Birth of Jerome David Salinger
Birth of Jerome David Salinger
Historical events in 1920
505 historical records
January 192012 historical events
Birth of Isaac Asimov
Birth of Isaac Asimov
Birth of William Egan Colby
Birth of William Egan Colby
Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles comes into effect
Secretary-General
Becomes the League's first Secretary-General.
League Council
Presides over early League Council work.
Election
Defeated in the presidential election
Birth of Frederico Fellini
Birth of Frederico Fellini
Birth of Alf Ramsey
Birth of Alf Ramsey
1st Woman MP
Elected Member of Parliament for Plymouth, 1st woman MP
Student Movement Arrest
Is detained during a crackdown on student activism in Tianjin.
Aston Villa Debut
Walker scores twice on his debut and begins a club-record scoring career.
February 192024 historical events
Birth of George Hardwick
Birth of George Hardwick
Reform of Nazi Party
Produces a draft for the reforms of the NSDAP
Birth of Farouk
Birth of Farouk, son of Fuad I
25 Point Program
When the points are announced more than 2000 people attend the rally. Adapted from Rudolf Jung's Austro-Bohemian program by Anton Drexler, Adolf Hitler, Gottfried Feder and Dietrich Eckart
25 Point Program
The National Socialist Program originated at a DAP congress in Vienna, then was taken to Munich, by the civil engineer and theoretician Rudolf Jung
National Socialism
The National Socialist Program originated at a DAP congress in Vienna, then was taken to Munich, by the civil engineer and theoretician Rudolf Jung
25 Point Program
Hitler announces the party's program in front of 2000 people in the Munich Festsaal of the Hofbrauhaus
Rally
Speaks as a guest speaker to attract a larger audience, not a member of the NSDAP
Manifesto
Hitler proclaims the Party program at the Hofbrauhaus
Rally
Chairs the NSDAP rally in the absence of Drexler, over 2,000 attend. At Hitler's wishes the 1st NSDAP rally is held at the Festsaal of the Hofbrauhaus
25 Point Program
Hitler announces the 25 Point Program of the NSDAP
25 Point Program
Remains the official party program throughout the party's existence
25 Point Program
The 1st of the 25 points is "We demand the union of all Germans in a Great Germany on the basis of the principle of self-determination of all peoples"
25 Point Program
The 2nd of the 25 points is "We demand that the German people have rights equal to those of other nations; and that the Peace Treaties of Versailles and St. Germain shall be abrogated"
25 Point Program
The 3rd of the 25 points is "We demand land and territory (colonies) for the maintenance of our people and the settlement of our surplus population"
National Socialism
The party keeps the program when it changes its name to the National Socialist German Workers Party in April 1920 & remains the official party program throughout the party's existence
First Jon Magnusson Government
The First Jon Magnusson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Second Jon Magnusson Government
Begins the Second Jon Magnusson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
The Cabinet of Dr Caligari
Directs The Cabinet of Dr Caligari, a landmark of German Expressionist cinema.
Transportation Act
The Act returns railroads to private operation and strengthens federal rate regulation.
Constitution of 1920
Czechoslovakia adopts its democratic constitution.
25 Point Program
Adapted from Rudolf Jung's Austro-Bohemian program by Anton Drexler, Adolf Hitler, Gottfried Feder and Dietrich Eckart
25 Point Program
Adapted from Rudolf Jung's Austro-Bohemian program by Anton Drexler, Adolf Hitler, Gottfried Feder and Dietrich Eckart
25 Point Program
Adapted from Rudolf Jung's Austro-Bohemian program by Anton Drexler, Adolf Hitler, Gottfried Feder and Dietrich Eckart
March 192031 historical events
Rule of Palestine
Proclaims himself King of Syria & Palestine
Rule of Syria
Proclaims himself King of Syria & Palestine but 15 weeks later deposed by the French
Resignation of Gustav Noske
Informs Noske the army will not fire on the free corps, Noske resigns
Siege of Berlin
Informs Noske the army will not fire on the free corps, Noske resigns
Coup
The Government of the National Association is formed headed by Kapp & Luttwitz. Seeckt refuses to defend Berlin & prevents the army firing during the Kapp Putsch. Leads a royalist coup in Berlin
Coup
The Government is forced to flee to Stuttgart but returns within a few days
Coup
The Kapp Putsch involves a group of Freikorps troops who gained control of Berlin and installed Wolfgang Kapp (a right-wing journalist) as Chancellor
Second Averescu Government
Averescu begins his second premiership and oversees major postwar reforms.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Bavarian Foreign Ministry
Also serves as Bavarian Minister of Foreign Affairs while heading the state government.
Bavarian Interior Ministry
Assumes the Bavarian Interior Ministry alongside the premiership, combining political leadership with responsibility for internal administration.
Bavarian Premiership
Is elected Bavarian prime minister after the Kapp crisis and forms a conservative government supported by right-wing security organisations.
Rule of Constantinople
The Allies occupy Constantinople
Rule of Constantinople
The Allies occupy Constantinople
Coup
The national Government moves to Stuttgart and calls for a general strike, the strike cripples Germany's economy and the Kapp Government collapses
General Strike
The national Government moves to Stuttgart and calls for a general strike, the strike cripples Germany's economy and the Kapp Government collapses
National Government
The national Government moves to Stuttgart and calls for a general strike, the strike cripples Germany's economy and the Kapp Government collapses
Coup
The national Government moves to Stuttgart and calls for a general strike, the strike cripples Germany's economy and the Kapp Government collapses
General Strike
The national Government moves to Stuttgart and calls for a general strike, the strike cripples Germany's economy and the Kapp Government collapses
National Government
The national Government moves to Stuttgart and calls for a general strike, the strike cripples Germany's economy and the Kapp Government collapses
Shell Supply Agreement Examined in Commons
Parliament examines the company's pre-government marketing agreement to supply Shell through the end of 1922.
United States Non-Membership
The Senate rejects League membership after the Versailles dispute.
