President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Historical events in 1923
522 historical records
January 192315 historical events
Occupation
Hitler announces there will be 12 Party rallies on 27th January. French & Belgian troops march into the Ruhr after Germany defaults on reparations
Death of Constantine I
Death of Constantine I
Occupation
German Chancellor Cuno declares "passive resistance", strikes, riots and bloody clashes of the occupation troops with workers are common
Reparations
German Chancellor Cuno declares "passive resistance", strikes, riots and bloody clashes of the occupation troops with workers are common
Birth of Teng-hui
Birth of Teng-hui
Death of Wallace Reid
Death of Wallace Reid
1st Nazi Party Day
Includes 12 public rallies held in & around Munich in defiance of a police ban
Nazi Party Day
The trooping of the SA colours takes plac attended by 60,000 storm troopers
Population Exchange
Greek refugee settlement becomes a major League concern.
Population Exchange
League officials monitor humanitarian effects of the Greek-Turkish exchange.
Birth of Norman Kingsley Mailer
Birth of Norman Kingsley Mailer
Economy of Germany
At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation
Invasion of Germany
At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation
Reparations
At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation
February 192310 historical events
Jerusalem Relativity Lecture
Lectures in French on relativity during his visit to British Mandate Palestine.
Jerusalem German Lecture
Gives a second Jerusalem lecture on relativity, this time in German.
Supreme Court
Takes his seat as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court.
United States v Bhagat Singh Thind
Writes the opinion denying naturalization eligibility to Bhagat Singh Thind under racial citizenship rules.
Moore v Dempsey
Writes the opinion requiring federal review of mob-dominated state criminal proceedings.
Treason
1st day of Hitler's trial in Munich for treason
Trial
1st day of Hitler's trial in Munich for treason
World Court
Urges United States participation in the Permanent Court of International Justice.
Veterans Bureau Scandal
Resigns amid allegations of corruption and mismanagement in the Veterans Bureau.
Barcelona Relativity Lectures
Begins his Spanish visit with lectures in Barcelona, presenting relativity to scientists and helping stimulate wider discussion of modern theoretical physics in Spain.
March 192319 historical events
CP
Wants to join the Conservatives to resist the rise of Socialism. Rejoins the Conservative Party declaring that the 3 Party system is at an end. Declares the Liberals are doomed & the Labour Government has to be brought down
Birth of Basil Hume
Birth of Basil Hume
Agricultural Credits Act
Signs the Agricultural Credits Act, expanding federal credit facilities for farmers.
Classification Act
Signs the Classification Act, standardising federal civil-service grades and pay schedules.
Resignation of Albert Bacon Fall
Leaves office as Secretary of the Interior before the Teapot Dome scandal fully emerges.
Madrid Academy Corresponding Membership
Becomes a corresponding member of the Royal Academy of Exact, Physical and Natural Sciences in Madrid.
Second Otto B. Halvorsen Government
Begins the Second Otto B. Halvorsen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Second Otto Blehr Government
The Second Otto Blehr Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Secretary of State for Health
Appointed Minister of Health, 1st term
Death of Johannes Diderik van Der Waals
Death of Johannes Diderik van der Waals
Madrid Honorary Doctorate
Receives an honorary doctorate in science from the University of Madrid.
Bolshevik Party
Retires from the leadership of the Bolshevik Party after a stroke
Retirement
Retires from the leadership of the Bolshevik Party after a stroke
Coronation
Crowned King of Egypt
Recognition of Egypt
England recognizes Egypt
Death of Sarah Bernhardt
Death of Sarah Bernhardt
Constitution of Romania
Bratianu's government promulgates the Constitution of 1923.
Madrid Relativity Lectures
Gives several Madrid lectures on relativity and theoretical physics to university, academy and scientific audiences during his celebrated Spanish tour.
Zaragoza Relativity Lectures
Concludes his Spanish scientific tour with lectures in Zaragoza that further disseminate the concepts and mathematical outlook of relativity.
April 192310 historical events
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Imprisoned for 5 yrs in Landsberg fortress
Transjordan Mandate
An early consultative council was formed to consider and interpret laws within the developing emirate. Its creation reflected attempts to build governmental institutions under the mandate arrangement.
First Constitution
Amanullah promulgates Afghanistan's first written constitution and defines a centralized constitutional state.
Adkins v Children's Hospital
Writes the majority opinion invalidating a District of Columbia minimum-wage law for women.
Jews
Blames the Jews for the loss of the war, inflation & the occupation of the Ruhr
Speech
Blames the Jews for the loss of the war, inflation & the occupation of the Ruhr
Constitution of Egypt
Promulgates a constitution establishing a hereditary constitutional monarchy and elected Parliament.
Birth of John Mortimer
Birth of John Mortimer
Transjordan Mandate
High Commissioner Herbert Samuel announced British willingness to recognize a separate government under Abdullah, subject to constitutional conditions and British international obligations. The announcement marked an important advance in the emirate’s formal status.
Marriage
Marries Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, youngest daughter of the 14th Earl of Strathmore
May 192319 historical events
Birth of Joseph Heller
Birth of Joseph Heller
Comptroller of Currency
Takes office as Comptroller of the Currency during the Harding administration.
Birth of Bea Arthur
Birth of Bea Arthur, actress in the "Golden Girls"
Resignation of Andrew Bonar Law
Law resigns because he is dying from throat cancer
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
Second Otto B. Halvorsen Government
The Second Otto B. Halvorsen Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Civil War
Leads the Free State government as the Civil War ends and constitutional administration consolidates.
British Recognition Statement
Britain publicly recognised the existence of a Transjordanian government under Abdullah on 25 May 1923, although significant British oversight remained.
