NSDAP
The German Workers Party has its 1st meeting at the Furstenfelder-Hof. Helps founds the German Workers Party, forerunner of the Nazi Party
Historical events in 1919
641 historical records
January 191963 historical events
General Strike
A General strike & communist uprising takes place in Berlin
Strike
A General strike & communist uprising takes place in Berlin
Minister of Air
Appointed Minister of Air
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Supreme War Council
Advises Allied leaders on military enforcement after the armistice.
Supreme War Council
Uses the council framework during transition from war to peace conference.
Supreme War Council
Supports British diplomatic work following the wartime council.
Supreme War Council
Moves from wartime council work into peace conference diplomacy.
Supreme War Council
Reports on military demobilisation after the armistice.
Supreme War Council
Represents Italy in Allied postwar deliberations.
Supreme War Council
Represents Japanese interests in Allied deliberations at Paris.
Conference of Paris
Heads the Polish delegation at the Paris Peace Conference
Supreme War Council
Advises American negotiators on occupation and demobilisation issues.
Supreme War Council
Participates in Allied decisions as peace negotiations begin.
Spartacist League
Bloody street fights culminated in the beating and shooting deaths of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht after their arrests
Assassination of Karl Liebknecht
Murdered while under arrest
Death of Karl Liebknecht
Death of Karl Liebknecht, murdered while under arrest
Assassination of Rosa Luxemburg
Murdered while under arrest
Death of Rosa Luxemburg
Murdered while under arrest
Spartacist League
Bloody street fights culminated in the beating and shooting deaths of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht after their arrests
Spartacist League
Bloody street fights culminated in the beating and shooting deaths of Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht after their arrests
Government
Forms a coalition cabinet with General Pilsudski as provisional president
Constitution of Germany
Elections are held for the National Constitutional Assembly
Constitution of Germany
To avoid the ongoing fights in Berlin, the National Assembly convenes in the city of Weimar, giving the future Republic its unofficial name
Election
The Socialist and (Non-Socialist) Democratic parties obtained a solid 80 per cent of the vote. The National Assembly elections took place, the radical left-wing parties, including the USPD and KPD, are barely able to get themselves organized, leading to a solid majority of seats for the MSPD moderate forces. Elections are held for the National Constitutional Assembly
National Assembly
The National Assembly elections took place, the radical left-wing parties, including the USPD and KPD, are barely able to get themselves organized, leading to a solid majority of seats for the MSPD moderate forces
National Assembly
To avoid the ongoing fights in Berlin, the National Assembly convenes in the city of Weimar, giving the future Republic its unofficial name
Weimar Republic
To avoid the ongoing fights in Berlin, the National Assembly convenes in the city of Weimar, giving the future Republic its unofficial name
Election
The Haase-led USPD only achieve 7% of the vote for the National Assembly
Foreign Secretary of Poland
Appointed Foreign Minister
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Menshevik Party
The Mensheviks are legalised and allowed to publish Vsegda Vpered in Moscow
Vsegda Vpered
The Mensheviks are legalised and allowed to publish Vsegda Vpered in Moscow
Constitution of Great Britain
The Sinn Fein decalre the foundation of the Irish Republic
Constitution of Ireland
Sinn Fein elect an Aireacht (ministry) headed by a Priomh Aire (Prime Minister). 30 of the Sinn Fein MPs assembled in Dublins Mansion House and proclaim themselves the Parliament of Ireland, Dail Eireann
Dail Eireann
30 of the Sinn Fein MPs assembled in Dublins Mansion House and proclaim themselves the Parliament of Ireland, Dail Eireann
Priomh Aire
Sinn Fein elect an Aireacht (ministry) headed by a Priomh Aire (Prime Minister)
Sinn Fein
30 of the Sinn Fein MPs assembled in Dublins Mansion House and proclaim themselves the Parliament of Ireland, Dail Eireann
Constitution of Ireland
37 Sinn Fein MPs establish the Dail Eirean, Irish Parliament
Constitution of Ireland
The Irish Republic is proclaimed
First Dail Ministry
Takes responsibility for finance in the temporary ministry formed by the First Dail.
First Dail Ministry
Joins the temporary First Dail ministry with responsibility for Home Affairs.
First Dail Government
Assumes leadership of the temporary First Dail ministry after the revolutionary parliament is established.
Member of Parliament
Elected 1st woman MP, 1919-1945, succeeds her husband as Member of Parliament for Plymouth
Birth of Bill Nicholson
Birth of Bill Nicholson, in Scarborough, Yorkshire, the eighth of nine children
Capture of Teschen
The Czechs occupy the disputed area of Teschen on the Polish border
Constitution of Germany
The Weimar Constitution creates a republic under a semi-presidential system with the Reichstag elected by proportional representation
Weimar Republic
The Weimar Constitution creates a republic under a semi-presidential system with the Reichstag elected by proportional representation
German Workers Party
Helps found the German Workers Party, forerunner of the Nazi Party
NSDAP
Helps found the German Workers Party, forerunner of the Nazi Party
Paris Peace Conference
Attends the Paris Peace Conference as an advocate for Faisal and Arab claims.
Dail Eireann
Cathal Brugha is elected Priomh Aire (literally Prime Minister, translated as "President of Dail Eireann"), to be replaced by de Valera, when Collins helps him escape from Lincoln prison, in April, 1919
Constitution of Ireland
That new Parliament, called Dail Eireann (meaning "Assembly of Ireland", First Dail) meets in the Mansion House
Dail Eireann
That new Parliament, called Dail Eireann (meaning "Assembly of Ireland", First Dย il) meets in the Mansion House. That new Parliament, called Dail Eireann (meaning "Assembly of Ireland", First Dail) meets in the Mansion House. Cathal Brugha is elected Priomh Aire (literally Prime Minister, translated as "President of Dail Eireann"), to be replaced by de Valera, when Collins helps him escape from Lincoln prison, in April, 1919
Minister of Finance
Appointed to the Aireacht (ministry) as Minister for Finance
National Loan
Produces a Finance Ministry that is able to organise a large bond issue in the form of a "National Loan" to fund the new Irish Republic. Lenin sends a representative to Dublin to borrow some money from the Irish Republic to help fund the Russian Republic, offering some of the Russian Crown Jewels as collateral
Twelve Apostles
Creates a special assassination squad called The Twelve Apostles to kill British agents
IRA
The Irish War of Independence begins on the same day the First Dail meets, when two policemen guarding a consignment of gelignite are shot dead by IRA volunteers acting without orders
Bolshevik Party
Drives out the Bolsheviks & leads the White counter-revolutionary forces
Capture of Caucasus
Drives out the Bolsheviks & leads the White counter-revolutionary forces
Chief of Staff
Appointed Commander of the White counter-revolutionary forces
League Covenant
Presses the peace conference to include a League covenant.
February 191932 historical events
Arrest of Eamon de Valera
Michael Collins organises de Valeras escape from Lincoln Gaol
Bolshevik Party
Bolshevik forces, filling the vacuum left by the German withdrawal, take Kiev
Capture of Kiev
Bolshevik forces, filling the vacuum left by the German withdrawal, take Kiev
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Constitution of Germany
Appointed Provisional Reich President by the National Constitutional Assembly
Provisional Reich President
Appointed Provisional Reich President by the National Constitutional Assembly
Death of Joseph Arch
Death of Joseph Arch
Bolshevik Party
Attends the Paris Peace Conference, urges a military expedition against the Bolsheviks
Conference of Paris
Attends the Paris Peace Conference, urges a military expedition against the Bolsheviks
Bolshevik Party
Announces changes in running the Cheka
Cheka
Announces changes in running the Cheka
Reform of Secret Police
Announces changes in running the Cheka
Assassination of Habibullah Khan
Habibullah is assassinated while on a hunting trip, creating a succession crisis.