Marriage to Annemarie Bertel
Marries Annemarie Bertel while establishing his academic career in Germany.
North Persia Concession Purchase Agreement
North Persia Oils concludes a sale agreement connected with acquisition of northern Persian concession interests.
Evacuation
Evacuated by sea from Novorossik, mostly in British ships
Second Zahle Premiership
The Second Zahle Premiership ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Liebe Caretaker Government
Begins the Liebe Caretaker Government in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Demobilization
Stays on the Army payroll until 31st March 1920
Economy of Russia
The State Commission for the Electrification of Russia is founded
GOELRO
The State Commission for the Electrification of Russia is founded
April 192015 historical events
Friis Caretaker Government
Begins the Friis Caretaker Government in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Liebe Caretaker Government
The Liebe Caretaker Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Army Reform
Kerensky develops his views through army reform after 1917.
Sixth FA Cup Victory
Ducat captains Villa to an extra-time FA Cup final victory over Huddersfield Town.
Rule of Mosul
Mosul is declared part of Iraq
Mandate for Syria
France receives the Syria and Lebanon mandate.
Mandate for Mesopotamia
Britain receives the Mesopotamia mandate after Ottoman defeat.
Mandate for Palestine
Britain receives the Palestine mandate at San Remo.
Invasion of Russia
Poland invades Russia
Reballion of Rebels in Crimea
Last White army under Wrangel evacuates the Crimea
Reballion of Start of peasant
Start of peasant insurrection in Tambov
Rule of Crimea
Last White army under Wrangel evacuates the Crimea
Great Debate Andromeda Argument
Uses spiral nebulae including Andromeda in the Great Debate, arguing that they are external galaxies rather than small objects inside the Milky Way.
Birth of Liam Cosgrave
Birth of Liam Cosgrave
Conference of San Remo
The League awards Mosul to Iraq despite Turkish claims and Kurdish opposition.
May 192013 historical events
Ordnungszelle Policy
Publicly presents Bavaria as an 'Ordnungszelle', a nucleus from which order and stability could spread through Germany.
Treaty of Trianon
Romania, Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia take nearly 2/3 of Hungarys territory
Friis Caretaker Government
The Friis Caretaker Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Second Neergaard Premiership
Begins the Second Neergaard Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Ether and Relativity Lecture
Delivers the lecture Ether and the Theory of Relativity, redefining the concept in gravitational terms.
North Persia Oils Incorporated
A company linked with Anglo-Persian is incorporated to pursue former Russian oil interests in northern Persia.
Policy of Fulfillment
Joseph Wirth and Walter Rathenau announce their "Policy of Fulfillment"
Policy of Fulfillment
Joseph Wirth and Walter Rathenau announce their "Policy of Fulfillment"
Birth of John Paul II
Birth of John Paul II, Karol Wojtyla
First Tusar Government
The First Tusar Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Tusar Government
Begins the Second Tusar Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Abdication
Forced to abdicate as King of Palestine by the French
Ether and Relativity Leiden Address
Delivers his Leiden inaugural lecture on ether and relativity, arguing that general relativity permits a physical spacetime structure without a mechanical luminiferous ether.
June 192012 historical events
Neutral Nuclear Particle Proposal
Suggests that a neutral proton-electron combination could exist inside atomic nuclei, anticipating the neutron.
Earl of Ypres
French is created Earl of Ypres after the war.
Second Gunnar Knudsen Government
The Second Gunnar Knudsen Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
First Otto B. Halvorsen Government
Begins the First Otto B. Halvorsen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Peerage
Created the Duke of York & takes his seat in the House of Lords
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 1st term
Presidential Election
Wins a plurality in the presidential election and is later confirmed by the full Congress.
Royal Title Granted
Leads the club when King Alfonso XIII grants Madrid the royal title Real.
Resignation of Karl Renner
Renner resign & the socialists leave power, except in Vienna
Comintern
Comintern agent Gregory Voitinsky is sent to China, and meets Li Dazhao
Communist Party
Finances the founding of the Socialist Youth Corps. Comintern agent Gregory Voitinsky is sent to China, and meets Li Dazhao
Socialist Youth Corps
Finances the founding of the Socialist Youth Corps
July 192026 historical events
Election
Elected President of Mexico, for a 2nd term
Prime Minister of Canada
Becomes prime minister after Borden retires.
Spa Conference Armistice Plan
At Spa, Lloyd George supports using the previously proposed Allied eastern line as the basis for an armistice in the Polish-Soviet War.
Curzon Note Sent
Curzon sends Soviet Foreign Commissar Chicherin the British armistice proposal that gives the provisional Allied boundary its enduring name.
Eastern Galicia Extension
Curzon's proposal extends the earlier provisional line south through Galicia, west of Rawa Ruska and east of Przemysl, to the Carpathians.
Polish Withdrawal Proposal
Curzon's note proposes that Polish forces withdraw to the provisional eastern line established by the Peace Conference.
Soviet Stand-Off Proposal
The British armistice proposal calls for Soviet forces to remain fifty kilometres east of the proposed line outside Eastern Galicia.
Republican Governing Junta
Escalier joins the Republican junta formed after the overthrow of Gutierrez Guerra.
Republican Coup
Saavedra helps lead the Republican coup that ends the Liberal Party's long rule.
Second Comintern Congress
Presides over the opening of the Second Congress of the Communist International
Rule of Teschen
Teschen is divided between Czechoslovakia and Poland
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 1st term
Mandate for Syria
Establishes French authority in Syria under mandate policy.
Mandate for Palestine
Administers Palestine under British mandate authority.
Independence of Lithuania
Russia recognizes the independence of Lithuania under the Treaty of Moscow
Independence of Russia
Russia recognizes the independence of Lithuania under the Treaty of Moscow
Treaty of Moscow
Russia recognizes the independence of Lithuania under the Treaty of Moscow
21 Conditions
Ahead of the Second Congress of the Communist International Lenin sends out a number of documents, including his Twenty-one Conditions to all socialist parties which the Congress adopts as prerequisites for any group wanting to become affiliated to the International
21 Conditions
The 21 Conditions call for the demarcation between Communist parties and other socialist groups and instruct the Comintern sections not to trust the legality of the bourgeois states & call for the build-up of party organisations along democratic centralist lines
21 Conditions
in which the party press and Parliamentary factions would be under the direct control of the party leadership.
