Plot
A failed attempt is made on Lenins life
Historical events in 1918
1,477 historical records
January 191896 historical events
Volkerfiede, Der
"under the editorship of Karl Radek for free distribution among our German brothers". Die Fackel is renamed der Volkerfriede
Volunteer Army Command
Assumes leading command in the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army.
Conference of Brest Litovsk
Ukrainian nationalists have separate peace talks with the Germans
Independence of Russia
Ukrainian nationalists have separate peace talks with the Germans
Independence of Ukraine
Ukrainian nationalists have separate peace talks with the Germans
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks denounce the terms offerred at the peace negotiations
Peace
The Bolsheviks denounce the terms offerred at the peace negotiations
Peace
The Ukrainian delegation arrives at the peace negotiations
Menshevik Opposition
Criticizes Bolshevik dictatorship and supports a non-Bolshevik socialist alternative
Bolshevik Party
The Constituent Assembly in which the Bolsheviks are a minority meets for one day before being suppressed
Constituent Assembly
The Constituent Assembly in which the Bolsheviks are a minority meets for one day before being suppressed
Election as Constituent Assembly Chairman
Chernov is elected chairman when the Constituent Assembly finally meets with a Socialist Revolutionary majority.
Dissolution of Constituent Assembly
The Bolshevik government prevents the Constituent Assembly from reconvening after its single contentious session.
Constitution of Russia
Dissolves the Constituent Assembly & "establishes the dictatorship of the proletariat"
Congress of Soviets
Proclaims the Soviet Russian Republic. Passes the "declaration of the rights of the toiling & exploited masses"
Mobilization
Sets up battalions for civil defense duties for digging trenches & surveillance
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks resume negotiations under Trotsky
Peace
The Bolsheviks resume negotiations under Trotsky
League of Nations
Founded to preserve national independence, 14 points
League of Nations
Wilson calls for a general association of nations in the Fourteen Points.
Peace
Wilson calls for a general association of nations in the Fourteen Points.
Fourteen Points
Calls for a general association of nations to preserve peace.
14 Points
The Fourteen Points in Wilson's speech are based on the research of the Inquiry, a team of about 150 advisers led by foreign-policy adviser Edward M. House into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference
14 Points
The 14th point, "A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike"
14 Points
The 1st point, "Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view".
14 Points
The 2nd point, "Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants".
14 Points
The 3rd point, "The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance".
14 Points
The 4th point, "Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety".
14 Points
The Fourteen Points in Wilson's speech are based on the research of the Inquiry, a team of about 150 advisers led by foreign-policy adviser Edward M. House into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference.
14 Points
Wilson's speech takes many of the principles of progressivism that had produced domestic reform in the US and translated them into foreign policy (free trade, open agreements, democracy, and self-determination). Wilson is awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his peace-making efforts.
1st point, Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at
The 1st point, "Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view"
Supreme War Council
His Fourteen Points influence Allied peace and armistice discussions.
Grand Fleet
Establishes the Grand Fleet Strategy
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Heads the Russian peace Treaty negotiations which are resumed
Conference of Brest Litovsk
The Brest negotiations resume with Trotsky heading the Russian delegation. Plays for time but would capitulate if Germany gave an ultimatum
Manifesto
Issues the White Army Manifesto
White Army
Issues the White Army Manifesto
Acting President
Appointed Acting President of Panama
Third Congress of Soviets
Helps consolidate Bolshevik power at the Third Congress of Soviets
Third Congress of Soviets
Sverdlov presides as the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets consolidates Bolshevik authority after the Constituent Assembly's dissolution.
Volunteer Army Strategy
Argues for uncompromising military struggle against Bolshevism.
Declaration of Rights Adopted
The Congress adopts the Declaration of Rights of the Working and Exploited People as a statement of Soviet political principles.
Industrial Manpower Transfers Proposed
Calls for younger men in essential industries to be replaced where possible and transferred to the forces.
Ireland Initially Excluded from New Conscription
States that the government will not yet extend compulsory military service to Ireland.
Manpower Programme Announced
Presents new measures to release more men from industry for military service.
Birth of Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser is born in Alexandria to a postal worker's family.
Workers and Peasants Red Army Decree
The Soviet government decrees creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army on a voluntary basis.
Military Service Bill Defended
Defends further military service legislation as necessary to meet the army's manpower needs.
Conference of Paris
Elected Chairman of the Peace Conference
Peace
Trotsky breaks off the peace negotiations
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Trotsky obtains a 10 day adjournment to return to Petrograd for further instructions. Hoffman demands the German occupation of Poland, Lithuania, White Russia & Latvia
Constituent Assembly
Issues a decree abolishing the Constituent Assembly
Constitution of Russia
Issues a decree abolishing the Constituent Assembly
Church and State Separation
The Soviet government issues a decree separating church and state and removing the church's privileged legal position.
Confiscation of Church Property
Church property is confiscated & all religious instruction in the schools abolished
Nationalization
Church property is confiscated & all religious instruction in the schools abolished
Religious Instruction
Church property is confiscated & all religious instruction in the schools abolished
Operation Michael
Ludendorf decides on a spring offensive
Constitution of Great Britain
The Parliament of Northern Ireland is established
Home Rule
The Government decided to extend conscription to Ireland, and that Ireland would have to be given home rule in order to make it acceptable, Carson disagrees in principle and again resigns
Rule of Ireland
The Government decided to extend conscription to Ireland, and that Ireland would have to be given home rule in order to make it acceptable, Carson disagrees in principle and again resigns
Rule of Ulster
The Parliament of Northern Ireland is established. The Government decided to extend conscription to Ireland, and that Ireland would have to be given home rule in order to make it acceptable, Carson disagrees in principle and again resigns
Resignation of Edward Carson
The Government decided to extend conscription to Ireland, and that Ireland would have to be given home rule in order to make it acceptable, Carson disagrees in principle and again resigns
Congress of Soviets
Repudiates foreign & domestic debts
Peace
Trotsky suspends the peace negotiations
Calendar Reform Decree
The Soviet government adopts the Gregorian calendar, bringing Russian civil dating into line with Western Europe.
Battle of Tafileh
Takes part in the Arab victory at Tafileh and is later awarded the Distinguished Service Order.
Birth of Nicolae Ceausescu
Birth of Nicolae Ceausescu, born Scornicesti-Olt, son of an alcoholic peasant
Relations are severed with Romania
Relations are severed with Romania
Conference of Brest Litovsk
Trotsky denounces the German Peace Terms as unacceptable and walks out of the peace negotiations at Brest- Litovsk
Peace
Trotsky resumes peace talks
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Negotiations are resumed with strikes & anti-war demonstrations spreading from Berlin. At this stage Trotskys policy of procrastination seems to be paying off
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Martial Law
Martial Law is declared in Berlin
Martial Law
Martial Law is declared in Hamburg
Grand Fleet Night Exercise Ordered
Beatty takes a large force from the Forth for an intensive night exercise involving ships and submarines.
Constitution of Russia
Declaration of the USSR
Reballion of Rebels in Bavaria
Stirs up industrial unrest during the "January Strike"
Reballion of Rebels in Bavaria
Stirs up industrial unrest during the "January Strike"
Januarstreik
A strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning is organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD
Western Front Staff Officer Service
Jodl serves in a staff role on the Western Front during the final year of the war.
Tafileh Operations
Helps Arab forces hold Tafileh against Ottoman counterattack.
BEF Manpower Shortage Reviewed
Haig warns that reduced infantry strength leaves British armies vulnerable to a major German offensive.
Allied Manpower Balance Reviewed
Reviews Allied and German manpower resources as divisions are transferred from the Eastern Front.
Food Rationing Expansion Approved
Supports wider compulsory rationing to protect civilian supplies during the final year of war.
Petrograd Soviet
Leads the Petrograd Soviet during early Bolshevik rule.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks resolve that the Trades Unions become "organs of the socialist state"
Congress of Soviets
Congress of Soviets makes the Declaration of Rights of the Toiling & Exploited People
Congress of Trades Unions, 1st
Workers control is shifted from Factory Committee's to Trades Unions. The Bolsheviks resolve that the Trades Unions become "organs of the socialist state". Factory Committee's should be subject to the Alln Council of Workers control
Conscription
Introduces "universal labor obligation"
Declaration of Rights
Congress of Soviets makes the Declaration of Rights of the Toiling & Exploited People
Nationalization
The 3rd All-Russian Congress proclaims factories, mines & transport state property. The Merchant Fleet is taken over by decree
Reform of Workers Rights
Issues the "Declaration of the Rights of the Toiling & Exploited Masses"
February 191855 historical events
Battle of May Island Collision Disaster Reviewed
Beatty's command reviews the chain of collisions during the night exercise later called the Battle of May Island.
Birth of Norman Wisdom
Birth of Norman Wisdom
Mobilization
The White Army begins the "Ice March"
Representation of the People Act Welcomed
Welcomes legislation expanding the electorate while the war continues.
Peace
Orders an end to the peace negotiations with Russia
First Averescu Government
Averescu becomes prime minister while Romania faces military and diplomatic pressure.
Prime Minister of Romania
Appointed Prime Minister of Romania, 1st term, by Ferdinand I after the resignation of Ion Bratianu
Minister of Information
Appointed Minister of Information
Minister of Information
Appointed Minister of Information, the 1st person to hold this position
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
The Soviet delegates leave Brest Litovsk. Declares the State of war with Germany, Austria, Turkey & Bulgaria at an end
Death of Abdulhamid II
Death of Abdulhamid II
Supply Commission
Appointed Head of the Supply Commission, responsible for food for the cities. Appointed Head of the Extraordinary Commission for Supply
Supply Commission
Appointed Head of the Extraordinary Commission for Supply
Coalition Negotiations
Kerensky continues political activity connected with coalition negotiations.
Election
The Socialists win 72 seats in the Austrian elections
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Treats the breakdown of negotiations as an end of the armistice. Notifies the Russians that military operations will resume on 18 February
Capture of Dvinsk
Lenin refuses the German armistice terms & Hoffman orders the capture of Dvinsk
Capture of Lutsk
Lenin refuses the German armistice terms & Hoffman orders the capture of Dvinsk
Invasion of Russia
A reply to the ultimatum of 17th Feb is not received & the German invasion continues
German Offensive Resumes
Lenin confronts renewed German military advances after the Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations break down.
Conference of Brest Litovsk
The Germans invade Russia which is all but defenceless as virtually the entire army has deserted
Peace
Germany resumes the war against Russia
Capture of Dvinsk
The Germans capture Dvinsk after Lenin turns down their armistice proposals
Capture of Lutsk
The Germans capture Lutsk after Lenin turns down their armistice proposals
Invasion of Ukraine
The Germans advance into the Ukraine
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Lenins motion to the Central Comm to accept peace & not wait for revolution is passed
Peace
Sends a peace offer to President Wilson
Robertson Dispute Brought before Parliament
Explains the government's disagreement with Sir William Robertson over Allied strategic coordination.
Versailles Allied Reserve Proposal Defended
Defends proposals for an Allied reserve controlled through common strategic machinery.
Invasion of Russia
Trotsky requests French military help. German & Austrian troops resume their offensive against Russia
Trotsky requests French military help during the invasion of Russia
Trotsky requests French military help during the invasion of Russia
Rule of Finland
Germany claims the Baltic states, Finland and Ukraine from Russia
Rule of Ukraine
Germany claims the Baltic states, Finland and Ukraine from Russia
Ice March
Leads the Volunteer Army in the retreat known as the Ice March.
Rostov Withdrawal
Withdraws as Red forces threaten the Volunteer Army base.
Death of Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin
A decree by Lenin authorizes summary execution of opponents
Execution
A decree by Lenin authorizes summary execution of opponents
Rule of Finland
Germany claims the Baltic states, Finland and Ukraine from Russia
Rule of Ukraine
Germany claims the Baltic states, Finland and Ukraine from Russia
Socialist Fatherland
Lenins decree, "the Socialist fatherland in danger!" is issued
Enigma Machine
German engineer Arthur Scherbius applies for a patent for a cipher machine using rotors and, with E. Richard Ritter, founds the firm of Scherbius & Ritter
Peace
Telegrams German peace terms to Moscow
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Demands the Soviet Government withdraw its army from the Ukraine. Demands the Soviet Government evacuate Livonia & Estonia
Acceptance of German Peace Terms
Lenin secures Bolshevik acceptance of harsh German peace terms as enemy forces advance rapidly into former imperial territory.
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Threatens to resign if German peace terms are not accepted. Argues that "the policy of revolutionary phrase making" is over
Peace
The Soviets accept the German peace terms
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Leaves for Brest Litovsk with instructions to sign German peace terms without argument
Rule of Estonia
Estonias Independence Day, Estonia proclaims independence from Russia
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
A telegram accepting German proposals is sent to the Germans
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Henry Wilson Appointed Chief of Imperial General Staff
Supports Henry Wilson's appointment following Robertson's resignation.
Robertson Resignation Accepted
Accepts Robertson's departure as Chief of the Imperial General Staff after the Versailles dispute.
Versailles Military Executive Policy Backed
Backs stronger Allied machinery at Versailles for coordinating reserves and strategy.
Retirement
Forced into retirement
Retirement
Forced into retirement
March 191897 historical events
First Kuban Campaign
Leads the difficult march into the Kuban region.
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Returns from the peace negotiations at Brest
Peace Treaty
Austria signs a peace Treaty with Russia
Peace
Launches an offensive against the Russians which forces them to sign a peace Treaty
Bolshevik Party
Negotiates & signs on behalf of Germany with the Bolshevik Government
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Negotiates & signs on behalf of Germany with the Bolshevik Government. Implements the Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Chicherin signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk for Soviet Russia, formally ending Russia's participation in the First World War.
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
The future of Courland, Lithuania & part of White Russia will be decided locally. Signs the Treaty of Brest Litovsk. Russian naval bases are stripped. Renounces Riga. Livonia & Estonia are occupied by Germany. A Russo-German peace is signed
Peace
Germany and Austria force Russia to sign the Peace of Brest
Rule of Estonia
Germany and Austria force Soviet Russia to sign the Peace of Brest, which calls for the establishment of 5 independent countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine
Rule of Latvia
Germany and Austria force Soviet Russia to sign the Peace of Brest, which calls for the establishment of 5 independent countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine
Rule of Lithuania
Germany and Austria force Soviet Russia to sign the Peace of Brest, which calls for the establishment of 5 independent countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine
Rule of Poland
Germany and Austria force Soviet Russia to sign the Peace of Brest, which calls for the establishment of 5 independent countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland
Rule of Ukraine
Germany and Austria force Russia to sign the Peace of Brest
Rule of Kars
Under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsl Russia evacuates Kars
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsl Russia evacuates Kars
Acting President
Appointed Acting President of Panama
Opposition to Brest-Litovsk
Bukharin leads Left Communist opposition to Lenin's policy of accepting the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolshevik Party is renamed the Russian Communist Party. Opening of the 7th Congress of the Bolshevik Party
Congress of Bolsheviks, 7th
Opening of the 7th Congress of the Bolshevik Party
Russian Communist Party
The Bolshevik Party is renamed the Russian Communist Party
Seventh Party Congress
Lenin defends the Brest-Litovsk settlement when the Seventh Party Congress opens.
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Argues against accepting the Treaty of Litovsk at the 7th Congress but is defeated
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
The 7th Congress ratifies the Treaty of Brest Litovsk. Lenin proclaims the "triumphal procession" of the revolution is over
Bolshevik Party
Peoples Courts are introduced
Congress of Bolsheviks, 7th
Peoples Courts are introduced
Central Committee
Zinoviev soon returns to the fold and was once again elected to the Central Committee at the VII Party Congress
Bolshevik Party
Cuts links with the discredited Social Democratic Party. 7th Congress resolution changes the name of the Bolshevik Party to the Communist Party
Communist Party
7th Congress resolution changes the name of the Bolshevik Party to the Communist Party
Congress of Bolsheviks, 7th
Cuts links with the discredited Social Democratic Party
Operation Michael
Issues the operaion Michael order
Government Transfer to Moscow
Lenin and the Soviet government leave Petrograd for Moscow because the former capital is vulnerable to German attack.
Government Press Relations Defended
Answers criticism of government relations with newspapers and wartime information management.
Censorship
Military & political press censorship is abolished to promote Pan-Turanianism & aids attacks on Allies
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria, 1st term
Capital Moved
The capital moves to Moscow while Petrograd remains symbolically important.
Moscow Becomes Soviet Capital
Sverdlov works from Moscow as the Soviet government establishes the city as the new national capital.
Supreme War Council
Argues with Foch and other commanders over Allied reserves and strategy.
Supreme War Council
Uses council meetings to press for unified Allied strategy.
Supreme War Council
Advises British ministers during Supreme War Council debates.
People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs
Becomes People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and takes a leading role in building the Red Army.
Congress of Soviets
The 3rd Congress of Soviets ratifies the Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
The Soviets ratify the Treaty of Brest Litovsk. The Soviet Congress ratifies the Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
The 3rd Congress of Soviets ratifies the Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Fourth Congress Ratifies Brest-Litovsk
Lenin secures ratification of the Brest-Litovsk treaty by the Fourth All-Russian Congress of Soviets.
