1918 in History

The Fourteen Points in Wilson's speech are based on the research of the Inquiry, a team of about 150 advisers led by foreign-policy adviser Edward M. House into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference

The 14th point, "A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike"

The 1st point, "Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view".

The 2nd point, "Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants".

The 3rd point, "The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance".

The 4th point, "Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety".

The Fourteen Points in Wilson's speech are based on the research of the Inquiry, a team of about 150 advisers led by foreign-policy adviser Edward M. House into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference.

Wilson's speech takes many of the principles of progressivism that had produced domestic reform in the US and translated them into foreign policy (free trade, open agreements, democracy, and self-determination). Wilson is awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize for his peace-making efforts.

The 1st point, "Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in the public view"

Appointed Member of 7th Company, 1st Reserve Battalion, 2nd Infantry Regiment

Helps persuade the Kaiser to abdicate

Announces the abdication of Wilhelm II during the armistice

Announces the Kaiser has abdicated

Abdicates the Austrian Kingdom

Abdicates the Hungarian Kingdom

supporter of the monarchy until the abdication of the Kaiser ("If the Kaiser abdicates, the social revolution is inevitable. But I do not want it, I hate it like sin", he says to Max von Baden

Groener advises Kaiser Wilhelm II that he had lost the confidence of the armed forces and recommends abdication to the monarch

The revolution reaches Munich, causing King Ludwig III of Bavaria to flee

Maximilian announces the abdication without the Kaisers consent.

Maximilian, realizing that the Kaiser would not be able to retain his throne, urges him to abdicate in time to save the monarchy itself, but the Kaiser refuses to agree.

The Kaiser abdicates.

Wilhelm II refuses to abdicate, Prince Max of Baden simply announces that he had done so and frantically attempts to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern.

Wilhelm II refuses to abdicate, Prince Max of Baden simply announces that he had done so and frantically attempts to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern. "Majority Social Democrats" (MSPD, who support a Parliamentary system) put themselves at the front of the revolutionary movement & demand that Emperor Wilhelm II abdicate

The Commander of the Imperial army, Hindenburg, orders the Kaiser to abdicate

Lenin secures Bolshevik acceptance of harsh German peace terms as enemy forces advance rapidly into former imperial territory.

Appointed Acting President of Panama

Appointed Acting President of Panama

The Flanders Advance is also known as the Fifth Battle of Ypres.

Moves with Arab forces during the final advance toward Damascus.

Orders an advance on Damascus

Forces under his command capture the strategic stronghold of Afulah.

Haig reviews reinforcement requirements after Germany launches a new offensive on the Aisne.

Haig renews British attacks on the old Somme battlefield as German forces begin falling back.

The Allied advance reaches and captures Aleppo late in October.

Ebert makes a pact over the phone with General Wilhelm Groener

Rejoins the Allies on the brink of victory

Requests, via Chicherin, Germany to help against the counter-revolutionaries

Presses for unified Allied command as German forces threaten the British and French armies.

Degoutte coordinates operational planning for the French, Belgian and British forces in the Flanders army group.

Instrumental in getting General Ferdinand Foch appointed as Allied Generalissimo

Reviews Allied and German manpower resources as divisions are transferred from the Eastern Front.

Attends the Allied Munitions Council

Reports improving Allied prospects after the failure of Germany's spring offensives.

Backs use of Allied shipping capacity to accelerate the arrival of United States forces.

Appointed Ambassador of Russia

American battleships remain integrated with Beatty's fleet and participate in North Sea operations and exercises.

Highlights the growing military importance of United States forces in the final Allied offensives.

Supports arrangements to speed the movement of American troops to the Western Front.

Canadian Corps is moved secretly into position before the surprise attack.

Commands French First Army on Haig's southern flank during the Amiens attack.

French First Army attacks on the right of the British Fourth Army.

French First Army captures Montdidier, helping restore Allied control around the Paris-Amiens railway area.

Tank Corps supports the opening attack with large numbers of armoured vehicles.

Approves coordinated Allied operations that lead into the Amiens attack.

Accepts Rawlinson's proposal for an offensive against the German salient near Amiens.

Commands the British Expeditionary Force as Rawlinson's Fourth Army attacks with Debeney's French First Army at Amiens.

Sees the Amiens defeat as a severe blow to German morale and confidence.

German Second Army absorbs the main shock of the Allied surprise offensive.

Australian Corps attacks beside Canadian formations in the centre of the offensive.

Develops plans for a limited surprise attack east of Amiens.

Commands British Fourth Army during the surprise attack east of Amiens, with Australian and Canadian corps in the centre.

Air support helps protect the assault and disrupt German movement behind the front.

Welcomes the Allied attack at Amiens as the strategic initiative begins shifting decisively.

Haig approves secrecy and concentration measures for the planned Allied counteroffensive near Amiens.

Chaytor's Force captures Amman during the collapse of Ottoman resistance.

Chaytor's force captures Amman and large numbers of Ottoman prisoners.

The second phase of the offensive began on 21st August as the Second Battles of the Somme 1918. The French Tenth and 3rd Armies, and the British 3rd and First Army attacked. The ANZAC captured ground north of the Somme river at Peronne and Mont St. Quentin. Canadian forces captured ground near Queant

Arab forces disrupt Ottoman lines of communication as Allenby's Megiddo offensive begins.

Helps Faisal's supporters organise provisional Arab administration after Damascus falls.

Chairs the Armenian National Council, which proclaimed the independence of Democratic Republic of Armenia

Turkey signs an armistice. The Dardanelles & Bosporus are opened to all & the Army is demobilized

Istanbul & parts of Anatolia are occupied causing Mustafa Kemal to lead a revolt

Asks Diaz for an Armistice

An Armistice is declared

Begins preparations for drawing up an armistice with the Allies

The Allies demand evacuation of all occupied territories including Alsace Lorraine

The Allies demand the demilitarization of the Rhineland & annulment Brest Litovsk

The armistice is signed in a railway carriage at 5:00 AM. Germany agrees to the armistice & firing stops on the western front at 11 am

German troops begin their withdrawal to the Rhine

Part of a commission which signs the armistice

Heads the Allied armistice negotiations with the Germans

It is agreed to offer an armistice & form a new Government

Works with Allied leaders to establish military conditions for ending hostilities with Germany.

Beatty's Grand Fleet ceases wartime offensive operations after the armistice takes effect.

Ends wartime staff service when the Armistice stops fighting on the Western Front.

Appointed Chancellor of Germany in October 1918 in order to negotiate an armistice with the allies in the last days of the war

By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.

The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.

The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October

Albert takes command of the multinational Army Group of Flanders for the final Allied offensive.

Spiridonova is detained after Bolshevik forces suppress the Left Socialist Revolutionary uprising in Moscow.

Imprisoned by the French after the Armistice until December 1919

Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna is arrested by the Bolsheviks

Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is arrested by the Bolsheviks

Under arrest at Ekaterinburg, now Sverdlosk, in the Urals

Vladimir Pavlovich Palei is arrested by the Bolsheviks

Nicholas II and Alexandra arrive in Ekaterinburg and are confined in the Ipatiev House under tighter Bolshevik control.

Lenin is seriously wounded by gunfire after addressing workers at the Michelson factory in Moscow.

The head of the Petrograd cheka is assassinated

Orders attacks against the Bolshevik-held city.

Monash directs the Australian Corps during the opening attack of the Battle of Amiens.

Monash assumes command of the newly unified Australian Corps.

Reports the failure of the Austrian offensive in Italy as an important Allied success.

Explains the military and political consequences of Austria-Hungary leaving the war.

Haig's forces help stop the German advance toward Amiens during the Battle of the Avre.

Awarded for courage beyond the call of duty

Haig issues his order during the Ypres crisis.

Haig issues his famous order calling on every position to be held during the Flanders crisis.

Haig issues his emergency order while German advances threaten British communications and positions in Flanders.

Haig sends reserves toward Bailleul as German attacks threaten the northern British front.

Russell's New Zealand Division captures Bapaume during the Allied advance.

Haig's Third Army continues pressure as British forces retake Bapaume during the Hundred Days.

Haig reviews the retreat around Bapaume as Operation Michael continues westward.

Commands III Corps in Fourth Army operations during the renewed Somme advance.

Commands Third Army as the Battle of Albert opens the Second Battles of the Somme.

Commands Third Army during the Second Battle of Bapaume phase.

Begins the next phase of the Allied advance after Amiens by attacking toward Albert.

British Third and Fourth Armies renew the advance on the old Somme battlefield, forcing the German Second Army back.

Commands VI Corps as Third Army widens pressure on German positions.

Commands IV Corps in Third Army operations during the Battle of Albert.

Australian Corps advances near Chuignes as Fourth Army pushes beyond the old Somme battlefield.

Advances Fourth Army alongside Third Army as Albert is retaken.

Leads New Zealand Division in Third Army operations during the Bapaume phase.

Commands V Corps during Third Army attacks on the Albert front.

The Bavarian revolution shocks Kahr, a monarchist official, as royal government collapses in Munich.

Haig continues pressure beyond the Hindenburg Line as British forces attack the Beaurevoir defences.

Haig warns that reduced infantry strength leaves British armies vulnerable to a major German offensive.

British Empire forces advance into Beirut during the pursuit north.

Mounted forces under his command secure Beisan during the Megiddo pursuit.

Haig reinforces the Bethune sector where German attacks are repelled during the Lys offensive.

Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna is executed by the Bolsheviks. Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna is arrested by the Bolsheviks

Ebert agrees to suppress the Bolshevik-led revolution and maintain the defeated Armys role & Groener in turn agrees to throw the weight of the still-considerable Army behind the new Government

Ebert agrees to suppress the Bolshevik-led revolution and maintain the defeated Armys role & Groener in turn agrees to throw the weight of the still-considerable Army behind the new Government

Writes a memo urging the overthrow of the Bolshevik Government, the Kaiser agrees

Negotiates & signs on behalf of Germany with the Bolshevik Government

The Constituent Assembly in which the Bolsheviks are a minority meets for one day before being suppressed

The Bolsheviks resolve that the Trades Unions become "organs of the socialist state"

The Bolshevik Party is renamed the Russian Communist Party. Opening of the 7th Congress of the Bolshevik Party

Peoples Courts are introduced

Cuts links with the discredited Social Democratic Party. 7th Congress resolution changes the name of the Bolshevik Party to the Communist Party

The Bolshevik Government moves to Moscow

Bolshevik troops open fire on workers protesting at food shortages in the town of Kolpino

Launch of the red terror to massacre prisoners & hostages throughout Bolshevik Russia

Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is arrested by the Bolsheviks

Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is executed by the Bolsheviks

Vladimir Pavlovich Palei is executed by the Bolsheviks. Vladimir Pavlovich Palei is arrested by the Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks denounce the terms offerred at the peace negotiations

The Bolsheviks resume negotiations under Trotsky

The Bolsheviks accept the dictated peace of Brest Litovsk

Sept 16-Sept 18 the Damascus Campaign, aircraft bombard Turkish command centres

The Soviet government annuls the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk after Germany's defeat in the First World War.