Comintern
Ahead of the Second Congress of the Communist International Lenin sends out a number of documents, including his Twenty-one Conditions to all socialist parties which the Congress adopts as prerequisites for any group wanting to become affiliated to the International
Comintern
The 21 Conditions call for the demarcation between Communist parties and other socialist groups and instruct the Comintern sections not to trust the legality of the bourgeois states & call for the build-up of party organisations along democratic centralist lines
Comintern
in which the party press and Parliamentary factions would be under the direct control of the party leadership.
Independence of Lithuania
Russia recognizes the independence of Lithuania under the Treaty of Moscow
Independence of Russia
Russia recognizes the independence of Lithuania under the Treaty of Moscow
Treaty of Moscow
Russia recognizes the independence of Lithuania under the Treaty of Moscow
August 192041 historical events
Death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Gandhi paid his respects at his cremation in Bombay, along with 200,000 people, Gandhi calls Tilak "The Maker of Modern India". Death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Home Rule
Gandhi paid his respects at his cremation in Bombay, along with 200,000 people, Gandhi calls Tilak "The Maker of Modern India". Death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Independence of India
Gandhi paid his respects at his cremation in Bombay, along with 200,000 people, Gandhi calls Tilak "The Maker of Modern India"
Twenty-One Conditions
Promotes conditions for parties joining the Communist International
Comintern Program Debate
Helps shape ideological debate at the Communist International
Treaty of Sevres
Part of European Turkey is ceded to Bulgaria
Rule of Syria
Under the Treaty of Svres Syria is ceded to France
Treaty of Sevres
Under the Treaty a League of Nations mandate is set up for Syria. Syria is ceded to France
Rule of Constantinople
The Allies complete the occupation of Constantinople
Rule of Cyprus
Under the Treaty of Sevres Turkey cedes Cyprus to Britain
Rule of Transjordan
Under the Treaty of Sevres a League of Nations mandate awards Transjordan to Britain
Treaty of Sevres
Under the Treaty of Sevres Turkey cedes Cyprus to Britain. Under the Treaty of Sevres a League of Nations mandate awards Transjordan to Britain
Aegean Islands Status
The Treaty of Sevres recognises Greek authority over most eastern Aegean islands already administered by Greece.
Eastern Thrace Transferred
The Treaty of Sevres transfers Eastern Thrace to Greek administration.
Greek Administration of Smyrna
The Treaty of Sevres provides for Greek administration of Smyrna before a future plebiscite.
Treaty of Sevres
Venizelos signs the Treaty of Sevres, expanding Greek administration in Thrace and around Smyrna.
Independence of Hejaz
Under the Treaty of Sevres Hejaz is given its independence
Independence of Kurdistan and Armenia
Under the Treaty of Sevres independence is given to Kurdistan, never implemented. Under the Treaty of Sevres independence is given to Armenia
Independence of Saudi Arabia
Under the Treaty of Sevres Arabia is given its independence
Independence of Turkey
Under the Treaty of Sevres Arabia is given its independence
Independence of Turkey
Under the Treaty of Sevres Hejaz is given its independence
Independence of Turkey
Under the Treaty of Sevres independence is given to Kurdistan, never implemented. Under the Treaty of Sevres independence is given to Armenia
Rule of Constantinople
The Allies complete their occupation of Constantinople
Rule of Dardenelles
Under the Treaty of Sevres the Dardanelles are placed under international control
Rule of Kurdistan
Under the Treaty of Sevres independence is given to Kurdistan, never implemented
Rule of Smyrna
Under the Treaty of Sevres Smyrna is ceded to Greece. Under the Treaty of Sevres Greece is given the adminstration of Smyrna
Rule of Thrace
Under the Treaty of Sevres Eastern Thrace is ceded to Greece
Treaty of Sevres
Turkey is to be occupied by British, French & Italian troops. Turkey is forced to renounce much of the Ottoman Empire to the Allies. The Treaty of Sevres leads to the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.
Treaty of Sevres
Under the Treaty of Sevres Greece is given the adminstration of Smyrna. Under the Treaty of Sevres Eastern Thrace, Chios & Smyrna are ceded to Greece. Turkey surrenders all territorial claims in Arab Asia & north Africa.
Treaty of Sevres
Under the Treaty of Sevres the Dardanelles are placed under international control. Under the Treaty of Sevres independence is given to Kurdistan, never implemented. Under the Treaty of Sevres independence is given to Armenia.
Treaty of Sevres
League mandates are created from former Ottoman territories under the peace settlement.
Rule of Adalia
Under the Treaty of Sevres Adalia is ceded to Italy by Turkey
Rule of Dodecanese
Under the Treaty of Sevres the Dodecanese are ceded to Italy by Turkey
Rule of Rhodes
Under the Treaty of Sevres Rhodes is ceded to Italy by Turkey
Assassination of Mathias Erzberger
Assassinated by rightist extremists, a symbol of "defeatism"
Death of Mathias Erzberger
Death of Mathias Erxberger, assassinated
Independence of Iraq
A tribal revolt is launched throughout Iraqi territory after Arnold Wilson, the High Commissioner to Iraq, refuses to allow for the possibility any amount of Iraqi self-Government
Reballion of tribal
A tribal revolt is launched throughout Iraqi territory after Arnold Wilson, the High Commissioner to Iraq, refuses to allow for the possibility any amount of Iraqi self-Government
Battle of Nomonhan
Founds Unit 731 for biological & chemical warfare, possibly used at Nomonhan
Unit 731
Founds Unit 731 for biological & chemical warfare, possibly used at Nomonhan
Battle of Warsaw
Defeats the Russians
September 19206 historical events
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
City of Birmingham Orchestra
Birmingham's new municipal orchestra gives its first public concert.
