Inauguration
The NSDAP HQ is inaugurated
Historical events in 1931
391 historical records
January 193113 historical events
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Slum Clearance in Kent
Provides a ministerial answer concerning slum clearance activity in Kent.
Hackney Hospital Patient Death
Responds to questions about a patient death at Hackney Hospital.
Local Authority Housing Programmes
Answers questions about local authorities’ housing and improvement programmes.
London Refuse Dumps
Addresses health concerns associated with refuse dumps in London.
Town Planning in Built-Up Areas
Addresses town-planning powers and policy in built-up areas.
Tuberculosis
Responds to Commons questions on tuberculosis and public-health administration.
Vaccination
Answers parliamentary questions concerning vaccination policy and administration.
Independence of India
Released from prison to have discussions with the British
Resignation of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Resigns from the shadow Cabinet over Baldwins support for Indian self-Government
Military Dept
Appointed Head of the Military Dept
Mount Wilson Hubble Discussion
Visits Mount Wilson and discusses observational cosmology, confronting evidence that distant galaxies exhibit the redshift-distance relation associated with cosmic expansion.
February 193110 historical events
Birth of Boris Yeltsin
Born in Butka, Sverdlovsk Oblast, into a family with roots in the Ural region.
Gosplan
Gosplan is subordinated to the Sovnarkom
Japan makes a proclamation establishing the Manchurian Republic, Manchukuo
Japan makes a proclamation establishing the Manchurian Republic, Manchukuo
Manchukuo
The Japanese proclaim the Manchurian Republic to be known as Manchukuo
Rule of Manchukuo
Japan makes a proclamation establishing the Manchurian Republic, Manchukuo
Rule of Manchuria
Japan makes a proclamation establishing the Manchurian Republic, Manchukuo
The Threepenny Opera
Directs the film version of The Threepenny Opera.
Constitution of Germany
The SA ban is lifted & Hitler Re-affirms policy of "legality"
Sturmabteilung (SA)
The SA ban is lifted & Hitler Re-affirms policy of "legality". Schleicher removes the Nazi bans & forbids the SA to take part in any street-fighting
Death of Nellie Melba
Death of Nellie Melba
March 193114 historical events
President Takes Office
Arturo Araujo becomes President after winning the 1931 election
NSDAP
Appointed Member of NSDAP, number 474,481
Sturmabteilung (SA)
Appointed Member of SA
Acting President
Appointed Acting President of Panama
Birth of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
Birth of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, Privolnoye, Stavropol krai, North Caucasus
Dyatlov Birth
Is born in the village of Atamanovo in Krasnoyarsk Krai on 3 March 1931.
President of Bolivia
Salamanca begins his presidency amid escalating tensions with Paraguay.
Alliance Maustafa Kemal Ataturk and Russia
A Treaty with Russia prohibits changes in Black Sea Fleets without 6 months notice
Purge
Expelled from the Labour Party for seeking to form a new Party
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Historical Analysis
Kerensky participates in historical analysis during his political career.
Customs Union
Agrees a Customs union with Germany, although pressure from France and Czechoslovakia saw the plan vetoed
International Agreement
Agrees a Customs union with Germany, although pressure from France and Czechoslovakia saw the plan vetoed
April 19319 historical events
Constitution of Spain
A Republic is proclaimed
Abdication
Discredited by the fall of Primo de Rivera
Exile of Alfonso XIII
Goes into self imposed exile in Italy
Treaty of Friendship
Approves a treaty of friendship between Egypt and Iraq.
Treaty of Friendship
Concludes the Egyptian-Iraqi Treaty of Friendship.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Constitution of Spain
Heads the Government pending the adoption of a republican constitution
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, forms a provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, forms a provisional Government
May 193115 historical events
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 6th term
M
Directs M, his first sound film.
Encyclical
Publication of "Quadragesimo Anno", outline of the corporate state
Constitution of China
The Provisional Constitution for the Period of Political Tutelage is drafted and prepared as the legal framework of Nationalist rule.