Operation Michael
60 infantry divisions move up to the front
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest Litovsk is ratified by the 4th Alln Congress of Soviets
Mobilization
Cables all factories to requested increased output
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
The Allies refuse to recognize the Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Lord Pirrie Shipping Appointment Defended
Defends Lord Pirrie's appointment to strengthen merchant shipbuilding administration.
Operation Michael
1st day of Operation Michael
Operation Michael Opens against BEF
Haig confronts the opening German spring offensive against the British Third and Fifth Armies.
Saint Quentin Defensive Crisis Managed
Haig directs emergency measures as German forces penetrate the Fifth Army front near Saint Quentin.
German Spring Offensive Crisis Reviewed
Confronts the emergency created by the opening German offensive on the Western Front.
Fifth Army Withdrawal Coordinated
Haig coordinates retreat and reinforcement as the Fifth Army falls back under intense German pressure.
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
General rertreat of 1/2 the British Expeditionary Force to the Somme
Operation Michael
General rertreat of 1/2 the British Expeditionary Force to the Somme
Capture of Albert
Albert is captured by the Germans during Operation Michael
Capture of Bapaume
Bapaume is captured by the Germans during Operation Michael
Michael
Albert is captured by the Germans during Operation Michael
Operation Michael
Bapaume is captured by the Germans during Operation Michael
Capture of Bapaume
Bapaume is captured by the German during Operation Michael
Michael
Bapaume is captured by the German during Operation Michael
Bapaume Sector Withdrawal Reviewed
Haig reviews the retreat around Bapaume as Operation Michael continues westward.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander for Allied operations on the Western Front
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander for Allied operations on the Western Front
Conference of Doullens
Foch becomes the de facto Allied Generalissimo
Supreme War Council
Receives broader Allied coordinating authority after the German offensive.
Doullens Allied Command Agreement Accepted
Haig accepts Foch's coordinating authority during the emergency conference at Doullens.
Foch Allied Coordination Authority Supported
Haig supports unified Allied direction as the spring offensive threatens to divide British and French armies.
Rosieres Defensive Fighting Directed
Haig coordinates resistance as German forces continue advancing during the Battle of Rosieres.
Doullens Command Agreement Supported
Supports the agreement giving Ferdinand Foch authority to coordinate Allied armies in France.
Allied Generalissimo
Instrumental in getting General Ferdinand Foch appointed as Allied Generalissimo
New Zealand Division Moves to Somme during Spring Offensive
Russell's division moves rapidly to help stabilise the Allied line during the German spring offensive.
Capture of Montdidier
The French 3rd Army loses Montdidier
Third Army
The French 3rd Army loses Montdidier
Union of Bessarabia
Bessarabia votes union with Romania.
Mars Offensive
1st day of the Mars offensive on Arras
Operation Georgette
Ludendorf orders operation Georgette in 10 days time
Arras Defensive Battle Reinforced
Haig reinforces the Arras sector where British troops slow renewed German attacks.
Siege of Amiens
The German 8th Army heads towards Amiens
Siege of Zeebrugge
Defeats the British Zeebrugge Raid
Counter-Attack
Launches a German counter-attack to within 75 miles of Paris
Grand Fleet North Sea Dominance Maintained
Beatty's fleet continues to contain Germany's surface navy while U-boats remain the greater maritime threat.
Allied Command Unity Urged after German Attack
Presses for unified Allied command as German forces threaten the British and French armies.
Foch Coordination Authority Expanded
Backs expansion of Foch's powers as the German offensive continues.
First Transjordan Raid Supported
Chaytor leads the ANZAC Mounted Division during the first Transjordan operation toward Amman.
Marghiloman Government
Marghiloman forms a government charged with negotiating peace with the Central Powers.
Petrograd Cheka
Soviet institutions expand coercive power in Petrograd.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolshevik Government moves to Moscow
Capital
The Bolshevik Government moves to Moscow
Peoples Courts
Peoples Courts are introduced
Left SR Break with Bolsheviks
Spiridonova condemns the Brest-Litovsk settlement as Left Socialist Revolutionaries break with the Bolshevik government over peace with Germany.
Resignation of Nikolai Bukharin
Resigns from the Vesenkha after failing to stop the Brest Litovsk Treaty
Kuban Campaign
Leads the Volunteer Army toward the Kuban during the civil war.
Bolshevik Party
The Bolsheviks accept the dictated peace of Brest Litovsk
Conference of Brest Litovsk
The Bolsheviks accept the dictated peace of Brest Litovsk
April 191869 historical events
RAF
The Royal Airforce is founded
Execution
arrested and executed
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Avre Defensive Line Stabilised
Haig's forces help stop the German advance toward Amiens during the Battle of the Avre.
Siege of Amiens
The German push for Amiens is halted
Ancre Defensive Battle Stabilised
Haig's armies check the final major thrust of Operation Michael along the Ancre.
Birth of Alfredo Ovando Candia
Birth of Alfredo Ovando Candia
Red Cross
Counters the Red Cross efforts to stop the French use of chemical weapons
Reform of Chemical Warfare
Counters the Red Cross efforts to stop the French use of chemical weapons
Peace
Clemanceau discloses Charles peace note of 9th April
Battle of Lys
1st day of the Battle of Lys, part of Operation Georgette
Lys Offensive Opens in Flanders
Ludendorff launches Operation Georgette against British and Portuguese positions in the Flanders sector.
Operation Georgette
1st day of the Battle of Lys, part of Operation Georgette
Battle of the Lys
German forces attack near Ypres during the Lys offensive.
Spring Offensive
Ludendorff opens the Lys offensive near Ypres.
Estaires Defensive Crisis Managed
Haig directs reinforcements after German forces break into British and Portuguese positions near Estaires.
Lys Offensive Emergency Measures Ordered
Haig shifts reserves north as the German offensive opens against the Flanders front.
Dominion Reinforcements Praised
Highlights the contribution of Dominion troops during the German spring offensive.
Emergency Military Service Legislation Introduced
Introduces emergency legislation to expand the pool of men available for military service.
Irish Conscription Proposal Announced
Argues that Ireland can no longer remain excluded from compulsory military service.
Irish Home Rule Linked with Manpower Policy
Combines the conscription proposal with a renewed commitment to Irish self-government legislation.
Military Age Extension Proposed
Proposes raising the maximum military service age in response to the manpower emergency.
Picardy Battle Reviewed in Commons
Reviews the German spring offensive and warns that the war has entered a critical phase.
Fourth Battle of Ypres
Plumer commands British defence near Ypres.
Ekaterinodar Campaign
Begins the assault on Ekaterinodar against Bolshevik forces.
Flanders Reserves Shifted during Lys Crisis
Haig moves reserves north as the German Lys offensive threatens the British position in Flanders.
Assault on Ekaterinodar
Orders attacks against the Bolshevik-held city.
Backs to the Wall Order Issued
Haig issues his famous order calling on every position to be held during the Flanders crisis.
Backs-to-the-Wall Order Addresses Flanders Crisis
Haig issues his emergency order while German advances threaten British communications and positions in Flanders.
Backs to the Wall Order
Haig issues his order during the Ypres crisis.
Peace
The French publish Charles peace offer of 12th April
Bailleul Sector Reinforced
Haig sends reserves toward Bailleul as German attacks threaten the northern British front.
Command of Volunteer Army
Denikin assumes command of the Volunteer Army after Kornilov is killed during the fighting around Ekaterinodar.
Death of Lavr Kornilov
Kornilov is killed by artillery fire during the Volunteer Army's assault on Ekaterinodar.
Commander of Volunteer Army
Appointed Commander of the Volunteer Army
Death of Kornilov
Is killed by artillery fire during the siege of Ekaterinodar.
General
Appointed General in Chief of the Allied Armies, extending his powers
General
Appointed General in Chief, extending his powers to "strategic direction"
Volunteer Army Aftermath
His death leaves Denikin to assume command of the Volunteer Army.
Capture of Kars
Ottoman occupation of the Kars region
Rule of Kars
Ottoman occupation of the Kars region
Enigma Machine
Offers a prototype rotor cipher machine to the German Navy as military communications security becomes a wartime concern.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of XX Corps
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of XX Corps
First Kemmel Defence Supported
Haig supports British and French resistance during the first major German attack around Kemmel.
Peace
Discloses the peace offer made by Emperor Charles I
Bethune Defence Reinforced
Haig reinforces the Bethune sector where German attacks are repelled during the Lys offensive.
Military Service Act Extension Secured
Secures expanded military service powers during the emergency on the Western Front.
Rule of Vilna
A dispute between Poland & Lithuania takes place over the Polish rule of Vilna
Second Zahle Council Presidency
The Second Zahle Council Presidency ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.
Economy of Russia
A Decree outlaws the purchase & leasing of industrial & commercial business. A Decree compels all securities & bonds to be registered with the Government
Second Zahle Premiership
Begins the Second Zahle Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Compulsory Military Training Decree
The Soviet government introduces compulsory military training for workers as it builds a more disciplined Red Army.
Fifteenth Brigade Counterattacks Villers-Bretonneux
Elliott's 15th Australian Brigade counterattacks at night during the recapture of Villers-Bretonneux.
Villers-Bretonneux Counterattack Supported
Haig supports the counterattack that restores the Allied position east of Amiens.
Kemmel Offensive Pressed
German forces seize Kemmel Hill but fail to convert the gain into a decisive breakthrough in Flanders.
Second Kemmel Fighting Coordinated
Haig coordinates British and French resistance during renewed German attacks around Kemmel.
Succession
Declared the ruler of Russia by the Whites
German Offensive Losses Reviewed
Reports on losses and reinforcements after the first phase of the German spring offensives.
Arrival at Ekaterinburg
Nicholas II and Alexandra arrive in Ekaterinburg and are confined in the Ipatiev House under tighter Bolshevik control.
Arrest of Nicholas II
Under arrest at Ekaterinburg, now Sverdlosk, in the Urals
Second Transjordan Operation Directed
Chauvel directs mounted formations during the second Transjordan operation against Es Salt.
Offensive
Launches a counter-attack in the Lys-Aisne sector, April-May
Operation Georgette Preparations Finalised
Ludendorff finalises the Flanders offensive intended to seize key railways and threaten the Channel ports.
Foch Allied Commander Role Supported
Supports the elevation of Foch to wider command authority over Allied operations.
Demonstrations
Suppresses civil disobedience & labour movements
Invasion of Russia
Japan attempts to gain a military foothold in Siberia
Kornilov Legacy
Becomes a symbol of White resistance after his death.
Diplomatic Mission
Russia & Germany exchange diplomatic missions
May 191855 historical events
Battle of Aisne, 3rd
Ludendorf orders the Aisne attack to divert the French reserves so that the BEF can be struck again in Flanders
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Ludendorf orders the Aisne attack to divert the French reserves so that the BEF can be struck again in Flanders
Inheritance
Inheritance is abolished
Iron Cross First Class Award
Jodl receives the Iron Cross First Class for wartime service.
Treaty of Bucharest
Marghiloman signs the imposed Treaty of Bucharest, which King Ferdinand never ratifies.
Award
Awarded for courage beyond the call of duty
Maurice Accusations Answered
Answers General Maurice's public accusations concerning army strength and government statements.
Maurice Debate Confidence Test Won
Defeats the parliamentary challenge arising from the Maurice controversy and retains Commons support.
Western Front Army Strength Defended
Defends official figures used to describe British manpower on the Western Front.
Bolshevik Party
Bolshevik troops open fire on workers protesting at food shortages in the town of Kolpino
Reballion of Rebels in Kolpino
Bolshevik troops open fire on workers protesting at food shortages in the town of Kolpino
Food Dictatorship Decree
The Soviet government strengthens emergency grain procurement powers as urban food shortages worsen.
Purchase of Grain
Has power to force peasants to deliver grain to collection points for fixed payments
Dismissal
Dismissed for not co-operating with the Germans in the Ukraine
Dismissal
Dismisses Bohm-Ermolli
Siege of Paris
The Germans reach Meuse at Chateau-Thierry within 40 miles of Paris
Federal Women Vote
Welcomes federal voting rights for many Canadian women.
Czechoslovak Legion Revolt
Lenin's government faces a widening military crisis as clashes with the Czechoslovak Legion spread along the Trans-Siberian Railway.
Independence of Georgia
Georgia declares independence
Rule of Georgia
Georgia declares independence
Congress of Councils
Presides over the opening of the Alln Congress of Councils of National Economy
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Battle of Aisne, 3rd
1st day of 3rd Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Aisne
Ludendorf Offensive
1st day of 3rd Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Aisne
Aisne Crisis Reinforcements Reviewed
Haig reviews reinforcement requirements after Germany launches a new offensive on the Aisne.
German Aisne Offensive Monitored
Reviews the new German attack on the Aisne as Allied forces face another major crisis.
Armenian National Council
Chairs the Armenian National Council, which proclaimed the independence of Democratic Republic of Armenia
Rule of Armenia
Chairs the Armenian National Council, which proclaimed the independence of Democratic Republic of Armenia
Treaty of Batum
Signs the Treaty of Batum with the Ottoman Empire. Chairs the Armenian National Council, which proclaimed the independence of Democratic Republic of Armenia
Red Army Conscription
The Soviet government introduces compulsory military service as the civil war expands and volunteer recruitment proves insufficient.
Australian Corps Command Assumed
Monash assumes command of the newly unified Australian Corps.
213th Infantry Division
Manstein transferred to the 213th Infantry Division on the Western Front as an operations staff officer. He remained involved in German divisional planning during the final year of the war.
Royal Medal
Awarded the Royal Societys Royal Medal
Royal Society
Awarded the Royal Societys Royal Medal
Allied Shipping Allocated for American Reinforcements
Backs use of Allied shipping capacity to accelerate the arrival of United States forces.
American Troop Arrival Accelerated
Supports arrangements to speed the movement of American troops to the Western Front.
Petrograd Defence
Oversees Soviet authority as civil war threats grow.
Petrograd Defence
Zinoviev organises Soviet authority during threats to Petrograd.
Economy of Russia
Helps found the Vesenkha to control the economy at the Alln Congress
Nationalization
The sugar industry is nationalized. The oil industry is nationalized
Vesenkha
Helps found the Vesenkha to control the economy at the Alln Congress
Reballion of Rebels in River Don
A rebellion in the River Don results in Krasnov establishing military rule
Union for Defence of Fatherland and Freedom
Savinkov organises an underground anti-Bolshevik network preparing armed resistance against Soviet rule.
Arrest of Fedorovna
Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna is arrested by the Bolsheviks
Bolshevik Party
Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna is executed by the Bolsheviks. Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna is arrested by the Bolsheviks
Death of Fedorovna
Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna is executed by the Bolsheviks
Execution
Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna is executed by the Bolsheviks
Arrest of Mikhailovich
Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is arrested by the Bolsheviks
Bolshevik Party
Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is arrested by the Bolsheviks
Arrest of Palei
Vladimir Pavlovich Palei is arrested by the Bolsheviks
Bolshevik Party
Vladimir Pavlovich Palei is executed by the Bolsheviks. Vladimir Pavlovich Palei is arrested by the Bolsheviks
Death of Palei
Vladimir Pavlovich Palei is executed by the Bolsheviks
Execution
Vladimir Pavlovich Palei is executed by the Bolsheviks
Reballion of Rebels in River Don
A rebellion in the River Don results in Krasnov establishing military rule
June 191845 historical events
First de Broqueville Government
The First de Broqueville Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Gerard Cooreman Government
Begins the Gerard Cooreman Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
Visit to Paris
Visits GHQ in Paris & the Front
Speech
Announces, "I shall fight before Paris..."
Battle of Aisne, 3rd
Final day of 3rd Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Aisne
Ludendorf Offensive
Final day of 3rd Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Aisne
Treaty of Batum
A Treaty signed between the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Ottoman Empire signed in Batum
Treaty of Batum
Turkey signs a Treaty with Armenian nationalists recognizing a new Armenian Republic. A Treaty signed between the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Ottoman Empire signed in Batum
Battle of Bellau Wood
Americans attack German positions
Offensive
Launches the Messines offensive
Committee of Constituent Assembly Members
Volsky helps establish the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly after anti-Bolshevik forces take Samara.
Battle of Matz
If the Germans could make progress in the centre sector here, the indented Front Line of the bulge between these two salients could be straightened out. 1st day of 4th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of Matz
Battle of Matz
The German plan was to push the German Front Line westwards in the sector between two salients; the northern salient had been formed from the fighting towards Amiens and the southern one at the end of the previous German offensive in the Aisne sector.
Battle of Matz
The Noyon-Montdidier Offensive known in the German plan by its code-name of Operation Gneisenau (9th - Thirteenth June 1918). Also known as the Battle of Matz it was the fourth German offensive launched in 1918.