Independence of Jordan
Jordans official independence day. Announcement of the Emirate of Transs independence
Death of Albert Leo Schlageter
Albert Leo Schlageter, a German freebooter and saboteur, is executed by a French firing squad in the Ruhr, Hitler declares him a hero that the German nation was not worthy to possess
Execution
Albert Leo Schlageter, a German freebooter and saboteur, is executed by a French firing squad in the Ruhr, Hitler declares him a hero that the German nation was not worthy to possess
Execution
Albert Leo Schlageter, a German freebooter and saboteur, is executed by a French firing squad in the Ruhr, Hitler declares him a hero that the German nation was not worthy to possess
Birth of Henry Alfred Kissinger
Birth of Henry Alfred Kissinger
Government
Forms a coalition Government
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 2nd term
Abraham Berge Government
Begins the Abraham Berge Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Foreign Secretary of Iran
Appointed Foreign Minister
Bolshevik Party
Trotsky described Zinovievs and Kamenevs opposition to the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, something that the two would have preferred to be left unmentioned
Literature and Revolution
Trotsky described Zinovievs and Kamenevs opposition to the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, something that the two would have preferred to be left unmentioned. Publication of "Literature & Revolution"
June 19238 historical events
Meyer v Nebraska
Writes the majority opinion protecting language instruction against a Nebraska restriction.
Pour le Merite for Sciences and Arts
Is admitted to the Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts.
Coup
Overthrown by a group of officers
Coup
Replaces Stambouliski as Prime Minister after a coup
Assassination of Alexander Stamboliisky
Assassinated by a right wing nationalist
Voyage of Understanding
Begins a western speaking tour intended to explain administration policies and promote national unity.
Devaluation
622,000 Marks to the pound sterling, halved in value in one month
Transjordan Mandate
The emirate reorganized its provincial administration into six districts, including Amman, Karak, Madaba, Jerash, Irbid, and Salt. This structure supported more regular local governance and coordination with the central administration.
July 192315 historical events
Armament
Makes a speech at Stoke-on-Trent in favour of the rearmament of Great Britain
Nobel Lecture
Delivers his Nobel lecture on fundamental ideas and problems of relativity.
Transjordan Mandate
A committee chaired by Ibrahim Hashem was established to prepare an electoral law for a representative assembly. The initiative showed the government’s interest in developing political institutions beyond executive administration.
Alaska Railroad
Drives the ceremonial golden spike completing the Alaska Railroad during his western tour.
Republic Declaration
Kerensky participates in republic declaration during his political career.
Treaty of Lausanne Implemented
Gonatas's government accepts the settlement defining Greece's postwar frontiers.
Treaty of Lausanne
The Lausanne settlement replaces the unratified Sevres settlement.
Treaty of Lausanne
Represents Turkey at the negotiations for the Treaty of Lausanne
Treaty of Lausanne
The Treaty of Lausanne replaces the Treaty of Sevres. The Greeks are defeated at Smyrna & the Allies drop claims to mainland Turkey. The Allies are driven out of Turkey & land up to the Maritza River is restored. 1st major revision of the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Sevres
The Treaty of Lausanne replaces the Treaty of Sevres
Canada Visit
Visits Canada during his final tour, becoming the first sitting United States president to visit the country.
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Hitler is released
Alliance CCP and Kuomingtang
Mao co-ordinates the co-ordination between the CCP & Kuomingtang
Congress of Kuomingtang
Mao attends the 1st Congress of the Kuomingtang
Alliance CCP and Kuomingtang
Mao co-ordinates the co-ordination between the CCP & Kuomingtang
August 192335 historical events
Death of Harding
Is present when President Harding dies during the western tour.
Death of Warren Gamaliel Harding
Dies suddenly in San Francisco while serving as President of the United States.
Succession
Warren Harding dies and Vice President Coolidge succeeds to the presidency.
Inauguration
Sworn in as the 30th President of the United States by his father, John C. Coolidge.
President of USA
Begins his first presidential term after succeeding Warren Harding.
Vice Presidency Vacancy
The vice presidency becomes vacant after Coolidge succeeds to the presidency.
Resignation of Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno
Resigns due to the collapse of the German economy
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor in the "Great Coalition"
Coalition Government Leadership
Heads a coalition government during the 1923 crisis.
Currency Issue Restraint
Refuses to issue additional currency, helping break the inflationary spiral.
Economy of Germany
Stresemann issues the Rentenmark, to halt the extreme hyperinflation crippling German society and the economy. It was successful because Stresemann refused to issue more currency, the cause of the inflationary spiral. Six days after the Munich putch a reform of the German currency takes place and the Rentenmark is introduced, this effectively ends inflation
Government
Heads a coalition Government
Great Coalition Appointment
Is appointed Chancellor at the head of the Great Coalition.
Inflation
Stresemann issues the Rentenmark, to halt the extreme hyperinflation crippling German society and the economy. It was successful because Stresemann refused to issue more currency, the cause of the inflationary spiral. Six days after the Munich putch a reform of the German currency takes place and the Rentenmark is introduced, this effectively ends inflation
Rentenmark
Stresemann issues the Rentenmark, to halt the extreme hyperinflation crippling German society and the economy. It was successful because Stresemann refused to issue more currency, the cause of the inflationary spiral. Six days after the Munich putch a reform of the German currency takes place and the Rentenmark is introduced, this effectively ends inflation
Resignation of Wilhelm Carl Josef Cuno
Wilhelm Cuno (No party affiliation) leaves office
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st term
Oath Repeated
Repeats the presidential oath before a federal judge after returning to Washington.
Rule of Istanbul
The Allies evacuate Istanbul under their Treaty of Lausanne obligations
Treaty of Lausanne
The Allies evacuate Istanbul under their Treaty of Lausanne obligations
Incident-Corfu
Takes place while a commission defines the Greekn border
Incident-Corfu
Sends an ultimatum to the Greek Government demanding compensation, refused. Mussolini occupies Corfu but leaves after Greece pays an indemnity. A murdered Italian general, Tellini, & 4 of his staff are found dead in Greece
Corfu Crisis
Greece appeals after Italy occupies Corfu.
Bombing of Corfu
Orders the bombing & occupation of the Greek island of Corfu
Incident-Corfu
Orders the bombing & occupation of the Greek island of Corfu
Invasion of Corfu
Orders the bombing & occupation of the Greek island of Corfu
Corfu Crisis
Italian forces occupy Corfu during a League crisis.
Recognition of Mexico
The United States recognizes the government of Alvaro Obregon after negotiations over claims and property rights.
Bureaucracy Reduction
Cuts bureaucracy while attempting to stabilise state finances.
Economy of Germany
To further stabilise the economy Stressman reduces spending and bureaucracy while increasing taxes
Spending Reduction
Reduces government spending as part of economic stabilization.
