1923
1st Nazi Party Day
Includes 12 public rallies held in & around Munich in defiance of a police ban
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Browse historical records dated to 1923. Records are rendered from the World History Database into this page's initial HTML.
Includes 12 public rallies held in & around Munich in defiance of a police ban
Begins the Abraham Berge Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Writes the majority opinion invalidating a District of Columbia minimum-wage law for women.
Signs the Agricultural Credits Act, expanding federal credit facilities for farmers.
Drives the ceremonial golden spike completing the Alaska Railroad during his western tour.
Mao co-ordinates the co-ordination between the CCP & Kuomingtang
Mao co-ordinates the co-ordination between the CCP & Kuomingtang
Photographs M31 with the 100-inch Hooker telescope and records the star later recognized as Cepheid variable V1 on the famous VAR photographic plate.
Makes a speech at Stoke-on-Trent in favour of the rearmament of Great Britain
Imprisoned for 5 yrs in Landsberg fortress
Hitler is released
Hitler is imprisoned and the NSDAP and all associated formations, including the Stoatrupp, are officially disbanded
Held in Landsberg fortress
Arrested in Austria for part played in the Beer Hall Putsch
Assassinated by a right wing nationalist
Separatists attempt to establish an autonomous Pfalz at Speyer.
The Bavarian government takes direct control of local Reichswehr units.
The Beer Hall Putsch begins in Munich.
The Beer Hall Putsch is crushed in Munich.
Jodl begins a year of university study in Berlin as part of his continuing staff education.
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
A coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr is crushed in Thuringia.
Retires from the leadership of the Bolshevik Party after a stroke
Trotsky described Zinovievs and Kamenevs opposition to the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, something that the two would have preferred to be left unmentioned
Orders the bombing & occupation of the Greek island of Corfu
British disapproval contributes to the failure of the Rhineland separatist plan.
Supports negotiations leading to improved relations with Mexico and recognition of the Obregon government.
Supports continued reduction of federal expenditure and public debt.
Cuts bureaucracy while attempting to stabilise state finances.
Keeps Harding's cabinet in office temporarily to signal continuity after the presidential succession.
Visits Canada during his final tour, becoming the first sitting United States president to visit the country.
Appointed Chancellor in the "Great Coalition"
Dr Gustav Stresemann (Peoples) forms 2nd cabinet
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1st term
Leaves the chancellorship at the end of November 1923.
Signs the Classification Act, standardising federal civil-service grades and pay schedules.
Is forced to resign after the Social Democrats leave the coalition.
Heads a coalition government during the 1923 crisis.
Takes office as Comptroller of the Currency during the Harding administration.
The Imperial Conference allows Dominions to make treaties with foreign states
Mao attends the 1st Congress of the Kuomingtang
Promulgates a constitution establishing a hereditary constitutional monarchy and elected Parliament.
A Rhineland Republic supported by Belgium & France is declared at Aachen
Bratianu's government promulgates the Constitution of 1923.
The Republic of Turkey is officially recognized. Proclaims the Republic of Turkey with Ankara as its capital. Kemal is made executice President & Turkey has one political party
Supports League involvement in the Corfu crisis.
Greece appeals after Italy occupies Corfu.
Italian forces occupy Corfu during a League crisis.
Supports the coup & subsequent military dictatorship under Primo de Rivera
Supports the coup & subsequent military dictatorship under Primo de Rivera
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
A mutiny takes place at the garrison in Barcelona
Captures Barcelona & institutes martial law
Assumes power after a coup
Overthrown by a group of officers
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
Replaces Stambouliski as Prime Minister after a coup
Wants to join the Conservatives to resist the rise of Socialism. Rejoins the Conservative Party declaring that the 3 Party system is at an end. Declares the Liberals are doomed & the Labour Government has to be brought down
Refuses to issue additional currency, helping break the inflationary spiral.
The Rentenmark is introduced at one trillion paper marks, stabilising the currency without gold convertibility.
Demonstratons & strikes break out because of high inflation, the PPS take over Krakow
Forms a coalition, the Deutscher Kampfund, with other extremist Bavarian organisations
622,000 Marks to the pound sterling, halved in value in one month
Inflation reaches a point where one US dollar costs 40 billion marks.
