1931 in History

Completes the first flight to Australia in 8 days 19 hours & 28 minutes

Publishes A Hanging, drawing on Burma police experience.

Discredited by the fall of Primo de Rivera

Appointed Acting President of Panama

Makes an agreement in Berlin with Hugenburg & the German National Party. Issues a joint statement agreeing to co-operate in "overthrowing" the existing system

Joint statement with Hitler to cooperate in "overthrowing" the existing system

A Treaty with Russia prohibits changes in Black Sea Fleets without 6 months notice

A 5 yr extension of the alliance with Russia

Turkey agrees a 5 year pact with Italy

The Japanese Kwantung army captures Changchun, prelude to capturing Manchuria

The Japanese Kwantung army captures Mukden, prelude to capturing Manchuria

Japanese forces occupy Tsitsihar during the expansion of the Manchurian campaign.

Appointed Chancellor of Germany

Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 2nd term

Aguirre participates in the short-lived military Civic Directory

Military Civic Directory takes power after the overthrow of Arturo Araujo

The League of Nations sends a commission under Lord Lytton to investigate

Nadir Shah promulgates a constitution combining royal authority with a national council.

The Provisional Constitution for the Period of Political Tutelage is drafted and prepared as the legal framework of Nationalist rule.

Russian influenced CP members proclaim a Chinese Republic to stop China joining Japan

The SA ban is lifted & Hitler Re-affirms policy of "legality"

Heads the Government pending the adoption of a republican constitution

A Republic is proclaimed

Issues a joint statement agreeing to co-operate in "overthrowing" the existing system

Joint statement with Hitler to cooperate in "overthrowing" the existing system

Agrees a Customs union with Germany, although pressure from France and Czechoslovakia saw the plan vetoed

Russian influenced CP members proclaim a Chinese Republic to stop China joining Japan

Araujo is overthrown by military officers after political and economic crisis

Britain's departure from gold allows sterling to float and ends the interwar return begun in 1925.

The May Report announces a budget deficit of 120 million pounds

The Cabinet splits over the need for economy cuts

Resigns to head a National Coalition Government & seek general financial confidence

Snowden supports emergency legislation ending the Bank of England's obligation to provide gold for sterling.

Conservative 470, Labour 52, Liberals 33 & others 5 seats. A victory for the National Government. 554 seats for the national Government, 470 Tories & 52 Labour

Publication of "Quadragesimo Anno", outline of the corporate state

The Henri Jaspar Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.

The Second Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.

Receives German Enigma documents obtained through French intelligence and makes them available to allied cryptanalytic partners.

Acts as the French intelligence contact for Hans-Thilo Schmidt, whose documents become crucial to early attacks on military Enigma.

Begins supplying French intelligence with secret German Enigma operating instructions and key material.

Goes into self imposed exile in Italy

Announces cuts in unemployment relief & pay for all Government employees

Appointed Foreign Minister

Loses Nelson and Colne in Labour’s heavy general-election defeat.

Takahashi immediately restores the gold export embargo and frees the yen from its overvalued parity.

Parliament suspends sterling's gold convertibility after a severe run on Britain's reserves.

Snowden presents the measure suspending the statutory gold standard during the sterling crisis.

Emergency legislation suspends sterling's convertibility into gold during the financial crisis.

Gosplan is subordinated to the Sovnarkom

George V asks MacDonald to form a National Government

Laski complains George V had been undemocratic in asking for a national Government

Most of the Labour Party refuse to support MacDonalds coalition Government

Laski complains George V had been undemocratic in asking for a national Government

George V asks MacDonald to form a National Government

His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.

The May Report announces a budget deficit of 120 million pounds

Kerensky participates in historical analysis during his political career.

Appointed Home Secretary

Writes about hop-picking and casual labour in Kent.

Responds to parliamentary questions concerning rural housing provision.

The NSDAP HQ is inaugurated

The Statute of Westminster provides for a course of independence for the Dominions

A rival Nationalist faction in Guangzhou challenges Chiang’s Nanjing government.

Hosts a visit by Gandi in Buckingham Palace during the Round Table Conference on India

The Statute of Westminster provides for a course of independence for the Dominions

Released from prison to have discussions with the British

Hosts a visit by Gandi in Buckingham Palace during the Round Table Conference on India

Agrees a Customs union with Germany, although pressure from France and Czechoslovakia saw the plan vetoed

Japan launches the Manchurian invasion after the Mukden Incident, confronting Chiang’s government with a major external crisis.