Tax Increases
Raises taxes as part of the government's stabilization programme.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1st term
Cabinet Continuity
Keeps Harding's cabinet in office temporarily to signal continuity after the presidential succession.
Bucareli Agreements
Supports negotiations leading to improved relations with Mexico and recognition of the Obregon government.
September 192337 historical events
League of Nations Membership
Represents an Irish government that secures admission of the Irish Free State to the League of Nations.
Coup
Supports the coup & subsequent military dictatorship under Primo de Rivera
Coup
A mutiny takes place at the garrison in Barcelona
Coup
Supports the coup & subsequent military dictatorship under Primo de Rivera
Coup
Captures Barcelona & institutes martial law
Coup
Assumes power after a coup
Foreign Policy Statement at London
Makes a speech at the Council of the League of Nations in favour of Russian membership
Passive Resistance Ends
Ends passive resistance in the Ruhr.
Passive Resistance
Chancellor Stresemann ends the passive resistance in the Ruhr
General State Commissioner
Is appointed General State Commissioner of Bavaria and receives extensive executive authority during the political crisis.
Emergency Powers
Declares a state of emergency while ending passive resistance.
Occupation
New Chancellor Gustav Streseman ends the passive resistance during French occupation of the Ruhr
Reparations Resumption
Declares the resumption of reparations payments.
Reparations and Ruhr
Resumes reparations while ending passive resistance in the occupied Ruhr.
Reparations
New Chancellor Gustav Streseman ends the passive resistance during French occupation of the Ruhr
Ruhr Occupation Policy
Links the end of passive resistance to policy during the French Ruhr occupation.
Ruhr Policy Reversal
Ends passive resistance during the French occupation of the Ruhr.
State of Emergency
Declares resumption of reparations payments & a state of emergency. Declares an end to passive resistance in the Ruhr
State of Emergency
Declares a state of emergency in Bavaria and assumes executive power amid conflict with the Reich government.
State of Emergency
Declares a state of emergency in Bavaria
State of Emergency
A state of emergency is declared in Bavaria
Incident-Corfu
Greece is forced to pay Italy a large indemnity
Incident-Corfu
Italy withdraws from Corfu after pressure from France & Britain. Greece has to pay Italy a large indemnity
Rule of Corfu
Italy withdraws from Corfu after pressure from France & Britain
Withdrawal Negotiations at Corfu
Italy withdraws from Corfu after pressure from France & Britain
League of Nations
Against British advice but supported by Italy and France
League of Nations
Takes Ethiopia into the League of Nations
Black Reichswehr Coup
A coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr is crushed in Thuringia.
Coup
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
Reballion of Rebels in Thuringia
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
Black Reichswehr
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
Coup
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
Reballion of Rebels in Thuringia
Major Fedor von Bock crushes a coup attempt by the Black Reichswehr
Left-Wing Organisation Bans
Uses his emergency authority to prohibit left-wing organisations and newspapers in Bavaria.
Deutscher Kampfund
Forms a coalition, the Deutscher Kampfund, with other extremist Bavarian organisations
Corfu Crisis
Supports League involvement in the Corfu crisis.
Transjordan Mandate
Abdullah’s government faced the Adwan revolt, which challenged the emirate’s political and administrative direction. The confrontation exposed tensions over central authority, local influence, and British involvement.
October 192352 historical events
Conference of Imperial
The Imperial Conference allows Dominions to make treaties with foreign states
Birth of Charlton Heston
Birth of Charlton Heston
Chancellor
Dr Gustav Stresemann (Peoples) forms 2nd cabinet
October Cabinet
Creates a new cabinet on 6 October 1923.
Second Cabinet Formation
Forms his second cabinet in October 1923.
Andromeda V1 Plate
Photographs M31 with the 100-inch Hooker telescope and records the star later recognized as Cepheid variable V1 on the famous VAR photographic plate.
Reichswehr Command Dispute
Places Reichswehr units stationed in Bavaria under his authority during the escalating constitutional dispute with Berlin.
Völkischer Beobachter Dispute
Refuses Reich Defence Minister Otto Geßler's order to ban the Völkischer Beobachter for attacks on the Reich government.
Reballion of Rebels in Saxony
General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover
Saxony Military Intervention
General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover.
Reballion of Rebels in Saxony
General Alfred Mueller marches on Saxony to prevent a communist takeover
Reballion of Rebels in Bavaria
General Otto von Lossow in Bavaria is relieved of command by Berlin; he refuses
British Rhineland Objection
British disapproval contributes to the failure of the Rhineland separatist plan.
Constitution of Germany
A Rhineland Republic supported by Belgium & France is declared at Aachen
French Separatist Support
French backing assists separatists seeking an independent Rhine Republic.
Occupation
With French support, separatists try to declare an independent "Rhine Republic" in Aachen, the plan fails due to resistance by the population and the British disapproval
Rhine Republic
With French support, separatists try to declare an independent "Rhine Republic" in Aachen, the plan fails due to resistance by the population and the British disapproval
Rhineland Popular Resistance
Popular resistance helps defeat the separatist Rhineland project.
Rhineland Republic Declaration
A separatist Rhineland Republic is declared at Aachen with French and Belgian support.
Rule of Ruhr
With French support, separatists try to declare an independent "Rhine Republic" in Aachen, the plan fails due to resistance by the population and the British disapproval
Birth of Bert Trautman
Birth of Bert Trautman
Rule of Turkey
The Allies terminate their occupation of Turkey
Rule of Turkey
The Allies terminate their occupation of Turkey
Hamburg Communist Takeover
Communists seize control in Hamburg during the October unrest.
Reballion of Rebels in Hamburg
Communist takeover of Hamburg
Autonomous Pfalz Attempt
Separatists attempt to establish an autonomous Pfalz at Speyer.
Pfalz Separatist Backing
French support assists the attempted separatist administration in the Pfalz.
Rule of Pfalz
With French support, separatists try to declare an independet "Autonomous Pfalz" in Speyer
Birth of Robin Day
Birth of Robin Day
Birth of Robin Day
Birth of Robin Day
Hamburg Uprising Suppressed
The Hamburg uprising is suppressed.