Proclamation as Amir
Nasrullah Khan is proclaimed amir after Habibullah's assassination.
Assassination of Kurt Eisner
Assassinates the Prime Minister of the Bavarian Republic, Kurt Eisner
Assassination of Kurt Eisner
Triggers off revolution leading to 5 coups & 5 Governments in 70 days
Death of Kurt Eisner
Triggers off revolution leading to 5 coups & 5 Governments in 70 days
Amnesty
The amnesty is withdrawn in 1922. Announces an amnesty to all members of the Socialist Revolutionary Party
Bolshevik Party
The Cheka closes down Vsegda Vpered, marks a return to despotic rule by Bolsheviks
Cheka
The Cheka closes down Vsegda Vpered, marks a return to despotic rule by Bolsheviks
Vsegda Vpered
The Cheka closes down Vsegda Vpered, marks a return to despotic rule by Bolsheviks
Accession
Amanullah takes control in Kabul and defeats Nasrullah's claim to the throne.
Repudiation of Treaty of Gandamak
Amanullah rejects the arrangement that had allowed Britain to control Afghan foreign policy and begins asserting full Afghan independence.
Constitution of Germany
When the Constituent Assembly met in Weimar in February, 1919, Ebert was chosen to be the first president of the German Republic
Vice Chancellor
Appointed Vice Chancellor and Finance Minister
Chancellor
Scheidemann becomes Chancellor, in the Weimar Coalition with the German Democratic Party and the Catholic Center Party. Appointed Chancellor of Germany
Constitution of Germany
1st Chancellor of the new Republic
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Foreign Minister
League Covenant
Helps draft the Covenant of the League of Nations.
President of Poland
Appointed President of Poland after the collapse of the central powers
Execution
Appointed by Kolchak to seek eye witnesses & clues for the execution of the Romanovs
League Covenant
Influences the constitutional design of the League.
March 191932 historical events
President of Uruguay
Becomes president under the new constitutional arrangement with a National Council of Administration
International, 3rd
The 3rd International is founded to propogate the idea of world revolution
Comintern Chairmanship
Becomes the leading chairman of the Communist International
World Revolution Appeal
Supports the Comintern as a tool of international revolutionary strategy
Comintern Congress
Participates in early Communist International deliberations
Comintern Congress
Represents German communists at the founding congress of the Communist International
Comintern Foundation
Sponsors the founding congress of the Communist International
Comintern
"by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State"
Comintern
The Comintern holds seven World Congresses, the first in March 1919 and the last in 1935, until it was officially dissolved in May 1943. The Comintern becomes known as the "General Staff of the World Revolution".
Comintern
The central policy of the Comintern under Lenins leadership was that Communist parties should be established across the world to aid the international proletarian revolution. Founds an international Communist organisation in the midst of the "war communism" period (1918-1921).
Coup
"by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State"
Comintern Congress
Takes part in building the Communist International's early organization
Comintern Congress
Links Hungarian revolutionary politics with the new Communist International
Comintern Agitation
Helps shape revolutionary propaganda for the Communist International
Comintern Program
Contributes to early Communist International doctrine
Egyptian Revolution
Faces nationwide protests after British authorities deport Saad Zaghlul and other nationalist leaders.
Military Leadership Debate
Kerensky participates in military leadership debate during his political career.
Egypt High Commissioner Appointment
Is appointed Special High Commissioner for Egypt and Sudan.
High Commissioner
Appointed Egypt Special High Commissioner
Birth of Howard Leslie Brennan
Birth of Howard Leslie Brennan
President of Hungary
Appointed President of Hungary
Constitution of Hungary
A Soviet Republic is created
Exile of Charles I
Exiled to Switzerland
Blacksirts
Groups within the PNF called Blackshirts built a base of power by violently attacking socialists and their institutions in the rural Po Valley thereby gaining the support of landowners
PNF
In Milan, used to break up strikes & make violent assaults on opponents of fascism. Groups within the PNF called Blackshirts built a base of power by violently attacking socialists and their institutions in the rural Po Valley thereby gaining the support of landowners
Strikes
In Milan, used to break up strikes & make violent assaults on opponents of fascism
Fasci di Combattimento
Marks the transformation of the paramilitary Fasci Italiani di Combattimento into a more coherent political group (the Fasci di Combattimento, founded by Mussolini in Milans Piazza San Sepolcro
PNF
Marks the transformation of the paramilitary Fasci Italiani di Combattimento into a more coherent political group (the Fasci di Combattimento, founded by Mussolini in Milans Piazza San Sepolcro
Central Committee
Becomes a non-voting member of the ruling Politburo when it is created after the VIII Congress
Congress of Communist Party, 8th
Becomes a non-voting member of the ruling Politburo when it is created after the VIII Congress
Comintern
Becomes the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Comintern when it is created in March 1919
Comintern
The first Chairman of the Cominterns Executive Committee is Grigory Zinoviev, from 1919 to 1926
April 191922 historical events
President of Dail Eireann
Is elected President of Dail Eireann and forms the second ministry of the First Dail.
Dail Eireann
2nd session of the Dail, Valera elected Priomh-Aire
Minister for Finance
Becomes Minister for Finance in de Valera's reorganized First Dail government.
Exile of Charles I
The Habsburgs are banished
Rule of Kars
Kars is incorporated into Armenia
Declaration of Afghan Independence
Amanullah publicly declares Afghanistan independent and challenges the restrictions imposed on Afghan foreign relations by earlier Anglo-Afghan agreements.
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
Proclaims the "dictatorship of the proletariat". Forms an Executve Council, the Council lasts for 2 weeks
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Eastern Frontier Report
Lloyd George receives Allied proposals defining a provisional eastern limit for Polish administration north of Kholm while reserving claims farther east.
President of South Korea
Appointed President of Korea of the Hansong Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed President of Korea of the Hansong Provisional Government
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Red Guards attempt to arrest Hitler
Reballion of Rudolf Eglhofer
Leads a "Red Army" of 20,000 workers from Munichs factories
Declaration of Independence
Amanullah declares Afghanistan fully independent in foreign affairs.
Proclamation of Jihad
Amanullah calls for holy war against British power and encourages resistance among tribes along the North-West Frontier.
Minister for Labour
Serves as Minister for Labour in the First Dail government.
Arrest of Michael John "Mick" Collins
Cathal Brugha is elected Priomh Aire (literally Prime Minister, translated as "President of Dail Eireann"), to be replaced by de Valera, when Collins helps him escape from Lincoln prison, in April, 1919
Dail Eireann
Cathal Brugha is elected Priomh Aire (literally Prime Minister, translated as "President of Dail Eireann"), to be replaced by de Valera, when Collins helps him escape from Lincoln prison, in April, 1919
Reballion of Rebels in Korea is suppressed
An insurrection in Korea is suppressed
Reballion of Rebels in Korea is suppressed
An insurrection in Korea is suppressed
Conference of Paris
Demands complete independence for South Africa at Paris Conference
May 191964 historical events
Third Anglo-Afghan War
Afghan forces cross the frontier, beginning the Third Anglo-Afghan War.
Capture of Bagh
Forces associated with Zar Shah seize Bagh, threatening the nearby British position at Landi Kotal and its vital water supply.
Landi Kotal Water Supply Cut
Armed forces under Zar Shah disrupt the water supply serving Landi Kotal, increasing pressure on the British garrison in the Khyber.
Afghan Troops Cross Frontier
Afghan troops cross the frontier at the western end of the Khyber Pass, opening the main military phase of the Third Anglo-Afghan War.