First Cerny Government
Begins the First Cerny Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Tusar Government
The Second Tusar Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Brussels Financial Conference
The international conference recommends balanced budgets and eventual restoration of stable convertible currencies.
Bad Nauheim Relativity Debate
Publicly debates critics including Philipp Lenard at the German scientists' meeting in Bad Nauheim, defending the physical basis and interpretation of relativity.
October 192010 historical events
Birth of Walter Matthau
Birth of Walter Matthau
Riga Preliminary Peace
The Polish-Soviet preliminary peace agreement adopts a frontier substantially east of the Curzon proposal, reducing its immediate role as a settlement line.
Treaty of Tartu
Ends the Russo-Finnish war over Karelia, Finland makes a small territorial gain
Strike
Miners walk out & make a claim for 2 shillings more per week
Leiden Special Professorship
Begins official duties as special professor at Leiden University.
The Golem
Co-directs The Golem: How He Came into the World.
The Golem
Co-directs and stars in The Golem: How He Came into the World.
Constitution of Austria
The Republic of Austria is formed
5th Infantry Regiment
Manstein assumed command of a company in the 5th Infantry Regiment at Angermรผnde. This posting returned him to troop leadership after several years devoted mainly to staff work.
Commander of First Cavalry Army
Appointed Commander of the 1st Cavalry Army
November 192034 historical events
Strike
The Miners return to work
Birth of Roy Harris Jenkins
Birth of Roy Harris Jenkins, later Labour minister, SDP founder and Liberal Democrat peer.
Family
Roy Jenkins is born to Arthur Jenkins, a miners' leader and later Labour MP.
Family
Roy Jenkins is born to Hattie Harris Jenkins in a Welsh Labour household.
Family Background
Is born into a Welsh Labour family led by miners' representative Arthur Jenkins.
Election Defeat
Venizelos's Liberal Party loses the election following years of war and national division.
League Assembly
Serves as president of the first League Assembly.
First Assembly
Opens the first Assembly of the League in Geneva.
Birth of Adge Cutler
Birth of Adge Cutler, later associated with Bristol folk music.
Leon Delacroix Government
The Leon Delacroix Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as head of the Belgian government.
Henri Carton de Wiart Government
Begins the Henri Carton de Wiart Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Bloody Sunday
Faces criticism over Crown forces in Ireland.
Bloody Sunday
Is among the officers killed in the morning attacks.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed during attacks on British intelligence personnel.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed in Dublin Castle custody.
Bloody Sunday
British command faces crisis after the day's violence.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed when Crown forces open fire at Croke Park.
Bloody Sunday
Supports IRA command during the Dublin operations.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed in custody at Dublin Castle that night.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed in Dublin Castle after the day's violence.
Bloody Sunday
Commands IRA men in the morning operations.
Bloody Sunday
Takes part in IRA operations against intelligence targets.
Bloody Sunday
Participates in attacks on British intelligence targets.
Bloody Sunday
IRA intelligence operations kill British intelligence officers in Dublin.
Bloody Sunday
The killings intensify the political crisis of the independence war.
Bloody Sunday
British administration is shaken by the Dublin violence.
Bloody Sunday
Crown forces enter the ground during the football match.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed when shots are fired at the match crowd.
Bloody Sunday
Is killed during the Croke Park shooting.
Bloody Sunday
Dies in the violence at Croke Park.
Bloody Sunday
Witnesses panic as the crowd flees the shooting.
Arrival in Maan
Abdullah reached Maan with an armed following on 21 November 1920, establishing a base from which he could engage with leaders in Transjordan.
Retirement
Retires from the Army
Nationalization
The Government issues a supplementary decree nationalizing most small scale industries
December 192011 historical events
Capillary Regulation Recognition
Is recognized for explaining blood-flow control in skeletal muscle capillaries.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Receives the medicine prize for discovering capillary motor regulation.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for the novel Growth of the Soil.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Restoration of Constantine I
A referendum and political change restore Constantine I to the throne.
President of Chile
Is inaugurated as President of Chile after winning the closely contested 1920 election.
Voelkischer Beobachter
The NSDAP purchase the Voelkischer Beobachter on the initiative of Chase Bauduin and Dietrich Eckart, who become the first editors
Voelkischer Beobachter
The NSDAP purchase the Voelkischer Beobachter on the initiative of Chase Bauduin and Dietrich Eckart, who become the first editors
Voelkischer Beobachter
The NSDAP purchase the Voelkischer Beobachter on the initiative of Chase Bauduin and Dietrich Eckart, who become the first editors
Government
Assumes duties as President of the Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Assumes duties as President of the Provisional Government
Acting President
Appointed Acting President of Panama
Interior Minister Appointed
Appointed Minister of Interior during postwar state reconstruction
Secretary of State for Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior, 1st term
Foreign Secretary of Austria
Appointed Foreign Minister
National Council
Appointed Member of National Council
Jena Appointment
Accepts an academic assistantship in Jena, beginning a rapid series of university appointments in Germany.
Stuttgart Professorship
Moves from Jena to Stuttgart as an extraordinary professor and continues research in theoretical physics and colour vision.
Freud proposes that the psyche could be divided
Freud proposes that the psyche could be divided into three parts: ego, super-ego, and id, Freud discussed this model in the 1920 essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle
Psychoanalysis
Freud proposes that the psyche could be divided into three parts: ego, super-ego, and id, Freud discussed this model in the 1920 essay Beyond the Pleasure Principle
Foreign Secretary of Belgium
Appointed Foreign Minister
Bolshevik Party
Reorganizes the Polish Army during the invasion of Poland by the Bolsheviks
Invasion of Poland
Reorganizes the Polish Army during the invasion of Poland by the Bolsheviks
League Representation
Represents Brazil in early League international diplomacy.