Noyon-Montdidier Offensive
The Noyon-Montdidier Offensive known in the German plan by its code-name of Operation Gneisenau (9th - Thirteenth June 1918). Also known as the Battle of Matz it was the fourth German offensive launched in 1918
Operation Gneisenau
If the Germans could make progress in the centre sector here, the indented Front Line of the bulge between these two salients could be straightened out. 1st day of 4th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of Matz
Operation Gneisenau
The German plan was to push the German Front Line westwards in the sector between two salients; the northern salient had been formed from the fighting towards Amiens and the southern one at the end of the previous German offensive in the Aisne sector.
Operation Gneisenau
The Noyon-Montdidier Offensive known in the German plan by its code-name of Operation Gneisenau (9th - Thirteenth June 1918). Also known as the Battle of Matz it was the fourth German offensive launched in 1918.
Economy of Great Britain
The Cabinet forms the National Iron & Steel Industry Council
NISI Council
The Cabinet forms the National Iron & Steel Industry Council
Economy of Great Britain
The Cabinet forms the Economic, Defence & Development Committee
NISI Council
The Cabinet forms the National Iron & Steel Industry Council
War Economy
The Cabinet forms the Economic, Defence & Development Committee
Battle of Matz
Although the Germans made progress on the first day, the French organized a counter-attack on 11th June
Committees of Poor Peasants
The Soviet government creates Committees of Poor Peasants to support grain procurement and weaken wealthier village households.
Battle of Bellau Wood
The last German position is taken
Battle of Matz
The Germans halt their offensive
Operation Gneisenau
The Germans halt their offensive
Battle of Matz
Final day of 4th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of Matz
Operation Gneisenau
Final day of 4th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of Matz
Battle of Piave River
Permits withdrawal behind the Piave
Austrian Offensive Defeat Announced
Reports the failure of the Austrian offensive in Italy as an important Allied success.
Italian Front Recovery Praised
Praises the Italian resistance that defeats the Austrian attack along the Piave.
Battle of Bellau Wood
The German advance on Paris is turned back, Bellau Wood is secured by the Allies
Manpower Position Reviewed after Spring Battles
Reviews reinforcements and manpower after the heavy fighting of the spring.
Economy of Russia
Nationalization begins after Larin convinces Lenin to protect it from German control
Nationalization
Nationalization begins after Larin convinces Lenin to protect it from German control
Large Industry Nationalization
The Soviet government nationalizes major industrial enterprises as state control of the wartime economy expands.
Nationalization
Issues a decree nationalizing all major areas of industry
Nationalization
Issues the decree nationalising large-scale industry during War Communism
Battle of Chateau-Thie
The German advance on Paris is stopped
Counter-Attack
June-July, launches a counter-attack in the Noyon-Marne sector
Siege of Paris
The German advance on Paris is stopped
American Battleships Continue Grand Fleet Service
American battleships remain integrated with Beatty's fleet and participate in North Sea operations and exercises.
Battle of Chateau-Thie
Helps stop the German advance on Paris
July 191871 historical events
Hamel Combined-Arms Attack Directed
Monash directs the carefully coordinated Australian-led attack at Hamel.
Hamel Limited Offensive Approved
Haig supports the carefully coordinated Australian-led attack at Hamel as a model for combined-arms warfare.
Fifth Congress of Soviets Opens
Sverdlov presides when the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets opens amid growing conflict with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries.
Constitution of Russia
A Congress Opens in Moscow & approves the Soviet Constitution
Reballion of officers in Yaroslavl 150 miles outside Moscow
Organizes a revolt of officers in Yaroslavl 150 miles outside Moscow
Left Socialist Revolutionary Uprising
Spiridonova supports the Left Socialist Revolutionary challenge launched after the assassination of the German ambassador.
Yaroslavl Uprising
Savinkov's anti-Bolshevik organisation helps launch an armed uprising in Yaroslavl against Soviet authority.
Arrest after Left SR Uprising
Spiridonova is detained after Bolshevik forces suppress the Left Socialist Revolutionary uprising in Moscow.
RSFSR Constitution Adopted
Sverdlov presides as the Fifth Congress adopts the first constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
Death of Filipp Isaevich Goloshchekin
Carries Nicholas IIs death warrant from Moscow
Execution
Carries Nicholas IIs death warrant from Moscow
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Polish Army
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Polish Army
Battle of Marne, 1st
Mounts a counter-offensive along the Marne
Battle of Marne, 2nd
The Marne Offensive (15th July - 5th August 1918) became the last German offensive of the war. It was intended as a diversionary attack either side of Reims to cross the river Marne and draw the Allied reserves away from Flanders, where Ludendorff was planning to make another offensive to break through the Allied line once and for all
Battle of Marne, 2nd
Ludendorff throws 35 Divisions across the Marne to encircle Reims. Final thrust of the Spring Offensive. 1st day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne
Friedensturm
Launched against US & French divisions from east of the Reims to the Marne
Marne Offensive
It was intended as a diversionary attack either side of Reims to cross the river Marne and draw the Allied reserves away from Flanders.
Marne Offensive
The German attack east of Reims was blocked by the French defence on the first day.
Marne Offensive
The Marne Offensive (15th July - 5th August 1918) became the last German offensive of the war.
Marne Offensive
The attack west of Reims did succeed in crossing the Marne river.
Marne Offensive
Where Ludendorff was planning to make another offensive to break through the Allied line once and for all.
Offensive Marne-Reims
1st day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne
Siege of Reims
Ludendorff throws 35 Divisions across the Marne to encircle Reims
Death of Ivan Mikhailovich Iurovskii
Seeks a place to bury the executed Romanovs in the woods north of Ekaterinburg
Execution
Seeks a place to bury the executed Romanovs in the woods north of Ekaterinburg
Death of Nicholas II
Shot after the possibility of rescue by white Counter-revolutionaries. It is reported that his wife, 3 daughters & son are also shot
Execution
Shot after the possibility of rescue by white Counter-revolutionaries. It is reported that his wife, 3 daughters & son are also shot
Battle of Marne, 2nd
Final day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne
Offensive Marne-Reims
Final day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne
Amiens Offensive
Accepts Rawlinson's proposal for an offensive against the German salient near Amiens.
Amiens Offensive
Develops plans for a limited surprise attack east of Amiens.
Execution
An Ekaterinburg officiak cables Moscow with a message of the execution of Nicholas II
Death of Nikolai Ipatev
Nicholas, his family & servants are shot in the grounds of Ipatevs house
Execution
Nicholas, his family & servants are shot in the grounds of Ipatevs house
Execution of Nicholas II
Nicholas II is executed with his family and attendants by Bolshevik guards in the Ipatiev House.
Bolshevik Party
Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is executed by the Bolsheviks
Death of Mikhailovich
Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is executed by the Bolsheviks
Execution
Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is executed by the Bolsheviks
Death of Nicholas II
Nicholas, his family & servants are shot in Ekaterinburg
Execution
Nicholas, his family & servants are shot in Ekaterinburg
Birth of Kenan Evren
Birth of Kenan Evren
Battle of Marne, 2nd
The Allies counter-attack capturing 12,000 PoWs, 250 guns & 14 German divisions. German forces south of the River Marne are forced to rereat
Marne Offensive
On 18th July an Allied counter-attack, comprising French, British, American and Italian troops, pushed the German forces back
Offensive
1st day of the Allied "100 Days" offensives which lead to the Armistice
Battle of Marne, 2nd
The British 9th Division recaptures Meteren
Capture of Meteren
The British 9th Division recaptures Meteren
Execution
Writes articles in Pravda & Izvestiia saying Nicholas II was shot trying to escape
Pravda
Writes articles in Pravda & Izvestiia saying Nicholas II was shot trying to escape
Conscription
Asks Clemenceau to call up the 1920 conscripts in 1918
Battle of Marne, 2nd
The Germans retreat 5 miles as the French reach the Lassery-Chateau-Thierry Road
Collapse of Yaroslavl Uprising
The anti-Bolshevik uprising associated with Savinkov collapses after sustained fighting and bombardment.
Minister of Food
Appointed Minister of Food
Battle of Marne, 2nd
The Allies cross the Marne near Dormans. Ludendorf orders the southern salient to be abandoned
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Russia
Battle of Marne, 2nd
The British recapture Marfaux
Battle of Moreuil
A French & British force advances 2 miles toward the Avre Valley
Capture of Marfaux
The British recapture Marfaux
Conference of Bombon
Decides to free the Paris-Verdun, Paris-Amiens & Verdun-Arricourt routes. Conference of all the commanders-in-chief to consider allied operations, all present proposals for the employment of allied armies
Amiens Offensive
Approves coordinated Allied operations that lead into the Amiens attack.
Conference of Bombon
Coordinates Allied plans for limited offensives, including operations around Amiens.
Conference of Bombon
Takes part in Allied planning before the Amiens Offensive, as Foch coordinates operations for the Western Front.
Battle of Marne, 2nd
The Allies capture Fere Forest, La Croise Range, Oulchy-le-Chateau & Villemontoire. The Allies advance 2 miles
Retreat
Orders German retreat to Blucher position north of Vesle
Declaration of War
Declares a de facto state of war against the Allies
Battle of Marne, 2nd
The Allies capture Romigny-St Gemme
Constitution of Germany
The Weimar Republic is adopted. The plan to transform Germany into a constitutional monarchy similar to Britain quickly becomes obsolete as the country slid into a state of near-total chaos. The 1871 constitution is amended to make the Reich a Parliamentary democracy, which the Government had refused for half a century, the Chancellor is henceforth responsible to Parliament, the Reichstag, and no longer to the Kaiser
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic is adopted. The 1871 constitution is amended to make the Reich a Parliamentary democracy, which the Government had refused for half a century, the Chancellor is henceforth responsible to Parliament, the Reichstag, and no longer to the Kaiser
Dismissal
Hotzendorf is dismissed
Mobilization
July-August, launches counter-attacks after the arrival of 300,000 Americans a month
Amiens Surprise Plan Approved
Haig approves secrecy and concentration measures for the planned Allied counteroffensive near Amiens.
August 1918105 historical events
Bolshevik Party
Writes a memo urging the overthrow of the Bolshevik Government, the Kaiser agrees
Coup
Writes a memo urging the overthrow of the Bolshevik Government, the Kaiser agrees
Invasion of Palestine
Issues secret orders for the Palestine Offensive
Alliance Russia and Germany
Requests, via Chicherin, Germany to help against the counter-revolutionaries
Capture of Soissons
Soissons is re-captured on 2nd August and the Germans withdrew to entrenched positions on a line along the Vesle and Aisne rivers. As a result of the defeat of this German offensive the proposed German offensive in Flanders was called off
Marne Offensive
As a result of the defeat of this German offensive the proposed German offensive in Flanders was called off.
Marne Offensive
Soissons is re-captured on 2nd August and the Germans withdrew to entrenched positions on a line along the Vesle and Aisne rivers.
Marne Offensive
This retreat and defeat, the last in a series of offensives which each ended in an unsuccessful strategic conclusion, marked the beginning of the gradual retreat of the German forces which.
Marne Offensive
was to come over the following months to 11th November 1918.
Northern Regional Government
Chaikovsky heads an anti-Bolshevik regional government formed at Archangel after Soviet authority collapses in the city.
Battle of Orel
Defeats the White Russian forces of Denekin
Amiens Offensive
Canadian Corps is moved secretly into position before the surprise attack.
Allied Recovery Review Delivered
Reports improving Allied prospects after the failure of Germany's spring offensives.
Mobilization
A train is constructed for Trotsky to command the Red Army
Australian Corps Attacks at Amiens
Monash directs the Australian Corps during the opening attack of the Battle of Amiens.
Amiens Offensive
Australian Corps attacks beside Canadian formations in the centre of the offensive.
Battle of Amiens
Leads Australian Corps in the centre of the Fourth Army assault.
Battle of Amiens
Leads Canadian Corps in the surprise attack that breaks German positions near Amiens.
Amiens Offensive
Commands French First Army on Haig's southern flank during the Amiens attack.
Amiens Offensive
French First Army attacks on the right of the British Fourth Army.
Battle of Amiens
Commands French First Army on the southern flank of the Allied attack.
Siege of Amiens
The British counter-attack of 8 August at the Battle of Amiens is spectacularly successful, and amounts to what Ludendorff termed "the black day of the German Army"
Siege of Amiens
The British counter-attack of 8 August at the Battle of Amiens is spectacularly successful, and amounts to what Ludendorff termed "the black day of the German Army"
Amiens Offensive
German Second Army absorbs the main shock of the Allied surprise offensive.
Battle of Amiens
Commands German Second Army facing the Allied assault east of Amiens.
Amiens Offensive
Sees the Amiens defeat as a severe blow to German morale and confidence.
Battle of Amiens
Recognises the scale of the defeat as German morale and defensive cohesion weaken.
Urges the continuation of existing relations with Russia
Urges the continuation of existing relations with Russia
Mudawwara Raid
Takes part in operations against the Ottoman rail station at Mudawwara.
Battle of Amiens
Directs British forces as the Amiens attack opens the Allied advance on the Western Front.
Amiens Offensive
Commands the British Expeditionary Force as Rawlinson's Fourth Army attacks with Debeney's French First Army at Amiens.
Battle of Amiens
The Battle of Amiens opens in fog. British Fourth Army and French First Army break through German lines and begin the Hundred Days advance.
Battle of Amiens
The Second Armys failure to secure the fall of Amiens (in particular the critically important railway junction) in the centre of the German line compromised the whole of Ludendorffs planned advance. 8-11 Aug, offensive instigated by Haig, ultimately leads to victory
Battle of Picardy, 3rd
The Battle of Amiens, also known as the Third Battle of Picardy, begins the Allied counter-offensive later called the Hundred Days Offensive.
Hundred Days Counteroffensive Opened
Haig's armies join the Allied counteroffensive that begins the decisive Hundred Days campaign.
Amiens Offensive Welcomed
Welcomes the Allied attack at Amiens as the strategic initiative begins shifting decisively.
Amiens Offensive
Commands British Fourth Army during the surprise attack east of Amiens, with Australian and Canadian corps in the centre.
Battle of Amiens
Commands Fourth Army in the main British attack east of Amiens.
Battle of Amiens
Commands III Corps on the British left during the Amiens operation.
Battle of Amiens
Commands cavalry prepared to exploit breakthroughs made by infantry and tanks.
Amiens Offensive
Air support helps protect the assault and disrupt German movement behind the front.
Amiens Offensive
Tank Corps supports the opening attack with large numbers of armoured vehicles.
Battle of Amiens
Supports the attack with massed tanks used to break German defensive positions.
Capture of Kazan
The White Army has captured Kazan & Trotsky mobilizes his command train to relieve it
Mobilization
Leaves Moscows in his command train, "a flying apparatus of administration"
Siege of Kazan
"The fate of the revolution hangs in the balance". Arrives at Svyazk to go to the relief of Kazan
Amiens Offensive
French First Army captures Montdidier, helping restore Allied control around the Paris-Amiens railway area.
British Expeditionary Force (BEF)
Attends the BEF GHQ Shell Conference
Conference of Shell
Attends the BEF GHQ Shell Conference
Battle of Picardy, 3rd
On 10th August the French 3rd Army launched attacks in the southern sector of the advance. Montdidier was re-captured and the Paris-Amiens railway line was once again in Allied control
Capture of Montdidier
On 10th August the French 3rd Army launched attacks in the southern sector of the advance. Montdidier was re-captured and the Paris-Amiens railway line was once again in Allied control
Third Army
On 10th August the French 3rd Army launched attacks in the southern sector of the advance. Montdidier was re-captured and the Paris-Amiens railway line was once again in Allied control
Offensive
Orders anti German troops to the Volga
ANZAC
The second phase of the offensive began on 21st August as the Second Battles of the Somme 1918. The French Tenth and 3rd Armies, and the British 3rd and First Army attacked. The ANZAC captured ground north of the Somme river at Peronne and Mont St. Quentin. Canadian forces captured ground near Queant
Battle of the Somme, 2nd
The second phase of the offensive began on 21st August as the Second Battles of the Somme 1918. The French Tenth and 3rd Armies, and the British 3rd and First Army attacked. The ANZAC captured ground north of the Somme river at Peronne and Mont St. Quentin. Canadian forces captured ground near Queant
First Army
The second phase of the offensive began on 21st August as the Second Battles of the Somme 1918. The French Tenth and 3rd Armies, and the British 3rd and First Army attacked. The ANZAC captured ground north of the Somme river at Peronne and Mont St. Quentin. Canadian forces captured ground near Queant
Siege of Tsaritswyn
Declares the Siege of Tsaritswyn
Allied Munitions Council
Attends the Allied Munitions Council
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal, receives the Field Marshals batton
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal, receives the Field Marshals batton
Action at Outersteene Ridge
The Flanders Advance is also known as the Fifth Battle of Ypres.
Birth of Shankar Dayal Sharma
Shankar Dayal Sharma is born and later becomes the ninth President of India.
Birth of Leonard Bernstein
Birth of Leonard Bernstein
Battle of Bapaume
Directs the German forces during the Battle of Bapaume
Battle of Bapaume
Jointly commands 35 divisions in the field, the Germans are driven back by the Allies
Battle of Bapaume
Jointly commands 35 divisions in the field, the Germans are driven back by the Allies
Battle of Albert, 2nd
Byng & Rawlinson take 8,000 prisoners along a 55km front, the German 2nd rereats
Battle of Bapaume
First day of the Battle of Bapaume, commands the 4th Army
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Begins the next phase of the Allied advance after Amiens by attacking toward Albert.