Assassination of Gustav Landauer
Munich is "liberated" by the White Army & Landauer is assassinated by Feikorps troops
Assassination of Rudolf Eglhofer
Munich is "liberated" by the White Army & Eglhofer is assassinated by Feikorps troops
Death of Rudolf Eglhofer
Munich is "liberated" by the White Army & Eglhofer is assassinated by Feikorps troops
Death of Gustav Landauer
Munich is "liberated" by the White Army & Landauer is assassinated by Feikorps troops
Demonstrations
Over 3000 students of Peking University and other schools gather together in front of Tiananmen and hold a demonstration
May 4th Movement
Students join in a protest in the Tiananmen Square of Beijing against the European powers decision to grant German-controlled Shandong to Japan, and thus create a new nationalist Chinese movement ("May 4th movement"). Over 3000 students of Peking University and other schools gather together in front of Tiananmen and hold a demonstration. Demonstrations against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
Demonstrations
Leads a student protest against the Versailles Peace Conference
Treaty of Versailles
Demonstrations against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles
May 4th Movement
Under intense public outcry, the Beiyang Government has to release the arrested students and dismiss Cao Rulin, Zhang Zongxiang and Lu Zongyu from their posts
May 4th Movement
Under intense public outcry, the Beiyang Government has to release the arrested students and dismiss Cao Rulin, Zhang Zongxiang and Lu Zongyu from their posts
May 4th Movement
Under intense public outcry, the Beiyang Government has to release the arrested students and dismiss Cao Rulin, Zhang Zongxiang and Lu Zongyu from their posts
May 4th Movement
Chinese representatives in Paris refuse to sign on the peace Treaty, the May 4th Movement win the initial victory, more symbolic than anything else, Japan retains the Shandong Peninsula and Pacific Islands won in World War I
Rule of Shandong
Chinese representatives in Paris refuse to sign on the peace Treaty, the May 4th Movement win the initial victory, more symbolic than anything else, Japan retains the Shandong Peninsula and Pacific Islands won in World War I
RAF Coordination at Peshawar
Minchin travels from Murree to Peshawar to coordinate Royal Air Force operations with the North-West Frontier Force after hostilities begin.
Air Liaison Appointment
Millar is attached to the frontier command as an air liaison officer, helping coordinate No. 31 Squadron with ground operations.
Reconnaissance over Afghanistan
No. 31 Squadron aircraft conduct reconnaissance over Afghan territory under Millar's command and return after encountering small-arms fire.
Birth of Maria Eva Duarte Peron
Birth of Maria Eva Duarte Peron, born out of wedlock in rural Argentina
Demonstrations
Arrives in Nankai University to organize student rebellion against western imperialism
First Dakka Camp Established
Baldwin establishes a camp near Loe Dakka, but its exposed position leaves the force vulnerable to fire from surrounding heights.
Occupation of Dakka
Baldwin leads the British-Indian force occupying Dakka after Afghan troops withdraw westward from the Khyber fighting.
Winnipeg General Strike
Supports workers during the Winnipeg General Strike.
Assumes Command at Dakka
Fowler arrives at Dakka and assumes command of the British-Indian force after concerns arise over the defensive position of the camp.
Dakka Camp Repositioned
Fowler orders the Dakka camp moved westward and strengthens the surrounding defensive positions to reduce its exposure to Afghan attack.
Invasion of Turkey
The Greeks land at Smyrna in an attempt to invade Turkey
Siege of Smyrna
The Greeks land at Smyrna in an attempt to invade Turkey
Battle of Turubah
Directs Saudi policy during the victory over Hashemite forces at Turubah.
Battle of Turubah
Commands Saudi fighters during the victory at Turubah.
Dakka Heights Secured
Fowler's troops secure the heights around Dakka and compel Afghan forces to withdraw, stabilizing the British position west of the Khyber.
First Jalalabad Air Raid
No. 31 Squadron begins concentrated bombing attacks on Jalalabad, using air power against Afghan military positions during the frontier campaign.
Invasion of Turkey
Lands at Samsun & organizes resistance to the invasion of Turkey by the Allies
Second Jalalabad Air Raid
Aircraft of No. 31 Squadron return to Jalalabad for a second concentrated raid against targets supporting Afghan operations.
Bombing of Kabul
Halley flies the Handley Page V/1500 Old Carthusian on a long-range bombing mission against Kabul that has a major psychological impact.
Third Jalalabad Air Raid
No. 31 Squadron carries out another major attack on Jalalabad, continuing sustained aerial pressure on Afghan forces and communications.
Withdrawal from Wana Begins
Russell begins withdrawing from Wana with about 300 loyal men after much of the South Waziristan Militia mutinies during the frontier crisis.
Capture of Spin Baldak
Wapshare's British-Indian force storms and captures the Afghan fortress of Spin Baldak, securing the strategically important approach from Kandahar toward Quetta.
Different from the Others
Directs Different from the Others, an early film addressing homosexuality.
Fighting Retreat through Mir Ali Khel
Russell leads loyal militia through hostile territory toward Fort Sandeman while the withdrawing column suffers casualties during repeated fighting.
Relativity, Theory of
According to the theory of general relativity, stars with light rays that passed near the Sun would appear to have been slightly shifted because their light had been curved by its gravitational field.
Relativity, Theory of
During the eclipse, he took pictures of the stars in the region around the Sun.
Relativity, Theory of
Eddington travelled to the island of Principe near Africa to watch the solar eclipse of 29 May 1919.
Relativity, Theory of
This effect is noticeable only during eclipses, since otherwise the Suns brightness obscures the affected stars.
Light Deflection
Crommelin observes the solar eclipse at Sobral as part of the British test of general relativity
Light Deflection
Eddington leads eclipse observations that support Einsteins prediction of starlight deflection
Light Deflection
Davidson assists Eddington during the Principe eclipse expedition testing relativistic light bending
Light Deflection
Dyson organises eclipse expeditions that test general relativity by measuring stellar positions near the Sun
Eclipse Test
Measures starlight deflection during a solar eclipse, supporting general relativity.
Solar Eclipse Relativity Test
British eclipse expeditions photograph stars near the Sun to test Einstein's predicted gravitational deflection.
Total Eclipse Relativity Test
The total solar eclipse provides observations designed to test the bending of starlight predicted by Einstein's general theory of relativity.
Birth of Rene Barrientos
Rene Barrientos Ortuno is born in Tarata, Cochabamba.
Wana Column Reaches Fort Sandeman
Russell's surviving column reaches Fort Sandeman after a difficult four-day retreat from Wana in which several British officers and militia are killed or wounded.
Siege of Thal
Nadir Khan commands a large Afghan regular force that surrounds Thal and places its British-Indian garrison under sustained pressure.
Declaration of War
Hostilities last for just 1 month
Treaty of Rawalpindi
Under the Treaty of Rawalpindi Afghanistan wins control of its foreign affairs
May Fourth Movement
Takes part in student activism associated with the May Fourth movement and campaigns against foreign privileges.
Volkswehr Battery Augsburg Command
Jodl commands the Volkswehr Battery Augsburg during the transition from the imperial army to the Reichswehr.
Defence of Thal
Eustace commands the under-strength Sikh, Gurkha and cavalry garrison that holds Thal for a week despite repeated Afghan attacks.
Afghan Assault at Dakka Repulsed
Fowler's force withstands Afghan artillery and infantry attacks at Dakka before mounting a counter-attack against the attacking troops.
Birth of Tenzing Norgay
Birth of Tenzing Norgay, from a peasant family from Khumbu in Nepal, very near Mount Everest, which the Sherpas call Chomolungma
Defence of Petrograd
Mobilises Soviet support during Yudenich's threat to Petrograd.
Defence of Petrograd
The Petrograd Soviet supports defence efforts against White forces.