A new currency, the Rentenmark, is introduced at the rate of 1 trillion (1,000,000,000,000) Papiermark for 1 Rentenmark. At that time, 1 U.S. dollar was equal to 4.2 Rentenmark
At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation
Stresemann issues the Rentenmark, to halt the extreme hyperinflation crippling German society and the economy. It was successful because Stresemann refused to issue more currency, the cause of the inflationary spiral. Six days after the Munich putch a reform of the German currency takes place and the Rentenmark is introduced, this effectively ends inflation
To further stabilise the economy Stressman reduces spending and bureaucracy while increasing taxes
War bonds (which are rated by Reichsmark, not Goldmark like the reparations) can be paid back without problems, savings on banks (or in war bonds) are lost, leading to widespread poverty. Inflation reaches an all time high, 1 US-Dollar costs 40 Billion Marks
With the prohibition of the NSDAP after the Beer Hall Putsch the Voelkischer Beobachter ceases publication
Appointed President of Turkey, 2nd term
The Conservative Party wins 38% of votes cast, 258 MPs, & loses its majority
Declares a state of emergency while ending passive resistance.
Leads the Free State government as the Civil War ends and constitutional administration consolidates.
The Second Otto B. Halvorsen Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
The Second Otto Blehr Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Introduces the proposed Equal Rights Amendment in Congress.
Albert Leo Schlageter, a German freebooter and saboteur, is executed by a French firing squad in the Ruhr, Hitler declares him a hero that the German nation was not worthy to possess
Albert Leo Schlageter, a German freebooter and saboteur, is executed by a French firing squad in the Ruhr, Hitler declares him a hero that the German nation was not worthy to possess
Escapes to Austria after the Munich Beer Hall Putsch then lives in Italy & Sweden
Delivers his first annual message to Congress, emphasizing economy, tax reduction and limited government.
Amanullah promulgates Afghanistan's first written constitution and defines a centralized constitutional state.
Makes a speech at the Council of the League of Nations in favour of Russian membership
Appointed Foreign Minister
French backing assists separatists seeking an independent Rhine Republic.
Retains Nelson and Colne for Labour in the general election.
Is appointed General State Commissioner of Bavaria and receives extensive executive authority during the political crisis.
Heads a coalition Government
Forms a coalition Government
Is appointed Chancellor at the head of the Great Coalition.
Communists seize control in Hamburg during the October unrest.
Bloody street fighting breaks out between communists and police in Hamburg.
The Hamburg uprising is suppressed.
Sworn in as the 30th President of the United States by his father, John C. Coolidge.
Greece is forced to pay Italy a large indemnity
Takes place while a commission defines the Greekn border
Sends an ultimatum to the Greek Government demanding compensation, refused. Mussolini occupies Corfu but leaves after Greece pays an indemnity. A murdered Italian general, Tellini, & 4 of his staff are found dead in Greece
Orders the bombing & occupation of the Greek island of Corfu
Italy withdraws from Corfu after pressure from France & Britain. Greece has to pay Italy a large indemnity
Jordans official independence day. Announcement of the Emirate of Transs independence
Stresemann issues the Rentenmark, to halt the extreme hyperinflation crippling German society and the economy. It was successful because Stresemann refused to issue more currency, the cause of the inflationary spiral. Six days after the Munich putch a reform of the German currency takes place and the Rentenmark is introduced, this effectively ends inflation
Inflation reaches an all time high, 1 US-Dollar costs 40 Billion Marks
Demonstratons & strikes break out because of high inflation, the PPS take over Krakow
Orders the bombing & occupation of the Greek island of Corfu
At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation
Gives a second Jerusalem lecture on relativity, this time in German.
Lectures in French on relativity during his visit to British Mandate Palestine.
Blames the Jews for the loss of the war, inflation & the occupation of the Ruhr
Against British advice but supported by Italy and France
Takes Ethiopia into the League of Nations
Represents an Irish government that secures admission of the Irish Free State to the League of Nations.
Uses his emergency authority to prohibit left-wing organisations and newspapers in Bavaria.
Trotsky described Zinovievs and Kamenevs opposition to the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, something that the two would have preferred to be left unmentioned. Publication of "Literature & Revolution"
Becomes a corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences in Madrid.
Receives an honorary doctorate in science from the University of Madrid.
Marries Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, youngest daughter of the 14th Earl of Strathmore
Writes the majority opinion protecting language instruction against a Nebraska restriction.
Writes the opinion requiring federal review of mob-dominated state criminal proceedings.
Bauriedis blood is spilt over the "Blutfahne", the relic NAZI standard
Feder takes part in the party's Beer Hall Putsch
Severely wounded after the police open fire, wounds which effect his future health
Marches alongside Ernst Rohm who the SS would later execute. Arrives to take over the War Ministry but cannot gain entrance
A failed attempt by Hitler to topple the Bavarian Government & march on Berlin
Hitler's armed supporters seize his meeting and coerce Kahr, Otto von Lossow and Hans von Seisser into declaring support for the putsch.