Ayles wins Bristol East for Labour after the war.

Attends the BEF GHQ Shell Conference

General rertreat of 1/2 the British Expeditionary Force to the Somme

Ludendorf orders the Aisne attack to divert the French reserves so that the BEF can be struck again in Flanders

Plumer's Second Army advances with Belgian and French forces as German positions across Flanders collapse.

Welcomes Bulgaria's armistice as the first collapse among Germany's principal allies.

The Soviet government adopts the Gregorian calendar, bringing Russian civil dating into line with Western Europe.

Haig supports the First Army crossing that opens the approach toward Cambrai.

The Bolshevik Government moves to Moscow

The capital moves to Moscow while Petrograd remains symbolically important.

Albert is captured by the Germans during Operation Michael

Bapaume is captured by the German during Operation Michael

Bapaume is captured by the Germans during Operation Michael

Beirut falls to the British

Bruges is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders

Bruges is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders

Albert I re-enters Brussels

The Second Battle of Cambrai (8th October - 10th October 1918) was a successful offensive by the British First, 3rd and 4th Armies with the support of tanks. The advance crossed three German lines of defence which were lightly manned, took Cambrai within two days and suffered very light casualties

On 1st November the Allied offensive started up and the third German defensive line was breached. As the advance progressed northwards the towns of Mezieres, Charleville and Sedan were recaptured

Enters Damascus after Arab and Allied forces take the city from the Ottoman Empire.

Assists Arab forces operating around Deraa during the Ottoman retreat.

Lenin refuses the German armistice terms & Hoffman orders the capture of Dvinsk

The Germans capture Dvinsk after Lenin turns down their armistice proposals

The Red Army occupies Dvinsk

The Battle of Havrincourt (12th September 1918) was launched as a successful attack by the British 3rd Army with three divisions against four German Army divisions holding the fortified town of Havrincourt

Ottoman occupation of the Kars region

The White Army has captured Kazan & Trotsky mobilizes his command train to relieve it

Commands the re-capture of Kazan from the White Army

Lenin refuses the German armistice terms & Hoffman orders the capture of Dvinsk

The Germans capture Lutsk after Lenin turns down their armistice proposals

The British recapture Marfaux

The British 9th Division recaptures Meteren

On 1st November the Allied offensive started up and the third German defensive line was breached. As the advance progressed northwards the towns of Mezieres, Charleville and Sedan were recaptured

The Red Army occupies Minsk

Captures Montdidier & moves the line forward to the River Somme

The French 3rd Army loses Montdidier

On 10th August the French 3rd Army launched attacks in the southern sector of the advance. Montdidier was re-captured and the Paris-Amiens railway line was once again in Allied control

Ostend is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders

Ostend is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders

On 1st November the Allied offensive started up and the third German defensive line was breached. As the advance progressed northwards the towns of Mezieres, Charleville and Sedan were recaptured

Commands the re-capture of Simbirsk from the White Army

Soissons is re-captured on 2nd August and the Germans withdrew to entrenched positions on a line along the Vesle and Aisne rivers. As a result of the defeat of this German offensive the proposed German offensive in Flanders was called off

The Battle of Valenciennes (1st November 1918) was an offensive carried out by the British 3rd Army to advance to the French-Belgian border and the city of Valenciennes. The city was re-captured by Canadian troops on 2nd November

The Red Army occupies Valuiki

The Desert Mounted Corps secures key defiles through the Carmel Range.

The German Government formally asks US President Wilson for a ceasfire

The Allied ceasfire with Germany comes into effect

Military & political press censorship is abolished to promote Pan-Turanianism & aids attacks on Allies

Zinoviev soon returns to the fold and was once again elected to the Central Committee at the VII Party Congress

In the course of the German Revolution, along with the majority Social Democrats' leader Ebert, Haase is appointed joint chairman of the provisional Government

In the course of the German Revolution, along with the majority Social Democrats' leader Ebert, Haase is appointed joint chairman of the provisional Government

In the course of the German Revolution, along with the majority Social Democrats' leader Ebert, Haase is appointed joint chairman of the provisional Government

Appointed Chancellor of Germany

Appointed Head of the Provisional Government. Appointed Chancellor of Germany, accepts Max von Badens offer

Appoints a Government that for the first time included representatives of the Social Democrats, Friedrich Ebert and Philipp Scheidemann. Appointed Chancellor of Germany in October 1918 in order to negotiate an armistice with the allies in the last days of the war

Appointed Chancellor of Austria, 1st term

The Petrograd Cheka Chief is assassinated

The head of the Petrograd cheka is assassinated

Appointed Chief of Staff of XX Corps

Appointed Chief of Staff of XX Corps

The Soviet government issues a decree separating church and state and removing the church's privileged legal position.

Kerensky continues political activity connected with coalition negotiations.

Coanda forms a government and prepares Romania's return to the war.

Conceals the main coastal concentration while deception points Ottoman attention toward the Jordan Valley.

Secretly concentrates striking forces on the coastal sector before the Megiddo offensive.

The anti-Bolshevik uprising associated with Savinkov collapses after sustained fighting and bombardment.

Denikin assumes command of the Volunteer Army after Kornilov is killed during the fighting around Ekaterinodar.

Appointed Commander for Allied operations on the Western Front

Appointed Commander for Allied operations on the Western Front

Appointed Commander in Chief, Polish Army

Appointed Commander in Chief of the Polish Army

Appointed Commander of the Volunteer Army

Volsky helps establish the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly after anti-Bolshevik forces take Samara.

The Soviet government creates Committees of Poor Peasants to support grain procurement and weaken wealthier village households.

The Soviet government ends the separate Committees of Poor Peasants and merges their functions into local soviets.

The Republic is based upon the Polish Commonwealth dissolved in 1795

7th Congress resolution changes the name of the Bolshevik Party to the Communist Party

The Soviet government introduces compulsory military training for workers as it builds a more disciplined Red Army.

Decides to free the Paris-Verdun, Paris-Amiens & Verdun-Arricourt routes. Conference of all the commanders-in-chief to consider allied operations, all present proposals for the employment of allied armies

Coordinates Allied plans for limited offensives, including operations around Amiens.

Takes part in Allied planning before the Amiens Offensive, as Foch coordinates operations for the Western Front.

Ukrainian nationalists have separate peace talks with the Germans

The Brest negotiations resume with Trotsky heading the Russian delegation. Plays for time but would capitulate if Germany gave an ultimatum

Trotsky denounces the German Peace Terms as unacceptable and walks out of the peace negotiations at Brest- Litovsk

The Germans invade Russia which is all but defenceless as virtually the entire army has deserted

The Bolsheviks accept the dictated peace of Brest Litovsk

Foch becomes the de facto Allied Generalissimo

Chairs the Gas Conference

Elected Chairman of the Peace Conference

Attends the BEF GHQ Shell Conference

The National Conference of Spartacists is held in Berlin

Church property is confiscated & all religious instruction in the schools abolished

Opening of the 7th Congress of the Bolshevik Party

Peoples Courts are introduced

Cuts links with the discredited Social Democratic Party

Presides over the opening of the Alln Congress of Councils of National Economy

Proclaims the Soviet Russian Republic. Passes the "declaration of the rights of the toiling & exploited masses"

Repudiates foreign & domestic debts

Congress of Soviets makes the Declaration of Rights of the Toiling & Exploited People

The 3rd Congress of Soviets ratifies the Treaty of Brest Litovsk

Workers control is shifted from Factory Committee's to Trades Unions. The Bolsheviks resolve that the Trades Unions become "organs of the socialist state". Factory Committee's should be subject to the Alln Council of Workers control

Asks Clemenceau to call up the 1920 conscripts in 1918

Introduces "universal labor obligation"

A Labour Code providing for males & females between 16 & 50 to render "labor service"

The Constituent Assembly in which the Bolsheviks are a minority meets for one day before being suppressed

Issues a decree abolishing the Constituent Assembly

Adler helps form a new National Assembly to establish a republican Austria

Begins to make equal the rights of Flemish citizens

The Weimar Republic is adopted. The plan to transform Germany into a constitutional monarchy similar to Britain quickly becomes obsolete as the country slid into a state of near-total chaos. The 1871 constitution is amended to make the Reich a Parliamentary democracy, which the Government had refused for half a century, the Chancellor is henceforth responsible to Parliament, the Reichstag, and no longer to the Kaiser

Rebellion breaks out when the military command, without consultation with the Government, orders the German High Seas Fleet to sortie

supporter of the monarchy until the abdication of the Kaiser ("If the Kaiser abdicates, the social revolution is inevitable. But I do not want it, I hate it like sin", he says to Max von Baden

From November 1918 through January 1919, Germany is governed dictatorially by the Council of Peoples Commissioners.

The Ebert-Groener pact stipulates that the Government would not attempt to reform the Army so long as the army swore to protect the state.

To ensure that his fledgling Government is able to maintain control over the country, Ebert makes an uneasy pact with the OHL, now led by Ludendorffs successor General Wilhelm Groener.