June 191941 historical events
Declaration of Rhineland Rep
The Rhineland Republic is declared with the support of France
Relief of Thal
Dyer's relief column reaches Thal from Peshawar and breaks the Afghan siege, securing the strategically important Kurram position.
Ceasefire Ordered
Amanullah orders a ceasefire after the Afghan offensive has failed to achieve its military objectives and peace negotiations become increasingly likely.
Ministry of Health Act
Gives Royal Assent to the Ministry of Health Act.
Declaration of War
The beginning of a Russo-Finnish war over Karelia
Gold Export Embargo
The United States removes wartime controls and again permits unrestricted gold exports.
Eastern Galicia Boundary Alternatives
Allied experts present alternative Lines A and B for Eastern Galicia, differing over whether Lwow and the Drohobych oil region should remain with Poland.
Treaty of Versailles
Refuses to sign the Treaty of Versailles
Protocol-Amasia
Signs the Amasia Protocol resisting the Allies plans for Turkey
Treaty of Versailles
Bauers cabinet approves the Treaty of Versailles to avoid an Allied invasion
Resignation of Phillip Scheidemann
Resigns rather than sign the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
Says "may the hand wither that signs such a Treaty". Resigns rather than sign the Treaty of Versailles
Resignation of Vittorio Emmanuele Orlando
Resigns after Woodrow Wilson refuses to recognize his territorial demands
Vittorio Emmanuele Orlando International Relations
Resigns after Woodrow Wilson refuses to recognize his territorial demands
Sinking of SMS Friedrich der Groรe - Scapa Scuttle
SMS Friedrich der Groรe was the first interned German capital ship to sink as the High Seas Fleet was scuttled at Scapa Flow.
Sinking of SMS Friedrich der Groรe
The German Fleet at Scapa Flow is sunk to prevent it from falling into Allied hands
Ministry of Health
Becomes first Minister of Health after the ministry is created.
The Oyster Princess
Directs the silent comedy The Oyster Princess.
Eastern Galicia Administration
The Allied leadership authorizes Poland to occupy Eastern Galicia to the Zbrucz while postponing a final sovereignty settlement.
League Covenant
Accepts the League Covenant within the Versailles settlement.
Saar Mandate
The Saar is placed under League administration after Versailles.
Treaty of Versailles
Alsace-Lorraine is ceded to France
Treaty of Versailles
Prussia is ceded to Poland
Treaty of Versailles
Posen is ceded to Poland
Treaty of Versailles
Included in the Treaty is the demilitarization of the Rhineland
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles is signed. Germany is to accept war guilt & pay reparations to the Allies. German colonies are divided between the Allies
Rule of Saarland
Under the Treaty of Versailles the Saar is to be administered by the League of Nations
Saar Mandate
Germany loses direct administration of the Saar under Versailles.
Reparations
At Versailles Germany sign a Treaty that assigns full responsibility for causing the conflict (Article 231, the "war guilt clause") and calls for the creation of an international reparations commission to determine the amount due to the Allies
Treaty of Versailles
Signed by Erzberger in the Versailles Hall of Mirrors. At Versailles Germany sign a Treaty that assigns full responsibility for causing the conflict (Article 231, the "war guilt clause") and calls for the creation of an international reparations commission to determine the amount due to the Allies. Acceptence by the Assembly is conveyed to Clemenceau within 19 minutes of the deadline
War Guilt
At Versailles Germany sign a Treaty that assigns full responsibility for causing the conflict (Article 231, the "war guilt clause") and calls for the creation of an international reparations commission to determine the amount due to the Allies
Treaty of Versailles
Signs the settlement containing the League Covenant.
Death of John William Strutt
Death of John William Strutt
Commandant
Appointed Commandant of the St Cyr Military Academy
Resignation of Phillip Scheidemann
Scheidemann resignes along with the DDP owing to disagreement with the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
Scheidemann resignes along with the DDP owing to disagreement with the Treaty of Versailles
Trial
Formally asks the Allied and associated powers to place him on trial instead of Kaiser Wilhelm II, the Supreme Council decides to ignore his request
Conference of Paris
Declares Korean independence at the Paris Peace Conference
Independence of Korea
Declares Korean independence at the Paris Peace Conference
Independence of South Korea
Declares Korean independence at the Paris Peace Conference
Gold Export Embargo Lifted
The United States removes wartime restrictions on gold exports, restoring a key element of the pre-war international gold mechanism.
July 191914 historical events
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles is ratified by Germany
Kramar Government
The Kramar Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
First Tusar Government
Begins the First Tusar Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Dismissal
Dismissed by the Sultan
Exile of Maustafa Kemal Ataturk
Exiled by the Sultan
Blockade of Germany
The Blockade of Germany by the Allies is lifted
Germany Allied Blockade Lifted
The postwar Allied blockade of Germany is ended, restoring normal maritime access through the North Sea.
Birth of Iris Murdoch
Birth of Iris Murdoch
Birth of Edmund Percival Hillary
Birth of Edmund Percival Hillary
Peace Delegation Arrives at Dakka
Ali Ahmad Khan leads the Afghan peace delegation into British lines at Dakka before continuing toward the negotiations near Rawalpindi.
President of Finland
Appointed President of Finland
Rawalpindi Peace Conference
Grant heads the British delegation as formal negotiations with the Afghan mission begin at Rawalpindi following the June ceasefire.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Addison Housing Act
The Housing Act subsidises local authority construction of homes for working families.
August 191933 historical events
Coup
Overthrown from power
Exile of Anton Ivanovich de Ikin
Flees to Constantinople, later lives in France & the USA as an emigre
Battle of Orel
Defeated by the Bolsheviks under Budenny
Bolshevik Party
Defeated by the Bolsheviks under Budenny
Peerage
Created Earl Beatty, 1st
Peerage
Created Viscount Allenby, 1st
Treaty of Rawalpindi
The peace treaty ends the war and confirms Afghanistan's control of its foreign policy.
Afghan External Independence Recognized
Ali Ahmad Khan concludes the peace settlement under which Afghanistan is left free to conduct its own external relations without British control.
Civil Rights
In the event of a serious threat to public safety or Reich security, the President can take measures - including the use of armed force - to restore law and order, and can suspend civil rights if necessary
Constitution of Germany
In the event of a serious threat to public safety or Reich security, the President can take measures - including the use of armed force - to restore law and order, and can suspend civil rights if necessary
Constitution of Germany
The Weimar constitution is accepted by the National Assembly & signed by the President. The Republics first Reichspresident ("Reich President"), Friedrich Ebert of the SPD, signs the new German constitution into law.
Constitution of Germany
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20.
National Assembly
The Weimar constitution is accepted by the National Assembly & signed by the President
Parliament
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20
Suffrage
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20
Universal Suffrage
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20
Weimar Republic
The Republics first Reichspresident ("Reich President"), Friedrich Ebert of the SPD, signs the new German constitution into law. In the event of a serious threat to public safety or Reich security, the President can take measures - including the use of armed force - to restore law and order, and can suspend civil rights if necessary
Constitution of Germany
The Chancellor is appointed by the President and is responsible to the Reichstag, serves as little more than a chairman, Cabinet decisions are made by majority vote
Constitution of Germany
The Republics first Reichspresident ("Reich President"), Friedrich Ebert of the SPD, signs the new German constitution into law.
Constitution of Germany
The first article of the constitution states that "The power of the state emanates from the people".
Constitution of Germany
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20.