Albert Advance Renewed
Haig renews British attacks on the old Somme battlefield as German forces begin falling back.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
British Third and Fourth Armies renew the advance on the old Somme battlefield, forcing the German Second Army back.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Commands Third Army as the Battle of Albert opens the Second Battles of the Somme.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Commands IV Corps in Third Army operations during the Battle of Albert.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Commands V Corps during Third Army attacks on the Albert front.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Commands VI Corps as Third Army widens pressure on German positions.
Battle of Bapaume
The British break theough the German lines & cross the River Ancre
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Advances Fourth Army alongside Third Army as Albert is retaken.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Commands III Corps in Fourth Army operations during the renewed Somme advance.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Australian Corps advances near Chuignes as Fourth Army pushes beyond the old Somme battlefield.
Battle of Bapaume
The Allies drive the Germans back & capture the Arras-Bapaume Road
Battle of Albert, 2nd
Byng & Rawlinson reach Bapaume
Battle of Bapaume
The German line is driven back until the Allies hold the Arras-Bapaume Road
Scarpe Advance Supported
Haig supports Canadian-led attacks along the Scarpe that push German forces toward the Hindenburg Line.
Treaty of Russo-German
Supplementary Russo-German Treaty is signed with secret clauses
Bapaume Recapture Operations Supported
Haig's Third Army continues pressure as British forces retake Bapaume during the Hundred Days.
Bapaume Captured by New Zealand Division
Russell's New Zealand Division captures Bapaume during the Allied advance.
Plot
Attempts to assassinate Lenin for being a traitor to the Revolution
Assassination Attempt on Lenin
Lenin is seriously wounded by gunfire after addressing workers at the Michelson factory in Moscow.
Plot
One bullet hits his neck & another hits his collarbone. An attempt on Lenins life as 3 shots are fired during an address at a labour rally
Assassination of Moisei Solomonovich UritskII
The head of the Petrograd cheka is assassinated
Cheka
The head of the Petrograd cheka is assassinated
Death of Moisei Solomonovich UritskII
The head of the Petrograd cheka is assassinated
Mont St Quentin Assault Directed
Monash directs the Australian Corps assault on Mont St Quentin and Peronne.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Commands Third Army during the Second Battle of Bapaume phase.
Battles of the Somme, 2nd
Leads New Zealand Division in Third Army operations during the Bapaume phase.
Capture of Montdidier
Captures Montdidier & moves the line forward to the River Somme
Battle of Amiens
The Second Armys failure to secure the fall of Amiens (in particular the critically important railway junction) in the centre of the German line compromised the whole of Ludendorffs planned advance
Siege of Amiens
The Second Armys failure to secure the fall of Amiens (in particular the critically important railway junction) in the centre of the German line compromised the whole of Ludendorffs planned advance
Siege of Amiens
The Second Armys failure to secure the fall of Amiens (in particular the critically important railway junction) in the centre of the German line compromised the whole of Ludendorffs planned advance
Rationing
Due to the naval blockade the civilian ration is reduced to 2,000 calories daily
American Military Contribution Praised
Highlights the growing military importance of United States forces in the final Allied offensives.
Hundred Days Offensive Supported
Backs continued Allied attacks as German armies retreat from positions gained earlier in the year.
Hundred Days Staff Planning
Contributes to staff work during the Allied offensives that drive German forces back in the final months of the war.
Reballion of Socialist Revolutionaries
Helps suppress the rebellion of the Socialist Revolutionaries
Reballion of Socialist Revolutionaries
Helps suppress the rebellion of the Socialist Revolutionaries
September 1918146 historical events
Battle of Bapaume
The 2nd Australian Div captures Mont St Quentin & removes a central German strongpoint
Cheka
The Petrograd Cheka Chief is assassinated
Reballion of Rebels in Petrograd
The Red Army search for suspects & Kronstadt sailors shoot 500 hostages. The Petrograd Cheka Chief is assassinated
Red Army
The Red Army search for suspects & Kronstadt sailors shoot 500 hostages
Reballion of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
Incites the soldiers. Announces, "bourgoisie kill separate individuals but we kill whole classes"
Battle of Bapaume
The 2nd Australian Div captures Peronne
Drocourt-Queant Line Broken
Haig's First Army breaks the Drocourt-Queant defensive system and forces further German withdrawal.
Death of Fanya Kaplan
Death of Fanya Kaplan, executed
Execution
Commandant of Kremlin, Malkov, executes Kaplan for attempting to assassinate Lenin
Execution
Malkov executes Kaplan for attempting to assassinate Lenin
Battle of the Somme, 2nd
By 4th September the German forces had withdrawn to the Hindenburg Line, the position from which they had advanced to make the offensives in the earlier part of the year
Hindenburg Line
By 4th September the German forces had withdrawn to the Hindenburg Line, the position from which they had advanced to make the offensives in the earlier part of the year
Hundred Days Offensive
By early September German forces fall back toward the Hindenburg Line after Allied pressure following Amiens and the Somme battles.
Bolshevik Party
Launch of the red terror to massacre prisoners & hostages throughout Bolshevik Russia
Red Terror Decree
The Soviet government formally announces the Red Terror amid civil-war violence and attacks on Bolshevik leaders.
Red Terror
Launch of the red terror to massacre prisoners & hostages throughout Bolshevik Russia
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 2nd term
Capture of Kazan
Commands the re-capture of Kazan from the White Army
Battle of Epehy
Leads the First Army attack on the Hindenburg line after German defeats at Papua & Arras
First Army
Leads the First Army attack on the Hindenburg line after German defeats at Papua & Arras
Hindenburg Line
Leads the First Army attack on the Hindenburg line after German defeats at Papua & Arras
Battle of Epehy
Leads the 4th army over the Hindenburg line after German defeats at Bapaume & Arras
Hindenburg Line
Leads the 4th army over the Hindenburg line after German defeats at Bapaume & Arras
Battle of Havrincourt
The Battle of Havrincourt (12th September 1918) was launched as a successful attack by the British 3rd Army with three divisions against four German Army divisions holding the fortified town of Havrincourt
Capture of Havrincourt
The Battle of Havrincourt (12th September 1918) was launched as a successful attack by the British 3rd Army with three divisions against four German Army divisions holding the fortified town of Havrincourt
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
The Battle of Havrincourt (12th September 1918) was launched as a successful attack by the British 3rd Army with three divisions against four German Army divisions holding the fortified town of Havrincourt
Third Army
The Battle of Havrincourt (12th September 1918) was launched as a successful attack by the British 3rd Army with three divisions against four German Army divisions holding the fortified town of Havrincourt
Battle of Epehy
Leads the 3rd Army over the Hindenburg line
Third Army
Leads the 3rd Army over the Hindenburg line
Capture of Simbirsk
Commands the re-capture of Simbirsk from the White Army
Bombing of Damascus
Sept 16-Sept 18 the Damascus Campaign, aircraft bombard Turkish command centres
Damascus Air Bombardment
Sept 16-Sept 18 the Damascus Campaign, aircraft bombard Turkish command centres
Battle of Epehy
Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.
Battle of Epehy
The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.
Battle of Epehy
The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.
Battle of Epehy
The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through
First Army
Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.
First Army
The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.
First Army
The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.
First Army
The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through
Fourth Army
Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.
Fourth Army
The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.
Fourth Army
The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.
Fourth Army
The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through
Hindenburg Line
Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.
Hindenburg Line
The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.
Hindenburg Line
The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.
Hindenburg Line
The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through
Third Army
Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.
Third Army
The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.
Third Army
The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.
Third Army
The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through
Battle of Megiddo
Supports the Arab northern advance during Allenby's Megiddo offensive.
Arab Communications Raids
Arab forces disrupt Ottoman lines of communication as Allenby's Megiddo offensive begins.
Desert Mounted Corps Exploitation
Sends the Desert Mounted Corps through the breakthrough into the Ottoman rear.
Megiddo Combined Arms
Coordinates infantry, cavalry, artillery, armoured vehicles and aircraft at Megiddo.
Megiddo Offensive Opens
Launches the Battle of Megiddo on 19 September 1918.
Ottoman Escape Routes Blocked
Plans the Megiddo attack to trap Ottoman formations and close their principal escape routes.
Sharon Artillery Barrage
Uses a powerful creeping barrage to support the infantry attack at Sharon.
Sharon Infantry Breakthrough
Twenty-First Corps infantry punches openings through Ottoman defences at Sharon.
Nablus Ottoman Collapse
Ottoman forces around Nablus are broken during the Megiddo offensive.
Jisr ed Damieh Crossing Captured
Chaytor's force captures the important Jordan crossing at Jisr ed Damieh.
Es Salt Captured in Final Offensive
Chaytor's force captures Es Salt during the pursuit east of the Jordan.
Ufa Directory Formed
Avksentiev becomes chairman of the five-member Directory created at Ufa to unite major anti-Bolshevik governments.
Battle of Epehy
The area is taken back into Allied hands
Battle of Epehy
By 25 Sept the Epehy is in Allied hands but there are 72,000 British casualties
Battle of Epehy
By 25 Sept the area is in Allied hands but there are 72,000 British casualties
Amman Captured by Chaytor's Force
Chaytor's force captures Amman and large numbers of Ottoman prisoners.
Death of Mikhail Alexeiev
Alexeiev dies while serving as a senior leader of the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army in southern Russia.
Advance on Damascus Ordered
Orders an advance on Damascus
Capture of Deraa
Assists Arab forces operating around Deraa during the Ottoman retreat.
Battle of Canal du Nord
The Battle of Canal du Nord (27th September - 1st October 1918) took place against a section of the canal and the outskirts of Cambrai. The British First Army was to cross the canal continuing the advance following on from the Battle of the Drocourt-Queant Line and advance towards Cambrai
Battle of the Drocourt-Queant Line
The Battle of Canal du Nord (27th September - 1st October 1918) took place against a section of the canal and the outskirts of Cambrai. The British First Army was to cross the canal continuing the advance following on from the Battle of the Drocourt-Queant Line and advance towards Cambrai
Canal du Nord Crossing Supported
Haig supports the First Army crossing that opens the approach toward Cambrai.
Final Flanders Offensive Opens
Albert's army group attacks across Flanders as the Allies begin the final liberation offensive.
Houthulst Forest Positions Captured
Belgian forces capture major German positions in Houthulst Forest during the opening phase of the final offensive.
Flanders Advance
Belgian forces advance near Ypres in 1918.
Hundred Days Offensive
Foch coordinates Allied attacks including Ypres.
Battle of Flanders
1st day of the Battle of Flanders
Battle of the Peaks of Flanders
The Flanders Advance is also known as the Fifth Battle of Ypres.
Hindenburg Line
The Meuse Argonne Offensive (26th September - 11th November 1918) was an Allied offensive with the aim of pushing the German Armies further east from their positions at the Hindenburg Line, cutting the Germans off from their important rail routes supplying their front line sectors
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
The Meuse Argonne Offensive (26th September - 11th November 1918) was an Allied offensive with the aim of pushing the German Armies further east from their positions at the Hindenburg Line, cutting the Germans off from their important rail routes supplying their front line sectors
Flanders Advance
Haig orders advances through the Ypres sector.
Battle of Ypres, 5th
Plumer attacks during the Fifth Battle of Ypres.
Ypres-Lys Offensive
The 27th Division fights near Ypres in 1918.
Ypres-Lys Offensive
The 30th Division fights near Ypres in 1918.
Hindenburg Line Assault Coordinated
Monash coordinates Australian operations against the Hindenburg Line around Bellicourt.
Armistice
It is agreed to offer an armistice & form a new Government
Fourth Army
Quentin and Vendhuille had been incorporated into the German defences of the Hindenburg Line. The German defences on the canal comprised not only barbed wire entanglements and traps, but generally this stretch of canal was in a deep cutting of about 50 to 80 metres.
Fourth Army
The Battle of the St. Quentin Canal (29th September - 2nd October 1918) was an attack launched on 29th September by US, French and British forces. A north-south stretch of this canal between St.
Fourth Army
The British 4th Army and the French First Army had reached the canal sector in mid September, and were tasked with crossing the canal at the tunnel section or by the bridge
Fourth Army
The canal ran through a tunnel at Bellicourt and there was a bridge further south of the tunnel at Bellenglise.
Hindenburg Line
Quentin and Vendhuille had been incorporated into the German defences of the Hindenburg Line. The German defences on the canal comprised not only barbed wire entanglements and traps, but generally this stretch of canal was in a deep cutting of about 50 to 80 metres.
Hindenburg Line
The Battle of the St. Quentin Canal (29th September - 2nd October 1918) was an attack launched on 29th September by US, French and British forces. A north-south stretch of this canal between St.
Hindenburg Line
The British 4th Army and the French First Army had reached the canal sector in mid September, and were tasked with crossing the canal at the tunnel section or by the bridge
Hindenburg Line
The canal ran through a tunnel at Bellicourt and there was a bridge further south of the tunnel at Bellenglise.
St Quentin Canal Breakthrough Supported
Haig's Fourth Army helps rupture the Hindenburg Line around the St Quentin Canal.
Bulgarian Armistice Welcomed
Welcomes Bulgaria's armistice as the first collapse among Germany's principal allies.
Peace
Bulgaria agrees an armistice with the Allies
Result of Surrender of Bulgaria
Bulgaria leaves the war, opening the Balkans further to Allied advance.
Surrender of Bulgaria
Bulgarian hostilities cease as Bulgaria agrees to the Allied terms
Resignation of Georg von Hertling
Resigns as Chancellor at the request of the German Generals
Feed The Guns Campaign
Bonar Law ops the "Feed The Guns Campaign" to raise a 2nd 1 billion pounds war loan
Advance on Damascus
Moves with Arab forces during the final advance toward Damascus.
Feed The Guns Campaign
Bonar Law ops the "Feed The Guns Campaign" to raise a 2nd 1 billion pounds war loan
Suffrage
Wills tells the Senate that womens suffrage is "a vitally necessary war measure"
Womens Suffrage
Wills tells the Senate that womens suffrage is "a vitally necessary war measure"
Army Group of Flanders Command Assumed
Albert takes command of the multinational Army Group of Flanders for the final Allied offensive.
Allied Flanders Offensive Staff Coordination
Degoutte coordinates operational planning for the French, Belgian and British forces in the Flanders army group.
Thule Society
Helps found the Thule Society, a centre of resistance to the Munich Soviet Republic
Hindenburg Line
Breaks through the Hindenburg Line
Battle of Ypres, 5th
The Flanders Advance is also known as the Fifth Battle of Ypres.
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
From September a series of Allied offensives on the Western Front were launched in sequence at about the same time as the main Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Western Front
From September a series of Allied offensives on the Western Front were launched in sequence at about the same time as the main Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Hindenburg Line Offensive Monitored
Reviews Allied attacks breaking through the German defensive system on the Western Front.
Afulah Captured
Forces under his command capture the strategic stronghold of Afulah.
Amman Captured
Chaytor's Force captures Amman during the collapse of Ottoman resistance.
Beisan Captured
Mounted forces under his command secure Beisan during the Megiddo pursuit.
Carmel Defiles Secured
The Desert Mounted Corps secures key defiles through the Carmel Range.
Coastal Deception Plan
Conceals the main coastal concentration while deception points Ottoman attention toward the Jordan Valley.
Coastal Force Concentration
Secretly concentrates striking forces on the coastal sector before the Megiddo offensive.
Damascus Pursuit
Orders the rapid pursuit north toward Damascus after the Megiddo breakthrough.
Es Salt Captured
Chaytor's Force captures Es Salt as Ottoman Fourth Army formations retreat.
Haifa Secured
British Empire forces secure Haifa during the post-Megiddo advance.
Jenin Captured
British Empire mounted troops capture Jenin during the rapid advance.
Jordan Crossings Captured
Chaytor's Force captures important Jordan River crossings during Megiddo.
Jordan Valley Feint
Uses a feint toward the Jordan Valley to mislead Ottoman commanders before Megiddo.
Megiddo Decisive Victory
Megiddo becomes the decisive victory of Allenby's Palestine and Syria campaign.
Megiddo Ottoman Losses
The Megiddo victory inflicts catastrophic losses on the Ottoman armies.
Megiddo Surprise Plan
Plans a surprise offensive designed to trap Ottoman armies and block their escape.
Mobile Pursuit to Syria
Directs a fast-moving pursuit from Palestine into Syria after Megiddo.
Nablus Offensive
Twentieth Corps attacks the Ottoman line in the Judean Hills at Nablus.
Nazareth Secured
His forces secure Nazareth during the exploitation after the Sharon breakthrough.
Ottoman Encirclement
Mounted forces encircle Ottoman formations and restrict their routes of escape.
Samakh Secured
Mounted troops secure Samakh as Ottoman forces collapse in northern Palestine.
Wadi el Fara Air Attack
Allied aircraft devastate retreating Ottoman columns along the Wadi el Fara road.