The League calls for Japan to withdraw from Mukden & Manchuria, ignored

The League of Nations sends a commission under Lord Lytton to investigate. The League of Nations confines itself to "moral censure". The League calls for Japan to withdraw from Mukden and Manchuria, ignored

The Japanese begin to invade Manchuria

Japan invades Mukden

The League calls for Japan to withdraw from Mukden & Manchuria, ignored

The League calls for Japan to withdraw from Mukden and Manchuria, ignored

Japan makes a proclamation establishing the Manchurian Republic, Manchukuo

Begins the Jules Renkin Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.

Directs Kameradschaft, a drama about Franco-German mine rescue.

Matriculates at Kings College, Cambridge, to read Mathematics.

Keeps Ebbw Vale as Labour suffers national defeat.

Turkey joins the League of Nations

The League calls for Japan to withdraw from Mukden and Manchuria, ignored

Answers questions about local authorities’ housing and improvement programmes.

Addresses health concerns associated with refuse dumps in London.

Leads the League commission investigating Manchuria.

Directs M, his first sound film.

The Japanese proclaim the Manchurian Republic to be known as Manchukuo

Commands Japanese forces during the Manchurian occupation.

Appointed Head of the Military Dept

Appointed Minister of the Interior by Chancellor Bruening

The Nationalist government appeals to the League of Nations after Japan occupies Manchuria.

His government faces crisis after the Kwantung Army moves in Manchuria.

Answers Commons questions on national health insurance as Minister of Health.

Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature posthumously for his poetry.

Appointed Member of NSDAP, number 474,481

Addresses old-age pension administration during the final months of the Labour government.

Receives an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of Oxford.

Appointed Pastor of the Berlin Congregation

Begins the Peder Kolstad Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.

Salamanca begins his presidency amid escalating tensions with Paraguay.

Assumes acting presidential duties immediately after Carlos Ibanez resigns.

Takes office as elected president before the Socialist Republic movement removes him.

Serves briefly as acting president after the resignation of Carlos Ibanez del Campo.

Takes acting presidential authority during the 1931 institutional crisis.

Appointed acting President of Ecuador

Appointed President of Panama

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Appointed President of Venezuela, 3rd term

Arturo Araujo becomes President after winning the 1931 election

Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.

Appointed Prime Minister of Belgium

Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain 3rd term

Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term

Appointed Prime Minister of Japan

Appointed Prime Minister of Japan

Appointed Prime Minister of Poland

Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, forms a provisional Government

Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 6th term

Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, forms a provisional Government

Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez becomes provisional President after the Civic Directory

Expelled from the Labour Party for seeking to form a new Party

In a BBC radio broadcast calls Labours policies "Bolshevism run mad"

Disarms 2 regiments loyal to Chiang Kai-shek at the Whampoa Military Academy

Disarms 2 regiments loyal to Chiang Kai-shek at the Whampoa Military Academy

Helps innaugurate a new Government calling itself the Nationalist Government of China

The May Report announces a budget deficit of 120 million pounds

Resigns as economic collapse and political opposition undermine his government.

Resigns in order to head a National Coalition Government to seek financial confidence

Resigns from the shadow Cabinet over Baldwins support for Indian self-Government

Hosts a visit by Gandi in Buckingham Palace during the Round Table Conference on India

Japan makes a proclamation establishing the Manchurian Republic, Manchukuo

Japan makes a proclamation establishing the Manchurian Republic, Manchukuo

Appointed Party Secretary of the Communist Party

Japanese forces occupy Mukden after the September 18 incident and expand control across Manchuria.

Disarms 2 regiments loyal to Chiang Kai-shek at the Whampoa Military Academy

Provides a ministerial answer concerning slum clearance activity in Kent.

Uses a special foreign affairs commission to coordinate the Nationalist response and international appeals after the Mukden Incident.

Welcomes legal autonomy under the Statute of Westminster.

Receives student representatives demanding stronger resistance to Japan after the loss of Manchuria.

The SA ban is lifted & Hitler Re-affirms policy of "legality". Schleicher removes the Nazi bans & forbids the SA to take part in any street-fighting

Appointed Member of SA

Directs the film version of The Threepenny Opera.

Addresses town-planning powers and policy in built-up areas.

Concludes the Egyptian-Iraqi Treaty of Friendship.

Approves a treaty of friendship between Egypt and Iraq.

Alfonso XIII is condemned in absentia

Responds to Commons questions on tuberculosis and public-health administration.

Answers parliamentary questions concerning vaccination policy and administration.

Birth of Angie Dickinson

Birth of Anne Bancroft, Anna Maria Louisa Italiano

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is born at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu.

Born in Butka, Sverdlovsk Oblast, into a family with roots in the Ural region.

Birth of Mike Nichols (born Mikhail Igor Peschkowsky)

Birth of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, Privolnoye, Stavropol krai, North Caucasus

Birth of Raul Modesto Castro

Death of Hamaguchi Osachi, assassinated

Death of Nellie Melba

Responds to questions about a patient death at Hackney Hospital.