Parliament
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20
Suffrage
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20
Universal Suffrage
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20
Weimar Republic
The fundamental tenet of the Weimar Constitution is that Germany will be a republic on the Parliamentary model with a Parliament elected using proportional representation, universal suffrage is established, with a minimum voting age of 20
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Demonstrations
En-Lai organizes a demonstration in Beijing
Reballion of Rebels in Tianjin
The magazine "Tianjin Student" is closed down by the police
Reballion of Rebels in Tianjin
The magazine "Tianjin Student" is closed down by the police
Voelkischer Beobachter
The Munchener Beobachter is renamed the Voelkischer Beobachter
Constitution of Hungary
The Soviet constitution is overthrown by a blockade & Romanian military action
Coup
The Soviet constitution is overthrown by a blockade & Romanian military action
September 191915 historical events
Birmingham Municipal Bank
The municipal savings institution begins operating under its permanent Birmingham Municipal Bank name.
Polish Affairs Commission Recommendation
The Commission on Polish Affairs recommends recognizing complete Polish sovereignty west of its proposed eastern line while leaving claims beyond it unresolved.
Capture of Kiev
The White Army is forced back to the Black Sea. The White armies capture Kiev advancing within 250 miles of Moscow. Kiev is later recaptured by the Red Army
Awareness Society
Founds the "hard core" Awareness Society due to "demonstration fatigue"
Birth of Peter Alexander Rupert Carington
Birth of Peter Alexander Rupert Carington
President of South Korea
Appointed President of Korea of the Shanghai Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed President of Korea of the Shanghai Provisional Government
Steel Strike
Foster helps organise a nationwide steel strike seeking union recognition and shorter hours.
Resignation of Karl Eduard Wilhelm Groener
Resigns from the Army, Groener earned the enmity of much of the military leadership, much of whom sought the retention of the monarchy
DAP
Appointed Member of German Workers Party
NSDAP
Appointed Member of German Workers Party
Deutsche Arbeiter Partei
After hearing Feder speak Hitler joins the Deutsche Arbeiter Partei, NSDAP foreunner
NSDAP
After hearing Feder speak Hitler joins the Deutsche Arbeiter Partei, NSDAP foreunner
Commander of White Army
Appointed Commander of the White Army in the Baltic
Commander of White Army
Appointed Commander of the White Army in the Baltic
October 191910 historical events
Acceptance into Reichswehr
After leading a Volkswehr battery in Augsburg, Jodl is accepted into the postwar Reichswehr.
Prime Minister of Bulgaria
Appointed Prime Minister of Bulgaria
Birth of Tommy Lawton
Birth of Tommy Lawton
1st Public Address
Hitler speaks for the 1st time in public & raises 300 Marks for the party funds
NSDAP
111 people attend a public NSDAP meeting at the Hofbraukeller
Birth of Doris Lessing
Birth of Doris Lessing, in Iran
Birth of Mohammed Rezah Shah Pahlavi
Birth of Mohammed Rezah Shah Pahlavi, eldest son of Reza Shah
Education
Enters Cambridge as a freshman, Trinity College
Defence of Petrograd
Helps organise Red defence against Yudenich.
Defence of Petrograd
Threatens Petrograd before the Red Army counterattack.
November 191915 historical events
First Sea Lord of the Admiralty
Appointed First Sea Lord
Relativity Eclipse Results Announced
Royal Society and Royal Astronomical Society report eclipse results supporting Einstein's general relativity.
Death of Phillip Scheidemann
Death of Phillip Scheidemann
Election
Clemanceaus coalition Government wins the election
League of Nations
The United States Senate refuses to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, making it invalid in the United States and effectively hamstringing the nascent League of Nations envisioned by Wilson
Treaty of Versailles
The Senate refuses to ratify Versailles, keeping the United States outside the League.
League of Nations
The US fails to ratify the Treaty of Versailles and join the League of Nations
Treaty of Versailles
The Senate refuses to ratify Versailles, keeping the United States outside the League.
Ratification Fight
Leads Senate opposition to Versailles and League membership.
Eastern Galicia Statute
The Supreme Council accepts a statute whose Galician demarcation joins the proposed Polish eastern line to the Czechoslovak frontier in the Carpathians.
Symphony No 5 Final Version
Conducts the first performance of the final version of Symphony No 5 in Helsinki.
Treaty of Neuilly
Concludes a peace Treaty with the Allies
The Times Relativity Explanation
Publishes an accessible explanation of relativity in The Times, describing the conceptual differences between the special and general theories for a broad audience.
Peace Conference
Advocates that the Rhine becomes France's eastern border
Public Meetings
At Hitler's instigation more public meetings are held, increasing to about 400
December 191926 historical events
Prime Minister of Romania
Vaida-Voevod forms the first government strongly representing Transylvanian politicians.
Government Holding Disclosed in Commons
Parliament is told the government holds two million of Anglo-Persian's three million ordinary shares.
Government Board Representation Confirmed
Lord Inchcape is identified in Parliament as representing Treasury and Admiralty interests on the company board.
Provisional Polish Eastern Frontier
The Allied powers recognize Polish sovereignty west of a provisional eastern line while expressly reserving Poland's possible rights to territories farther east.
1st Flight Australia
12 November-10 December, 1st completion of a flight from England to Australia
Immunity Research Recognition
Is recognized for foundational studies of bacteriolysis and complement.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Receives the medicine prize for discoveries concerning immunity.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for his epic poem Olympian Spring.
Bolshevik Party
Drafts "Theses" for the Central Committee advocating disciplined armies of workers
Conscription
Drafts "Theses" for the Central Committee advocating disciplined armies of workers
Bolshevik Party
The Commission on Labour Obligation is created by Trotsky. The CLO begins the "militarization of labour". Persuades Lenin to create a Commission on Labor Obligation with Trotsky as President
CLO
The Commission on Labour Obligation is created by Trotsky. The CLO begins the "militarization of labour"
Conscription
Persuades Lenin to create a Commission on Labor Obligation with Trotsky as President
Arrest of August von Mackensen
Released by the French after the Armistice
Home Rule
A new Home Rule Bill is passed for Ireland to remain part of the Empire as a Dominion
Home Rule
A new Home Rule Bill proposes Parliaments in Dublin & Belfast & an all Irish Council
Legislation
A new Home Rule Bill is passed for Ireland to remain part of the Empire as a Dominion
Legislation
A new Home Rule Bill proposes Parliaments in Dublin & Belfast & an all Irish Council
Constitution of Great Britain
A new Home Rule Bill is passed for Ireland to remain part of the Empire as a Dominion
Constitution of Great Britain
A new Home Rule Bill proposes Parliaments in Dublin & Belfast & an all Irish Council
Home Rule
A new Home Rule Bill is passed for Ireland to remain part of the Empire as a Dominion
Home Rule
A new Home Rule Bill proposes Parliaments in Dublin & Belfast & an all Irish Council
Independence of Great Britain
A new Home Rule Bill is passed for Ireland to remain part of the Empire as a Dominion
Independence of Ireland
A new Home Rule Bill is passed for Ireland to remain part of the Empire as a Dominion
We", a critique of totalitarianism in Russia
Publication of "We", a critique of totalitarianism in Russia
We
Publication of "We", a critique of totalitarianism in Russia
Soviet Recognition
Amanullah establishes relations with Soviet Russia, which recognizes Afghanistan's independence.
Assassination of Habib Allah
Habib Allah is assassinated by the anti-British movement
Abdication
Nasr Allah is deposed
Death of Habib Allah
Death of Habib Allah
Succession
Succeeds as Emir of Afghanistan
Coup
Stages a coup, imprisons his brothers & assumes power
Independence of Afghanistan
Informs the Viceroy of India that Afghanistan is now "independent & free"
Succession
Succeeds as Shah of Afghanistan
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria, 2nd term
President of Austria
Appointed President of Austria
Abdication
Formally deposed by Austrian Parliament
Colour Theory Publications
Publishes work on colour theory and physiological optics, extending his interests beyond conventional theoretical physics.