Begins preparations for elections to the new National Constitutional Assembly

In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts. Ebert continues to serve as Head of Government during the three months between the end of the German Empire in November 1918 and the first gathering of the National Assembly in February 1919, but did not use the title of Chancellor

Opposes Scheidemanns declaration of a republic, wants a constitutional monarchy

Liebknechts proclamation ends the German Monarchy and an entirely Socialist provisional Government took power under Eberts leadership. Ebert favoured retaining the monarchy under a different ruler but Scheidemann proclaimes the German Republic, in response to the unrest in Berlin and in order to counter a declaration of the "Free Socialist Republic" by Karl Liebknecht. Calls for a National Constitutional Assembly

A coalition Government called "Council of Peoples Commissioners" (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) was established, consisting of three MSPD and three USPD members, led by Ebert for the MSPD and Hugo Haase for the USPD

Proclaims the aims of the new German regime

Ebert leads the new Government for the next several months, notably using the army under support of Minister of Defence Gustav Noske to suppress the Spartacist uprising, commonly identified with Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht

Ebert manages to enforce quick elections for a National Assembly to produce a constitution for a Parliamentary system, marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic

A Soviet republic was proclaimed, at the Berliner Stadtschloss by a left-wing radical named Karl Liebknecht

The Kaiser signs amended constitution

In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts. Bavaria is declared a republic

Resigns in favour of Ebert, followed by the proclamation of the German Republic

Proclaims the new "Free German Republic" without any Party or Government authorization

The Weimar Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin, to the fury of the Reichskanzler, who still hoped to preserve the monarchy. Scheidemann, concerned in the face of a possible workers revolution in Berlin, proclaims the Republic from a balcony in the Reichstag building, without consulting any of his colleagues

The Parliament of Northern Ireland is established

Loses land to the Allies & is replaced by Bela Kun & the Hungarian Soviet Republic

Declares Hungary a Republic

The Republic of Poland is founded. The Republic is based upon the Polish Commonwealth dissolved in 1795

Dissolves the Constituent Assembly & "establishes the dictatorship of the proletariat"

Issues a decree abolishing the Constituent Assembly

Declaration of the USSR

A Congress Opens in Moscow & approves the Soviet Constitution

Appointed Head of the Provisional Government

Appointed Member of Council of National Deputies

From November 1918 through January 1919, Germany is governed dictatorially by the Council of Peoples Commissioners

A coalition Government called "Council of Peoples Commissioners" (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) was established, consisting of three MSPD and three USPD members, led by Ebert for the MSPD and Hugo Haase for the USPD

A coalition Government called "Council of Peoples Commissioners" (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) was established, consisting of three MSPD and three USPD members, led by Ebert for the MSPD and Hugo Haase for the USPD

The new Government is confirmed by the Berlin worker and soldier council, it was opposed by the Spartacist League led by communists Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht

Following the Januarstreik in January 1918, a strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning that was organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD and officially supported by the party, the USPD quickly rose to about 120,000 members; despite harsh criticism of

of people's deputies"), which was formed on November 10, 1918 and mutually led by Friedrich Ebert and Hugo Haase following the German Revolution

the SPD for becoming part of the Government of the newly formed German republic during the Oktoberreform, the USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the Novemberrevolution began, and even became part of the Government in the form of the Rat der Volksbeauftragten ("council

Appointed on the Council of the People's Deputies, wants to avoid a dictatorship of the proletariat through soldiers' and workers' councils

After the Council led by Ebert ordered the bloody suppression of the revolutionary Volksmarinedivision, Haase and the two other USPD representatives Wilhelm Dittman and Emil Barth resign from the Government

Lenin chairs the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defence created to coordinate the Soviet war effort.

Launches a German counter-attack to within 75 miles of Paris

June-July, launches a counter-attack in the Noyon-Marne sector

Writes a memo urging the overthrow of the Bolshevik Government, the Kaiser agrees

Driven east with the 4th Army during the Allied Courtai Offensive

Supports Slovak participation in new Czechoslovakia.

Helps proclaim Czechoslovak independence in Prague.

Lenin's government faces a widening military crisis as clashes with the Czechoslovak Legion spread along the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Sept 16-Sept 18 the Damascus Campaign, aircraft bombard Turkish command centres

Forces under his command capture Damascus during the rapid pursuit.

Meets Emir Feisal in Damascus after the city's capture.

Orders the rapid pursuit north toward Damascus after the Megiddo breakthrough.

Chauvel directs the rapid mounted pursuit that reaches Damascus during the final Allied advance.

Congress of Soviets makes the Declaration of Rights of the Toiling & Exploited People

The Congress adopts the Declaration of Rights of the Working and Exploited People as a statement of Soviet political principles.

Declares a de facto state of war against the Allies

Declines a proposed knighthood after the war.

Suppresses civil disobedience & labour movements

Forced to resign after demonstrations in the provinces

Sends the Desert Mounted Corps through the breakthrough into the Ottoman rear.

Russia & Germany exchange diplomatic missions

Dismisses Ludendorf during the armistice

Dismissed for not co-operating with the Germans in the Ukraine

Dismisses Bohm-Ermolli

Relinqueshes Supreme Command

Advocates the dismissal of Pershing

Hotzendorf is dismissed

The Bolshevik government prevents the Constituent Assembly from reconvening after its single contentious session.

Highlights the contribution of Dominion troops during the German spring offensive.

Haig accepts Foch's coordinating authority during the emergency conference at Doullens.

Supports the agreement giving Ferdinand Foch authority to coordinate Allied armies in France.

Haig's First Army breaks the Drocourt-Queant defensive system and forces further German withdrawal.

At the Armistice, is mentioned in dispatches and awarded the Distinguished Service Order

Declares Eastern Peoples liberation

Ebert agrees to suppress the Bolshevik-led revolution and maintain the defeated Armys role & Groener in turn agrees to throw the weight of the still-considerable Army behind the new Government

Ebert agrees to suppress the Bolshevik-led revolution and maintain the defeated Armys role & Groener in turn agrees to throw the weight of the still-considerable Army behind the new Government

The Cabinet forms the National Iron & Steel Industry Council

The Cabinet forms the Economic, Defence & Development Committee

Nationalization begins after Larin convinces Lenin to protect it from German control

A Decree outlaws the purchase & leasing of industrial & commercial business. A Decree compels all securities & bonds to be registered with the Government

Helps found the Vesenkha to control the economy at the Alln Congress

All domestic trade is nationalized

Begins the assault on Ekaterinodar against Bolshevik forces.

Begins preparations for elections to the new National Constitutional Assembly

Ebert manages to enforce quick elections for a National Assembly to produce a constitution for a Parliamentary system, marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic

The Socialists win 72 seats in the Austrian elections

Chernov is elected chairman when the Constituent Assembly finally meets with a Socialist Revolutionary majority.

Introduces emergency legislation to expand the pool of men available for military service.

The First de Broqueville Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.

The Gerard Cooreman Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.

The Second Zahle Council Presidency ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Council President of Denmark.

German engineer Arthur Scherbius applies for a patent for a cipher machine using rotors and, with E. Richard Ritter, founds the firm of Scherbius & Ritter

Offers a prototype rotor cipher machine to the German Navy as military communications security becomes a wartime concern.

Chaytor's Force captures Es Salt as Ottoman Fourth Army formations retreat.

Chaytor's force captures Es Salt during the pursuit east of the Jordan.

Haig directs reinforcements after German forces break into British and Portuguese positions near Estaires.

An Ekaterinburg officiak cables Moscow with a message of the execution of Nicholas II

Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna is executed by the Bolsheviks

Carries Nicholas IIs death warrant from Moscow

Nicholas, his family & servants are shot in the grounds of Ipatevs house

Seeks a place to bury the executed Romanovs in the woods north of Ekaterinburg

Commandant of Kremlin, Malkov, executes Kaplan for attempting to assassinate Lenin

A decree by Lenin authorizes summary execution of opponents

Malkov executes Kaplan for attempting to assassinate Lenin

Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is executed by the Bolsheviks

Shot after the possibility of rescue by white Counter-revolutionaries. It is reported that his wife, 3 daughters & son are also shot

Nicholas, his family & servants are shot in Ekaterinburg

Vladimir Pavlovich Palei is executed by the Bolsheviks

arrested and executed

Writes articles in Pravda & Izvestiia saying Nicholas II was shot trying to escape

Nicholas II is executed with his family and attendants by Bolshevik guards in the Ipatiev House.

Leaves Munich on a day of mass demonstrations

Esacapes to Finland

Wilhelm II is exiled to Doorn in Holland

Welcomes federal voting rights for many Canadian women.

Bonar Law ops the "Feed The Guns Campaign" to raise a 2nd 1 billion pounds war loan

Bonar Law ops the "Feed The Guns Campaign" to raise a 2nd 1 billion pounds war loan

Appointed Field Marshal

Appointed Field Marshal

Appointed Field Marshal, receives the Field Marshals batton

Appointed Field Marshal, receives the Field Marshals batton

Elliott's 15th Australian Brigade counterattacks at night during the recapture of Villers-Bretonneux.

Haig coordinates retreat and reinforcement as the Fifth Army falls back under intense German pressure.

Sverdlov presides when the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets opens amid growing conflict with the Left Socialist Revolutionaries.

Albert's army group attacks across Flanders as the Allies begin the final liberation offensive.

Leads the First Army attack on the Hindenburg line after German defeats at Papua & Arras

The second phase of the offensive began on 21st August as the Second Battles of the Somme 1918. The French Tenth and 3rd Armies, and the British 3rd and First Army attacked. The ANZAC captured ground north of the Somme river at Peronne and Mont St. Quentin. Canadian forces captured ground near Queant

Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.

The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.

The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.

The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through

The Battle of the Sambre (4th November 1918) was a continuation of the Allied advance by Haigs Army Group (the First, 3rd and 4th Armies and the French First Army) coming from the direction of Valenciennes. The Allied troops were to advance from the Conde Canal on a thirty mile front towards Maubeuge-Mons. The offensive included the the Second Battle of Guise (4th - 5th November 1918)

Averescu becomes prime minister while Romania faces military and diplomatic pressure.

Becomes first prime minister of Czechoslovakia.

Haig supports British and French resistance during the first major German attack around Kemmel.

Leads the difficult march into the Kuban region.

Chaytor leads the ANZAC Mounted Division during the first Transjordan operation toward Amman.

Belgian forces advance near Ypres in 1918.

Haig orders advances through the Ypres sector.

Albert's army group pushes eastward as German forces retreat toward the Scheldt before the armistice.

Haig moves reserves north as the German Lys offensive threatens the British position in Flanders.

Supports the elevation of Foch to wider command authority over Allied operations.

Haig supports unified Allied direction as the spring offensive threatens to divide British and French armies.

Backs expansion of Foch's powers as the German offensive continues.

The Soviet government strengthens emergency grain procurement powers as urban food shortages worsen.

Supports wider compulsory rationing to protect civilian supplies during the final year of war.

Appointed Foreign Minister

Calls for a general association of nations to preserve peace.

Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.

The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.

The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.