Ziza Surrender
Ottoman troops at Ziza surrender to ANZAC mounted forces during the pursuit.
Demonstrations
Forced to resign after demonstrations in the provinces
Resignation of Matasake Terauchi
Forced to resign after demonstrations in the provinces
Jordan Valley Force Commanded
Chaytor commands a composite force protecting the Jordan Valley during the final Palestine offensive.
Red Terror
Leads Petrograd politics during the harsh civil war climate.
Meuse-Argonne
Wins the Distinguished Service Cross for Heroism. Commands 345 during tanks the Meuse-Argonne Operation
October 1918123 historical events
Damascus Pursuit Directed
Chauvel directs the rapid mounted pursuit that reaches Damascus during the final Allied advance.
Result of Surrender of German High Command Peace Position
The German military leadership presses the civilian government to seek an immediate peace settlement.
Surrender of German High Command Peace Position
Ludendorf cables the Government to transmit a peace offer wihout further delay
Capture of Damascus
Enters Damascus after Arab and Allied forces take the city from the Ottoman Empire.
Battle of Flanders
The Allies have advanced 8 miles & all the German defenses taken
Damascus Captured
Forces under his command capture Damascus during the rapid pursuit.
International Revolution
Lenin writes to Sverdlov & Trotsky saying that international revolution is imminent & urges preparations for a 3 million man Army
Suffrage
Senate rejects womens suffrage for a 3rd time
Womens Suffrage
Senate rejects womens suffrage for a 3rd time
Liberation of Flanders
Belgian forces advance from the Ypres sector.
German Retreat from Ypres
German forces withdraw from positions near Ypres.
Arab Government
Helps Faisal's supporters organise provisional Arab administration after Damascus falls.
Capture of Beirut
Beirut falls to the British
Armistice Negotiations
Appointed Chancellor of Germany in October 1918 in order to negotiate an armistice with the allies in the last days of the war
Chancellor
Appoints a Government that for the first time included representatives of the Social Democrats, Friedrich Ebert and Philipp Scheidemann. Appointed Chancellor of Germany in October 1918 in order to negotiate an armistice with the allies in the last days of the war
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Foreign Minister
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Germany
Peace
Germany requests an armistice
Government
Forms a new Government
Beaurevoir Line Assault Supported
Haig continues pressure beyond the Hindenburg Line as British forces attack the Beaurevoir defences.
Damascus Command Meeting
Meets Emir Feisal in Damascus after the city's capture.
Meeting with Feisal in Damascus
Meets Feisal in Damascus
Battle of Blanc Mont
Begins a succesful assault on Blanc Mont on the heights of the Meuse
Peace
Germany requests an armistice
Ceasefire
The German Government formally asks US President Wilson for a ceasfire
German Armistice Request Considered
Considers Germany's request for an armistice and negotiations based on President Wilson's principles.
Army Group of Flanders (GAF)
By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.
Army Group of Flanders (GAF)
The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.
Army Group of Flanders (GAF)
The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October
Battle of Belgium, 2nd
By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.
Battle of Belgium, 2nd
The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.
Battle of Belgium, 2nd
The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October
Battle of Cambrai, 2nd
The Second Battle of Cambrai (8th October - 10th October 1918) was a successful offensive by the British First, 3rd and 4th Armies with the support of tanks. The advance crossed three German lines of defence which were lightly manned, took Cambrai within two days and suffered very light casualties
Battle of Courtrai
By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.
Battle of Courtrai
The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.
Battle of Courtrai
The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October
Battle of Roulers
By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.
Battle of Roulers
The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.
Battle of Roulers
The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October
Capture of Cambrai, 2nd
The Second Battle of Cambrai (8th October - 10th October 1918) was a successful offensive by the British First, 3rd and 4th Armies with the support of tanks. The advance crossed three German lines of defence which were lightly manned, took Cambrai within two days and suffered very light casualties
Economy of Russia
All domestic trade is nationalized
Nationalization
Shops are closed & their inventory used for barter with the peasants. All domestic trade is nationalized
Death of Mikhail Vasilevich Alexeiev
Death of Mikhail Vasilevich Alexeiev, heart attack
Battle of Flanders
The 2nd Allied attack of the Battle of Flanders commences
Peoples Manifesto
Publication of "Peoples Manifesto"
Homs Captured
Allied forces capture Homs as the pursuit continues through Syria.
Battle of Flanders
Ostend is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders
Capture of Ostend
Ostend is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders
Battle of Flanders
Ostend is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders
Battle of the Selle
The Battle of the Selle (17th - 26th October 1918) took place as the Allies continued the advance after the Second Battle of Cambrai, recapturing French villages one by one as the German forces reatreated to the north-east
Capture of Ostend
Ostend is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders
Washington Declaration
Issues the Czechoslovak declaration of independence.
Birth of Everette Howard Hunt
Birth of Everette Howard Hunt
Battle of Flanders
Bruges is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders
Capture of Bruges
Bruges is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders
Liberation of Bruges
Allied advances liberate Bruges near the end of the war.
Battle of Flanders
Bruges is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders
Capture of Bruges
Bruges is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders
Battle of Flanders
The Allies reach the Dutch border
Dismissal
Advocates the dismissal of Pershing
Resignation of William Maxwell Aitken
Resigns as Minister of Information due to ill health
Registration Directorate
The predecessr of the GRU is created under the sponsorship of Leon Trotsky, who was then the civilian leader of the Red Army; it was originally known as the Registration Directorate. Given the task of handling all military intelligence, particularly the collection of intelligence of military or political significance from sources outside the Soviet Union
Registration Directorate
Appointed as the first Head of the Registration Directorate, later to be known as the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU)
Reform of Electoral System
The Reichstag votes for equal suffrage
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Peace
Woodrow Wilson says military rulers & autocratic monarchs are an obstacle to peace
Peace
Says that military rulers & autocratic monarchs in German are an obstacle to peace
Battle of Vittorio
1st day of the Battle of Vittorio
Coanda Government
Coanda forms a government and prepares Romania's return to the war.
Minister President
Appointed Minister of President of Austria
Reballion of Rebels in Jutland
Recalls U-boats to take part in a final sortie but naval mutinies end all such plans
Aleppo Captured
The Allied advance reaches and captures Aleppo late in October.
Mid-European Union
Speaking from the steps of Independence Hall in Philadelphia as head of the Mid-European Union, Masaryk calls for the independence of the Czechoslovaks and other oppressed peoples of Central Europe
Independence of Czech Republic
Speaking from the steps of Independence Hall in Philadelphia as head of the Mid-European Union, Masaryk calls for the independence of the Czechoslovaks and other oppressed peoples of Central Europe
Independence of Czechoslovakia
Speaking from the steps of Independence Hall in Philadelphia as head of the Mid-European Union, Masaryk calls for the independence of the Czechoslovaks and other oppressed peoples of Central Europe
Conference of Gas
Chairs the Gas Conference
Czechoslovak Independence
Helps proclaim Czechoslovak independence in Prague.
Constitution of Germany
The Kaiser signs amended constitution
Armistice
Asks Diaz for an Armistice
Constitution of Germany
Rebellion breaks out when the military command, without consultation with the Government, orders the German High Seas Fleet to sortie
Weimar Republic
The crews of two ships in Wilhelmshaven mutiny, when the military arrest about 1,000 seamen and have them transported to Kiel, the Wilhelmshaven mutiny turns into a general rebellion that quickly swept over most of Germany
Reballion of Rebels in Kiel
Suppresses the mutiny of the Kiel Fleet
Result of Surrender of Austro-Hungarian Fleet and Flotilla
The imperial fleet and flotilla pass to successor-state control as Habsburg authority disintegrates.
Surrender of Austro-Hungarian Fleet and Flotilla
Surrenders the Fleet to the Yugoslavs & the Flotilla to the Hungarians
General
Appointed Commander in Chief
General
Appointed Commander in Chief
Declines Knighthood
Declines a proposed knighthood after the war.
Result of Surrender of Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire ends hostilities with the Allies.
Surrender of Ottoman Empire
Turkey surrenders to the Allies
Ottoman Armistice
The Ottoman Empire signs an armistice five days after Aleppo falls.
Ottoman Capitulation after Damascus
Turkey capitulates after Allenbys Damascus Campaign
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary by Emperor-King Charles
Czechoslovak Independence
Supports Slovak participation in new Czechoslovakia.
Martin Declaration
Backs Slovak declaration joining the Czechoslovak state.
Armistice
Turkey signs an armistice. The Dardanelles & Bosporus are opened to all & the Army is demobilized
Armistice
Istanbul & parts of Anatolia are occupied causing Mustafa Kemal to lead a revolt
Peace
The exhausted Turkish Empire ceases fighting
Constitution of Austria
Adler helps form a new National Assembly to establish a republican Austria
National Assembly
Adler helps form a new National Assembly to establish a republican Austria
Ottoman Armistice Consequences Reviewed
Reviews the strategic consequences of the Ottoman withdrawal from the war.
Minister Without Portfolio
Appointed Minister Without Portfolio
Minister Without Portfolio
Appointed Minister Without Portfolio
Minister Without Portfolio
When the Social Democrats are included in the cabinet for the first time in Prince Max of Badens Government Scheidemann enters the Government as a minister without portfolio
NSDAP
Helps founds the Political Workers Circle, forerunner of the Nazi Party
NSDAP
Helps founds the Political Workers Circle, forerunner of the Nazi Party
NSDAP
Helps founds the Political Workers Circle, forerunner of the Nazi Party
Political Workers Circle
Helps founds the Political Workers Circle, forerunner of the Nazi Party
Government
When it became clear that the war was lost, a new Government was formed by Prince Maximilian of Baden which included Ebert and other members of the SPD in October 1918
Reballion of Rebels in Kiel
A suicidal mission to attack the British fleet triggers off the Kiel mutiny
Health of Adolf Hitler
Convalesces in hospital in Pasewalk, recovers from temporary blindness
Reballion of Rebels in Kiel
A suicidal mission to attack the British fleet triggers off the Kiel mutiny
Resignation of Erich von Ludendorf
Badens Government is strong enough to force Ludendorffs resignation
Reballion of Rebels in Kiel
A suicidal mission to attack the British fleet triggers off the Kiel mutiny
Courtai Offensive
Driven east with the 4th Army during the Allied Courtai Offensive
Fourth Army
Driven east with the 4th Army during the Allied Courtai Offensive
Resignation of Erich von Ludendorf
Badens Government is strong enough to force Ludendorffs resignation
Peace
Appointed Chancellor of Germany in October 1918 in order to negotiate an armistice with the allies in the last days of the war
Resignation of William Maxwell Aitken
Resigns after a dispute over jurisdiction with the Foreign Office
British Second Army Advances in Final Flanders Offensive
Plumer's Second Army advances with Belgian and French forces as German positions across Flanders collapse.
German Final Fleet Sortie Threat Monitored
Beatty maintains readiness as German naval leaders contemplate a final major sortie near the end of the war.
Armistice Conditions with Germany Coordinated
Works with Allied leaders to establish military conditions for ending hostilities with Germany.
Return to Britain
Returns to Britain after the Arab campaign and the capture of Damascus.
Beirut Advance
British Empire forces advance into Beirut during the pursuit north.
November 1918207 historical events
Battle of Valenciennes
The Battle of Valenciennes (1st November 1918) was an offensive carried out by the British 3rd Army to advance to the French-Belgian border and the city of Valenciennes. The city was re-captured by Canadian troops on 2nd November
Capture of Charleville
On 1st November the Allied offensive started up and the third German defensive line was breached. As the advance progressed northwards the towns of Mezieres, Charleville and Sedan were recaptured
Capture of Mezieres
On 1st November the Allied offensive started up and the third German defensive line was breached. As the advance progressed northwards the towns of Mezieres, Charleville and Sedan were recaptured
Capture of Sedan
On 1st November the Allied offensive started up and the third German defensive line was breached. As the advance progressed northwards the towns of Mezieres, Charleville and Sedan were recaptured
Capture of Valenciennes
The Battle of Valenciennes (1st November 1918) was an offensive carried out by the British 3rd Army to advance to the French-Belgian border and the city of Valenciennes. The city was re-captured by Canadian troops on 2nd November
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
On 1st November the Allied offensive started up and the third German defensive line was breached. As the advance progressed northwards the towns of Mezieres, Charleville and Sedan were recaptured
Third Army
The Battle of Valenciennes (1st November 1918) was an offensive carried out by the British 3rd Army to advance to the French-Belgian border and the city of Valenciennes. The city was re-captured by Canadian troops on 2nd November
Battle of Vittorio
A victory for the Allies, causes an Austrian collapse across the Italian front
Armistice
An Armistice is declared
Result of Surrender of Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary accepts an armistice and ends active hostilities against Italy.
Surrender of Austria-Hungary
Surrenders unconditionally to Italian C-in-C Armando Diaz. An Armistice is declared
Supreme War Council
Helps frame Allied military conditions before the armistice.
Result of Surrender of Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary exits the war under Allied armistice terms.
Surrender of Austria-Hungary
Austria surrenders to the Allies
Reballion of Rebels in Kiel
1st day of the Kiel Mutiny
Reballion of Rebels in Kiel
1st day of the Kiel Mutiny
Battle of Guise, 2nd
The Battle of the Sambre (4th November 1918) was a continuation of the Allied advance by Haigs Army Group (the First, 3rd and 4th Armies and the French First Army) coming from the direction of Valenciennes. The Allied troops were to advance from the Conde Canal on a thirty mile front towards Maubeuge-Mons. The offensive included the the Second Battle of Guise (4th - 5th November 1918)
Battle of Sambre
The Battle of the Sambre (4th November 1918) was a continuation of the Allied advance by Haigs Army Group (the First, 3rd and 4th Armies and the French First Army) coming from the direction of Valenciennes. The Allied troops were to advance from the Conde Canal on a thirty mile front towards Maubeuge-Mons. The offensive included the the Second Battle of Guise (4th - 5th November 1918)
First Army
The Battle of the Sambre (4th November 1918) was a continuation of the Allied advance by Haigs Army Group (the First, 3rd and 4th Armies and the French First Army) coming from the direction of Valenciennes. The Allied troops were to advance from the Conde Canal on a thirty mile front towards Maubeuge-Mons. The offensive included the the Second Battle of Guise (4th - 5th November 1918)
Fourth Army
The Battle of the Sambre (4th November 1918) was a continuation of the Allied advance by Haigs Army Group (the First, 3rd and 4th Armies and the French First Army) coming from the direction of Valenciennes. The Allied troops were to advance from the Conde Canal on a thirty mile front towards Maubeuge-Mons. The offensive included the the Second Battle of Guise (4th - 5th November 1918)
Third Army
The Battle of the Sambre (4th November 1918) was a continuation of the Allied advance by Haigs Army Group (the First, 3rd and 4th Armies and the French First Army) coming from the direction of Valenciennes. The Allied troops were to advance from the Conde Canal on a thirty mile front towards Maubeuge-Mons. The offensive included the the Second Battle of Guise (4th - 5th November 1918)
Le Quesnoy Assault Directed
Russell directs the New Zealand Division during the capture of Le Quesnoy.
Le Quesnoy Wall Scaled
Averill leads soldiers up a ladder and over the fortified wall during the capture of Le Quesnoy.
War and Navy Minister at Omsk
Kolchak enters the anti-Bolshevik government at Omsk as minister of war and navy.
Supreme War Council
Represents French diplomacy in late-war council discussions.
General Strike
The first day of the General Strike in Berlin
Strike
The first day of the General Strike in Berlin
Supreme War Council
The Allied Supreme War Council accepts Wilson's Fourteen Points as an armistice basis.
Austro-Hungarian Collapse Reviewed
Explains the military and political consequences of Austria-Hungary leaving the war.
Versailles Armistice Conference Reported
Reports to Parliament on Allied conferences dealing with Turkey, Austria-Hungary and Germany.
Supreme War Council
Participates in Allied political oversight as Germany seeks an armistice.
Supreme War Council
Represents Italian interests as the armistice terms are shaped.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Supreme War Council
Helps present American views during armistice deliberations.
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
Addresses a demonstration of workers, peasants & soldiers
Abdication
supporter of the monarchy until the abdication of the Kaiser ("If the Kaiser abdicates, the social revolution is inevitable. But I do not want it, I hate it like sin", he says to Max von Baden
Constitution of Germany
supporter of the monarchy until the abdication of the Kaiser ("If the Kaiser abdicates, the social revolution is inevitable. But I do not want it, I hate it like sin", he says to Max von Baden
Bavarian Revolution
The Bavarian revolution shocks Kahr, a monarchist official, as royal government collapses in Munich.