Prime Minister of Canada
Appointed Prime Minister of Canada, 1st term
Alinso
Publication of "Alinso"
First Presidency
Begins his first presidential administration amid demands for social and political reform.
Compulsory Primary Education Law
Promulgates the law making primary education compulsory and expanding state responsibility for schooling.
Departure for Europe
Travels to Europe and becomes involved with Chinese student and revolutionary networks.
League of Socialists Youths
Mao Tse-Tung founds the League of Socialists Youths
Library of Culture
Mao Tse-Tung organises a "Library of Culture"
Marriage
Mao Tse-Tung marries Yang Kai-hui
Kuomingtang
Appointed Member of Kuomingtang
League Delegation
Represents China in League diplomacy.
General
Appointed General in the Manchurian army
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Liberal Party
Drama
1st performance of, "The Insect Play"
Election
Elected the first President of Czechoslovakia
Independence of Czech Republic
Elected the first President of Czechoslovakia
Independence of Czechoslovakia
Elected the first President of Czechoslovakia
Quantum Periodic System Programme
Extends atomic theory toward the periodic system by relating electron configurations and quantum states to recurring chemical and spectroscopic properties.
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Art and Scholasticism
Maritain publishes Art and Scholasticism, applying Thomist ideas to aesthetics.
Canonization
Joan of Arc is officially canonized as a saint
The Head of Janus
Directs Der Januskopf, an unauthorized adaptation of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.
Die Treppe zum Nordlicht
Publication of "Die Treppe zum Nordlicht"
Painting
Paints, "War Cripples"
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Germany
Government
A coalition of the Centre, German Democratic Party & the German Peoples Party
Mayor
Appointed Mayor of Kassel
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
Resignation of Mathias Erzberger
Forced to resign after accusations of financial misdealing
Minister of Transport
Appointed Minister of Transport
President of Hanover
Appointed President of the Hanover Province
Bavarian Reichsrat Representation
Acts as Bavaria's plenipotentiary to the Reichsrat while serving as minister president.
Resignation of Gustav Noske
Resigns after the Kapp Putsch
Assassination of Leo Jogiches
Following the assassination of Leo Jogiches, Paul Levi becomes the KPD leader
Death of Leo Jogiches
Following the assassination of Leo Jogiches, Paul Levi becomes the KPD leader
Communist Party
Following the assassination of Leo Jogiches, Paul Levi becomes the KPD leader
Party Leader
Following the assassination of Leo Jogiches, Paul Levi becomes the KPD leader
National and social bases of the German state
One of the leaders of the anti-capitalistic wing of the NSDAP, publishes several papers, including "National and social bases of the German state"
several papers, including "National
One of the leaders of the anti-capitalistic wing of the NSDAP, publishes several papers, including "National and social bases of the German state"
NSDAP
Schreck joins the Nazi Party in 1920, at about the same time as Adolf Hitler, and the two developed a deep friendship in the early days of Nazi history
DAP
Convinces Hitler to use the term "National Socialist" for the DAPs counterpart in Germany; Hitler originally wanted to rename the German DAP the "Social Revolutionary Party"
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the NSDAP
Constitution of Germany
Works on the 25 points of the new party constitution with Hitler
Reform of Constitution
Works on the 25 points of the new party constitution with Hitler
Resignation of Karl Harrer
Resigns because he disagrees with Hitler's policy to hold party rallies
Discharge
Discharged from the Army
NSDAP
Renames the DAP the National Sozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
Saalschutz
Founds a group called the Saalschutz to protect NSDAP speakers, forerunner of the SA
Sturmabteilung (SA)
Founds a group called the Saalschutz to protect NSDAP speakers, forerunner of the SA
Swastika
Designs the Swastika which becomes the Party's emblem
NSDAP
Appointed Party Leader of the NSDAP of the Lower Bavaria district
Secretary of Hitler
Appointed Hitler's Secretary
Coup
The Government orders Ludendorf & Kapp to disband 2 Freikorps regiments. Luttwitz orders a march on Berlin. Kapp Putsch, General von Luttwitz & Kapp plan to overthrow the Republican Government
Coup
Inspired by the general strikes, a communist uprising began in the Ruhr region when 50,000 people formed a "Red Army" and took control of the province
General Strike
Inspired by the general strikes, a communist uprising began in the Ruhr region when 50,000 people formed a "Red Army" and took control of the province
General Strike
The Kapp Government in Berlin falls after a General strike in the Ruhr
Reballion of Rebels in Ruhr
The Kapp Government in Berlin falls after a General strike in the Ruhr. Seekct becomes Commander of the armed forces & restores order
NSDAP
Schreck joins the Nazi Party in 1920, at about the same time as Adolf Hitler, and the two developed a deep friendship in the early days of Nazi history
Communist Rebellion
Involved in the bloody suppression of the 1920 communist uprising in the Ruhr
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Dโberitz Brigade
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Army
Reform of Armed Forces
Supports liaison with Soviet Russia & sends tank crews & pilots there for training. Remodels the Army as a mobile shock force of 35 divisions
My War Memories, 1914-1918
Publication of "My War Memories, 1914-1918"
1st Feature Length Film
Directs his 1st feature length film, "The Kid"
The Kid
Directs his 1st feature length film, "The Kid"
The Kid
Helps make, "The Kid"
History of the British Campaign in France and Flanders
Publication of "History of the British Campaign in France & Flanders"
Women in Love
Publication of "Women in Love"
The Lesser Evil Poem
Orwell's poem The Lesser Evil appeared in The College Days while he was a student at Eton.
Montagu Norman Becomes Governor
Montagu Norman becomes Governor of the Bank of England and begins the longest governorship in the institution's history.
Cunliffe Committee Final Report
The Cunliffe Committee reiterates that sterling should return to gold at the pre-war parity and that monetary policy should be directed toward that objective.