Peace
Heads the Austrian peace delegation
Im Weltkriege
Publication of "Im Weltkriege"
Ypres Ruins
Ypres remains devastated after four years of fighting.
Central Committee
Appointed Member of Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party
President of the Council
Appointed President of the Council of Peoples Commissars of the Ukraine
Communist Party
Helps found the Bulgarian Communist Party
League of Nations Membership
Leads Chile as the country joins the League of Nations after the First World War.
Demonstrations
Students join in a protest in the Tiananmen Square of Beijing against the European powers decision to grant German-controlled Shandong to Japan, and thus create a new nationalist Chinese movement ("May 4th movement")
Awakening Society
Helps organise the Awakening Society, a student political group in Tianjin.
Return to China
Returns to China and becomes active in the student movement in Tianjin.
Reballion of Rebels in Tianjin
Organizes Students Union "to struggle against the warlords & against imperialism"
Demonstrations
Student riots in Peking
Study Society
Founds the New Peoples Study Society
Editor
Appointed co-editor of "New Youth", a student Marxist magazine
Editor
Appointed co-editor of "New Youth", a student Marxist magazine
Editor
Appointed Editor of the "Tianjin Student" which sells 20,000 copies every 3rd day
Rule of Shandong
Students join in a protest in the Tiananmen Square of Beijing against the European powers decision to grant German-controlled Shandong to Japan, and thus create a new nationalist Chinese movement ("May 4th movement")
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Ambassadors
Election
Loses seat as a Socialist deputy, regarded as a defeatist during World War I
Chamber of Deputies
Appointed Member of Chamber of Deputies
Citizenship
After the First World War, Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France and Schuman became a French citizen in 1919
Election
First elected as Deputy to Parliament on a regional list, and later serving as the Deputy for Thionville until 1958
Madame Dubarry
Directs Madame Dubarry, released internationally as Passion.
Die Frau mit den Orchideen
Directs the silent film Die Frau mit den Orchideen.
Demian
Publication of "Demian"
Consul
Returns to the Foreign Office Service and became consul in Beirut
Civil Rights
A President can invoke article 48 to suspend civil rights & assume dictatorial power
Constitution of Germany
The state will consist of the Reichstag, elected Parliament & Reichsrat. Germany is to be headed by a popularly elected President. Drafts the new German Constitution. A President can invoke article 48 to suspend civil rights & assume dictatorial power
Spartacist League
Armed attempts at establishing communism, known as the Spartacist uprising, by the Spartacist League and others in the streets of Berlin were put down by paramilitary Freikorps units consisting of volunteer soldiers
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Germany
Embassy Counselor
Envoy to Copenhagen
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the interior by Scheidemann
National Assembly
Appointed President of the National Assembly
President of National Assembly
Appointed President of the National Assembly
Prime Minister of Germany
The first Prime Minister, forms the "Weimar coalition" of SPD, Centre Party & DDP
Einwohnerwehr Support
Supports the development of Bavarian Einwohnerwehr formations intended to provide armed local security against revolutionary unrest.
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
State Secretary
Appointed first Secretary to the President of the Weimar Republic
Hamburg Professorship
Cassirer accepts a professorship at the newly founded University of Hamburg.
Manifest Zur Brechnung Der Zinsknechtschaft
Publication of "Manifest Zur Brechnung Der Zinsknechtschaft". Principle economic theorist of the Nazi Party
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
After the founding of the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) Haase supports reunification of the USPD and majority SPD
NSDAP
Gottfried Feder, Anton Drexler, Dietrich Eckart and Karl Harrer found the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ("German workers party", DAP), later the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP)
NSDAP
Gottfried Feder, Anton Drexler, Dietrich Eckart and Karl Harrer found the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ("German workers party", DAP), later the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP)
NSDAP
Gottfried Feder, Anton Drexler, Dietrich Eckart and Karl Harrer found the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ("German workers party", DAP), later the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP)
NSDAP
Helps found the German Workers Party, forerunner of the Nazi Party. Gottfried Feder, Anton Drexler, Dietrich Eckart and Karl Harrer found the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei ("German workers party", DAP), later the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP)
Das Kapital
Completes his theoretical work Der Nationale Sozialismus expressing the hope in his introduction that his book would play the same role for national socialism that Das Kapital did for Marxian socialism
National Socialism
Completes his theoretical work Der Nationale Sozialismus expressing the hope in his introduction that his book would play the same role for national socialism that Das Kapital did for Marxian socialism
Informer Propagandist
An "Enlightenment Commando" appointed Informer Propagandist to infiltrate the German Workers Party
NSDAP
First visits the German Workers Party, the forerunner of the NSDAP
NSDAP
Gives Hitler the task of infiltrating the German Workers Party
DAP
Appointed Member of Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
Thule Society
Develops his rascist theories & influences Adolf Hitler. Appointed Member of Thule Society
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the German Socialist Party, controlled by the Thule Society
Thule Society
Appointed Party Leader of the German Socialist Party, controlled by the Thule Society
Constitution of Germany
Votes against the constitution of the Weimar Republic
Treaty of Versailles
Opposes the Treaty of Versailles
Versailles Opposition
Opposes the Treaty of Versailles.
Weimar Constitution Vote
Votes against the constitution of the Weimar Republic.
Reballion of Gustav Noske
Leads Freikorps & Potsdam gaurd attacks on the Vorwarts publishing House
Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)
After the founding of the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) Haase supports reunification of the USPD and majority SPD
Coup
Helps overthrow the Bavarian Soviet Regime
Revolution of Germany
Helps overthrow the Bavarian Soviet Regime
Discovery of Barkhausen Law
Discovers discontinuities in the magnetization of ferrous metals
Freikorps
After the end of the war he forms the Freikorps Epp, a right-wing, paramilitary formation mostly made up of war veterans, of which future leader of the SA Ernst Roehm, was a member
Freikorps
Used to defeat the Bavarian Soviet Republic. The Freokorps received considerable support from Minister of Defence Gustav Noske, a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, who used them to crush the German Revolution and the Marxist Spartacist League
Air Force Restriction
The Treaty of Versailles prevents Germany from maintaining an official air force
Battery Commander
Appointed Commander in the Reichswehr
Captain
1 of 4,000 officers who remain in the Reichswehr
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Iron Division in the Freikorps active in Latvia
Commander in Chief
Appointed Adjutant General of the new Reichswehr
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Eastern Frontier Defence
After the First World War, Manstein worked with German eastern frontier defence organisations. His continued service helped him remain in the professional officer corps during the transition to the postwar army.
Black Reichswehr
The Freikorps were the brainchild of Major Kurt von Schleicher, the Freikorps were also called the "Black Reichswehr" (Black Army) for they were a secret army outside the bounds of the Versailles Treaty
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Civic Centre Plan
Produces plans that influence Birminghamโs later civic centre development.
1st Oliver and Hardy Film
The first film pairing of Laurel & Hardy (albeit as separate performers) took place in The Lucky Dog, produced in 1919 by Sun-Lite Pictures and released in 1921
The Lucky Dog
The first film pairing of Laurel & Hardy (albeit as separate performers) took place in The Lucky Dog, produced in 1919 by Sun-Lite Pictures and released in 1921
Ode to Death
Composes, "Ode to Death"
United Artists
Helps found United Artists
The Moon and Sixpence
Publication of "The Moon and Sixpence"
Royal Academy
Appointed President of the Royal Academy
Pre-War Gold Parity Policy
The government accepts the policy of eventually restoring sterling to its pre-war gold parity, making deflationary monetary adjustment an official postwar objective.
CBE
Made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 2nd term
Sterling Float
Britain ends support for the wartime dollar rate and allows sterling to float.