Weimar Republic
The revolution had reaches Munich, causing King Ludwig III of Bavaria to flee
Constitution of Germany
In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts. Bavaria is declared a republic
Mobilization
The Demobilization office is setup
Reballion of Rebels in Berlin
The Red flag is raised over the Imperial Palace in Berlin. In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts
Reballion of Rebels in Cologne
Sailors capture Cologne
Weimar Republic
In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts
Abdication
The revolution reaches Munich, causing King Ludwig III of Bavaria to flee
Exile of Ludwig III
Leaves Munich on a day of mass demonstrations
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
The revolution reaches Munich, causing King Ludwig III of Bavaria to flee
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
The revolution had reaches Munich, causing King Ludwig III of Bavaria to flee
Reballion of Rebels in Berlin
The Red flag is raised over the Imperial Palace in Berlin
Reballion of Rebels in Cologne
Sailors capture Cologne
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
Suppresses the revolution in Munich
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
Addresses a demonstration of workers, peasants & soldiers
Abdication
Wilhelm II refuses to abdicate, Prince Max of Baden simply announces that he had done so and frantically attempts to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern. "Majority Social Democrats" (MSPD, who support a Parliamentary system) put themselves at the front of the revolutionary movement & demand that Emperor Wilhelm II abdicate
Weimar Republic
"Majority Social Democrats" (MSPD, who support a Parliamentary system) put themselves at the front of the revolutionary movement & demand that Emperor Wilhelm II abdicate
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
Suppresses the revolution in Munich
Eastern Peoples Liberation Declaration
Declares Eastern Peoples liberation
Three Turkish Armies Destroyed
Allenby destroys 3 Turkish Armies & captures 75,000 prisoners
Prime Minister of Germany
Eisners Cabinet has 3 minority Socialists & 3 Majority Social Democrats. Appointed Prime Minister of Bavaria & responsible for foreign affairs
Abdication
Helps persuade the Kaiser to abdicate
Constitution of Germany
Proclaims the new "Free German Republic" without any Party or Government authorization
Free German Republic
Proclaims the new "Free German Republic" without any Party or Government authorization
Pact between Friedrich Ebert and Wilhelm Groener
The Ebert-Groener pact stipulates that the Government would not attempt to reform the Army so long as the army swore to protect the state
Alliance Ebert and General Wilhelm Groener
Ebert makes a pact over the phone with General Wilhelm Groener
Armistice
Begins preparations for drawing up an armistice with the Allies
Chancellor
Appointed Head of the Provisional Government. Appointed Chancellor of Germany, accepts Max von Badens offer
Constitution of Germany
From November 1918 through January 1919, Germany is governed dictatorially by the Council of Peoples Commissioners.
Constitution of Germany
The Ebert-Groener pact stipulates that the Government would not attempt to reform the Army so long as the army swore to protect the state.
Constitution of Germany
To ensure that his fledgling Government is able to maintain control over the country, Ebert makes an uneasy pact with the OHL, now led by Ludendorffs successor General Wilhelm Groener.
Constitution of Germany
Begins preparations for elections to the new National Constitutional Assembly
Council of Peoples Commissioners
From November 1918 through January 1919, Germany is governed dictatorially by the Council of Peoples Commissioners
Election
Begins preparations for elections to the new National Constitutional Assembly
Pact between Friedrich Ebert and Wilhelm Groener
The Ebert-Groener pact stipulates that the Government would not attempt to reform the Army so long as the army swore to protect the state
Provisional Government
Appointed Head of the Provisional Government
Constitution of Germany
The Weimar Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin, to the fury of the Reichskanzler, who still hoped to preserve the monarchy. Scheidemann, concerned in the face of a possible workers revolution in Berlin, proclaims the Republic from a balcony in the Reichstag building, without consulting any of his colleagues
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin, to the fury of the Reichskanzler, who still hoped to preserve the monarchy
Constitution of Germany
In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts. Ebert continues to serve as Head of Government during the three months between the end of the German Empire in November 1918 and the first gathering of the National Assembly in February 1919, but did not use the title of Chancellor
National Assembly
Ebert continues to serve as Head of Government during the three months between the end of the German Empire in November 1918 and the first gathering of the National Assembly in February 1919, but did not use the title of Chancellor
Weimar Republic
In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts
Abdication
Maximilian announces the abdication without the Kaisers consent.
Abdication
Maximilian, realizing that the Kaiser would not be able to retain his throne, urges him to abdicate in time to save the monarchy itself, but the Kaiser refuses to agree.
Abdication
The Kaiser abdicates.
Abdication
Wilhelm II refuses to abdicate, Prince Max of Baden simply announces that he had done so and frantically attempts to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern.
Constitution of Germany
Resigns in favour of Ebert, followed by the proclamation of the German Republic
Reballion of Rebels in Berlin
Wilhelm II refuses to abdicate, Prince Max of Baden simply announces that he had done so and frantically attempts to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern
Resignation of Maximilian of Baden
Resigns in favour of Ebert, followed by the proclamation of the German Republic
Weimar Republic
Wilhelm II refuses to abdicate, Prince Max of Baden simply announces that he had done so and frantically attempts to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern
Constitution of Germany
Opposes Scheidemanns declaration of a republic, wants a constitutional monarchy
Constitution of Germany
A Soviet republic was proclaimed, at the Berliner Stadtschloss by a left-wing radical named Karl Liebknecht
Weimar Republic
A Soviet republic was proclaimed, at the Berliner Stadtschloss by a left-wing radical named Karl Liebknecht
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin, to the fury of the Reichskanzler, who still hoped to preserve the monarchy
Weimar Republic
In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts
Friedensturm
The Germans retreat across the Meuse
Armistice
The Allies demand evacuation of all occupied territories including Alsace Lorraine
Armistice
The Allies demand the demilitarization of the Rhineland & annulment Brest Litovsk
Abdication
Announces the abdication of Wilhelm II during the armistice
Abdication
Announces the Kaiser has abdicated
Dismissal
Dismisses Ludendorf during the armistice
Resignation of Max von Baden
Resigns in favor of Friedrich Ebert, the second Empire is at an end
Resignation of Max von Baden
Ebert, supported by the "Majority" Socialists, forces von Baden to resign. Asked by Hindenburg to arrange an armistice but saved the indignity
Birth of Spiro Agnew
Birth of Spiro Agnew
Constitution of Germany
Liebknechts proclamation ends the German Monarchy and an entirely Socialist provisional Government took power under Eberts leadership. Ebert favoured retaining the monarchy under a different ruler but Scheidemann proclaimes the German Republic, in response to the unrest in Berlin and in order to counter a declaration of the "Free Socialist Republic" by Karl Liebknecht. Calls for a National Constitutional Assembly
Government
Forms a provisional executive of mainstream SDP & Independent Socialists
Provisional Government
Liebknechts proclamation ends the German Monarchy and an entirely Socialist provisional Government took power under Eberts leadership
Ruling Council
Appointed Member of Ruling Council, Nov 1918 to Feb 1919
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
Following the Januarstreik in January 1918, a strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning that was organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD and officially supported by the party, the USPD quickly rose to about 120,000 members; despite harsh criticism of
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
of people's deputies"), which was formed on November 10, 1918 and mutually led by Friedrich Ebert and Hugo Haase following the German Revolution
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
the SPD for becoming part of the Government of the newly formed German republic during the Oktoberreform, the USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the Novemberrevolution began, and even became part of the Government in the form of the Rat der Volksbeauftragten ("council
Council of Peoples Commissioners
A coalition Government called "Council of Peoples Commissioners" (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) was established, consisting of three MSPD and three USPD members, led by Ebert for the MSPD and Hugo Haase for the USPD
Constitution of Germany
A coalition Government called "Council of Peoples Commissioners" (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) was established, consisting of three MSPD and three USPD members, led by Ebert for the MSPD and Hugo Haase for the USPD
Council of Peoples Commissioners
A coalition Government called "Council of Peoples Commissioners" (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) was established, consisting of three MSPD and three USPD members, led by Ebert for the MSPD and Hugo Haase for the USPD
Council of Peoples Deputies
Following the Januarstreik in January 1918, a strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning that was organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD and officially supported by the party, the USPD quickly rose to about 120,000 members; despite harsh criticism of
Council of Peoples Deputies
of people's deputies"), which was formed on November 10, 1918 and mutually led by Friedrich Ebert and Hugo Haase following the German Revolution
Council of Peoples Deputies
the SPD for becoming part of the Government of the newly formed German republic during the Oktoberreform, the USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the Novemberrevolution began, and even became part of the Government in the form of the Rat der Volksbeauftragten ("council
Death of Viktor Adler
Death of Viktor Adler
Resignation of Heinrich Lammasch
Resigns because of his disagreement with Allied War objectives
Abdication
Abdicates the Austrian Kingdom
Result of Surrender of Austria-Hungary
Austria-Hungary leaves the war as imperial military resistance collapses.
Surrender of Austria-Hungary
World War I
Council of Peoples Commissioners
The new Government is confirmed by the Berlin worker and soldier council, it was opposed by the Spartacist League led by communists Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
Spartacist League
The new Government is confirmed by the Berlin worker and soldier council, it was opposed by the Spartacist League led by communists Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
Spartacist League
The new Government is confirmed by the Berlin worker and soldier council, it was opposed by the Spartacist League led by communists Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
Armistice
The armistice is signed in a railway carriage at 5:00 AM. Germany agrees to the armistice & firing stops on the western front at 11 am
Armistice
German troops begin their withdrawal to the Rhine
Western Front
Germany agrees to the armistice & firing stops on the western front at 11 am
Peace Treaty
All surving U-boats are required to surrender
Offensive
Final day of the Allied "100 Days" offensives which lead to the Armistice
Armistice
Part of a commission which signs the armistice
Peace
Groener oversaw the retreat and demobilization of the defeated German army after World War I which ended with the armistice
Ceasefire
The Allied ceasfire with Germany comes into effect
Armistice Ends Grand Fleet Combat Operations
Beatty's Grand Fleet ceases wartime offensive operations after the armistice takes effect.
Battle of Flanders
The Allies reach a line running from Terneuzen, Ghent, Scheldt River, Ath & St Ghislan
German Armistice Announced to Commons
Announces the signed armistice terms and confirms that fighting will cease at eleven o'clock.
National Victory Statement Delivered
Addresses Parliament and the country as four years of war end with the German armistice.
Result of Surrender of Germany
German acceptance of Allied terms ends fighting on the Western Front.
Surrender of Germany
Germany surrenders to the Allies
Armistice Ends Western Front Service
Ends wartime staff service when the Armistice stops fighting on the Western Front.
Constitution of Germany
Proclaims the aims of the new German regime
Abdication
Abdicates the Hungarian Kingdom
Brest-Litovsk Treaty Annulled
The Soviet government annuls the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk after Germany's defeat in the First World War.
President of Czechoslovakia
Is elected first President of Czechoslovakia.
First Government
Becomes first prime minister of Czechoslovakia.
Kramar Government
Begins the Kramar Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
President of Brazil
Appointed acting President of Brazil after Rodrigues Alves was unable to take office
Constitution of Hungary
Loses land to the Allies & is replaced by Bela Kun & the Hungarian Soviet Republic
Constitution of Hungary
Declares Hungary a Republic
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Dismissal
Relinqueshes Supreme Command
Resignation of Hans von Beseler
Resigns as the Military Governor of Poland
Omsk Coup
Kolchak takes supreme power after a coup removes the Ufa Directory's authority in Siberia.
Supreme Ruler Proclaimed
Kolchak accepts the title Supreme Ruler and assumes leadership of the principal eastern White government.
Health of Adolf Hitler
Leaves hospital & returns via Berlin to Munich
Siege of Charleroi
Enters Charleroi
Gerard Cooreman Government
The Gerard Cooreman Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Leon Delacroix Government
Begins the Leon Delacroix Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.
7th Company
Appointed Member of 7th Company, 1st Reserve Battalion, 2nd Infantry Regiment
German Flag Lowering Order Issued
Beatty orders the German flag lowered at sunset after the High Seas Fleet enters Allied custody.
Grand Fleet Meets German High Seas Fleet
Beatty's assembled Grand Fleet meets the German force and escorts it toward the Firth of Forth.
Surrender of German High Seas Fleet
As Grand Fleet commander, Beatty receives the German High Seas Fleet for internment in the Firth of Forth.
Capture of Brussels
Albert I re-enters Brussels
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Workers Committees
Issues a decree establishing Workers Committee's in enterprises with 5 or more workers
Abdication
The Commander of the Imperial army, Hindenburg, orders the Kaiser to abdicate
Exile of Wilhelm II
Wilhelm II is exiled to Doorn in Holland
Imperial Army
The Commander of the Imperial army, Hindenburg, orders the Kaiser to abdicate
Union of Bukovina
Bukovina votes union with Romania.
Council of Workers and Peasants Defence
Lenin chairs the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defence created to coordinate the Soviet war effort.
Flanders Advance Reaches Scheldt Approaches
Albert's army group pushes eastward as German forces retreat toward the Scheldt before the armistice.
Armistice
Heads the Allied armistice negotiations with the Germans
Peace
Heads the Allied armistice negotiations with the Germans
Chairman of Provisional Government
In the course of the German Revolution, along with the majority Social Democrats' leader Ebert, Haase is appointed joint chairman of the provisional Government
Constitution of Germany
Ebert leads the new Government for the next several months, notably using the army under support of Minister of Defence Gustav Noske to suppress the Spartacist uprising, commonly identified with Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht
Council of National Deputies
Appointed Member of Council of National Deputies
Bolshevik Party
Ebert agrees to suppress the Bolshevik-led revolution and maintain the defeated Armys role & Groener in turn agrees to throw the weight of the still-considerable Army behind the new Government
Ebert-Groener Pact
Ebert agrees to suppress the Bolshevik-led revolution and maintain the defeated Armys role & Groener in turn agrees to throw the weight of the still-considerable Army behind the new Government
Chairman of Provisional Government
In the course of the German Revolution, along with the majority Social Democrats' leader Ebert, Haase is appointed joint chairman of the provisional Government
Reballion of Communist Party of Germany
Uprising led by the Communist Party of Germany, KPD
Revolution of Germany
Member of Workers & Soldiers Council
Reballion of Rebels in Kiel
Puts down the rebellion
Reballion of Communist Party of Germany
Uprising led by the Communist Party of Germany, KPD
Chairman of Provisional Government
In the course of the German Revolution, along with the majority Social Democrats' leader Ebert, Haase is appointed joint chairman of the provisional Government
Council of the People's Deputies
Appointed on the Council of the People's Deputies, wants to avoid a dictatorship of the proletariat through soldiers' and workers' councils
Revolution of Germany
A soldiers council took charge of his regiment since the Bavarian Revolution
Novemberrevolution
Following the Januarstreik in January 1918, a strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning that was organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD and officially supported by the party, the USPD quickly rose to about 120,000 members; despite harsh criticism of
Novemberrevolution
of people's deputies"), which was formed on November 10, 1918 and mutually led by Friedrich Ebert and Hugo Haase following the German Revolution
Novemberrevolution
the SPD for becoming part of the Government of the newly formed German republic during the Oktoberreform, the USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the Novemberrevolution began, and even became part of the Government in the form of the Rat der Volksbeauftragten ("council
Reballion of Communist Party of Germany
Uprising led by the Communist Party of Germany, KPD
Arrest of August von Mackensen
Imprisoned by the French after the Armistice until December 1919
Abdication
Groener advises Kaiser Wilhelm II that he had lost the confidence of the armed forces and recommends abdication to the monarch
Bolshevik Party
Ebert agrees to suppress the Bolshevik-led revolution and maintain the defeated Armys role & Groener in turn agrees to throw the weight of the still-considerable Army behind the new Government
Ebert-Groener Pact
Ebert agrees to suppress the Bolshevik-led revolution and maintain the defeated Armys role & Groener in turn agrees to throw the weight of the still-considerable Army behind the new Government
Reballion of Rebels in Kiel
Retires after orders to march against the Kiel Mutiny are countermanded
Resignation of Ludwig von Schroder
Retires after orders to march against the Kiel Mutiny are countermanded
DSO
At the Armistice, is mentioned in dispatches and awarded the Distinguished Service Order
Death of Wilfred Owen
Killed a week before the armistice
German Naval Mutiny Ends Final Sortie Threat
Mutiny in the German fleet prevents the planned final operation against Allied naval forces.
Operation ZZ Arrangements Prepared
Beatty prepares the Grand Fleet to meet and escort German surface warships into Allied custody.
German Armistice Terms Presented to Cabinet
Reviews the final Allied military conditions to be imposed before hostilities can cease.
Commonwealth
The Republic is based upon the Polish Commonwealth dissolved in 1795
Constitution of Poland
The Republic of Poland is founded. The Republic is based upon the Polish Commonwealth dissolved in 1795
Independence of Poland
Polish independence is guaranteed by the signatories of the Treaty of Versailles
Republic
The Republic of Poland is founded. The Republic is based upon the Polish Commonwealth dissolved in 1795
Treaty of Versailles
Polish independence is guaranteed by the signatories of the Treaty of Versailles
Alliance Romania and the Allies
Rejoins the Allies on the brink of victory
Exile of Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich
Esacapes to Finland
December 191846 historical events
Act of Union Sovereignty
The Act of Union takes effect, recognizing Iceland as a sovereign state in personal union with Denmark under the Danish monarch.
Return to Bucharest
Ferdinand returns to Bucharest as the union of Romanian provinces is proclaimed.