Proposes the march through Munich which gives the NAZIs their 1st martyrs, 14 killed. Arrives in the Burgerbraukeller in support of the putsch to take control of the Army
Marches through Munich in support of the Nazi Beer Hall Putsch
Carries the "Blutfahne" as the standard bearer
The trooping of the SA colours takes plac attended by 60,000 storm troopers
Delivers his Nobel lecture on fundamental ideas and problems of relativity.
Receives the chemistry prize for developing organic microanalysis.
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for inspired poetry expressing the spirit of Ireland.
Repeats the presidential oath before a federal judge after returning to Washington.
German Chancellor Cuno declares "passive resistance", strikes, riots and bloody clashes of the occupation troops with workers are common
Hitler announces there will be 12 Party rallies on 27th January. French & Belgian troops march into the Ruhr after Germany defaults on reparations
Sends in French troops to occupy the Ruhr. France and Belgium decide to send some engineers to the Ruhr area to speed up the German deliveries, 5 divisions with heavy weapons are sent with them for protection, the Occupation of the Rhineland
New Chancellor Gustav Streseman ends the passive resistance during French occupation of the Ruhr
With French support, separatists try to declare an independent "Rhine Republic" in Aachen, the plan fails due to resistance by the population and the British disapproval
Creates a new cabinet on 6 October 1923.
Baldwin asks the King for a dissolution
Chancellor Stresemann ends the passive resistance in the Ruhr
Ends passive resistance in the Ruhr.
French support assists the attempted separatist administration in the Pfalz.
Siezes Bavarian Government ministers & holds them under arrest
Promises NAZI support but follows orders from the High Command to crush the putsch
Addresses a major political meeting at the Bürgerbräukeller shortly before Hitler interrupts the gathering and launches the Beer Hall Putsch.
League officials monitor humanitarian effects of the Greek-Turkish exchange.
Greek refugee settlement becomes a major League concern.
The first congress of the party took place with Carlos Rates as leader
Currency reform follows only days after the Munich putsch.
Is admitted to the Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts.
The destruction of savings contributes to widespread poverty during hyperinflation.
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Begins his first presidential term after succeeding Warren Harding.
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Appointed Prime Minister of Persia
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 2nd term
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 2nd term
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st term
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st term
1st Nuremberg Nazi rally is held, Julius Streicher had suggested the location
1st Nuremberg Nazi rally is held, Julius Streicher had suggested the location
Hamburg uprising suppressed
General Otto von Lossow in Bavaria is relieved of command by Berlin; he refuses
The Bavarian Government takes direct control over the local parts of the Reichswehr
Communist takeover of Hamburg
Bloody street riots in Hamburg between communists and the police
Beer Hall Putsch in Munich
Beer Hall Putsch is crushed
General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover
General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover
The Socialist/Communist Government is suppressed in Saxony
In Saxony and Thuringia the coalition-Governments of KPD and SPD protest against the prohibition of the communist and socialist press, the Reichwehr forces these Governments to resign
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
England recognizes Egypt
The United States recognizes the government of Alvaro Obregon after negotiations over claims and property rights.
Gains international recognition for precise analysis of minute chemical samples.
Dr Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht is named Reichswaehrungskommissar
Places Reichswehr units stationed in Bavaria under his authority during the escalating constitutional dispute with Berlin.
Stresemann issues the Rentenmark, to halt the extreme hyperinflation crippling German society and the economy. It was successful because Stresemann refused to issue more currency, the cause of the inflationary spiral. Six days after the Munich putch a reform of the German currency takes place and the Rentenmark is introduced, this effectively ends inflation
One Rentenmark equals one trillion paper marks and is valued at 4.2 Rentenmarks per United States dollar.
German Chancellor Cuno declares "passive resistance", strikes, riots and bloody clashes of the occupation troops with workers are common
At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation
France and Belgium decide to send some engineers to the Ruhr area to speed up the German deliveries, 5 divisions with heavy weapons are sent with them for protection, the Occupation of the Rhineland
New Chancellor Gustav Streseman ends the passive resistance during French occupation of the Ruhr
Resumes reparations while ending passive resistance in the occupied Ruhr.
Declares the resumption of reparations payments.
Kerensky participates in republic declaration during his political career.
Leaves office as Secretary of the Interior before the Teapot Dome scandal fully emerges.
Law resigns because he is dying from throat cancer
Forced to resign after the Social Democrats leave the coalition
Dr Stresemann leaves office
Resigns due to the collapse of the German economy
Wilhelm Cuno (No party affiliation) leaves office
Retires from the leadership of the Bolshevik Party after a stroke
With French support, separatists try to declare an independent "Rhine Republic" in Aachen, the plan fails due to resistance by the population and the British disapproval
Popular resistance helps defeat the separatist Rhineland project.