Director of the Meteorological Office
Appointed Director of the Meteorological Office
Independence of Great Britain
Proclaims that he is in favour of a Jewish State
Independence of Israel
Proclaims that he is in favour of a Jewish State
Jewish State
Proclaims that he is in favour of a Jewish State
Curzon Line
Suggests drawing up a line between Russia & Poland during the Russo-Polish War
Curzon Line
The Curzon Line stretches from Grodno to the Carpathian Mountains
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Secretary to the Foreign Secretary Curzon
Conference of Paris
Attends the Conference as a 2nd Plenipotentiary
Conference of San Remo
The Balfour Declaration is confirmed by Allied Governments at the San Remo Conference
Declaration of Balfour
The Balfour Declaration is confirmed by Allied Governments at the San Remo Conference
Treaty of St Germain
Main architect of the Treaty of St Germain
Health Administration
Centralises public health administration within the new ministry.
Governor
Appointed Governor General of Australia
Governor
Appointed Governor General of New Zealand
Armitage-Smith Royalty Settlement Offer
Anglo-Persian offers one million pounds to settle disputed Persian royalty claims through the Armitage-Smith negotiations.
Persian Damage Claims Waived
Waives claims over wartime pipeline damage while seeking a broader settlement of royalty disputes with Persia.
Succession
Succeeds as King of Northern Ireland
Attorney General
Appointed Attorney General to the Prince of Wales
Winchester College
Wins a scholarship to Winchester College and develops a reputation for intellectual ability.
Childhood
Healey grows up in Keighley in the West Riding of Yorkshire after early childhood in the south.
The Social Worker
Writes his first book, "The Social Worker", sets out many of the principles of his political philosophy
Independent Liberal Return
Returns to Parliament as an Independent Liberal.
Member of Parliament
Elected Independent Liberal, 1920-1924
Home Rule
When the Government of Ireland Act 1920 is introduced, advises his party to work for the exemption of six Ulster counties from Home Rule as the best compromise (a compromise he had previously rejected)
Legislation
When the Government of Ireland Act 1920 is introduced, advises his party to work for the exemption of six Ulster counties from Home Rule as the best compromise (a compromise he had previously rejected)
Rule of Ireland
When the Government of Ireland Act 1920 is introduced, advises his party to work for the exemption of six Ulster counties from Home Rule as the best compromise (a compromise he had previously rejected)
Discovery of Sun
Proposes that the pressures and temperatures at the core of the Sun could produce a nuclear fusion reaction that merged hydrogen (protons) into helium nuclei, resulting in a production of energy from the net change in mass
Postwar FA Cup Defensive Contribution
Tom Lyons was part of Aston Villa's defensive organisation as the club won the 1920 FA Cup in the first postwar campaign.
Brentford Football League Membership
Curtis became associated with Brentford's early Football League years, preceding the rise that transformed the club during the interwar period.
McCartney Guides Portsmouth Into Football League
McCartney manages Portsmouth as the club joins the Football League Third Division, moving beyond its Southern League beginnings.
Black & Tans
Introduces a force of ex-servicemen counter the threat of the IRA
League Council
Represents British interests in League diplomacy.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the Northern Army in India
Chief Scout
Appointed Chief Scout of the World
Scouts
Founds the 1st boy scout jamboree
Commander of North Persia
Appointed Commander of the Allied forces in North Persia
Brigadier General
Appointed Brigadier-Major to the 17th Infantry Brigade in Cork
Staff College Camberley Course
Attends the Staff College at Camberley to prepare for higher staff and command appointments.
Death of Constantine I
Death of Alexander, his younger son who was ruling Greece
Election
Constantine I returns to Greece after the defeat of Venizrlos at the election
Exile of Constantine I
Constantine I returns to Greece after the defeat of Venizrlos at the election
Plebiscite
Succeeds as King of Greece, restored after a plebiscite
Restoration
Succeeds as King of Greece, restored after a plebiscite
Succession
Succeeds as King of Greece, restored after a plebiscite
Succession
Refused the crown after the death of his brother Alexander
League Membership
Supports Greek participation in the postwar League system.
Coup
Appointed leader of the Government after overthrowing the Communists
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed leader of the Government after overthrowing the Communists. Appointed Aid De Camp to Emperor Francis Joseph
Constitution of Hungary
Creates the Kingdom of Hungary
Regency
Appointed Regent
Foreign Secretary of Hungary
Appointed Foreign Minister
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary, 1st term
Treaty of Trianon
Secures the ratification of the Treaty of Trianon
Regency
Appointed Regent of Hungary, self-appointed
Restoration
Prevents the efforts of Charles IV to recover the throne
Theorie Des Romans
Publication of "Theorie Des Romans"
Coup
The Communist Bela Kun regime is overthrown by Romanian & Czech intervention
Governor
Satyendra Prasanna Sinha is appointed Governor of Bihar and Orissa.
All India Home Rule League
The All India Home Rule League elects Mahatma Gandhi as its President, in a year, the body meges into the Indian National Congress to form a united Indian political front
Home Rule
The All India Home Rule League elects Mahatma Gandhi as its President, in a year, the body meges into the Indian National Congress to form a united Indian political front
All India Home Rule League
The All India Home Rule League elects Mahatma Gandhi as its President, in a year, the body meges into the Indian National Congress to form a united Indian political front
Home Rule
The All India Home Rule League elects Mahatma Gandhi as its President, in a year, the body meges into the Indian National Congress to form a united Indian political front
Civil Disobedience
Mahatma Gandhi launches an anti-British civil disobedience campaign
President of India
Appointed President of the Indian National Congress
Natal Indian Congress Party
Appointed Member of Indian National Congress
Home Rule
The All India Home Rule League elects Mahatma Gandhi as its President, in a year, the body meges into the Indian National Congress to form a united Indian political front
Indian National Congress
The All India Home Rule League elects Mahatma Gandhi as its President, in a year, the body meges into the Indian National Congress to form a united Indian political front
Aligarh Univ
Helps found the Aligarh Muslim University
Ionization Equation
Meghnad Saha formulates the thermal ionization equation that links stellar temperatures with the ionization states seen in spectra.