Great Union
Proclaims union of Transylvania with Romania.
Constitution of Turkey
Appointed Head of the Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Head of the Provisional Government
Rule of Kars
The South-Western Caucasian Democratic Republic is proclaimed in Kars
Transylvanian Governing Council
Maniu heads the governing council administering Transylvania after union with Romania.
Committees of Poor Peasants Abolished
The Soviet government ends the separate Committees of Poor Peasants and merges their functions into local soviets.
Capture of Valuiki
The Red Army occupies Valuiki
Red Army
The Red Army occupies Valuiki
Treaty of Brest Litovsk
Negotiates an armistice with the Germans but refuses their terms
Trial
Announces the Kaiser should be prosecuted by an international court
Capture of Dvinsk
The Red Army occupies Dvinsk
Red Army
The Red Army occupies Dvinsk
Marshal
Appointed Marshal of France
Rule of Bosporus
Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos
Rule of Dardanelles
Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos
Rule of Marmara
Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos
Rule of Tenedos
Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos
Rule of Turkey
Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos
Rule of Turkey
Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos
Rule of Turkey
Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos
Peace
Leaves Berlin for Trier as a German armistice delegate
Occupation
The AEF occupy the west bank of the Rhine
Conscription
A Labour Code providing for males & females between 16 & 50 to render "labor service"
Soviet Labour Code
The Soviet government adopts a labour code regulating compulsory labour obligations and employment under the new state system.
Capture of Minsk
The Red Army occupies Minsk
Red Army
The Red Army occupies Minsk
Birth of Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Birth of Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Bristol East Election
Ayles wins Bristol East for Labour after the war.
Constitution of Germany
Ebert manages to enforce quick elections for a National Assembly to produce a constitution for a Parliamentary system, marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic
Election
Ebert manages to enforce quick elections for a National Assembly to produce a constitution for a Parliamentary system, marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic
National Assembly
Ebert manages to enforce quick elections for a National Assembly to produce a constitution for a Parliamentary system, marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic
National Congress of Councils
Ebert manages to enforce quick elections for a National Assembly to produce a constitution for a Parliamentary system, marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic. Ebert calls for a National Congress of Councils, which take place from December 16 to December 20, 1918, and in which the MSPD had the majority
Siege of Jerusalem
Present at Allenbys entry into Jerusalem
Conference of Spartacists
The National Conference of Spartacists is held in Berlin
Spartacist League
The National Conference of Spartacists is held in Berlin
Birth of Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt
Birth of Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt, son of a school teacher
Resignation of Emil Barth
After the Council led by Ebert ordered the bloody suppression of the revolutionary Volksmarinedivision, Haase and the two other USPD representatives Wilhelm Dittman and Emil Barth resign from the Government
Resignation of Wilhelm Dittman
After the Council led by Ebert ordered the bloody suppression of the revolutionary Volksmarinedivision, Haase and the two other USPD representatives Wilhelm Dittman and Emil Barth resign from the Government
Council of the People's Deputies
After the Council led by Ebert ordered the bloody suppression of the revolutionary Volksmarinedivision, Haase and the two other USPD representatives Wilhelm Dittman and Emil Barth resign from the Government
Resignation of Hugo Haase
After the Council led by Ebert ordered the bloody suppression of the revolutionary Volksmarinedivision, Haase and the two other USPD representatives Wilhelm Dittman and Emil Barth resign from the Government
Constitution of Belgium
Begins to make equal the rights of Flemish citizens
Guard
Appointed Guard at the Traunstein prisoner-of-war camp
Government
Forms a provisional Government
Provisional Government
Forms a provisional Government
Birth of Kurt Waldheim
Birth of Kurt Waldheim
Foreign Secretary of Austria
Appointed Foreign Minister
Council of State
Appointed Member of Austr-German Council of State
State Council
Appointed Member of State Council
Minister Social Welfare
Appointed Minister of Social Welfare
Abdication
Appointed President of Austria, 1st term, immediately prior to the fall of the Habsburg Monarchy
President of Austria
Appointed President of Austria, 1st term, immediately prior to the fall of the Habsburg Monarchy
National Assembly
Appointed President of the Provisional National Assembly
President of Austria
Appointed President of the Provisional National Assembly
Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre
Publication of "Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre"
Colour Vision Research Begins
Begins a substantial programme of research on physiological optics and colour vision that continues into the early 1920s.
Return to Vienna Research
Returns to academic work in Vienna after the war and resumes research in theoretical and experimental physics.
Frame Dragging
Thirring works with Lense on the dragging of inertial frames predicted by general relativity
Frame Dragging
Lense calculates relativistic frame dragging effects caused by rotating masses
Captain
Appointed Captain
Captain
Appointed Captain
Invasion of Ukraine
Leads the Austrian Army & occupies the Ukraine
Piave River
The failure of this offensive leads to the Armys disintegration
Minister of Economic Affairs
Appointed Minister of Economic Affairs
Minister of State
Appointed Minister of State
Commander of Allied Army
Appointed Commander of the Allied Army then recaptures the Belgian coast
Battle of Belgium, 2nd
By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.
Battle of Belgium, 2nd
The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.
Battle of Belgium, 2nd
The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October
Battle of Flanders
Albert I & Degoutte have operational command of the Allied forces
Capture of Bruges
By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.
Capture of Bruges
The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.
Capture of Bruges
The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October
Capture of Courtrai
By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.
Capture of Courtrai
The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.
Capture of Courtrai
The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October
Capture of Douai
By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.
Capture of Douai
The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.
Capture of Douai
The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October
Capture of Lille
By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.
Capture of Lille
The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.
Capture of Lille
The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October
Capture of Menin
By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.
Capture of Menin
The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.
Capture of Menin
The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October
Capture of Ostend
By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.
Capture of Ostend
The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.
Capture of Ostend
The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October
Capture of Roulers
By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.
Capture of Roulers
The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.
Capture of Roulers
The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October
Capture of Zeebrugge
By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.
Capture of Zeebrugge
The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.
Capture of Zeebrugge
The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October
Offensive
Commands the Allied Flanders Group of armies
Commander of Allied Army
Appointed Commander of the Allied Army then recaptures the Belgian coast
Constitution of Bulgaria
Founds a brief Republic
Exile of Vasil Radoslavov
Flees to Berlin
Succession
Succeeds as King of Bulgaria
Abdication
Forced to abdicate in favor of his son Boris III after defeat, retires to Coburg
Minister of the Interior
Serves briefly as Minister of the Interior during the Sanfuentes administration.
Sanitary Code
Promulgates a new sanitary code strengthening the legal framework for public health.
President of China
Appointed President of China, the northern Government
Chief of Staff
Serves in military staff roles under Chen Jiongming during Sun Yat-sen’s southern revolutionary government.
Capture of Manchuria
Brings Manchuria under his control & forms a group of Fengtien Warlords
Capture of Manchuria
With Japanese support Chang secures the control of three Manchurian provinces
Taras Bulba
Composes, "Taras Bulba"
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
Masaryk and Benes found the Czech Republic after the break up of the Austro
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Rule of Bohemia
The newly formed Czech includes Bohemia
Rule of Moravia
The newly formed Czech includes Moravia
Rule of Ruthenia
The newly formed Czech includes parts of Ruthenia
Rule of Silesia
The newly formed Czech includes Upper Silesia
Rule of Teschen
The newly formed Czech includes parts of Teschen
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
Masaryk and Benes found the Czech Republic
Convention
Eden sets up a committee to expel terrorists from Hungary and Yugoslaviaoslavia
Foreign Minister of Czechoslovakia
Appointed Foreign Minister
Independence of Czech Republic
Masaryk and Benes found the Czech Republic
Independence of Czechoslovakia
Masaryk and Benes found the Czech Republic
Independence of Czech Republic
Masaryk and Benes found the Czech Republic after the break up of the Austro
Independence of Czech Republic
With the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, the Allies recognize Masaryk as head of the Provisional Czechoslovak Government. Travels to the United States, where he convinces President Woodrow Wilson of the rightness of his cause.
Independence of Czech Republic
Independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire is granted
Independence of Czechoslovakia
Masaryk and Benes found the Czech Republic after the break up of the Austro
Independence of Czechoslovakia
With the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, the Allies recognize Masaryk as head of the Provisional Czechoslovak Government. Travels to the United States, where he convinces President Woodrow Wilson of the rightness of his cause.
Independence of Czechoslovakia
Independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire is granted
President of Czechoslovakia
Appointed President of Czechoslovakia
Die Diktatur des Proletariats
Publication of "Die Diktatur des Proletariats"
The New Europe
Publication of "The New Europe"
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Correspondence Principle and Line Spectra
Develops the correspondence approach linking quantum transitions with classical frequencies, providing a bridge between older mechanics and emerging quantum descriptions of spectra.
Institute Proposal Reaches Parliament
Sees the proposal for a new theoretical physics institute placed before the Danish Parliament after private fundraising and university support advance the project.
French Federation of Disabled War Veterans
Founds the French Federation of Disabled War Veterans
French Federation of Disabled War Veterans
Founds the French Federation of Disabled War Veterans
Commander of East Army Group
Appointed Commander of the Eastern Army Group
Battle of Flanders
Albert I & Degoutte have operational command of the Allied forces
Commander of East Army Group
Appointed Commander of the Eastern Army Group
Western Front
General advance along most of the Western Front, resulting in the German Armys final defeat and the signing of an armistice on November 11 to bring hostilities between the Allies and Central Powers to an end
Fourth Army
Launched as part of Marshal Ferdinand Foch's Grand Offensive, comprising attacks by the AEF and French 4th Army on September 26, the British 4th Army from September 27 and the British and Belgians at Ypres
Offensive
Foch's grand offensive includes British and Belgian attacks near Ypres.
Conference of Paris
Presides over the peace conference which draws up the Treaty of Versailles. Fails to secure the Rhine as a French frontier
Election
The Parliamentary election is won by the Georgian Social-Democratic Party, considered to be pro-Mensheviks, and its leader, Noe Zhordania, becomes Prime Minister
Menshevik Party
The Parliamentary election is won by the Georgian Social-Democratic Party, considered to be pro-Mensheviks, and its leader, Noe Zhordania, becomes Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Georgia
The Parliamentary election is won by the Georgian Social-Democratic Party, considered to be pro-Mensheviks, and its leader, Noe Zhordania, becomes Prime Minister
Rule of Georgia
Georgia comes under British protection from 1918-1920
Rule of Georgia
A Georgiann war erupts over parts of Georgian provinces populated mostly by Armenians which ended due to British intervention
Rule of Georgia
Georgian General Giorgi Mazniashvili leads a Georgian attack against the White Army led by Moiseev and Denikin in order to claim the Black Sea coastline from Tuapse to Sochi and Adler for independent Georgia
Rule of Georgia
Georgian General Giorgi Mazniashvili leads a Georgian attack against the White Army led by Moiseev and Denikin in order to claim the Black Sea coastline from Tuapse to Sochi and Adler for independent Georgia. Georgia comes under British protection from 1918-1920
The Eyes of the Mummy Ma
Directs The Eyes of the Mummy Ma, starring Pola Negri.
Abdication
The Wittelsbach King abdicates & Eisner heads of a Soviet style Government
Assassination of Kurt Eisner
Assassinated, a communist revolt is suppressed & Bavaria joins the Weimar Republic
Constitution of Germany
Assassinated & a communist revolt suppressed, Bavaria joins the Weimar Republic
Death of Kurt Eisner
Death of Kurt Eisner, assassinated
Reballion of Rebels in Bavaria
The Wittelsbach King abdicates & Eisner heads of a Soviet style Government
Pact between Friedrich Ebert and Wilhelm Groener
The new model Reichswehr armed forces, limited by the Treaty of Versailles to 100,000 army soldiers and 15,000 seamen, remains fully under the control of the German officer class despite its nominal re-organisation
Treaty of Versailles
The new model Reichswehr armed forces, limited by the Treaty of Versailles to 100,000 army soldiers and 15,000 seamen, remains fully under the control of the German officer class despite its nominal re-organisation
Bolshevik Party
Groener agrees to support Ebert against the Bolsheviks
CPR
Appointed Member of Council of Peoples Representatives
Council of Peoples Representatives
Appointed Member of Council of Peoples Representatives
Assassination of Hugo Haase
Assassinated while a member of the ruling Council of Peoples Representatives
Death of Hugo Haase
Assassinated while a member of the ruling Council of Peoples Representatives
President of Germany
Appointed President of the Reichstag
Secretary of State for Agriculture
Appointed Minister of Agriculture
Constitution of Germany
A Socialist Republic under Kurt Eisner is established
Unification
Eisner is assassinated & Bavaria joins the Weimar Republic
Weimar Republic
The new model Reichswehr armed forces, limited by the Treaty of Versailles to 100,000 army soldiers and 15,000 seamen, remains fully under the control of the German officer class despite its nominal re-organisation
Abdication
Abdicates when a new Bavarian Republic is formed
Abdication
The last of the Wittelsbachs is deposed
Exile of Louis III
Forced into exile after the Bavarian Revolution
Abdication
Abdicates during the revolution, last Wittlesbach King
Decline of the West", civilizations have cycles of growth and decay
Publication of "Decline of the West", civilizations have cycles of growth & decay
Decline of the West
Publication of "Decline of the West", civilizations have cycles of growth & decay
Press
Appointed Editor of Die Freiheit
German Democratic Party (DDP)
Co-founder & leader of the German Democratic Party
Thule Society
The Voelkischer Beobachter is acquired by the Thule Society, called the Munchener Beobachter
Voelkischer Beobachter
The Voelkischer Beobachter is acquired by the Thule Society, caled the Munchener Beobachter
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Social Democratic Party
Communist Party
Helps found the Communist Party in Germany
German Communist Party
Founder member of the German Communist Party
Thule Society
Appointed Member of Thule Society
Revolution of Germany
Arrested for his part in the Bavarian communist revolution. 1 of the leaders of the Bavarian communist revolution
Abdication
The King abdicates & Eisner comes to power at the head of a Soviet style Government
Reballion of Rebels in Bavaria
Stirs up industrial unrest during the "January Strike". The King abdicates & Eisner comes to power at the head of a Soviet style Government
Bolshevik Party
Groener agrees to support Ebert against the Bolsheviks
Reballion of Rebels in Bavaria
Suppresses the Communist uprising, assisted by Ebert
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing the synthesis of ammonia from its elements, a process of major importance to industrial chemistry.
Relativity, Theory of
Noether proves the theorem linking symmetries and conservation laws, clarifying energy questions in relativity
Health of Adolf Hitler
Temporalily loses sight because of gas poisoning
Gravitational Wave Energy Calculation Corrected
Einstein revisited his gravitational-wave analysis and corrected the treatment of radiated energy, removing misleading wave modes from the earlier calculation.
Mass Quadrupole Identified as Leading Radiation Source
Einstein showed that the leading gravitational radiation from an isolated slow-moving system is governed by changes in its mass quadrupole moment rather than by a simple mass dipole.
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for originating quantum theory through his discovery of energy quanta in the study of black-body radiation.
Abdication
The King abdicates & Eisner comes to power at the head of a Soviet style Government
Reballion of Rebels in Bavaria
The King abdicates & Eisner comes to power at the head of a Soviet style Government
Captain
Appointed Captain
Chief of Staff
Appointedhief-of-Staff with the Turkish 4th Army in Palestine
Commander of High Seas Fleet
Appointed Commander of the High Seas Fleet, replaces Scheer
Commander of Jagdeshwader
Appointed Commander of the Jagdeshwader
Commander of Tenth Army
Appointed Commander of the Tenth Army in Lithuania
Tenth Army
Appointed Commander of the Tenth Army in Lithuania
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General in Turkey
Lieutenant
Appointed First Lieutenant
Major
Appointed Major
Freikorps
The term is used for the paramilitary organisations that sprang up around Germany as soldiers returned in defeat from World War I. The Freikorps were the brainchild of Major Kurt von Schleicher, the Freikorps were also called the "Black Reichswehr" (Black Army) for they were a secret army outside the bounds of the Versailles Treaty
Reballion of Spartacists
Puts down the rebellion of Spartacists
General Staff
Appointed Member of Great Gerneral Staff
Oberst
Appointed Oberst
Enigma Machine
Invents the Enigma Machine
Armistice
After signing the Armistice, Ludendorff fled to Sweden where his books and article claim that the unbeaten German Army had been "stabbed in the back" by left-wing politicians in Germany
Exile of Erich von Ludendorf
After signing the Armistice, Ludendorff fled to Sweden where his books and article claim that the unbeaten German Army had been "stabbed in the back" by left-wing politicians in Germany
Stab-in-the-Back
After signing the Armistice, Ludendorff fled to Sweden where his books and article claim that the unbeaten German Army had been "stabbed in the back" by left-wing politicians in Germany
Spring Offensive
Assigned to the staff of the Guard Ersatz Division, which fought in the German Spring Offensive of that year
Reparations
At the conclusion of World War I, Germany reluctantly agrees to pay unspecified reparations in the armistice agreement of November 1918
Chief of Staff
Appointedhief-of-Staff with the Turkish 4th Army in Palestine
Commander of High Seas Fleet
Appointed Commander of the High Seas Fleet, replaces Scheer
Commander of Tenth Army
Appointed Commander of the Tenth Army in Lithuania
Tenth Army
Appointed Commander of the Tenth Army in Lithuania
Offensive
Resistance would grow 40 German divisions from the Army Groups of the Crown Prince and General Max Karl von Gallwitz, with the largest force the 5th Army of Group Gallwitz commanded by General Georg von der Marwitz
Battle of Megiddo
Fails to anticipate the Allies coastal thrust under Allenby. Defeated at Megiddo
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General in Turkey
General Staff
Appointed Member of Great Gerneral Staff
Spring Offensive
With the Spring Offensive Ludendorff expects to breakthrough on the Western Front but this ends in failure & Ludendorff realises that Germany will lose the war
Western Front
With the Spring Offensive Ludendorff expects to breakthrough on the Western Front but this ends in failure & Ludendorff realises that Germany will lose the war
Abdication
With Hindenburg, helps bring about the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II
Courtai Offensive
Recognizes imminent defeat & retreats, despite orders to hold his position
Offensive
Resistance would grow 40 German divisions from the Army Groups of the Crown Prince and General Max Karl von Gallwitz, with the largest force the 5th Army of Group Gallwitz commanded by General Georg von der Marwitz
Commander of Jagdeshwader
Appointed Commander of the Jagdeshwader
Iron Cross
Awarded the Iron Cross, 1st class
Pour le Merite
Awarded the Pour le Merite Medal
The Planets
Composes, "The Planets"
Joan and Peter
Publication of "Joan and Peter"
Eminent Victorians
Publication of "Eminent Victorians"
The Return of the Soldier
Publication of "The Return of the Soldier"
Food Rationing
Clynes administers compulsory rationing to distribute scarce food more evenly during wartime.