Reballion of Hamburg
Hamburg uprising suppressed
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Persia
Reballion of Rebels in Saxony
The Socialist/Communist Government is suppressed in Saxony
Saxony Government Suppressed
The Socialist-Communist government in Saxony is suppressed.
Constitution of Turkey
The Republic of Turkey is officially recognized. Proclaims the Republic of Turkey with Ankara as its capital. Kemal is made executice President & Turkey has one political party
Election
Appointed President of Turkey, 2nd term
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st term
Bavarian Reichswehr Control
The Bavarian government takes direct control of local Reichswehr units.
Dollar Exchange Collapse
Inflation reaches a point where one US dollar costs 40 billion marks.
Economy of Germany
War bonds (which are rated by Reichsmark, not Goldmark like the reparations) can be paid back without problems, savings on banks (or in war bonds) are lost, leading to widespread poverty. Inflation reaches an all time high, 1 US-Dollar costs 40 Billion Marks
Hamburg Street Fighting
Bloody street fighting breaks out between communists and police in Hamburg.
Inflation
Inflation reaches an all time high, 1 US-Dollar costs 40 Billion Marks
Poverty from Inflation
The destruction of savings contributes to widespread poverty during hyperinflation.
Reballion of Rebels in Bavaria
The Bavarian Government takes direct control over the local parts of the Reichswehr
Reballion of Rebels in Hamburg
Bloody street riots in Hamburg between communists and the police
Reballion of Rebels in Saxony
In Saxony and Thuringia the coalition-Governments of KPD and SPD protest against the prohibition of the communist and socialist press, the Reichwehr forces these Governments to resign
Savings Destruction
Bank savings lose their value during the inflationary collapse.
War Bond Losses
War bonds denominated in Reichsmarks become effectively worthless during hyperinflation.
War Bond Repayment
War bonds can be repaid in depreciated Reichsmarks rather than Goldmarks.
Berlin University and Staff Studies
Jodl begins a year of university study in Berlin as part of his continuing staff education.
Parliament
Baldwin asks the King for a dissolution
November 192343 historical events
Birth of Tomas O'Fiaich
Tomás Ó Fiaich is born in County Armagh and later becomes an Irish-language scholar, Archbishop of Armagh and cardinal.
Sturmabteilung (SA)
Founds the SA
Beer Hall Putsch Begins
The Beer Hall Putsch begins in Munich.
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
Beer Hall Putsch in Munich
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Hitler's armed supporters seize his meeting and coerce Kahr, Otto von Lossow and Hans von Seisser into declaring support for the putsch.
Political Meeting
Addresses a major political meeting at the Bürgerbräukeller shortly before Hitler interrupts the gathering and launches the Beer Hall Putsch.
Withdrawal from Beer Hall Putsch
After leaving the Bürgerbräukeller, withdraws the support extracted from him and joins efforts to resist Hitler's attempted coup.
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Severely wounded after the police open fire, wounds which effect his future health
Plot
Siezes Bavarian Government ministers & holds them under arrest
Occupation
Sends in French troops to occupy the Ruhr. France and Belgium decide to send some engineers to the Ruhr area to speed up the German deliveries, 5 divisions with heavy weapons are sent with them for protection, the Occupation of the Rhineland
Reparations
France and Belgium decide to send some engineers to the Ruhr area to speed up the German deliveries, 5 divisions with heavy weapons are sent with them for protection, the Occupation of the Rhineland
Beer Hall Putsch Defeated
The Beer Hall Putsch is crushed in Munich.
Reballion of Rebels in Munich
Beer Hall Putsch is crushed
Suppression of Beer Hall Putsch
Bavarian police and Reichswehr forces acting under the established authorities defeat Hitler's putsch in Munich.
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Proposes the march through Munich which gives the NAZIs their 1st martyrs, 14 killed. Arrives in the Burgerbraukeller in support of the putsch to take control of the Army
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Bauriedis blood is spilt over the "Blutfahne", the relic NAZI standard
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Carries the "Blutfahne" as the standard bearer
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
A failed attempt by Hitler to topple the Bavarian Government & march on Berlin
Stoatrupp
The Stoatrupp, along with the SA and several other NSDAP paramilitary units, take part in the abortive Beer Hall Putsch in Munich
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Feder takes part in the party's Beer Hall Putsch
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Marches alongside Ernst Rohm who the SS would later execute. Arrives to take over the War Ministry but cannot gain entrance
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Marches through Munich in support of the Nazi Beer Hall Putsch
Thule Society
Marches through Munich in support of the Nazi Beer Hall Putsch
Plot
Promises NAZI support but follows orders from the High Command to crush the putsch
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Hitler is imprisoned and the NSDAP and all associated formations, including the Stoatrupp, are officially disbanded
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Held in Landsberg fortress
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Arrested in Austria for part played in the Beer Hall Putsch
Reichswaehrungskommissar
Dr Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht is named Reichswaehrungskommissar
Currency Stabilisation
The Rentenmark is introduced at one trillion paper marks, stabilising the currency without gold convertibility.
Rentenmark
One Rentenmark equals one trillion paper marks and is valued at 4.2 Rentenmarks per United States dollar.
Economy of Germany
A new currency, the Rentenmark, is introduced at the rate of 1 trillion (1,000,000,000,000) Papiermark for 1 Rentenmark. At that time, 1 U.S. dollar was equal to 4.2 Rentenmark
Coalition Breakdown
Is forced to resign after the Social Democrats leave the coalition.
Resignation of Gustav Stressman
Forced to resign after the Social Democrats leave the coalition
Chancellorship Ends
Leaves the chancellorship at the end of November 1923.
Resignation of Gustav Stressman
Dr Stresemann leaves office
Post-Putsch Currency Reform
Currency reform follows only days after the Munich putsch.