The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through

Quentin and Vendhuille had been incorporated into the German defences of the Hindenburg Line. The German defences on the canal comprised not only barbed wire entanglements and traps, but generally this stretch of canal was in a deep cutting of about 50 to 80 metres.

The Battle of the St. Quentin Canal (29th September - 2nd October 1918) was an attack launched on 29th September by US, French and British forces. A north-south stretch of this canal between St.

The British 4th Army and the French First Army had reached the canal sector in mid September, and were tasked with crossing the canal at the tunnel section or by the bridge

The canal ran through a tunnel at Bellicourt and there was a bridge further south of the tunnel at Bellenglise.

The Battle of the Sambre (4th November 1918) was a continuation of the Allied advance by Haigs Army Group (the First, 3rd and 4th Armies and the French First Army) coming from the direction of Valenciennes. The Allied troops were to advance from the Conde Canal on a thirty mile front towards Maubeuge-Mons. The offensive included the the Second Battle of Guise (4th - 5th November 1918)

Driven east with the 4th Army during the Allied Courtai Offensive

Lenin secures ratification of the Brest-Litovsk treaty by the Fourth All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

Proclaims the new "Free German Republic" without any Party or Government authorization

Launched against US & French divisions from east of the Reims to the Marne

The Germans retreat across the Meuse

Appointed General in Chief of the Allied Armies, extending his powers

Appointed General in Chief, extending his powers to "strategic direction"

Appointed Commander in Chief

Appointed Commander in Chief

The first day of the General Strike in Berlin

Begins the Gerard Cooreman Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.

Reviews the new German attack on the Aisne as Allied forces face another major crisis.

Announces the signed armistice terms and confirms that fighting will cease at eleven o'clock.

Considers Germany's request for an armistice and negotiations based on President Wilson's principles.

Reviews the final Allied military conditions to be imposed before hostilities can cease.

Beatty maintains readiness as German naval leaders contemplate a final major sortie near the end of the war.

Beatty orders the German flag lowered at sunset after the High Seas Fleet enters Allied custody.

Mutiny in the German fleet prevents the planned final operation against Allied naval forces.

Reports on losses and reinforcements after the first phase of the German spring offensives.

Lenin confronts renewed German military advances after the Brest-Litovsk peace negotiations break down.

German forces withdraw from positions near Ypres.

Confronts the emergency created by the opening German offensive on the Western Front.

Forms a new Government

When it became clear that the war was lost, a new Government was formed by Prince Maximilian of Baden which included Ebert and other members of the SPD in October 1918

Forms a provisional executive of mainstream SDP & Independent Socialists

Forms a provisional Government

His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.

His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.

Answers criticism of government relations with newspapers and wartime information management.

Lenin and the Soviet government leave Petrograd for Moscow because the former capital is vulnerable to German attack.

Establishes the Grand Fleet Strategy

Beatty's assembled Grand Fleet meets the German force and escorts it toward the Firth of Forth.

Beatty takes a large force from the Forth for an intensive night exercise involving ships and submarines.

Beatty's fleet continues to contain Germany's surface navy while U-boats remain the greater maritime threat.

Proclaims union of Transylvania with Romania.

Appointed Guard at the Traunstein prisoner-of-war camp

British Empire forces secure Haifa during the post-Megiddo advance.

Monash directs the carefully coordinated Australian-led attack at Hamel.

Haig supports the carefully coordinated Australian-led attack at Hamel as a model for combined-arms warfare.

Convalesces in hospital in Pasewalk, recovers from temporary blindness

Leaves hospital & returns via Berlin to Munich

Supports Henry Wilson's appointment following Robertson's resignation.

Leads the First Army attack on the Hindenburg line after German defeats at Papua & Arras

By 4th September the German forces had withdrawn to the Hindenburg Line, the position from which they had advanced to make the offensives in the earlier part of the year

Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.

The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.

The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.

The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through

The Meuse Argonne Offensive (26th September - 11th November 1918) was an Allied offensive with the aim of pushing the German Armies further east from their positions at the Hindenburg Line, cutting the Germans off from their important rail routes supplying their front line sectors

Quentin and Vendhuille had been incorporated into the German defences of the Hindenburg Line. The German defences on the canal comprised not only barbed wire entanglements and traps, but generally this stretch of canal was in a deep cutting of about 50 to 80 metres.

The Battle of the St. Quentin Canal (29th September - 2nd October 1918) was an attack launched on 29th September by US, French and British forces. A north-south stretch of this canal between St.

The British 4th Army and the French First Army had reached the canal sector in mid September, and were tasked with crossing the canal at the tunnel section or by the bridge

The canal ran through a tunnel at Bellicourt and there was a bridge further south of the tunnel at Bellenglise.

Breaks through the Hindenburg Line

Leads the 4th army over the Hindenburg line after German defeats at Bapaume & Arras

Monash coordinates Australian operations against the Hindenburg Line around Bellicourt.

Reviews Allied attacks breaking through the German defensive system on the Western Front.

The Government decided to extend conscription to Ireland, and that Ireland would have to be given home rule in order to make it acceptable, Carson disagrees in principle and again resigns

Allied forces capture Homs as the pursuit continues through Syria.

Belgian forces capture major German positions in Houthulst Forest during the opening phase of the final offensive.

Haig's armies join the Allied counteroffensive that begins the decisive Hundred Days campaign.

Foch coordinates Allied attacks including Ypres.

By early September German forces fall back toward the Hindenburg Line after Allied pressure following Amiens and the Somme battles.

Backs continued Allied attacks as German armies retreat from positions gained earlier in the year.

Contributes to staff work during the Allied offensives that drive German forces back in the final months of the war.

Leads the Volunteer Army in the retreat known as the Ice March.

The Commander of the Imperial army, Hindenburg, orders the Kaiser to abdicate

Speaking from the steps of Independence Hall in Philadelphia as head of the Mid-European Union, Masaryk calls for the independence of the Czechoslovaks and other oppressed peoples of Central Europe

Speaking from the steps of Independence Hall in Philadelphia as head of the Mid-European Union, Masaryk calls for the independence of the Czechoslovaks and other oppressed peoples of Central Europe

Georgia declares independence

Polish independence is guaranteed by the signatories of the Treaty of Versailles

Ukrainian nationalists have separate peace talks with the Germans

Ukrainian nationalists have separate peace talks with the Germans

Following the Januarstreik in January 1918, a strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning that was organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD and officially supported by the party, the USPD quickly rose to about 120,000 members; despite harsh criticism of

of people's deputies"), which was formed on November 10, 1918 and mutually led by Friedrich Ebert and Hugo Haase following the German Revolution

the SPD for becoming part of the Government of the newly formed German republic during the Oktoberreform, the USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the Novemberrevolution began, and even became part of the Government in the form of the Rat der Volksbeauftragten ("council

Calls for younger men in essential industries to be replaced where possible and transferred to the forces.

Inheritance is abolished

Lenin writes to Sverdlov & Trotsky saying that international revolution is imminent & urges preparations for a 3 million man Army

Issues secret orders for the Palestine Offensive

A reply to the ultimatum of 17th Feb is not received & the German invasion continues

Japan attempts to gain a military foothold in Siberia

Trotsky requests French military help. German & Austrian troops resume their offensive against Russia

The Germans advance into the Ukraine

States that the government will not yet extend compulsory military service to Ireland.

Argues that Ireland can no longer remain excluded from compulsory military service.

Combines the conscription proposal with a renewed commitment to Irish self-government legislation.

Jodl receives the Iron Cross First Class for wartime service.

Praises the Italian resistance that defeats the Austrian attack along the Piave.

A strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning is organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD

British Empire mounted troops capture Jenin during the rapid advance.

Chaytor's force captures the important Jordan crossing at Jisr ed Damieh.

Chaytor's Force captures important Jordan River crossings during Megiddo.

Uses a feint toward the Jordan Valley to mislead Ottoman commanders before Megiddo.

Chaytor commands a composite force protecting the Jordan Valley during the final Palestine offensive.

German forces seize Kemmel Hill but fail to convert the gain into a decisive breakthrough in Flanders.

Becomes a symbol of White resistance after his death.

Begins the Kramar Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

Leads the Volunteer Army toward the Kuban during the civil war.

The Soviet government nationalizes major industrial enterprises as state control of the wartime economy expands.

Russell directs the New Zealand Division during the capture of Le Quesnoy.

Averill leads soldiers up a ladder and over the fortified wall during the capture of Le Quesnoy.

Founded to preserve national independence, 14 points

Wilson calls for a general association of nations in the Fourteen Points.

Spiridonova supports the Left Socialist Revolutionary challenge launched after the assassination of the German ambassador.

Spiridonova condemns the Brest-Litovsk settlement as Left Socialist Revolutionaries break with the Bolshevik government over peace with Germany.

Begins the Leon Delacroix Government in Brussels and serves as head of the Belgian government.

Allied advances liberate Bruges near the end of the war.

Belgian forces advance from the Ypres sector.

Defends Lord Pirrie's appointment to strengthen merchant shipbuilding administration.

1st day of 3rd Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Aisne

Final day of 3rd Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Aisne

Haig shifts reserves north as the German offensive opens against the Flanders front.

Ludendorff launches Operation Georgette against British and Portuguese positions in the Flanders sector.

Issues the White Army Manifesto

Reviews reinforcements and manpower after the heavy fighting of the spring.

Presents new measures to release more men from industry for military service.

Marghiloman forms a government charged with negotiating peace with the Central Powers.

This record states: It was intended as a diversionary attack either side of Reims to cross the river Marne and draw the Allied reserves away from Flanders.

This record states: The German attack east of Reims was blocked by the French defence on the first day.

This record states: The Marne Offensive (15th July - 5th August 1918) became the last German offensive of the war.

This record states: The attack west of Reims did succeed in crossing the Marne river.

This record states: Where Ludendorff was planning to make another offensive to break through the Allied line once and for all.

On 18th July an Allied counter-attack, comprising French, British, American and Italian troops, pushed the German forces back

As a result of the defeat of this German offensive the proposed German offensive in Flanders was called off.

Soissons is re-captured on 2nd August and the Germans withdrew to entrenched positions on a line along the Vesle and Aisne rivers.

This record states: This retreat and defeat, the last in a series of offensives which each ended in an unsuccessful strategic conclusion, marked the beginning of the gradual retreat of the German forces which.

This record states: was to come over the following months to 11th November 1918.

1st day of the Mars offensive on Arras

Appointed Marshal of France

Martial Law is declared in Berlin

Martial Law is declared in Hamburg

Backs Slovak declaration joining the Czechoslovak state.