Birmingham Civic Society
Citizens establish Birmingham Civic Society to promote planning, heritage and public improvements.
Conference of Paris
Attends the Paris Peace Conference
Election
Fights the election as a Coalition (Lloyd George) Liberal
Election
Wins the 1st post war "coupon" election. The Liberal Party wins 25.6% of votes cast & 163 MPs
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State for War
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Ladywood
Constitution of Great Britain
Draws up the Labour Party Constitution
Reform of Constitution
Draws up the Labour Party Constitution
Abadan Capacity Reaches One Million Tons
Abadan refinery capacity reaches about one million tons annually after sustained wartime expansion.
Persian Crude Output Reaches 23600 Barrels Daily
Persian crude production reaches roughly 23,600 barrels per day as the company's wartime output expands.
Birth in Leeds
Richard Hoggart was born in Leeds and later became an influential British cultural critic and scholar.
Analysis of Mind", completed in prison
Publication of "The Problems of Philosophy". Publication of "Analysis of Mind", completed in prison
Analysis of Mind
Publication of "The Problems of Philosophy". Publication of "Analysis of Mind", completed in prison
The Problems of Philosophy
Publication of "The Problems of Philosophy". Publication of "Analysis of Mind", completed in prison
Arrest of Russell
Imprisoned for exterme pacifist views
Election
Snowden keeps to his pacifist principles offering his support to conscientious objectors & loses his seat in the general election
Member of Parliament
Snowden keeps to his pacifist principles offering his support to conscientious objectors & loses his seat in the general election
Labour Party
Appointed Member of Labour Party
Member of Parliament
Elected for Belfast Duncairn
War Cabinet
Appointed Member of War Cabinet
Vice Admiral
Appointed Vice Admiral
Chief of Imperial General Staff (CIGS)
Appointed Chief of the Imperial General Staff
Commander of 44 Squadron
Appointed Commander of 44 Squadron in France
Commander of Archangel
Appointed to command the British forces at Archangel
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the British troops in Italy
Lord Lieutenant
Appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of a Division, aged 31
Major
Appointed Major
Brigade Major
Serves as a young brigade major before the end of the war
War Cabinet
Appointed Member of War Cabinet
Vice Admiral
Appointed Vice Admiral
Commander of Archangel
Appointed to command the British forces at Archangel
Capture of Mons
September, occupies Mons
Result of Surrender of German High Seas Fleet
The German High Seas Fleet enters Allied custody after the armistice.
Surrender of German High Seas Fleet
Receives the surrender of the German Fleet
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the British troops in Italy
Battle of Ypres, 5th
Devises a series of actions to advance into northern France and Belgium. Covers the entire British front from Dixmude to the Ypres salient
Capture of Brussels
Present when the Belgian royal family re-enter Brussels
Education
Receives training in flying, an Avro biplane, & earns his wings
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of a Division, aged 31
EEF Rebuilt
Rebuilds the Egyptian Expeditionary Force before resuming offensive operations.
Palestine Offensive Delayed
Postpones a major renewed advance while formations are transferred to France.
Western Front Reinforcements
Loses troops to reinforce the Western Front during the German Spring Offensive.
Major
Appointed Major
Wartime Government Continued
Venizelos continues leading Greece during the final year of the First World War.
Abdication
Fails to conclude a peace with France & Great Britain & is forced to abdicate
CP
Appointed Member of Hungarian Communist Party
Editor
Appointed Editor of The Red News
Communist Party
Founds & leads the Hungarian Communist Party
Commander of Fleet
Appointed Commander of the Hungarian fleet
Commander of Fleet
Appointed Commander of the Hungarian fleet
Armistice
Comes to power & immediately seeks an armistice with the Allies
Easter Rising
Irish Nationalist from Cork, wins a Parliamentary seat during the Easter rising
Member of Parliament
Irish Nationalist from Cork, wins a Parliamentary seat during the Easter rising
President of Ireland
Appointed President of the Provisional Republican Government
Constitution of Ireland
Collins is elected Member of Parliament for Cork South, Sinn Fein do not take their seats in Westminster, but instead set up an Irish Parliament in Dublin
Election
Collins is elected Member of Parliament for Cork South, Sinn Fein do not take their seats in Westminster, but instead set up an Irish Parliament in Dublin
Election
Sinn Fein wins 73 of Irelands 105 seats in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Parliament at the general election and many of the seats it won were uncontested
Sinn Fein
Sinn Fein wins 73 of Irelands 105 seats in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Parliament at the general election and many of the seats it won were uncontested
Election
Sinn Fein win 73 seats but refuse to sit at Westminster
Scuola Normale Superiore Fellowship
Wins a competitive fellowship to the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa and begins advanced university study in physics.
Armistice Delegation
Appointed to head the Italian Armistice Delegation
Armistice Delegation
Appointed to head the Italian Armistice Delegation
MEI Company
Founds the worlds largest producer of electric appliances. Founds a light socket company which becomes the Matsushita Electric Industrial Company
Demonstrations
A 400% increase in wartime prices causes rural food riots
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Demonstrations
Forced to resign after demonstrations in the provinces. A 400% increase in wartime prices causes rural food riots
Demonstrations
Suppresses civil disobedience & labour movements. Authorizes more than 10,000 arrests & some executions
Labour Federation
Founds the Labour Federation, Trades Union
Major
Appointed an Adjutant, attached to the War Ministry
Staff Officer
Appointed Staff Officer at Expeditionary Army Headquarters in Vladivostok
Invasion of Siberia
Launches the Japanese invasion of Siberia
Ottoman Defeat
The Ottoman defeat in the Levant transformed the political ambitions of the Hashemite family and strengthened Abdullah's interest in the future government of Arab territories.
Military Attache
Appointed Military Attache
Independence of Poland
The Republic of Poland is founded
Radium Institute Research
Returns the Radium Institute to peacetime research after the war.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of a small independent Polish Army
Arrest of Josef Klemens Pilsudski
Released during the armistice
Unification
Proclaims union with Romania
Resignation of Alexandru Averescu
Dissatisfied with the Treaty of Bucharest, which Ferdinand refuses to sign, the King forces Averescu from office
Treaty of Bucharest
Dissatisfied with the Treaty of Bucharest, which Ferdinand refuses to sign, the King forces Averescu from office
Peace Treaty
Signs a peace Treaty with the central powers which is never ratified
Prime Minister of Romania
Signs a peace Treaty with the central powers which is never ratified
Treaty of Bucharest
Dissatisfied with the Treaty of Bucharest, which Ferdinand refuses to sign, the King forces Averescu from office
Peace
Romania is forced to make peace with the Central Powers
Arrest of Maxim Maximovich Litvinov
Signed by the Soviet Union, Poland, Romania, Latvia and Estonia, in which those countries promise not to use force to settle their disputes (this was seen as an Eastern Kellogg-Briand Pact)
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy
Central Statistical Administration
Appointed Head of the Central Statistical Administration
President of Russia
Appointed President of the Alln Constituent Assembly
Petrograd Soviet Leadership
Zinoviev leads the Petrograd Soviet during early Bolshevik rule.
Petrograd Soviet of Workers
Leads the Petrograd Soviet during early Soviet rule.
The Prelude to Bolshevism
Publishes an account defending his role against Bolshevik criticism.
Allied Intervention Debate
Argues that intervention should support Russian democracy.
Escape into Exile
Leaves Russia after the Bolshevik victory and begins a long period of exile opposing communist rule.
May Day and the International
Writes May Day and the International, linking the Russian Revolution with the wider international socialist movement.
History of the Russian Revolution to Brest-Litovsk
Writes History of the Russian Revolution to Brest-Litovsk, presenting his account of the revolution and early Soviet government.
The Principles of Democracy and Proletarian Dictatorship
Writes The Principles of Democracy and Proletarian Dictatorship during debates over the political character of Soviet power.
Nationalization
Appointed Architect of Socialist construction & nationalization
Socialist Construction
Appointed Architect of Socialist construction & nationalization
Arrest of Nicolai Avksentyev
The Chairman of the Alln Soviet of Peasant Deputies is arrested. Bolsheviks arrest SR Party members elected to the Constituent Assembly
Bolshevik Party
Bolsheviks arrest SR Party members elected to the Constituent Assembly
Bolshevik Party
Tried by a Bolshevik Revolutionary Tribunal & executed for being an Okhrana informer
Death of Roman Malinovsky
Tried by a Bolshevik Revolutionary Tribunal & executed for being an Okhrana informer
Execution
Tried by a Bolshevik Revolutionary Tribunal & executed for being an Okhrana informer
Return to Petrograd
After his release from wartime captivity, Malinovsky voluntarily returned to Petrograd and presented himself to Bolshevik authorities, who detained him after his identity and former police service were recognized.
Revolutionary Tribunal
Tried by a Bolshevik Revolutionary Tribunal & executed for being an Okhrana informer
Reballion of Symon Petlyura
Leads the struggle for Ukrainian independence
Nationalization
Plans the nationalization of stores & the confiscation of their merchandise
Joins Bolshevik Party
Joins the Bolshevik Party during the Russian Civil War.
Constitution of Russia
The Congress of Soviets cede their primacy of power to the Government
Labour Exchanges
Workers must register with Labour Exchanges if unemployed. Labour exchanges are set up by decree. Employers can only employ labour through Labour Exchanges
Petrograd Soviet
Becomes chairman of the Petrograd Soviet after Bolshevik consolidation.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Supreme Council of the National Economy
Escape from Russia
Escapes Bolshevik-controlled Russia during the civil war.
Exile of Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky
Advocates Allied support for democratic forces in Russia.
Don Cossack Government
Krasnov establishes a Cossack administration in the Don region opposed to the Bolshevik government.
Don Cossack Government
Krasnov becomes a leading figure among Don Cossacks opposing Bolshevik authority after returning to the region.
Don Cossack Government
Krasnov organises military forces among the Don Cossacks during the early Russian Civil War.
Declaration of Death Penalty
Orders the death penalty for "bagmen" of foodstuffs
Communist Party
Appointed Member of Communist Party
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo
International, 3rd
Appointed President of the 3rd International
President of Russia
Appointed President of the 3rd International
Trades Unions
Trades Unions under socialism will "support saboteurs". Says Trade Union rights mean nothing under a workers Government. Attacks the independence of Trades Unions at the Alln Congress
President of Russia
Appointed President of the Central Council of Soviet Trade Unions
Exile of Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky
Advocates Allied intervention in Russia on the side of the democrats
Work Discipline and Order
Issues Work, Discipline, and Order to Save the Socialist Soviet Republic during efforts to organize the new Red Army.
Communist Party
Appointed Member of Communist Party
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo
International, 3rd
Appointed President of the 3rd International
President of Russia
Appointed President of the 3rd International
Volunteer Army Relations
Denikin's forces develop links with anti-Bolshevik groups including Cossack formations led by Krasnov.
Anti-Bolshevik Campaign
Krasnov cooperates with other anti-Bolshevik forces during the struggle against Soviet rule.
Cossack Army Operations
Krasnov expands military organisation among Cossack communities resisting Soviet control.
Don Cossack Forces
Krasnov commands anti-Bolshevik Cossack forces during the opening stages of the civil conflict.
Don Military Authority
Krasnov maintains military authority over the Don Cossack region during the civil war.
Kornilov Shock Regiment
His name becomes associated with elite White formations.
Prime Minister of South Africa
Appointed Acting Prime Minister of South Africa
Birth of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
Birth of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
Foreign Secretary of Spain
Appointed Foreign Secretary
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of Turkey
Commander of 7th Army
Appointed Commander of the 7th Army
Inspector
Appointed Inspector General
Armistice
Retreats to the Anatolian frontier
Commander of 7th Army
Appointed Commander of the 7th Army
Siege of Aleppo
Retreats to Aleppo
Inspector
Appointed Inspector General
My Antonia
Publication of "My Antonia"
The Responsible State
Publication of "The Responsible State"
Discovery of Globular Clusters
By assuming a roughly spherical distribution of globular clusters around the galaxys centre, he used the positions of the clusters to estimate the position of the sun relative to the galactic centre.
Discovery of Globular Clusters
In 1918, this strongly asymmetrical distribution was used by Harlow Shapley to make a determination of the overall dimensions of the galaxy.
Discovery of Globular Clusters
Of the globular clusters within our Milky Way, the majority are found in the vicinity of the galactic core, and the large majority lie on the side of the celestial sky centreed on the core.
Discovery of Globular Clusters
While his distance estimate was significant in error, it did demonstrate that the dimensions of the galaxy were much greater than had been previously thought
Quadrupole Formula for Gravitational Waves
Refines gravitational-wave theory and derives the quadrupole form for radiated energy.
Birth of Julian Schwinger
Birth of Julian Schwinger
Mach Principle Formulation
Publishes a foundational discussion of general relativity in which he explicitly names Mach's principle and distinguishes it from the equivalence and relativity principles.
Quadrupole Radiation Formula
Derives the quadrupole formula for gravitational radiation, relating emitted wave power to changing mass distributions in accelerating systems.
Quadrupole Radiation Formula
Einstein derives the quadrupole formula for gravitational radiation, relating emitted wave power to the changing mass distribution of an accelerating source.
Zurich Guest Lectures
Returns to Zurich for guest lectures while continuing work on relativity and quantum theory.
Superheterodyne Receiver Concept Emerges
Armstrong's frequency conversion approach became a foundational design principle in radio reception. The advance provided methods later adopted by other engineers.
Commander of US 2nd Division
Appointed Commander of the US 2nd Division, 1st marine to command a US Army Division
Commander of US 2nd Division
Appointed Commander of the US 2nd Division, 1st marine to command a US army division
General Purchasing Board
Serves as chairman of the General Purchasing Board for the American Expeditionary Forces.
Military Supplies
Helps coordinate Allied purchasing and supply arrangements in France.
First Army
US Forces consists of ten divisions of the US First Army commanded by General John J. Pershing until October 16 and then by Lt. General Hunter Liggett. 1.2 million US troops would eventually take part in the battle
Offensive
US Forces consists of ten divisions of the US First Army commanded by General John J. Pershing until October 16 and then by Lt. General Hunter Liggett. 1.2 million US troops would eventually take part in the battle
First Army
US Forces consists of ten divisions of the US First Army commanded by General John J. Pershing until October 16 and then by Lt. General Hunter Liggett. 1.2 million US troops would eventually take part in the battle
Offensive
US Forces consists of ten divisions of the US First Army commanded by General John J. Pershing until October 16 and then by Lt. General Hunter Liggett. 1.2 million US troops would eventually take part in the battle
Conference of Versailles
President Woodrow Wilson appointed Dulles as legal counsel to the United States delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference where he served under his uncle, Secretary of State Robert Lansing
Senate refuses to ratify Wilson's guarantee of the French frontiers
The Senate refuses to ratify Wilson's guarantee of the French frontiers
Law Supports Coalition Election
Bonar Law maintains Conservative participation in Lloyd George's electoral coalition after the armistice.
Law Re Elected in Glasgow Central
Bonar Law wins election for Glasgow Central during the postwar general election.
Montenegrin Monarchy Loses Independent Rule
Following wartime occupation and the disputed unification with Serbia, the Montenegrin monarchy loses independent control.
Montenegrin Monarchy Loses Independent Rule
Following wartime occupation and the disputed unification with Serbia, the Montenegrin monarchy loses independent control.