Minister of Justice
Appointed Minister of Justice
Minister of Justice
Appointed Minister of Justice
Agreement of Sykes-Picot
Iraq is carved out of the Ottoman Empire by the French & British
Independence of Iraq
The Great Iraqi Revolution, known in Iraq as Ath Thawra al Iraqiyya al Kubra and by the British as the Arab Revolt of 1920. Rebellion by Iraqi Arabs against the rule of the British Mandate, the rebellion is suppressed by the British military
British Mandate
League mandate arrangements shape the new Iraqi kingdom.
Dail Eireann
Helps found the Dail Eireann, Irish Assembley. Appointed Leader of the Dail Eireann, Irish Assembley
Leader Dail Eireann
Appointed Leader of the Dail Eireann, Irish Assembley
Flying Columns
Collins is credited with organising the IRAs guerrilla "flying columns" but the main organiser is Dick McKee
Bounty
The British offer a bounty of ล10,000 for information leading to the capture or death of Michael Collins
Flying Columns
Collins is credited with organising the IRAs guerrilla "flying columns" but the main organiser is Dick McKee
Election
In the local elections Sinn Fein win control of all the county councils except Antrim, Down, Londonderry and Armagh. In the 1920 city council elections, Sinn Fein gain control of ten of the twelve city councils in Ireland, only Belfast and Derry remain under Unionist and IPP (respectively) control
Dail Eireann
Refuses to sit in the British Parliament
Dail Eireann
Joins Nationalists in forming the Irish Assembly, the Dail Eireann
President of Israel
Appointed President of the World Zionist Organisation
Prime Minister of Italy
Appointed Prime Minister of Italy, 5th term
Strike
Supports the strikes in favour of workers councils & campaigns for the PSI
Canonization
Canonization of Margaret Mary Alacoque. Canonization of Joan of Arc. Canonization of Gabriel of the Sorrowful Mother
League Council
Represents Italy in early League diplomacy.
Home Secretary of Japan
Appointed Home Minister
Mayor
Appointed Mayor of Tokyo
League Council
Represents Japan in League Council affairs.
Battle of Maysalun Aftermath
The French defeat of Faisal's government at Maysalun ended the short-lived Arab kingdom in Syria and helped prompt Abdullah to mobilize in support of the Syrian Arab cause.
Iraqi Throne Proposal
An Iraqi congress proclaimed Abdullah king of Iraq, but the proposed arrangement did not take effect and his brother Faisal eventually became the country's monarch.
Transjordanian Delegations
Local notables travelled to Maan to welcome Abdullah and urged him to advance north to lead the emerging political movement in Transjordan.
President of Mexico
Appointed President of Mexico, 1st term
Death of Venustiano Carranza
General Obregon leads an armed rebellion against Carranza
Secretary of State for Interior
Appointed Secretary of State for the Interior
Coup
Overthrows Carranza
Coup
Overthrows Carranza
Spacetime Ether Reinterpreted in Leiden
In his Leiden address Einstein argued that general relativity gives spacetime physical properties while rejecting the mechanical luminiferous ether required by nineteenth-century theories of light.
High Commissioner
Appointed High Commissioner to London
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature
League of Nations
Leads the Norwegian delegation to the 1st League of Nations Assembly
Refugee Work
Leads League work for refugees after the First World War.
Indian National Congress
Jinnah resigns from the Congress, warning that Gandhis method of mass struggle would lead to divisions between Hindus and Muslims and within the two communities
Indian National Congress
Jinnah breaks with the Congress iwhen the Congress leader, Mohandas Gandhi, launched a Non-Cooperation Movement against the British, which Jinnah disapproved of.
Indian National Congress
Jinnah has little liking for either the Hindu asceticism of Gandhi or the secular socialism of the other major Congress leader, Jawaharlal Nehru.
Indian National Congress
Jinnah resigns from the Congress, warning that Gandhis method of mass struggle would lead to divisions between Hindus and Muslims and within the two communities.
Indian National Congress
Jinnah breaks with the Congress iwhen the Congress leader, Mohandas Gandhi, launched a Non-Cooperation Movement against the British, which Jinnah disapproved of.
Indian National Congress
Jinnah has little liking for either the Hindu asceticism of Gandhi or the secular socialism of the other major Congress leader, Jawaharlal Nehru.
Indian National Congress
Jinnah resigns from the Congress, warning that Gandhis method of mass struggle would lead to divisions between Hindus and Muslims and within the two communities.
Fundamenta Mathematicae Founded
Co-founds Fundamenta Mathematicae as a journal devoted to foundational fields.
Specialized Mathematics Journal
Establishes an influential international publication for set theory and topology.
Curie Institute
Develops the Curie laboratory as a centre for radioactivity research.
Commander of 12th Cavalry
Appointed Commander of the Podolski Lancers
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Battle of Vistula
Drives the Bolsheviks out of Poland
Bolshevik Party
Drives the Bolsheviks out of Poland
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Prime Minister of Romania
Appointed Prime Minister of Romania, 2nd term
Election
Averescu established the Peoples League political group which triumphs in Romanias elections
Pulcinella
Composes, "Pulcinella"
Congress of Communist Party, 11th
"We do not permit the legal existence of those who strive to compete with us"
Congress of Trades Unions, 3rd
At the Congress speaks in favour of the compulsory conscription of Labor
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Georgia
21 Conditions
Ahead of the Second Congress of the Communist International Lenin sends out a number of documents, including his Twenty-one Conditions to all socialist parties which the Congress adopts as prerequisites for any group wanting to become affiliated to the International.
21 Conditions
Ahead of the Second Congress of the Communist International, held in July-August 1920, Lenin sent out a number of documents, including his "21 Conditions" to all socialist parties
21 Conditions
The 21 Conditions call for the demarcation between Communist parties and other socialist groups and instruct the Comintern sections not to trust the legality of the bourgeois states & call for the build-up of party organisations along democratic centralist lines, in which the party press and Parliamentary factions would be
21 Conditions
The 21 Conditions called for the demarcation between Communist parties and other socialist groups, and instructed the Comintern sections not to trust the legality of the bourgeois states.