Stoatrupp
Hitler is imprisoned and the NSDAP and all associated formations, including the Stoatrupp, are officially disbanded
Voelkischer Beobachter
With the prohibition of the NSDAP after the Beer Hall Putsch the Voelkischer Beobachter ceases publication
Editor
With the prohibition of the NSDAP after the Beer Hall Putsch the Voelkischer Beobachter ceases publication
Exile of Herman Goering
Escapes to Austria after the Munich Beer Hall Putsch then lives in Italy & Sweden
Demonstrations
Demonstratons & strikes break out because of high inflation, the PPS take over Krakow
Inflation
Demonstratons & strikes break out because of high inflation, the PPS take over Krakow
Portuguese Communist Party
The first congress of the party took place with Carlos Rates as leader
December 192314 historical events
Birth of Maria Callas
Birth of Maria Callas
Speaker Election
Is reelected Speaker after Progressive Republican opposition delays House organization.
General Election
Retains Nelson and Colne for Labour in the general election.
First Annual Message
Delivers his first annual message to Congress, emphasizing economy, tax reduction and limited government.
Election
The Conservative Party wins 38% of votes cast, 258 MPs, & loses its majority
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Receives the chemistry prize for developing organic microanalysis.
Recognition of Microanalysis
Gains international recognition for precise analysis of minute chemical samples.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for inspired poetry expressing the spirit of Ireland.
Equal Rights Amendment
Introduces the proposed Equal Rights Amendment in Congress.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, 2nd term
Budget Policy
Supports continued reduction of federal expenditure and public debt.
Tax Reduction
Backs Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon's programme for lower taxes and federal economy.
World Court
Continues support for American participation in the World Court.
Nobel Prize for Electron Charge
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for elementary-charge measurements and photoelectric-effect work.
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia
Duino Elegies
Publication of "Duino Elegies"
Governor
Appointed Governor of Vienna
President of Austria
Appointed President of the Nationalrat
Mein Lebensgang
Publication of "Mein Lebensgang"
Ich and Du
Publication of "Ich & Du"
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing microanalysis of organic substances.
Dimension Theory
Develops a general theory for defining dimension in topological spaces.
Topological Dimension
Advances rigorous classification of spaces beyond ordinary geometry.
Atomic Spectra Research
Investigates problems in atomic spectra as his attention increasingly shifts toward unresolved questions in quantum theory.
Freud proposes that the psyche could be divided
Freud proposes that the psyche could be divided into three parts: ego, super-ego, and id, fully elaborated upon it in The Ego and the Id
Psychoanalysis
Freud proposes that the psyche could be divided into three parts: ego, super-ego, and id, fully elaborated upon it in The Ego and the Id
Exile of Georgi Mikhailovich Dimitrov
Exiled after leading a rebellion in Bulgaria
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Physiology, helps discover insulin
General
Installed in power at Canton with Russian assistance
President of China
Appointed President of China, northern Government
Communist Party
Sun Yat-sen and Wang Jingwei reorganize the Kuomingtang & incorporate the CCP
Communist Party
Sun Yat-sen and Wang Jingwei reorganize the Kuomingtang & incorporate the CCP
Central Committee
Appointed Member of Central Committee of the CCP
Kuomingtang
Appointed Member of Executive Committee of the Kuomingtang
Congress of Communist Party, 3rd
3rd Congress of the Communist Party
Kuomingtang
Appointed Member of Executive Committee of the Kuomingtang
Kuomingtang
Works within the Kuomintang movement as Sun Yat-sen reorganizes the Nationalist Party.
Kuomingtang
The Communists and the Guomindang ally in Canton under the leadership of Sun Yatsen and the supervision of Soviet agent Borodin
Commander of Nationalist Brigade
Appointed Commander of a Nationalist Brigade under Ho Chien
Commander of Nationalist Brigade
Appointed Commander of a Nationalist Brigade under Ho Chien
Good Soldier Schweik
Publication of "Good Soldier Schweik"
Bronsted Acid-Base Theory
Defines acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.
Proton Donor and Acceptor Model
Establishes a broadly applicable model of acid-base reactions.
Danish Insulin Production
Supports formation of a laboratory combining insulin manufacture and physiological research.
Nordisk Insulin Laboratory
Helps establish Danish production of insulin for diabetes treatment.
Symphony No 6
Composes, "Symphony No 6"
La Roue
Directs La Roue.
Visit to Paris
Litvinov visits Barthou in Geneva & discusses a Soviet-French pact
Warning Shadows
Directs Schatten - Eine nachtliche Halluzination.
New Year's Eve
Directs Sylvester, known in English as New Year's Eve.
Coalition Governments Removed
Reichswehr pressure forces coalition governments in Saxony and Thuringia to resign.
Currency Reform
Oversees a currency reform that effectively ends inflation.
Great Coalition Government
Serves as Chancellor of the Great Coalition during the national emergency.
Hyperinflation Crisis
Faces extreme hyperinflation during his chancellorship.
Inflationary Spiral
Restricting further currency issuance helps stop the inflationary spiral.
Munich Order Restored
Restores order after the Munich Beer Hall Putsch.
Plot
Restores order after the Munich Beer Hall Putcsh
Press Ban Protest
KPD and SPD coalition governments protest restrictions on communist and socialist newspapers.
Reballion of communist
In Saxony and Thuringia the coalition-Governments of KPD and SPD protest against the prohibition of the communist and socialist press, the Reichwehr forces these Governments to resign. Puts down a communist rebellion in Thuringia
Reballion of communist
Puts down a communist rebellion in Thuringia
Rentenmark Stabilization
The Rentenmark helps stabilise Germany after the hyperinflation crisis.
Short Chancellorship
Serves as Chancellor during the intense political and economic crisis of 1923.
Thuringian Rebellion
A communist rebellion in Thuringia is put down.
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Germany, 1st term
Economy of Germany
At the end of the reparations moratorium, Germany cannot resume payments and defaults, France, accompanied by a token Belgian force, marches into the Ruhr Valley and sets up a military occupation. The Republic claimed it could no longer afford the reparations payments required by the Versailles Treaty, and the Government defaulted on some payments, in response, French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr
Plot
Helps suppress the Beer-Hall Putsch in Munich
Foreign Ministry Appointment
Is appointed Foreign Minister, beginning a tenure that continues through 1929.