Lord Chancellor
Appointed Lord Chancellor
Lord Privy Seal
Appointed Lord Privy Seal
Treaty of Versailles
A signatory to the Treaty of Versailles
Alliance Great Britain and the White anti-Bolshevik forces
100 million pounds is sent in military supplies to the Whites but they are defeated. 100 million pounds is sent in military supplies but the anti-Bolsheviks are defeated
Bolshevik Party
ล100 million is sent in military supplies but the anti-Bolsheviks are defeated
Constitution of Great Britain
Supports the Protestants by vetoing proposal by the Ulster Government to introduce PR
Local Government Board
Appointed President of the Local Government Board
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister, 1st term
Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
Appointed Colonial Secretary
Governor
Appointed Governor General of Australia
Governor
Appointed Governor General of Nigeria
Boys Welfare Association
Appointed President of the Boys Welfare Association
Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
Publication of "Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy"
Daily Herald
Founds the Daily Herald
Editor
Appointed Editor of the Daily Herald
Arab Delegation
Supports Emir Faisal's delegation during negotiations over the postwar Middle East.
Central Labour College
Studies at Central Labour College with union sponsorship.
Parliament and Revolution
Publication of "The Government of India". Publication of "Parliament and Revolution"
The Government of India
Publication of "The Government of India". Publication of "Parliament and Revolution"
Mayor
Attlee returns to local politics becoming Mayor of the Metropolitan Borough of Stepney
Relativity, Theory of
Arthur Eddington and Astronomer Royal Frank Watson Dyson organized two expeditions to observe a solar eclipse in 1919 to make the first empirical test of Einsteins theory.
Relativity, Theory of
Arthur Eddington leads a solar eclipse expedition which claims to detect gravitational deflection of light by the Sun.
Relativity, Theory of
Observes light bending during a solar eclipse by the gravitational pull of the Sun.
Relativity, Theory of
the measurement of the deflection of light by the suns gravitational field.
Relativity, Theory of
Arthur Eddington and Astronomer Royal Frank Watson Dyson organized two expeditions to observe a solar eclipse in 1919 to make the first empirical test of Einsteins theory: the measurement of the deflection of light by the suns gravitational field
Proton as Nuclear Charge Carrier
Identifies the hydrogen nucleus as a fundamental positive particle, helping connect atomic number with the positive charge of the atomic nucleus.
Society for Psychical Research
Appointed President of the Society for Psychical Research
Unbeaten Dutch League Title
Jack Reynolds oversees Ajax's unbeaten league campaign in 1918โ19, winning another national championship and strengthening the club's reputation.
Major General
Appointed Major General
Vice Admiral
Appointed President of the Royal Naval College
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief in the East
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Peerage
Created Baron Stirkoke, 1st
Squadron Leader
Appointed Squadron Leader in the Royal Air Force
Admiral
Appointed Admiral of the Fleet
Honours
Awarded the Order of Merit
Peerage
Created Earl of Bemersyde, 1st
British Army of the Rhine Battalion Command
Commands a Royal Fusiliers battalion serving with the British Army of the Rhine after the First World War.
Field Marshal Promotion
Is promoted to field marshal after his wartime victories.
Peerage
Created Baron Byng of Vimy, 1st
Egypt and Sudan Administration
Begins service as Special High Commissioner for Egypt and Sudan.
Postwar Middle East Service
Remains in the Middle East after the war as Britain's senior representative in Egypt.
Paris Peace Conference
Milner attends the Paris Peace Conference and is one of the signatories of the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
Milner attends the Paris Peace Conference and is one of the signatories of the Treaty of Versailles
Birth of Adamantios Androutsopoulos
Adamantios Androutsopoulos is born in Messenia in 1919.
Marriage
Marries Aspasia Manos
Resignation of Karolyi
Protests against the Armistice, cession of Croatia, Transylvania, Banat & Slovakia
Commissar
Appointed Commissar for Production by Bela Kun
Capture of Budapest
Commands the army & takes over Budapest from Bela Kun
Conference of Paris
Member of Hungarian Delegation
Under Secretary
Appointed Under Secretary of State for India.
Independence of India
Persuades the Congress Party to launch a Non-Cooperation Movement
Resignation of Muhammad Mossadeq
Resigns after Vosough al-Doleh makes Iran a virtual British colony
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran
Dail Courts
Develops the republican courts system as an alternative judicial structure during the independence struggle.
IRA
Helps found the IRA & becomes its Director of Intelligence. Collins and Richard Mulcahy become the two principal central organisers for the Irish Republican Army
IRA
Collins and Richard Mulcahy become the two principal central organisers for the Irish Republican Army
Director
Appointed Director of Intelligence of the Irish Republican Army
IRA
Appointed Director of Intelligence of the Irish Republican Army
President of Ireland
Elected President of the IRB (and therefore, in the doctrine of that organisation, de jure President of the Irish Republic)
Death of Eamon de Valera
Irish Volunteers shoot 2 policemen dead & civil war erupts
Hakhnasat Kala
Publication of "Hakhnasat Kala"
Minister of Justice
Appointed Minister of Justice
President of Italy
Appointed President of the Chamber of Deputies
Secretary General of Peoples Party
Appointed Secretary General of the Peoples Party
Le Mots en Liberte Futuristes
Publication of "Le Mots en Liberte Futuristes"
Ordine Nuovo
Founds the socialist weekly paper, "Ordine Nuovo"
Pope
Appointed Nuncio to Poland, 1919-1922
Pisa Physics Research
Undertakes advanced experimental and theoretical physics work at Pisa while developing an unusually broad command of contemporary physics.
Chief of Staff
Appointed General
Conference of Paris
The Vatican is excluded from the Paris Peace Conference
Governor
Appointed Governor General of Korea, 1st term
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, the 1st commoner to be appointed
Reform of Electoral System
Supports universal suffrage
Universal Suffrage
Supports universal suffrage
Reimeika Party
Founds the Reimeika Party
Foreign Secretary of New Zealand
Appointed Foreign Minister
Election
Wins a majority for the Reform Party
Prime Minister of New Zealand
Appointed Prime Minister of New Zealand, 3rd term
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Labour Party
Artificial Nuclear Transformation Demonstrated
Rutherford reported evidence that alpha bombardment could convert nitrogen into oxygen while releasing protons. Its methods affected the scale or precision of subsequent work.
Paris Committee
Heads the Paris Committee, recognized as temporary Government of Poland
Minister of Education
Appointed Minister of Education
Radiology Report
Publishes on radiology experiences from the war.
Captain
Appointed Captain of the 9th Cavalry
Captain
Appointed Captain of the 9th Cavalry
Treaty of Versailles
Signs the Treaty of Versailles. Heads the Paris Committee, recognized as temporary Government of Poland
Love for Three Oranges
Composes, "Love for Three Oranges"
Bolshevik Party
Publishes the English tract The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Rise and Meaning, distributed by the British Socialist Party
English tract The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Rise
Publishes the English tract The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Rise and Meaning, distributed by the British Socialist Party
the English tract The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Rise
Publishes the English tract The Bolshevik Revolution: Its Rise and Meaning, distributed by the British Socialist Party
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Communist International
Bolshevik Party
During this early period, known as the "First Period" in Comintern history, with the Bolshevik revolution under attack in the Russian Civil War and a wave of revolutions across Europe, the Cominterns priority is to export the October Revolution
Comintern
An official "Terror Group of the Revolutionary Council of the Government" is formed, unofficially known as "Lenin Boys"
Comintern
During this early period, known as the "First Period" in Comintern history, with the Bolshevik revolution under attack in the Russian Civil War and a wave of revolutions across Europe, the Cominterns priority is to export the October Revolution.
