Central Powers strategy against Russia.
Kerensky Leadership
Kerensky links the offensive to the defence of revolutionary Russia.
Opening Advance
Russian forces open the Kerensky Offensive against Austro-German positions.
Political Impact
The failure of the offensive creates a political crisis in Petrograd.
Russian Withdrawal
Russian forces begin withdrawing as the offensive collapses.
Soldier Committees
Political influence inside the army affects command decisions during operations.
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army
War Cabinet
Appointed Member of Imperial War Cabinet by Lloyd George
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army
Invasion of East Africa
Succesfully commands the Allied campaign in East Africa
War Cabinet
Appointed Member of Imperial War Cabinet by Lloyd George
Third Battle of Ypres
South African troops serve in the Ypres campaign.
Birth of Chung-Hee Park
Birth of Chung-Hee Park
Minister of Works
Appointed Minister of Works
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 2nd term
Minister of Justice
Appointed Minister of Justice, serves in Liberal Socialist Cabinet
Summer
Publication of "Summer"
His Family
Publication of "His Family"
Prufrock and Other Observations
Publication of "Prufrock and Other Observations"
Food Administrator
Appointed Food Administrator
Doctorate in Astronomy
Edwin Hubble completes his doctoral work in astronomy at the University of Chicago after research at Yerkes Observatory, with faint nebulae forming the central subject of his dissertation.
Invitation to Mount Wilson Observatory
George Ellery Hale invites Edwin Hubble to join the staff of Mount Wilson Observatory, offering him access to the observatory that would later support his major extragalactic discoveries.
Recent Changes in the Variable Nebula NGC 2261
Hubble follows his earlier work on NGC 2261 with a new Astrophysical Journal report describing additional changes in the variable nebula's visible structure.
Cosmological Constant Introduced
Einstein adds the cosmological constant to his gravitational field equations to permit a static universe, creating the mathematical term later associated with dark energy.
Relativistic Cosmology
Applies general relativity to the universe and introduces the cosmological constant in a static cosmological model.
Repulsive Gravity in Empty Space
Einstein interprets the cosmological constant as a repulsive contribution capable of balancing ordinary gravitational attraction on the largest cosmic scales.
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute Directorship
Becomes founding director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics.
Stimulated Emission
Formulates stimulated emission in his quantum theory of radiation, a principle later fundamental to lasers.
Commander of US Tank School
Appointed Commander of the US Tank School
Tank School
Appointed Commander of the US Tank School
Commander of US Expeditionary Force in France
Appointed Commander of the American Expeditionary Force in France
Brigadier General
Appointed brigadier general and serves with the American Expeditionary Forces in France.
Battle of Cambrai, 1st
Participates in the worlds 1st major tank battle
Battle of Meuse-Argonne
Leads the 304th Brigade US tank Corps with distiction at Meuse-Argonne Forest
Battle of Mihiel
Leads the 304th Brigade US tank Corps with distiction at St Mihiel
Commander of US Tank School
Appointed Commander of the US Tank School
Commander of US Expeditionary Force in France
Appointed Commander of the American Expeditionary Force in France
American Expeditionary Forces
Serves in France as a senior procurement and supply officer for the American Expeditionary Forces.
Supply Procurement
Works on supply procurement for the American Expeditionary Forces.
Army Commission
Receives an Army commission after the United States enters World War I.
Andromeda Novae Distance Argument
Uses the faintness of novae recorded in Andromeda to argue that M31 lies far beyond the Milky Way and is an independent stellar system.
Second Consecutive South American Crown
Scarone helps the hosts retain their continental championship as Uruguay wins all three matches without conceding a goal in the 1917 tournament.
University of Nebraska Honorary Degree
Cather received an honorary doctorate of letters from the University of Nebraska.
The Soul of a Bishop
Wells published The Soul of a Bishop, a novel debating religion and conscience.
God the Invisible King
Wells published God the Invisible King, a study of his religious views.
Completes Eminent Victorians
Strachey completed work on the sharply revisionist biographies later issued as Eminent Victorians.
Law Oversees Wartime Finance
As chancellor, Bonar Law manages demanding wartime financial needs and parliamentary budgetary business.