Answers General Maurice's public accusations concerning army strength and government statements.

Defeats the parliamentary challenge arising from the Maurice controversy and retains Commons support.

Meets Feisal in Damascus

Coordinates infantry, cavalry, artillery, armoured vehicles and aircraft at Megiddo.

Megiddo becomes the decisive victory of Allenby's Palestine and Syria campaign.

Launches the Battle of Megiddo on 19 September 1918.

The Megiddo victory inflicts catastrophic losses on the Ottoman armies.

Plans a surprise offensive designed to trap Ottoman armies and block their escape.

Criticizes Bolshevik dictatorship and supports a non-Bolshevik socialist alternative

Wins the Distinguished Service Cross for Heroism. Commands 345 during tanks the Meuse-Argonne Operation

The Battle of Havrincourt (12th September 1918) was launched as a successful attack by the British 3rd Army with three divisions against four German Army divisions holding the fortified town of Havrincourt

Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.

The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.

The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.

The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through

The Meuse Argonne Offensive (26th September - 11th November 1918) was an Allied offensive with the aim of pushing the German Armies further east from their positions at the Hindenburg Line, cutting the Germans off from their important rail routes supplying their front line sectors

From September a series of Allied offensives on the Western Front were launched in sequence at about the same time as the main Meuse-Argonne Offensive

On 1st November the Allied offensive started up and the third German defensive line was breached. As the advance progressed northwards the towns of Mezieres, Charleville and Sedan were recaptured

Bapaume is captured by the German during Operation Michael

Albert is captured by the Germans during Operation Michael

Speaking from the steps of Independence Hall in Philadelphia as head of the Mid-European Union, Masaryk calls for the independence of the Czechoslovaks and other oppressed peoples of Central Europe

Proposes raising the maximum military service age in response to the manpower emergency.

Secures expanded military service powers during the emergency on the Western Front.

Defends further military service legislation as necessary to meet the army's manpower needs.

Appointed Minister of Food

Appointed Minister of Information

Appointed Minister of Information, the 1st person to hold this position

Appointed Minister of President of Austria

Appointed Minister Without Portfolio

Appointed Minister Without Portfolio

When the Social Democrats are included in the cabinet for the first time in Prince Max of Badens Government Scheidemann enters the Government as a minister without portfolio

Directs a fast-moving pursuit from Palestine into Syria after Megiddo.

The White Army begins the "Ice March"

Cables all factories to requested increased output

July-August, launches counter-attacks after the arrival of 300,000 Americans a month

Sets up battalions for civil defense duties for digging trenches & surveillance

The Demobilization office is setup

A train is constructed for Trotsky to command the Red Army

Leaves Moscows in his command train, "a flying apparatus of administration"

Monash directs the Australian Corps assault on Mont St Quentin and Peronne.

Sverdlov works from Moscow as the Soviet government establishes the city as the new national capital.

Takes part in operations against the Ottoman rail station at Mudawwara.

Twentieth Corps attacks the Ottoman line in the Judean Hills at Nablus.

Ottoman forces around Nablus are broken during the Megiddo offensive.

Adler helps form a new National Assembly to establish a republican Austria

Ebert continues to serve as Head of Government during the three months between the end of the German Empire in November 1918 and the first gathering of the National Assembly in February 1919, but did not use the title of Chancellor

Ebert manages to enforce quick elections for a National Assembly to produce a constitution for a Parliamentary system, marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic

Ebert manages to enforce quick elections for a National Assembly to produce a constitution for a Parliamentary system, marginalizing the movement that called for a socialist republic. Ebert calls for a National Congress of Councils, which take place from December 16 to December 20, 1918, and in which the MSPD had the majority

Addresses Parliament and the country as four years of war end with the German armistice.

Nationalization begins after Larin convinces Lenin to protect it from German control

Church property is confiscated & all religious instruction in the schools abolished

The 3rd All-Russian Congress proclaims factories, mines & transport state property. The Merchant Fleet is taken over by decree

The sugar industry is nationalized. The oil industry is nationalized

Issues a decree nationalizing all major areas of industry

Issues the decree nationalising large-scale industry during War Communism

Shops are closed & their inventory used for barter with the peasants. All domestic trade is nationalized

His forces secure Nazareth during the exploitation after the Sharon breakthrough.

Russell's division moves rapidly to help stabilise the Allied line during the German spring offensive.

The Cabinet forms the National Iron & Steel Industry Council

The Cabinet forms the National Iron & Steel Industry Council

Chaikovsky heads an anti-Bolshevik regional government formed at Archangel after Soviet authority collapses in the city.

Following the Januarstreik in January 1918, a strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning that was organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD and officially supported by the party, the USPD quickly rose to about 120,000 members; despite harsh criticism of

of people's deputies"), which was formed on November 10, 1918 and mutually led by Friedrich Ebert and Hugo Haase following the German Revolution

the SPD for becoming part of the Government of the newly formed German republic during the Oktoberreform, the USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the Novemberrevolution began, and even became part of the Government in the form of the Rat der Volksbeauftragten ("council

The Noyon-Montdidier Offensive known in the German plan by its code-name of Operation Gneisenau (9th - Thirteenth June 1918). Also known as the Battle of Matz it was the fourth German offensive launched in 1918

Helps founds the Political Workers Circle, forerunner of the Nazi Party

Helps founds the Political Workers Circle, forerunner of the Nazi Party

Helps founds the Political Workers Circle, forerunner of the Nazi Party

The AEF occupy the west bank of the Rhine

Launches the Messines offensive

Orders anti German troops to the Volga

Launches a counter-attack in the Lys-Aisne sector, April-May

1st day of the Allied "100 Days" offensives which lead to the Armistice

Final day of the Allied "100 Days" offensives which lead to the Armistice

1st day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne

Final day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne

Kolchak takes supreme power after a coup removes the Ufa Directory's authority in Siberia.

Ludendorf orders operation Georgette in 10 days time

1st day of the Battle of Lys, part of Operation Georgette

Ludendorff finalises the Flanders offensive intended to seize key railways and threaten the Channel ports.

If the Germans could make progress in the centre sector here, the indented Front Line of the bulge between these two salients could be straightened out. 1st day of 4th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of Matz

The German plan was to push the German Front Line westwards in the sector between two salients; the northern salient had been formed from the fighting towards Amiens and the southern one at the end of the previous German offensive in the Aisne sector.

The Noyon-Montdidier Offensive known in the German plan by its code-name of Operation Gneisenau (9th - Thirteenth June 1918). Also known as the Battle of Matz it was the fourth German offensive launched in 1918.

The Germans halt their offensive

Final day of 4th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of Matz

Issues the operaion Michael order

60 infantry divisions move up to the front

1st day of Operation Michael

General rertreat of 1/2 the British Expeditionary Force to the Somme

Bapaume is captured by the Germans during Operation Michael

Ludendorf decides on a spring offensive

Haig confronts the opening German spring offensive against the British Third and Fifth Armies.

Beatty prepares the Grand Fleet to meet and escort German surface warships into Allied custody.

Bukharin leads Left Communist opposition to Lenin's policy of accepting the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

The Ottoman Empire signs an armistice five days after Aleppo falls.

Reviews the strategic consequences of the Ottoman withdrawal from the war.

Turkey capitulates after Allenbys Damascus Campaign

Mounted forces encircle Ottoman formations and restrict their routes of escape.

Plans the Megiddo attack to trap Ottoman formations and close their principal escape routes.

The Ebert-Groener pact stipulates that the Government would not attempt to reform the Army so long as the army swore to protect the state

The Ebert-Groener pact stipulates that the Government would not attempt to reform the Army so long as the army swore to protect the state

Bulgaria agrees an armistice with the Allies

Sends a peace offer to President Wilson

Clemanceau discloses Charles peace note of 9th April

The French publish Charles peace offer of 12th April

Discloses the peace offer made by Emperor Charles I

Leaves Berlin for Trier as a German armistice delegate

Heads the Allied armistice negotiations with the Germans

Groener oversaw the retreat and demobilization of the defeated German army after World War I which ended with the armistice

Telegrams German peace terms to Moscow

Launches an offensive against the Russians which forces them to sign a peace Treaty

Germany and Austria force Russia to sign the Peace of Brest

Germany requests an armistice

Woodrow Wilson says military rulers & autocratic monarchs are an obstacle to peace

Appointed Chancellor of Germany in October 1918 in order to negotiate an armistice with the allies in the last days of the war

The exhausted Turkish Empire ceases fighting

The Bolsheviks denounce the terms offerred at the peace negotiations

The Ukrainian delegation arrives at the peace negotiations

The Bolsheviks resume negotiations under Trotsky

Trotsky breaks off the peace negotiations

Trotsky suspends the peace negotiations

Trotsky resumes peace talks

Germany resumes the war against Russia

The Soviets accept the German peace terms

Orders an end to the peace negotiations with Russia

Wilson calls for a general association of nations in the Fourteen Points.

Germany requests an armistice

Says that military rulers & autocratic monarchs in German are an obstacle to peace

Austria signs a peace Treaty with Russia

All surving U-boats are required to surrender

Becomes People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and takes a leading role in building the Red Army.

Peoples Courts are introduced

Publication of "Peoples Manifesto"

Soviet institutions expand coercive power in Petrograd.

Oversees Soviet authority as civil war threats grow.

Zinoviev organises Soviet authority during threats to Petrograd.

Leads the Petrograd Soviet during early Bolshevik rule.

Attempts to assassinate Lenin for being a traitor to the Revolution

A failed attempt is made on Lenins life

One bullet hits his neck & another hits his collarbone. An attempt on Lenins life as 3 shots are fired during an address at a labour rally

Helps founds the Political Workers Circle, forerunner of the Nazi Party

Writes articles in Pravda & Izvestiia saying Nicholas II was shot trying to escape

Appointed President of Brazil

Appointed acting President of Brazil after Rodrigues Alves was unable to take office

Is elected first President of Czechoslovakia.

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.

Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.