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Foreign Minister
Arrest of Erich von Ludendorf
Arrested for his part in the Munich Beer Hall putsch
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance, 1st term
Economy of Germany
The Republic claimed it could no longer afford the reparations payments required by the Versailles Treaty, and the Government defaulted on some payments, in response, French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr. Occupation of the Ruhr leads to hyper-inflation
Inflation
Occupation of the Ruhr leads to hyper-inflation
Occupation
The Ruhr is occupied by the French & Belgians after non-payment of reparations
President of Reichsbank
Appointed President of the Reichsbank, 1st term
Marburg Professorship
Heidegger takes up a professorship at the University of Marburg.
Philosophy of Symbolic Forms Volume One
Cassirer publishes the first volume of The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Catholic Centre Party
Communist Party
A new KPD leadership loyal to Joseph Stalin, the new Soviet Premier, was installed, headed by Ernst Thalmann, abandons the goal of immediate revolution, and from 1924 onwards contested Reichstag elections
Election
A new KPD leadership loyal to Joseph Stalin, the new Soviet Premier, was installed, headed by Ernst Thalmann, abandons the goal of immediate revolution, and from 1924 onwards contested Reichstag elections
Party Leader
A new KPD leadership loyal to Joseph Stalin, the new Soviet Premier, was installed, headed by Ernst Thalmann, abandons the goal of immediate revolution, and from 1924 onwards contested Reichstag elections
Voelkischer Beobachter
Appointed Editor of the Voelkischer Beobachter
Arrest of Heinz Jager
Arrested for refusing to sell his farm near the Berghof for Hitler's mountain lair
Stabswache
Hitler orders the formation of a bodyguard for himself, the tiny unit, originally formed by only eight men (and commanded by Julius Schreck and Joseph Berchtold), is designated the Stabswache (Staff Guard)
Stabswache
Hitler orders the formation of a bodyguard for himself, the tiny unit, originally formed by only eight men (and commanded by Julius Schreck and Joseph Berchtold), is designated the Stabswache (Staff Guard)
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Takes part in the Munich Putsch
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Participates in the Munich putsch as a stormtrooper
Rally
1st Nazi rally is held in Munich & attracts 20,000
Stabswache
Soon after its formation, the Stabswache is renamed Stoatrupp (Shock Troop) Adolf Hitler. Hitler orders the formation of a bodyguard for himself, the tiny unit, originally formed by only eight men (and commanded by Julius Schreck and Joseph Berchtold), is designated the Stabswache (Staff Guard)
Stoatrupp
Hitler is imprisoned and the NSDAP and all associated formations, including the Stoatrupp, are officially disbanded. Soon after its formation, the Stabswache is renamed Stoatrupp (Shock Troop) Adolf Hitler
Voelkischer Beobachter
With the prohibition of the NSDAP after the Beer Hall Putsch the Voelkischer Beobachter ceases publication. The circulation of the paper was initially about 8,000 but increases to 25,000 in autumn 1923 due to strong demand during the Occupation of the Ruhr
Editor
With the prohibition of the NSDAP after the Beer Hall Putsch the Voelkischer Beobachter ceases publication. Appointed Editor of the Voelkischer Beobachter
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
Participates in the Munich Beer Hall Puts
NSDAP
Appointed Member of NSDAP
Arrest of Herman Goering
Arrested for part played in the Beer Hall Putsch
Arrest of Rudolph Hess
Arrested for part played in the Beer Hall Putsch
Coup
Suppresses the Hitler-Ludendorf led "beer hall putsch"
Hubble Space Telescope
Hermann Oberth, along with Robert Goddard and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, one of the three fathers of modern rocketry, publish "Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen" ("The Rocket into Planetary Space"), proposingg a telescope in space
Relativity, Theory of
Weyl develops mathematical approaches to relativity and field theory that influence later gravitational research
Compton Scattering Strengthens Light-Quantum Momentum Picture
The emerging evidence from Compton scattering gave strong experimental support to the energy-and-momentum properties of radiation quanta that Einstein had advocated for years.
Photon Momentum Evidence Reinforces Einstein Radiation Theory
Experimental scattering results increasingly supported the view that individual radiation quanta carry directed momentum, a requirement already embedded in Einstein's 1917 radiation theory.
Commanding Officer
Appointed Commanding Officer in Bavaria
The Perfect Fool
1st performance of, "The Perfect Fool"
Facade
Composition of "Facade"
Antic Hay
Publication of "Antic Hay"
The Decay of Capitalist Civilisation
Publication of "The Decay of Capitalist Civilisation"
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Permanent Home Secretary
CP
Defeated in the election leaves the Liberal Party & rejoins the Conservative Party
Election
Defeated in the election leaves the Liberal Party & rejoins the Conservative Party
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister, 2nd term
Election
Stands for Parliament for the 1st time at Stokton & is defeated by just 73 votes
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Warwick & Leamington
Marriage
Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon marries George VI
The World Crisis First Volume
Churchill published the first volume of The World Crisis, his history of the First World War.
The World Crisis Second Volume
Churchill published another volume of The World Crisis, examining the escalation and conduct of the European war.
Purchase of Evening Standard
Buys control of the Evening Standard
1922 Committee
Appointed Chairman of the 1922 Committee
Election
The Labour Party win 30.7% of votes cast & 191 MPs
Senior Scholar
Becomes a senior scholar during his education at Winchester College.
Election
Defeated at Leicester West
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Devonport
Mathematica Theory Of Relativity
Publication of "Mathematica Theory Of Relativity"
Buchan's High Scoring Sunderland Season
Buchan continues to spearhead Sunderland's forward line during the early 1920s, when the club finishes second in the Football League.
Scoring Role in Retained League Crown
Harry Chambers provided attacking firepower when Liverpool retained the English championship in 1922–23, reinforcing his place among the club's prominent early scorers.
Vic Watson Plays in First Wembley FA Cup Final
Vic Watson leads West Ham United’s forward line as the club faces Bolton Wanderers in the inaugural FA Cup final at Wembley, which Bolton win 2-0.
Consecutive First Division Championships
Matt McQueen completed Liverpool's successful defence of the First Division championship in 1922–23 after taking charge the previous season.
West Ham First Wembley Final Under Syd King
King manages West Ham United in their first FA Cup final, a historic Wembley occasion that ends in defeat against Bolton Wanderers.
RAF Discharge
Leaves the Royal Air Force after his assumed identity becomes public.
Royal Tank Corps
Joins the Royal Tank Corps under the name T. E. Shaw.