21 Conditions
under the direct control of the party leadership.
Comintern
Ahead of the Second Congress of the Communist International Lenin sends out a number of documents, including his Twenty-one Conditions to all socialist parties which the Congress adopts as prerequisites for any group wanting to become affiliated to the International.
Comintern
The 21 Conditions call for the demarcation between Communist parties and other socialist groups and instruct the Comintern sections not to trust the legality of the bourgeois states & call for the build-up of party organisations along democratic centralist lines, in which the party press
Comintern
The 21 Conditions called for the demarcation between Communist parties and other socialist groups, and instructed the Comintern sections not to trust the legality of the bourgeois states. Ahead of the Second Congress of the Communist International, held in July-August 1920, Lenin sent out a number of documents, including his "21 Conditions" to all socialist parties
Comintern
The second congress lays down the "Twenty-one Conditions" for membership, firmly establishing a differentiation between the socialist parties and the Communist parties. The Comintern sponsors the Red International of Labour Unions.
Comintern
and Parliamentary factions would be under the direct control of the party leadership.
Comintern
27 countries attend the 2nd meeting of the Comintern in Moscow
Congress of Comintern, 2nd
The second congress lays down the "Twenty-one Conditions" for membership, firmly establishing a differentiation between the socialist parties and the Communist parties
Congress of Comintern, 2nd
27 countries attend the 2nd meeting of the Comintern in Moscow
Economy of Russia
The Supreme Economic Council runs 37,000 businesses with a workforce of 2 million
Nationalization
The Government issues a supplementary decree nationalizing most small scale industries. The Supreme Economic Council runs 37,000 businesses with a workforce of 2 million
Red International
The Comintern sponsors the Red International of Labour Unions
Reform of Government
Forwards the 21 Points requiring national parties to impose disciplined guidlines
SEC
The Supreme Economic Council runs 37,000 businesses with a workforce of 2 million
Supreme Economic Council
The Supreme Economic Council runs 37,000 businesses with a workforce of 2 million
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Editor
From Berlin prints the Socialist Courier in opposition to the Government of Lenin
Communist Party
Appointed Member of Communist Party
Revolutionary Military Council
Appointed Member of Revolutionary Military Council
Bolshevik Party
The defunct Second International is reorganized
International, 2nd
The defunct Second International is reorganized
Russian Exile Politics
Works among Russian democratic emigrants after the civil war.
Manifesto of the Second World Congress
Contributes to the manifesto of the Communist International's Second World Congress.
Nationalism in Lenin
Writes Nationalism in Lenin while discussing Lenin's approach to internationalism and national questions.
Terrorism and Communism
Publishes Terrorism and Communism, defending Bolshevik revolutionary methods in a polemic against Karl Kautsky.
Exile of Symon Petlyura
Seeks exile in Paris
Civil War Political Service
Continues political work with Red Army units during the final stages of the Civil War.
Battle of Hijla
Completes the campaign bringing much of Aseer under Saudi authority.
Battle of Hijla
Supports Saudi military and administrative consolidation in Aseer.
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 3rd term
Deputy Commander
Appointed Deputy Commander of the Spanish Foreign Legion in Morocco
Prime Minister of Sweden
Appointed Prime Minister of Sweden, 1st term
Aland Islands
Supports League mediation over the Aland Islands dispute.
President of Switzerland
Appointed President of the Swiss Confederation, 2nd term
League of Nations
Opens the 1st session of the League of Nations
Constitution of Turkey
Endorsed by the legal Ottoman Parliament & the new National Assembly at Ankara
National Assembly
Endorsed by the legal Ottoman Parliament & the new National Assembly at Ankara. A new National Assembly at Ankara
Constitution of Turkey
The National Assembly proclaims the State of Turkey with Ataturk as President
Declaration of State of Turkey
The National Assembly proclaims the State of Turkey with Ataturk as President
National Assembly
The National Assembly proclaims the State of Turkey with Ataturk as President
President of Turkey
Appointed President of Turkey
The Age of Innocence
Publication of "The Age of Innocence"
This Side of Paradise
Publication of "This Side of Paradise"
Main Street
Publication of "Main Street"
Move to New Orleans
By 1920, Shaw's family had moved from Kentwood to New Orleans, where he spent much of his youth.
President of United States of America
Appointed Presidential Candidate
Colour of the Nebulous Stars
Edwin Hubble and Frederick H. Seares publish a study of the colours of nebulous stars, using photometric evidence to investigate stars associated with nebular material.
Photographic Investigations of Faint Nebulae
Hubble's doctoral research is published as Photographic Investigations of Faint Nebulae in the Publications of the Yerkes Observatory, presenting his systematic photographic study of faint nebular objects.
Planetary Nebula IC 2003
Hubble publishes an observational note on the planetary nebula IC 2003, adding a focused study of a compact nebular object to his early Mount Wilson research.
Spectrum of NGC 1499
Hubble publishes a spectroscopic study of NGC 1499 in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, extending his early investigations of emission and reflection nebulae.
Twelve New Variable Stars
Hubble reports twelve newly identified variable stars in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, broadening the observational record of stellar variability.
Anti-Relativity Campaign
Publicly confronts organized attacks on relativity amid growing political and antisemitic hostility.
Birth of Le Duc Anh
Birth of Le Duc Anh
French Communist Party
Appointed Member of French Communist Party
Youth and the Bright Medusa
Cather published Youth and the Bright Medusa, a collection about artistic ambition.
French Battlefield Visit
Cather visited France and a relative's wartime grave while preparing a war novel.
The Outline of History
Wells published The Outline of History, an ambitious account of human history.
Queen Victoria Research
Strachey worked on a biography using documentary evidence about Queen Victoria's life.
Law Faces Postwar Coalition Strains
Bonar Law deals with widening Conservative unease over the coalition and its domestic policies.