Eisners Cabinet has 3 minority Socialists & 3 Majority Social Democrats. Appointed Prime Minister of Bavaria & responsible for foreign affairs

Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary by Emperor-King Charles

Appointed Prime Minister of Poland

Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 2nd term

Appointed Prime Minister of Poland

Appointed Prime Minister of Poland

Appointed Prime Minister of Poland

Appointed Prime Minister of Poland

Appointed Prime Minister of Poland

Appointed Prime Minister of Romania, 1st term, by Ferdinand I after the resignation of Ion Bratianu

Appointed Head of the Provisional Government

Liebknechts proclamation ends the German Monarchy and an entirely Socialist provisional Government took power under Eberts leadership

Forms a provisional Government

Appointed Head of the Provisional Government

Has power to force peasants to deliver grain to collection points for fixed payments

The Royal Airforce is founded

Due to the naval blockade the civilian ration is reduced to 2,000 calories daily

Uprising led by the Communist Party of Germany, KPD

Uprising led by the Communist Party of Germany, KPD

Uprising led by the Communist Party of Germany, KPD

Incites the soldiers. Announces, "bourgoisie kill separate individuals but we kill whole classes"

Organizes a revolt of officers in Yaroslavl 150 miles outside Moscow

Stirs up industrial unrest during the "January Strike"

Stirs up industrial unrest during the "January Strike"

The Red flag is raised over the Imperial Palace in Berlin. In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts

The Red flag is raised over the Imperial Palace in Berlin

Wilhelm II refuses to abdicate, Prince Max of Baden simply announces that he had done so and frantically attempts to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern

Sailors capture Cologne

Sailors capture Cologne

Recalls U-boats to take part in a final sortie but naval mutinies end all such plans

Suppresses the mutiny of the Kiel Fleet

A suicidal mission to attack the British fleet triggers off the Kiel mutiny

A suicidal mission to attack the British fleet triggers off the Kiel mutiny

A suicidal mission to attack the British fleet triggers off the Kiel mutiny

1st day of the Kiel Mutiny

1st day of the Kiel Mutiny

Puts down the rebellion

Retires after orders to march against the Kiel Mutiny are countermanded

Bolshevik troops open fire on workers protesting at food shortages in the town of Kolpino

Suppresses the revolution in Munich

Suppresses the revolution in Munich

The revolution had reaches Munich, causing King Ludwig III of Bavaria to flee

Addresses a demonstration of workers, peasants & soldiers

Addresses a demonstration of workers, peasants & soldiers

The revolution reaches Munich, causing King Ludwig III of Bavaria to flee

The Red Army search for suspects & Kronstadt sailors shoot 500 hostages. The Petrograd Cheka Chief is assassinated

A rebellion in the River Don results in Krasnov establishing military rule

A rebellion in the River Don results in Krasnov establishing military rule

Helps suppress the rebellion of the Socialist Revolutionaries

Helps suppress the rebellion of the Socialist Revolutionaries

The Red Army search for suspects & Kronstadt sailors shoot 500 hostages

The Red Army occupies Valuiki

The Red Army occupies Dvinsk

The Red Army occupies Minsk

The Soviet government introduces compulsory military service as the civil war expands and volunteer recruitment proves insufficient.

Counters the Red Cross efforts to stop the French use of chemical weapons

Launch of the red terror to massacre prisoners & hostages throughout Bolshevik Russia

Leads Petrograd politics during the harsh civil war climate.

The Soviet government formally announces the Red Terror amid civil-war violence and attacks on Bolshevik leaders.

Counters the Red Cross efforts to stop the French use of chemical weapons

The Reichstag votes for equal suffrage

Issues the "Declaration of the Rights of the Toiling & Exploited Masses"

Appointed as the first Head of the Registration Directorate, later to be known as the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU)

The predecessr of the GRU is created under the sponsorship of Leon Trotsky, who was then the civilian leader of the Red Army; it was originally known as the Registration Directorate. Given the task of handling all military intelligence, particularly the collection of intelligence of military or political significance from sources outside the Soviet Union

Relations are severed with Romania

Church property is confiscated & all religious instruction in the schools abolished

Welcomes legislation expanding the electorate while the war continues.

The Republic of Poland is founded. The Republic is based upon the Polish Commonwealth dissolved in 1795

The Government decided to extend conscription to Ireland, and that Ireland would have to be given home rule in order to make it acceptable, Carson disagrees in principle and again resigns

After the Council led by Ebert ordered the bloody suppression of the revolutionary Volksmarinedivision, Haase and the two other USPD representatives Wilhelm Dittman and Emil Barth resign from the Government

Badens Government is strong enough to force Ludendorffs resignation

Badens Government is strong enough to force Ludendorffs resignation

Resigns as Chancellor at the request of the German Generals

Resigns as the Military Governor of Poland

Resigns because of his disagreement with Allied War objectives

After the Council led by Ebert ordered the bloody suppression of the revolutionary Volksmarinedivision, Haase and the two other USPD representatives Wilhelm Dittman and Emil Barth resign from the Government

Retires after orders to march against the Kiel Mutiny are countermanded

Forced to resign after demonstrations in the provinces

Resigns in favor of Friedrich Ebert, the second Empire is at an end

Ebert, supported by the "Majority" Socialists, forces von Baden to resign. Asked by Hindenburg to arrange an armistice but saved the indignity

Resigns in favour of Ebert, followed by the proclamation of the German Republic

Resigns from the Vesenkha after failing to stop the Brest Litovsk Treaty

After the Council led by Ebert ordered the bloody suppression of the revolutionary Volksmarinedivision, Haase and the two other USPD representatives Wilhelm Dittman and Emil Barth resign from the Government

Resigns as Minister of Information due to ill health

Resigns after a dispute over jurisdiction with the Foreign Office

Austria-Hungary accepts an armistice and ends active hostilities against Italy.

Austria-Hungary leaves the war as imperial military resistance collapses.

Austria-Hungary exits the war under Allied armistice terms.

The imperial fleet and flotilla pass to successor-state control as Habsburg authority disintegrates.

Bulgaria leaves the war, opening the Balkans further to Allied advance.

The German military leadership presses the civilian government to seek an immediate peace settlement.

German acceptance of Allied terms ends fighting on the Western Front.

The Ottoman Empire ends hostilities with the Allies.

Forced into retirement

Forced into retirement

Orders German retreat to Blucher position north of Vesle

Returns to Britain after the Arab campaign and the capture of Damascus.

Ferdinand returns to Bucharest as the union of Romanian provinces is proclaimed.

Member of Workers & Soldiers Council

A soldiers council took charge of his regiment since the Bavarian Revolution

Explains the government's disagreement with Sir William Robertson over Allied strategic coordination.

Accepts Robertson's departure as Chief of the Imperial General Staff after the Versailles dispute.

Haig coordinates resistance as German forces continue advancing during the Battle of Rosieres.

Withdraws as Red forces threaten the Volunteer Army base.

Awarded the Royal Societys Royal Medal

Awarded the Royal Societys Royal Medal

Sverdlov presides as the Fifth Congress adopts the first constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.

Chairs the Armenian National Council, which proclaimed the independence of Democratic Republic of Armenia

Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos

Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos

Estonias Independence Day, Estonia proclaims independence from Russia

Germany and Austria force Soviet Russia to sign the Peace of Brest, which calls for the establishment of 5 independent countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine

Germany claims the Baltic states, Finland and Ukraine from Russia

Germany claims the Baltic states, Finland and Ukraine from Russia

Georgia declares independence

The Government decided to extend conscription to Ireland, and that Ireland would have to be given home rule in order to make it acceptable, Carson disagrees in principle and again resigns

Under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsl Russia evacuates Kars

Ottoman occupation of the Kars region

The South-Western Caucasian Democratic Republic is proclaimed in Kars

Germany and Austria force Soviet Russia to sign the Peace of Brest, which calls for the establishment of 5 independent countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine

Germany and Austria force Soviet Russia to sign the Peace of Brest, which calls for the establishment of 5 independent countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine

Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos

Germany and Austria force Soviet Russia to sign the Peace of Brest, which calls for the establishment of 5 independent countries: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland

Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos

Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos

Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos

Allies occupy the Bosporus, Dardenelles, Marmara, Imros, Lemnos, Smathrace & Tenedos

Germany claims the Baltic states, Finland and Ukraine from Russia

Germany claims the Baltic states, Finland and Ukraine from Russia

Germany and Austria force Russia to sign the Peace of Brest

The Parliament of Northern Ireland is established. The Government decided to extend conscription to Ireland, and that Ireland would have to be given home rule in order to make it acceptable, Carson disagrees in principle and again resigns

A dispute between Poland & Lithuania takes place over the Polish rule of Vilna

Appointed Member of Ruling Council, Nov 1918 to Feb 1919

The Bolshevik Party is renamed the Russian Communist Party

Haig directs emergency measures as German forces penetrate the Fifth Army front near Saint Quentin.

Mounted troops secure Samakh as Ottoman forces collapse in northern Palestine.

Haig supports Canadian-led attacks along the Scarpe that push German forces toward the Hindenburg Line.

Haig coordinates British and French resistance during renewed German attacks around Kemmel.

Chauvel directs mounted formations during the second Transjordan operation against Es Salt.

Begins the Second Zahle Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.

Lenin defends the Brest-Litovsk settlement when the Seventh Party Congress opens.

Uses a powerful creeping barrage to support the infantry attack at Sharon.

Twenty-First Corps infantry punches openings through Ottoman defences at Sharon.

The German 8th Army heads towards Amiens

The German push for Amiens is halted

The British counter-attack of 8 August at the Battle of Amiens is spectacularly successful, and amounts to what Ludendorff termed "the black day of the German Army"

The Second Armys failure to secure the fall of Amiens (in particular the critically important railway junction) in the centre of the German line compromised the whole of Ludendorffs planned advance

The British counter-attack of 8 August at the Battle of Amiens is spectacularly successful, and amounts to what Ludendorff termed "the black day of the German Army"

The Second Armys failure to secure the fall of Amiens (in particular the critically important railway junction) in the centre of the German line compromised the whole of Ludendorffs planned advance

Enters Charleroi

Present at Allenbys entry into Jerusalem

"The fate of the revolution hangs in the balance". Arrives at Svyazk to go to the relief of Kazan

The Germans reach Meuse at Chateau-Thierry within 40 miles of Paris

The German advance on Paris is stopped

Ludendorff throws 35 Divisions across the Marne to encircle Reims

Declares the Siege of Tsaritswyn

Defeats the British Zeebrugge Raid

Lenins decree, "the Socialist fatherland in danger!" is issued

The Soviet government adopts a labour code regulating compulsory labour obligations and employment under the new state system.