The World Crisis", a prediction of impending war
Publication of "The World Crisis", a prediction of impending war
The World Crisis
Publication of "The World Crisis", a prediction of impending war
Exile of Paul I
Spends the years 1923-35 in exile
The Miraculous Mandarin
Composition of "The Miraculous Mandarin"
Hary Janos
Composes, "Hary Janos"
Geschichte Und Klassenbewusstein
Publication of "Geschichte Und Klassenbewusstein"
Discovery of Hafnium
Co-discovers hafnium in zirconium minerals, filling the periodic-table position for element 72 and confirming predictions based on atomic number.
Economy of Hungary
Secures financial reconstruction from the League of Nations
League of Nations
Secures financial reconstruction from the League of Nations
Secretary of Indian National Congress
Appointed Secretary of the Indian National Congress, 1st term.
Foreign Secretary of Iran
Appointed Minister of Foreign Afairs
Discovery of Oil
Oil is discoverred in Iraq
Economy of Iraq
Oil is discoverred in Iraq
Arrest of Eamon de Valera
Arrested by the Irish Free State, 1923-1924
Free State
Arrested by the Irish Free State, 1923-1924
Tulips and Chmineys", a collection of poetry
Publication of "Tulips & Chmineys", a collection of poetry
Tulips and Chmineys
Publication of "Tulips & Chmineys", a collection of poetry
Confessions of Zeno
Publication of "Confessions of Zeno"
Capture of Corfu
Mussolini occupies Corfu but leaves after Greece pays an indemnity
Grand Fascist Council
Created as a party body
Quantum Theory Studies
Studies emerging quantum theory in Göttingen and deepens his familiarity with the mathematical methods being applied to atomic physics.
Göttingen Fellowship
Spends several months in Göttingen on an Italian government fellowship working in the intellectual environment surrounding Max Born.
Senior Team Breakthrough
Breaks into Juventus's first team as a goalkeeper and begins a long career that eventually makes him a cornerstone of the club's five consecutive league titles in the 1930s.
Minister of Communication
Appointed Minister of Communication
League Council
Appointed President of the Council and Assembly of the League of Nations, 1st term
League Council
Appointed President of the Council and Assembly of the League of Nations, first term
Admiral
Appointed Admiral
Commander of Eighth Infantry Brigade
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Infantry Brigade
Adwan Rebellion
The Adwan uprising challenged Abdullah's authority and the influence of his government, but forces loyal to the emirate suppressed the rebellion.
Arab Legion Naming
The emirate's military force took the name Arab Legion, marking an important stage in the development of the army associated with Abdullah's rule.
Constitutional Drafting Committee
Abdullah's government organised work on a basic law and representative institutions, beginning a prolonged effort to establish a constitutional framework for Transjordan.
The Prophet
Publication of "The Prophet"
Minister of Germany
Appointed Minister to Germany
Minister of Finance
Appointed Finance Minister, 1st term
Foreign Secretary of Poland
Appointed Foreign Secretary
Exile of Josef Beck
Expelled for allegedly selling documents relating to the French Army
Adsorption Indicators
Introduces adsorption indicators for detecting endpoints in precipitation titrations.
Precipitation Titration Endpoint
Improves quantitative chemical analysis through visible surface-color changes.
Retirement
Goes into retirement
Les Noces
Composes, "Les Noces"
Themes and Variations
Publication of "Themes & Variations"
Goloubinoe tsarstvo
Publication of "Goloubinoe tsarstvo"
Vologda School Graduation
Shalamov completed his schooling in Vologda before leaving for Moscow and entering working life.
Congress of Communist Party, 12th
Delivers the Central Committee's reports to the XIIth and XIIIth Party Congresses in 1923 and 1924 respectively, something that Lenin had previously done
Triumvirate
During Lenins illness, Zinoviev, his close associate Kamenev, and Joseph Stalin formed a ruling triumvirate (or troika) in the Communist Party, playing a key role in the marginalization of Leon Trotsky
Communist Policy Toward Art
Writes Communist Policy Toward Art, rejecting mechanical state control over artistic and literary development.
Theses on Industry
Produces Theses on Industry while arguing for stronger economic planning and industrial development.
Pact between Soviet Union and France
Visits Barthou in Geneva to discuss a Soviet-French pact
Visit to Geneva
Visits Barthou in Geneva to discuss a Soviet-French pact
Exile of Sergey Nikolayevich Bulgakov
Exiled from Russia because of conversion from Marxism to the Orthodox Church
Comintern
The Comintern sponsors the Red Peasant International. The Comintern is active during the Ruhr Crisis in Germany
Red Peasant International
The Comintern sponsors the Red Peasant International
Ruhr Crisis
The Comintern is active during the Ruhr Crisis in Germany
Alliance Agreement at Moscow
The Government supports the Kuomingtang led by Sun Yat-sen & forms an alliance
Alliance Joseph Stalin and Kuomingtang led by Sun Yat-sen and forms an alliance
The Government supports the Kuomingtang led by Sun Yat-sen & forms an alliance
Alliance Joseph Stalin and Kuomingtang led by Sun Yat-sen
The Government supports the Kuomingtang led by Sun Yat-sen
Komsomol Membership
Joins the Communist youth organization Komsomol, beginning a formal association with Soviet political institutions.
Central Committee
Appointed Member of Central Committee
Congress of Communist Party, 13th
The triumvirate carefully managed the intra-party debate and delegate selection process in autumn 1923 during the run-up to the XIIIth Party Conference and secured a vast majority of the seats
Election
The triumvirate carefully managed the intra-party debate and delegate selection process in autumn 1923 during the run-up to the XIIIth Party Conference and secured a vast majority of the seats
Triumvirate
The triumvirate carefully managed the intra-party debate and delegate selection process in autumn 1923 during the run-up to the XIIIth Party Conference and secured a vast majority of the seats
Secretary of Stalin
Appointed Secretary to Stalin
Dni Newspaper Work
Works with Russian émigré journalism, using newspapers to promote democratic ideas among exiled Russians.
Dni
Works with Russian-language journalism in exile.
Bureaucratism and Factional Groups
Writes Bureaucratism and Factional Groups during the growing dispute over the Communist Party's internal regime.