A separatist Rhineland Republic is declared at Aachen with French and Belgian support.
Links the end of passive resistance to policy during the French Ruhr occupation.
Ends passive resistance during the French occupation of the Ruhr.
Italy withdraws from Corfu after pressure from France & Britain
The Allies evacuate Istanbul under their Treaty of Lausanne obligations
With French support, separatists try to declare an independet "Autonomous Pfalz" in Speyer
With French support, separatists try to declare an independent "Rhine Republic" in Aachen, the plan fails due to resistance by the population and the British disapproval
The Allies terminate their occupation of Turkey
The Allies terminate their occupation of Turkey
Bank savings lose their value during the inflationary collapse.
The Socialist-Communist government in Saxony is suppressed.
General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover.
Forms his second cabinet in October 1923.
Begins the Second Otto B. Halvorsen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Appointed Minister of Health, 1st term
Is reelected Speaker after Progressive Republican opposition delays House organization.
Blames the Jews for the loss of the war, inflation & the occupation of the Ruhr
Reduces government spending as part of economic stabilization.
A state of emergency is declared in Bavaria
Declares a state of emergency in Bavaria and assumes executive power amid conflict with the Reich government.
Declares a state of emergency in Bavaria
Declares resumption of reparations payments & a state of emergency. Declares an end to passive resistance in the Ruhr
The Stoatrupp, along with the SA and several other NSDAP paramilitary units, take part in the abortive Beer Hall Putsch in Munich
Hitler is imprisoned and the NSDAP and all associated formations, including the Stoatrupp, are officially disbanded
Founds the SA
Warren Harding dies and Vice President Coolidge succeeds to the presidency.
Bavarian police and Reichswehr forces acting under the established authorities defeat Hitler's putsch in Munich.
Takes his seat as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court.
Raises taxes as part of the government's stabilization programme.
Backs Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon's programme for lower taxes and federal economy.
Marches through Munich in support of the Nazi Beer Hall Putsch
1st day of Hitler's trial in Munich for treason
The Treaty of Lausanne replaces the Treaty of Sevres. The Greeks are defeated at Smyrna & the Allies drop claims to mainland Turkey. The Allies are driven out of Turkey & land up to the Maritza River is restored. 1st major revision of the Treaty of Versailles
The Allies evacuate Istanbul under their Treaty of Lausanne obligations
The Lausanne settlement replaces the unratified Sevres settlement.
Represents Turkey at the negotiations for the Treaty of Lausanne
Gonatas's government accepts the settlement defining Greece's postwar frontiers.
The Treaty of Lausanne replaces the Treaty of Sevres
1st day of Hitler's trial in Munich for treason
Writes the opinion denying naturalization eligibility to Bhagat Singh Thind under racial citizenship rules.
Resigns amid allegations of corruption and mismanagement in the Veterans Bureau.
The vice presidency becomes vacant after Coolidge succeeds to the presidency.
With the prohibition of the NSDAP after the Beer Hall Putsch the Voelkischer Beobachter ceases publication
Begins a western speaking tour intended to explain administration policies and promote national unity.
Refuses Reich Defence Minister Otto Geßler's order to ban the Völkischer Beobachter for attacks on the Reich government.
War bonds denominated in Reichsmarks become effectively worthless during hyperinflation.
War bonds can be repaid in depreciated Reichsmarks rather than Goldmarks.
After leaving the Bürgerbräukeller, withdraws the support extracted from him and joins efforts to resist Hitler's attempted coup.
Italy withdraws from Corfu after pressure from France & Britain
Continues support for American participation in the World Court.
Urges United States participation in the Permanent Court of International Justice.
Birth of Basil Hume
Birth of Bea Arthur, actress in the "Golden Girls"
Birth of Bert Trautman
Birth of Charlton Heston
Birth of Henry Alfred Kissinger
Birth of John Mortimer
Birth of Joseph Heller
Birth of Maria Callas
Birth of Norman Kingsley Mailer
Birth of Robin Day
Birth of Robin Day
Birth of Teng-hui
Albert Leo Schlageter, a German freebooter and saboteur, is executed by a French firing squad in the Ruhr, Hitler declares him a hero that the German nation was not worthy to possess
Death of Constantine I
Is present when President Harding dies during the western tour.
Death of Johannes Diderik van der Waals
Death of Sarah Bernhardt
Death of Wallace Reid
Dies suddenly in San Francisco while serving as President of the United States.
Crowned King of Egypt
Provenance
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