The new Government is confirmed by the Berlin worker and soldier council, it was opposed by the Spartacist League led by communists Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht

The National Conference of Spartacists is held in Berlin

The new Government is confirmed by the Berlin worker and soldier council, it was opposed by the Spartacist League led by communists Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht

Announces, "I shall fight before Paris..."

Ludendorff opens the Lys offensive near Ypres.

Haig's Fourth Army helps rupture the Hindenburg Line around the St Quentin Canal.

The first day of the General Strike in Berlin

Declared the ruler of Russia by the Whites

Wills tells the Senate that womens suffrage is "a vitally necessary war measure"

Senate rejects womens suffrage for a 3rd time

Appointed Head of the Extraordinary Commission for Supply

Appointed Head of the Supply Commission, responsible for food for the cities. Appointed Head of the Extraordinary Commission for Supply

Kolchak accepts the title Supreme Ruler and assumes leadership of the principal eastern White government.

The Allied Supreme War Council accepts Wilson's Fourteen Points as an armistice basis.

Argues with Foch and other commanders over Allied reserves and strategy.

Receives broader Allied coordinating authority after the German offensive.

Helps frame Allied military conditions before the armistice.

Helps present American views during armistice deliberations.

Uses council meetings to press for unified Allied strategy.

Participates in Allied political oversight as Germany seeks an armistice.

Represents Italian interests as the armistice terms are shaped.

Represents French diplomacy in late-war council discussions.

Advises British ministers during Supreme War Council debates.

His Fourteen Points influence Allied peace and armistice discussions.

Surrenders unconditionally to Italian C-in-C Armando Diaz. An Armistice is declared

End of World War I

Austria surrenders to the Allies

Surrenders the Fleet to the Yugoslavs & the Flotilla to the Hungarians

Bulgarian hostilities cease as Bulgaria agrees to the Allied terms

Ludendorf cables the Government to transmit a peace offer wihout further delay

As Grand Fleet commander, Beatty receives the German High Seas Fleet for internment in the Firth of Forth.

Germany surrenders to the Allies

Turkey surrenders to the Allies

Helps Arab forces hold Tafileh against Ottoman counterattack.

Leads the 3rd Army over the Hindenburg line

The French 3rd Army loses Montdidier

On 10th August the French 3rd Army launched attacks in the southern sector of the advance. Montdidier was re-captured and the Paris-Amiens railway line was once again in Allied control

The Battle of Havrincourt (12th September 1918) was launched as a successful attack by the British 3rd Army with three divisions against four German Army divisions holding the fortified town of Havrincourt

Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.

The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.

The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.

The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through

The Battle of Valenciennes (1st November 1918) was an offensive carried out by the British 3rd Army to advance to the French-Belgian border and the city of Valenciennes. The city was re-captured by Canadian troops on 2nd November

The Battle of the Sambre (4th November 1918) was a continuation of the Allied advance by Haigs Army Group (the First, 3rd and 4th Armies and the French First Army) coming from the direction of Valenciennes. The Allied troops were to advance from the Conde Canal on a thirty mile front towards Maubeuge-Mons. The offensive included the the Second Battle of Guise (4th - 5th November 1918)

Helps consolidate Bolshevik power at the Third Congress of Soviets

Sverdlov presides as the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets consolidates Bolshevik authority after the Constituent Assembly's dissolution.

Glasgow's 13th Australian Brigade advances from the south during the Villers-Bretonneux counterattack.

Allenby destroys 3 Turkish Armies & captures 75,000 prisoners

Helps found the Thule Society, a centre of resistance to the Munich Soviet Republic

Maniu heads the governing council administering Transylvania after union with Romania.

Signs the Treaty of Batum with the Ottoman Empire. Chairs the Armenian National Council, which proclaimed the independence of Democratic Republic of Armenia

A Treaty signed between the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Ottoman Empire signed in Batum

Turkey signs a Treaty with Armenian nationalists recognizing a new Armenian Republic. A Treaty signed between the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Ottoman Empire signed in Batum

Argues against accepting the Treaty of Litovsk at the 7th Congress but is defeated

Treats the breakdown of negotiations as an end of the armistice. Notifies the Russians that military operations will resume on 18 February

Demands the Soviet Government withdraw its army from the Ukraine. Demands the Soviet Government evacuate Livonia & Estonia

Negotiates & signs on behalf of Germany with the Bolshevik Government. Implements the Treaty of Brest Litovsk

Heads the Russian peace Treaty negotiations which are resumed

Lenins motion to the Central Comm to accept peace & not wait for revolution is passed

Threatens to resign if German peace terms are not accepted. Argues that "the policy of revolutionary phrase making" is over

A telegram accepting German proposals is sent to the Germans

The 7th Congress ratifies the Treaty of Brest Litovsk. Lenin proclaims the "triumphal procession" of the revolution is over

The 3rd Congress of Soviets ratifies the Treaty of Brest Litovsk

The Treaty of Brest Litovsk is ratified by the 4th Alln Congress of Soviets

Negotiates an armistice with the Germans but refuses their terms

Under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsl Russia evacuates Kars

Trotsky obtains a 10 day adjournment to return to Petrograd for further instructions. Hoffman demands the German occupation of Poland, Lithuania, White Russia & Latvia

Negotiations are resumed with strikes & anti-war demonstrations spreading from Berlin. At this stage Trotskys policy of procrastination seems to be paying off

The Soviet delegates leave Brest Litovsk. Declares the State of war with Germany, Austria, Turkey & Bulgaria at an end

Leaves for Brest Litovsk with instructions to sign German peace terms without argument

Returns from the peace negotiations at Brest

The future of Courland, Lithuania & part of White Russia will be decided locally. Signs the Treaty of Brest Litovsk. Russian naval bases are stripped. Renounces Riga. Livonia & Estonia are occupied by Germany. A Russo-German peace is signed

The Soviets ratify the Treaty of Brest Litovsk. The Soviet Congress ratifies the Treaty of Brest Litovsk

The Allies refuse to recognize the Treaty of Brest Litovsk

Chicherin signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk for Soviet Russia, formally ending Russia's participation in the First World War.

Marghiloman signs the imposed Treaty of Bucharest, which King Ferdinand never ratifies.

Supplementary Russo-German Treaty is signed with secret clauses

Polish independence is guaranteed by the signatories of the Treaty of Versailles

Announces the Kaiser should be prosecuted by an international court

Trotsky requests French military help during the invasion of Russia

Avksentiev becomes chairman of the five-member Directory created at Ufa to unite major anti-Bolshevik governments.

Savinkov organises an underground anti-Bolshevik network preparing armed resistance against Soviet rule.

Bessarabia votes union with Romania.

Bukovina votes union with Romania.

Urges the continuation of existing relations with Russia

Defends proposals for an Allied reserve controlled through common strategic machinery.

Reports to Parliament on Allied conferences dealing with Turkey, Austria-Hungary and Germany.

Backs stronger Allied machinery at Versailles for coordinating reserves and strategy.

Helps found the Vesenkha to control the economy at the Alln Congress

Haig supports the counterattack that restores the Allied position east of Amiens.

Visits GHQ in Paris & the Front

"under the editorship of Karl Radek for free distribution among our German brothers". Die Fackel is renamed der Volkerfriede

His death leaves Denikin to assume command of the Volunteer Army.

Assumes leading command in the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army.

Argues for uncompromising military struggle against Bolshevism.

Allied aircraft devastate retreating Ottoman columns along the Wadi el Fara road.

Kolchak enters the anti-Bolshevik government at Omsk as minister of war and navy.

The Cabinet forms the Economic, Defence & Development Committee

Issues the Czechoslovak declaration of independence.

The Weimar Republic is adopted. The 1871 constitution is amended to make the Reich a Parliamentary democracy, which the Government had refused for half a century, the Chancellor is henceforth responsible to Parliament, the Reichstag, and no longer to the Kaiser

The crews of two ships in Wilhelmshaven mutiny, when the military arrest about 1,000 seamen and have them transported to Kiel, the Wilhelmshaven mutiny turns into a general rebellion that quickly swept over most of Germany

The revolution had reaches Munich, causing King Ludwig III of Bavaria to flee

In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts

In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts

A Soviet republic was proclaimed, at the Berliner Stadtschloss by a left-wing radical named Karl Liebknecht

In a legally questionable act, Reichskanzler Prince Max of Baden transfers his powers to Friedrich Ebert, leader of the MSPD, who, shattered by the monarchys fall, reluctantly accepts

Wilhelm II refuses to abdicate, Prince Max of Baden simply announces that he had done so and frantically attempts to establish a regency under another member of the House of Hohenzollern

The Weimar Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin, to the fury of the Reichskanzler, who still hoped to preserve the monarchy

The Weimar Republic is proclaimed by Philipp Scheidemann at the Reichstag building in Berlin, to the fury of the Reichskanzler, who still hoped to preserve the monarchy

"Majority Social Democrats" (MSPD, who support a Parliamentary system) put themselves at the front of the revolutionary movement & demand that Emperor Wilhelm II abdicate

Germany agrees to the armistice & firing stops on the western front at 11 am

From September a series of Allied offensives on the Western Front were launched in sequence at about the same time as the main Meuse-Argonne Offensive

Defends official figures used to describe British manpower on the Western Front.

Jodl serves in a staff role on the Western Front during the final year of the war.

Issues the White Army Manifesto

Wills tells the Senate that womens suffrage is "a vitally necessary war measure"

Senate rejects womens suffrage for a 3rd time

The Soviet government decrees creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army on a voluntary basis.

Issues a decree establishing Workers Committee's in enterprises with 5 or more workers

Savinkov's anti-Bolshevik organisation helps launch an armed uprising in Yaroslavl against Soviet authority.

The 30th Division fights near Ypres in 1918.

The 27th Division fights near Ypres in 1918.

Ottoman troops at Ziza surrender to ANZAC mounted forces during the pursuit.

Birth of Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Birth of Alfredo Ovando Candia

Birth of Everette Howard Hunt

Gamal Abdel Nasser is born in Alexandria to a postal worker's family.

Birth of Helmut Heinrich Waldemar Schmidt, son of a school teacher

Birth of Kenan Evren

Birth of Leonard Bernstein

Birth of Nicolae Ceausescu, born Scornicesti-Olt, son of an alcoholic peasant

Birth of Norman Wisdom

Shankar Dayal Sharma is born and later becomes the ninth President of India.