Comintern
The Comintern was involved in the revolutions across Europe in this period, starting with the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919. The Comintern is involved in the revolutions across Europe, starting with the Hungarian Soviet Republic.
Lenin Boys
An official "Terror Group of the Revolutionary Council of the Government" is formed, unofficially known as "Lenin Boys"
Manifesto
The new manifesto is adopted
Politburo
The Politburo, Orgburo & secretariat of the Russian Communist Party are created
Politburo
The Politburo is set up to control the Central Committee of the Communist Party. The Politburo is formally set up at the VIIIth Communist Party Congress. The Politburo is first composed of Lenin, Trotsky, Kamanev, Bukharin & Stalin
Reform of Political Parties
The Politburo, Orgburo & secretariat of the Russian Communist Party are created. The Party is renamed the Russian Communist Party
Revolutionary Council
An official "Terror Group of the Revolutionary Council of the Government" is formed, unofficially known as "Lenin Boys"
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Moscow Soviet
Government
Sets up a counter revolutionary Government in South Russia
Head of State
Appointed President of the Central Executive Committee, 1st term
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for Russia, 1st term
Politburo
The Politburo is first composed of Lenin, Trotsky, Kamanev, Bukharin & Stalin
Politburo
The Politburo is first composed of Lenin, Trotsky, Kamanev, Bukharin & Stalin
Politburo
The Politburo is first composed of Lenin, Trotsky, Kamanev, Bukharin & Stalin
Politburo
The Politburo is first composed of Lenin, Trotsky, Kamanev, Bukharin & Stalin
Orgburo
The Politburo, Orgburo & secretariat of the Russian Communist Party are created
Politburo
The Politburo is first composed of Lenin, Trotsky, Kamanev, Bukharin & Stalin
Secretariat
The Politburo, Orgburo & secretariat of the Russian Communist Party are created
Comintern
Zinoviev becomes the 1st President of Comintern. The Comintern is founded at the Congress of the 3rd International
International, 3rd
The Comintern is founded at the Congress of the 3rd International
Death of Izvolski
Death of Alexander Petrovich Izvolski
Exile Publications
Writes political works defending his interpretation of the Russian Revolution and criticising Bolshevik government.
Prelude to Bolshevism
Publishes work on the fall of the Provisional Government.
Prelude to Bolshevism
Publication of "Prelude to Bolshevism"
Bolshevik Party
Appointed Member of Bolshevik Party
Invitation to the First World Congress
Helps issue the invitation to the First World Congress that establishes the Communist International in Moscow.
Manifesto of the Communist International
Writes the manifesto adopted by the Communist International's First World Congress addressing workers internationally.
Secretary of Lenin
Appointed Secretary to Lenin
Siege of Petrograd
Responsible for Petrograds defense during two periods of intense clashes with White forces in 1919
Problems of the Army During the Civil War
Addresses organizational and command problems facing the Red Army during the Civil War.
Rallying the Army During the Civil War
Delivers a speech on rallying and organizing the Red Army during the Russian Civil War.
Siege of Petrograd
Almost captures Petrograd for the Whites
Communist Party
Appointed Member of Communist Party
Red Army Political Commissar
Serves as a political commissar with Bolshevik forces during the Russian Civil War.
Don Cossack Defeat
Krasnov's position weakens as Bolshevik forces gain ground in the Don region.
Exile from Don Region
Krasnov leaves the Don after the collapse of his military position against Bolshevik forces.
Rule of Armenia
Head the Armenian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference with Boghos Nubar, where he signs the Treaty of Sevres formulating the "Wilsonian Armenia" in direct collaboration with the Armenian Diaspora
Treaty of Sevres
Head the Armenian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference with Boghos Nubar, where he signs the Treaty of Sevres formulating the "Wilsonian Armenia" in direct collaboration with the Armenian Diaspora
Die Noodlot
Publication of "Die Noodlot"
Prime Minister of South Africa
Appointed Prime Minister of South Africa, 1st term
Paris Peace Conference
Represents South Africa at the Paris Peace Conference.
South African Peace Delegation
Works with Jan Smuts on the postwar international settlement.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Calvinia
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament
Peace
Appointed Member of Peace Deputation to Europe
Conference of Versailles
Leads a Boer delegation for the independence of the Transvaal & Orange Free State
Free State
Leads a Boer delegation for the independence of the Transvaal & Orange Free State
Independence of South Africa
Leads a Boer delegation for the independence of the Transvaal & Orange Free State
Independence of Transvaal and Orange Free State
Leads a Boer delegation for the independence of the Transvaal & Orange Free State
Conference of Paris
Smuts & Botha are key negotiators at the Paris Peace Conference, they favour reconciliation with Germany & limited reparations
Rule of Namibia
The Treaty of Versailles gives South Africa a mandate over Namibia, which wis occupied from 1919 until 1990
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles gives South Africa a mandate over Namibia, which wis occupied from 1919 until 1990
El Sombrero De Res Picos
Composes, "El Sombrero De Res Picos"
Barcelona First-Team Debut
Begins his first spell with Barcelona and quickly becomes one of the club's earliest celebrated goalkeepers.
Delegate
Appointed delegate to the Paris Peace Conference
Delegate
Appointed delegate to the Paris Peace Conference
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature
President of Switzerland
Appointed President of Switzerland, 2nd term
Constitution of Turkey
Renounces the Empire. Proclaims a National Pact after formulating his programme at Erzurum & Sivas. Demands complete independence for all Turkish speaking territories
Constitution of Turkey
Calls the National Congress of Turkish Provinces together to meet at Erzurum
Independence of Turkey
Demands complete independence for all Turkish speaking territories
National Congress
Appointed National Congress
National Pact of Turkish National Movement
Proclaims a National Pact after formulating his programme at Erzurum & Sivas
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
1st Oliver and Hardy Film
The first film pairing of Laurel & Hardy (albeit as separate performers) took place in The Lucky Dog, produced in 1919 by Sun-Lite Pictures and released in 1921
Oliver and Hardy
The first film pairing of Laurel & Hardy (albeit as separate performers) took place in The Lucky Dog, produced in 1919 by Sun-Lite Pictures and released in 1921
The Lucky Dog
The first film pairing of Laurel & Hardy (albeit as separate performers) took place in The Lucky Dog, produced in 1919 by Sun-Lite Pictures and released in 1921
Winesburg, Ohio
Publication of "Winesburg, Ohio"
Joins Mount Wilson Observatory
After returning from military service, Edwin Hubble goes to Pasadena and joins Mount Wilson Observatory, where the 100-inch Hooker telescope gives him exceptional reach for studying nebulae and galaxies.
International Scientific Fame
Becomes internationally famous after eclipse observations are widely reported as confirming general relativity.
Delegate
Appointed Delegate to the Paris Peace Conference, chief US spokesman on reparations
Chief of Staff
Appointed General
Delegate
Appointed Delegate to the Paris Peace Conference, chief US spokesman on reparations
Army Resignation
Resigns from the Army after wartime service in France.
Liquidation Commission
Serves on the War Department Liquidation Commission after the armistice.
Cao Dai
Founds Cao Dai, its saints include Joan of Arc, Victor Hugo & Sun Yat-sen
Conference of Versailles
Petitions Woodrow Wilson at the Peace Conference for the independence of Vietnam
The Undying Fire
Wells published The Undying Fire, a modern retelling inspired by the Book of Job.
Reception of Eminent Victorians
Strachey's biographical essays influenced debates about Victorian reputation and modern criticism.
Law Becomes Lord Privy Seal
Bonar Law ceases serving as chancellor and continues as a senior coalition minister and Commons leader.
Law Leads House of Commons
Bonar Law directs government business in the Commons during the first postwar year.