The New Course
Writes The New Course, criticizing bureaucratic tendencies and arguing for greater internal party democracy.
On the German Revolution
Addresses Moscow metal workers on the developing revolutionary crisis in Germany.
Exile of Fedor Ivanovich Dan
Stripped of Russian citizenship while in exile abroad
Menshevik Party
Stripped of Russian citizenship while in exile abroad
Adviser
Appointed Adviser to Sun Yat-Sen & the Kuomingtang
League of Nations
Negotiates Russian entry into the League of Nations with a permanent seat
Private Secretary
Appointed Private Secretary to Smuts
Towards a New Architecture
Publication of "Towards a New Architecture"
Sturmabteilung (SA)
Appointed Physician of the SA, 1st such position
President of Turkey
Appointed Turkeys 1st President, "Ataturk", "father of the Turks"
Constitution of Turkey
1st Prime Minister of the new Turkish Republic
Constitution of Turkey
Turkey becomes a republic
CHP
Founder & leader of the CHP, Peoples Republican Party
Declaration of War
Resumes war with Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia
Cane
Publication of "Cane"
New Hampshire
Publication of "New Hampshire"
Discovery of X-Rays
Discovers X-Rays exhibit both wave & particle behaviour
Ambassador to Britain
Serves as United States ambassador to Great Britain before later becoming Secretary of State.
Justice Department
Remains Attorney General as criticism of Harding administration scandals grows.
Dawes Committee
Begins work with international experts on the German reparations problem.
Dawes Committee
Leads the reparations expert committee that prepares the Dawes Plan; he does not become Vice President until 1925.
Reparation Commission
Chosen to chair the committee reviewing German reparations after European deadlock.
Reparations
Appointed to chair the expert committee studying German reparations; the later Dawes Plan is submitted in 1924.
Supreme Court
Continues as Chief Justice while the Court hears major due process and citizenship cases.
Veterans Bureau
Is appointed to restore administration of the Veterans Bureau after scandal.
Post Office Department
Serves as Postmaster General under Harding and then Coolidge.
House Minority Leader
Leads House Democrats as minority leader in the 68th Congress.
House Leadership
Serves as Republican floor leader in the House of Representatives.
Agriculture Department
Supports federal agricultural credit measures during a period of farm distress.
Commerce Policy
Promotes business cooperation, standardisation and federal support for economic data collection.
Radio Regulation
Presses for clearer federal authority over the rapidly expanding radio industry.
Labor Department
Continues as Secretary of Labor during the Harding-Coolidge transition.
Navy Department
Faces rising scrutiny over naval oil reserve leases connected with Teapot Dome.
Public Debt
Advocates budget surpluses to reduce the federal public debt after World War I.
Tax Policy
Promotes tax reduction and debt retirement as central Treasury policies.
War Department
Continues postwar management of the Army and military demobilisation policy.
White House Staff
Becomes Coolidge's secretary and helps manage the White House after Harding's death.
President Pro Tempore
Serves as president pro tempore of the Senate during the vice-presidential vacancy.
Senate Leadership
Serves as a major Republican Senate organizer and party whip.
Senate Majority Leader
Continues as Senate Republican leader during the Harding-Coolidge transition.
Teapot Dome Investigation
Supports Senate investigation into naval oil reserve leases and executive-branch corruption.
Teapot Dome Investigation
Leads Senate scrutiny of oil reserve leases that become known as the Teapot Dome scandal.
Solicitor General
Represents the federal government before the Supreme Court during the Harding-Coolidge transition.
Black Holes
George David Birkhoff proves that the Schwarzschild spacetime geometry is the unique spherically symmetric solution of the Einstein vacuum field equations
Invention of Rocket
Invents the liquid fuel rocket
Cepheid Variable in Andromeda
Hubble identifies a Cepheid variable in the Andromeda Nebula, providing a crucial distance indicator for establishing that Andromeda lies beyond the Milky Way.
Density Distribution in Elliptical Nebulae
Hubble reports measurements of the density distribution in photographic images of elliptical nebulae, an early step toward quantitative analysis of the light profiles of extragalactic systems.
Messier 87 and Belanowsky's Nova
Hubble publishes a study of Messier 87 and the nova reported by Belanowsky, examining an eruptive stellar event associated with the giant elliptical system.
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for work on the elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect.
Affine Field Theory
Explores an affine field theory as a possible extension of general relativity, seeking a unified geometric description of gravitation and electromagnetism.
General Relativity Academy Paper
Publishes a further Prussian Academy paper on general relativity, revisiting technical aspects of the theory after its rapid international acceptance.
Leiden Research Stay
Spends an extended period in Leiden amid political threats in Germany, continuing scientific work.
Compton Electron Recoil
Shows that X-rays scattered by electrons lose energy and momentum as expected from photon-electron collisions.
Continues efforts to stabilize postwar diplomacy
Continues efforts to stabilize postwar diplomacy while keeping the United States outside the League of Nations.
Continental Scoring Breakthrough
Petrone finishes among Uruguay's key goalscorers during the 1923 South American Championship and helps the team secure another continental title.
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
Cather received the Pulitzer Prize for One of Ours.
A Lost Lady
Cather published A Lost Lady, a novel about social change on the Great Plains.
April Twilights Revised
Cather issued an expanded edition of her early poetry as April Twilights and Other Poems.
Men Like Gods
Wells published Men Like Gods, a utopian speculative novel.
Reassessing Victorian Institutions
Strachey's work continued shaping discussions of political and religious institutions in Victorian Britain.
Baldwin Succeeds Bonar Law
After Bonar Law's resignation on health grounds, Baldwin succeeds him as prime minister and Conservative leader.
Law Faces Serious Illness
Bonar Law's worsening throat illness severely restricts his ability to continue governing.
Law Resigns as Prime Minister
Bonar Law resigns in May because his health makes continued service impossible.
Law Succeeded by Stanley Baldwin
Stanley Baldwin takes over the premiership after Bonar Law's retirement from office.
Death of Andrew Bonar Law
Bonar Law dies in October, less than six months after his resignation as prime minister.
Law Buried at Westminster Abbey
Bonar Law is buried in Westminster Abbey following his death, reflecting his standing as a former prime minister.