Birth of Spiro Agnew

Death of Abdulhamid II

Death of Fanya Kaplan, executed

Grand Duchess Elizaveta Fedorovna is executed by the Bolsheviks

Carries Nicholas IIs death warrant from Moscow

Seeks a place to bury the executed Romanovs in the woods north of Ekaterinburg

Is killed by artillery fire during the siege of Ekaterinodar.

Kornilov is killed by artillery fire during the Volunteer Army's assault on Ekaterinodar.

Alexeiev dies while serving as a senior leader of the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army in southern Russia.

Death of Mikhail Vasilevich Alexeiev, heart attack

Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich is executed by the Bolsheviks

The head of the Petrograd cheka is assassinated

Shot after the possibility of rescue by white Counter-revolutionaries. It is reported that his wife, 3 daughters & son are also shot

Nicholas, his family & servants are shot in Ekaterinburg

Nicholas, his family & servants are shot in the grounds of Ipatevs house

Vladimir Pavlovich Palei is executed by the Bolsheviks

Death of Viktor Adler

A decree by Lenin authorizes summary execution of opponents

Killed a week before the armistice

Haig's armies check the final major thrust of Operation Michael along the Ancre.

Haig reinforces the Arras sector where British troops slow renewed German attacks.

Ludendorf orders the Aisne attack to divert the French reserves so that the BEF can be struck again in Flanders

1st day of 3rd Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Aisne

Final day of 3rd Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Aisne

Byng & Rawlinson take 8,000 prisoners along a 55km front, the German 2nd rereats

Byng & Rawlinson reach Bapaume

Commands III Corps on the British left during the Amiens operation.

Leads Canadian Corps in the surprise attack that breaks German positions near Amiens.

Commands French First Army on the southern flank of the Allied attack.

Supports the attack with massed tanks used to break German defensive positions.

Directs British forces as the Amiens attack opens the Allied advance on the Western Front.

The Battle of Amiens opens in fog. British Fourth Army and French First Army break through German lines and begin the Hundred Days advance.

The Second Armys failure to secure the fall of Amiens (in particular the critically important railway junction) in the centre of the German line compromised the whole of Ludendorffs planned advance. 8-11 Aug, offensive instigated by Haig, ultimately leads to victory

Commands cavalry prepared to exploit breakthroughs made by infantry and tanks.

Recognises the scale of the defeat as German morale and defensive cohesion weaken.

Commands German Second Army facing the Allied assault east of Amiens.

The Second Armys failure to secure the fall of Amiens (in particular the critically important railway junction) in the centre of the German line compromised the whole of Ludendorffs planned advance

Leads Australian Corps in the centre of the Fourth Army assault.

Commands Fourth Army in the main British attack east of Amiens.

Jointly commands 35 divisions in the field, the Germans are driven back by the Allies

Directs the German forces during the Battle of Bapaume

The Allies drive the Germans back & capture the Arras-Bapaume Road

The 2nd Australian Div captures Mont St Quentin & removes a central German strongpoint

The 2nd Australian Div captures Peronne

Jointly commands 35 divisions in the field, the Germans are driven back by the Allies

First day of the Battle of Bapaume, commands the 4th Army

The British break theough the German lines & cross the River Ancre

The German line is driven back until the Allies hold the Arras-Bapaume Road

By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.

The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.

The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October

Americans attack German positions

The last German position is taken

The German advance on Paris is turned back, Bellau Wood is secured by the Allies

Begins a succesful assault on Blanc Mont on the heights of the Meuse

The Second Battle of Cambrai (8th October - 10th October 1918) was a successful offensive by the British First, 3rd and 4th Armies with the support of tanks. The advance crossed three German lines of defence which were lightly manned, took Cambrai within two days and suffered very light casualties

The Battle of Canal du Nord (27th September - 1st October 1918) took place against a section of the canal and the outskirts of Cambrai. The British First Army was to cross the canal continuing the advance following on from the Battle of the Drocourt-Queant Line and advance towards Cambrai

Helps stop the German advance on Paris

The German advance on Paris is stopped

By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.

The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.

The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October

Leads the 3rd Army over the Hindenburg line

By 25 Sept the area is in Allied hands but there are 72,000 British casualties

Leads the First Army attack on the Hindenburg line after German defeats at Papua & Arras

The area is taken back into Allied hands

Following the success at Havrincourt, three corps of the British 4th Army, one corps of the British 3rd Army and units of the French First Army.

The Battle of Epehy (18th September 1918) was launched against a 20 mile section of outpost positions for the Hindenburg Line.

The left and right wings of the advance progressed with difficulty, but the two Australian divisions in the centre of the advance were successful in achieving an advance of three miles.

The success of this attack showed to the Allies that the German defence, even on the fortified Hindenburg Line positions, was not impossible to break through

Leads the 4th army over the Hindenburg line after German defeats at Bapaume & Arras

By 25 Sept the Epehy is in Allied hands but there are 72,000 British casualties

Ostend is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders

Bruges is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders

1st day of the Battle of Flanders

The Allies have advanced 8 miles & all the German defenses taken

The 2nd Allied attack of the Battle of Flanders commences

Ostend is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders

Bruges is liberated by the Allies during the Battle of Flanders

The Allies reach the Dutch border

The Allies reach a line running from Terneuzen, Ghent, Scheldt River, Ath & St Ghislan

The Battle of the Sambre (4th November 1918) was a continuation of the Allied advance by Haigs Army Group (the First, 3rd and 4th Armies and the French First Army) coming from the direction of Valenciennes. The Allied troops were to advance from the Conde Canal on a thirty mile front towards Maubeuge-Mons. The offensive included the the Second Battle of Guise (4th - 5th November 1918)

The Battle of Havrincourt (12th September 1918) was launched as a successful attack by the British 3rd Army with three divisions against four German Army divisions holding the fortified town of Havrincourt

1st day of the Battle of Lys, part of Operation Georgette

Mounts a counter-offensive along the Marne

The Allies capture Fere Forest, La Croise Range, Oulchy-le-Chateau & Villemontoire. The Allies advance 2 miles

The Allies capture Romigny-St Gemme

The Marne Offensive (15th July - 5th August 1918) became the last German offensive of the war. It was intended as a diversionary attack either side of Reims to cross the river Marne and draw the Allied reserves away from Flanders, where Ludendorff was planning to make another offensive to break through the Allied line once and for all

Ludendorff throws 35 Divisions across the Marne to encircle Reims. Final thrust of the Spring Offensive. 1st day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne

Final day of 5th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of the Marne

The Allies counter-attack capturing 12,000 PoWs, 250 guns & 14 German divisions. German forces south of the River Marne are forced to rereat

The British 9th Division recaptures Meteren

The Germans retreat 5 miles as the French reach the Lassery-Chateau-Thierry Road

The Allies cross the Marne near Dormans. Ludendorf orders the southern salient to be abandoned

The British recapture Marfaux

If the Germans could make progress in the centre sector here, the indented Front Line of the bulge between these two salients could be straightened out. 1st day of 4th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of Matz

The German plan was to push the German Front Line westwards in the sector between two salients; the northern salient had been formed from the fighting towards Amiens and the southern one at the end of the previous German offensive in the Aisne sector.

The Noyon-Montdidier Offensive known in the German plan by its code-name of Operation Gneisenau (9th - Thirteenth June 1918). Also known as the Battle of Matz it was the fourth German offensive launched in 1918.

Although the Germans made progress on the first day, the French organized a counter-attack on 11th June

The Germans halt their offensive

Final day of 4th Ludendorf offensive, Battle of Matz

Beatty's command reviews the chain of collisions during the night exercise later called the Battle of May Island.

Supports the Arab northern advance during Allenby's Megiddo offensive.

A French & British force advances 2 miles toward the Avre Valley

Defeats the White Russian forces of Denekin

Permits withdrawal behind the Piave

The Battle of Amiens, also known as the Third Battle of Picardy, begins the Allied counter-offensive later called the Hundred Days Offensive.

On 10th August the French 3rd Army launched attacks in the southern sector of the advance. Montdidier was re-captured and the Paris-Amiens railway line was once again in Allied control

By this time the Army Group of Flanders (GAF) comprised a total of 28 divisions from the Belgian, British and French Armies under the command of King Albert I of Belgium.

The Battle of Courtrai, also known as the Battle of Roulers or the Second Battle of Belgium (14th - 19th October 1918) followed on after a pause of a couple of weeks from the end of the Allied Flanders Advance.

The successful advance recaptured a number of Belgian towns including Menin, Courtrai, Roulers (Flemish name: Roeselare), Ostend, Bruges, Zeebrugge, and the French towns of Lille and Douai. Units of the advance reached the Dutch border by 19th October

The Battle of the Sambre (4th November 1918) was a continuation of the Allied advance by Haigs Army Group (the First, 3rd and 4th Armies and the French First Army) coming from the direction of Valenciennes. The Allied troops were to advance from the Conde Canal on a thirty mile front towards Maubeuge-Mons. The offensive included the the Second Battle of Guise (4th - 5th November 1918)

Takes part in the Arab victory at Tafileh and is later awarded the Distinguished Service Order.

The Battle of Canal du Nord (27th September - 1st October 1918) took place against a section of the canal and the outskirts of Cambrai. The British First Army was to cross the canal continuing the advance following on from the Battle of the Drocourt-Queant Line and advance towards Cambrai

German forces attack near Ypres during the Lys offensive.

The Flanders Advance is also known as the Fifth Battle of Ypres.

The Battle of the Selle (17th - 26th October 1918) took place as the Allies continued the advance after the Second Battle of Cambrai, recapturing French villages one by one as the German forces reatreated to the north-east

The second phase of the offensive began on 21st August as the Second Battles of the Somme 1918. The French Tenth and 3rd Armies, and the British 3rd and First Army attacked. The ANZAC captured ground north of the Somme river at Peronne and Mont St. Quentin. Canadian forces captured ground near Queant

By 4th September the German forces had withdrawn to the Hindenburg Line, the position from which they had advanced to make the offensives in the earlier part of the year

The Battle of Valenciennes (1st November 1918) was an offensive carried out by the British 3rd Army to advance to the French-Belgian border and the city of Valenciennes. The city was re-captured by Canadian troops on 2nd November

1st day of the Battle of Vittorio

A victory for the Allies, causes an Austrian collapse across the Italian front

The Flanders Advance is also known as the Fifth Battle of Ypres.

Plumer attacks during the Fifth Battle of Ypres.

Plumer commands British defence near Ypres.

Reviews the German spring offensive and warns that the war has entered a critical phase.