Independence of Canton
A rival Nationalist faction in Guangzhou challenges Chiang’s Nanjing government.
Second Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government
The Second Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Peder Kolstad Government
Begins the Peder Kolstad Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Reballion of Rebels in Canton
Disarms 2 regiments loyal to Chiang Kai-shek at the Whampoa Military Academy
Reballion of Rebels in Canton
Disarms 2 regiments loyal to Chiang Kai-shek at the Whampoa Military Academy
Siege of Whampoa
Disarms 2 regiments loyal to Chiang Kai-shek at the Whampoa Military Academy
Oxford Honorary Doctorate
Receives an honorary Doctor of Science degree from the University of Oxford.
Alliance Turkey and Italy
Turkey agrees a 5 year pact with Italy
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Gold Convertibility Crisis
The Creditanstalt crisis triggers severe pressure on Austrian reserves and exchange controls, undermining the country's ability to operate normal gold-standard convertibility.
Reballion of Rebels in Canton
Helps innaugurate a new Government calling itself the Nationalist Government of China
June 19319 historical events
Birth of Raul Modesto Castro
Birth of Raul Modesto Castro
Prime Minister of Belgium
Appointed Prime Minister of Belgium
Henri Jaspar Government
The Henri Jaspar Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Jules Renkin Government
Begins the Jules Renkin Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
National Health Insurance
Answers Commons questions on national health insurance as Minister of Health.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of Venezuela, 3rd term
Housing in Rural Areas
Responds to parliamentary questions concerning rural housing provision.
Old Age Pensions
Addresses old-age pension administration during the final months of the Labour government.
July 193113 historical events
Alliance Alfred Hugenburg and Adolf Hitler
Joint statement with Hitler to cooperate in "overthrowing" the existing system
Coup
Joint statement with Hitler to cooperate in "overthrowing" the existing system
Alliance Adolf Hitler, Alfred Hugenburg and the German National Party
Makes an agreement in Berlin with Hugenburg & the German National Party. Issues a joint statement agreeing to co-operate in "overthrowing" the existing system
Coup
Issues a joint statement agreeing to co-operate in "overthrowing" the existing system
League of Nations
Turkey joins the League of Nations
Resignation from Presidency
Resigns as economic collapse and political opposition undermine his government.
President of Chile
Serves briefly as acting president after the resignation of Carlos Ibanez del Campo.
President of Chile
Assumes acting presidential duties immediately after Carlos Ibanez resigns.
Economy of Great Britain
The May Report announces a budget deficit of 120 million pounds
Government Report
The May Report announces a budget deficit of 120 million pounds
Report
The May Report announces a budget deficit of 120 million pounds
Foreign Exchange Controls
Germany imposes stringent exchange controls during the banking crisis, preventing normal gold and foreign-exchange convertibility while formally retaining the mark's parity.
Gold Reserve Protection
The Reichsbank restricts foreign-exchange access and gold movements to contain reserve losses during Germany's banking and payments crisis.
August 193114 historical events
1st Flight Australia
Completes the first flight to Australia in 8 days 19 hours & 28 minutes
President of Chile
Takes acting presidential authority during the 1931 institutional crisis.
Economy of Great Britain
The Cabinet splits over the need for economy cuts
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
Economy of Great Britain
Resigns to head a National Coalition Government & seek general financial confidence
Resignation of James Ramsey MacDonald
Resigns in order to head a National Coalition Government to seek financial confidence
Government
George V asks MacDonald to form a National Government
Government
George V asks MacDonald to form a National Government
Government
Most of the Labour Party refuse to support MacDonalds coalition Government
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain 3rd term
A Hanging
Publishes A Hanging, drawing on Burma police experience.
Government
Laski complains George V had been undemocratic in asking for a national Government
Government
Laski complains George V had been undemocratic in asking for a national Government
Death of Hamaguchi Osachi
Death of Hamaguchi Osachi, assassinated
September 193121 historical events
Expenditure
Announces cuts in unemployment relief & pay for all Government employees
Birth of Anne Bancroft
Birth of Anne Bancroft, Anna Maria Louisa Italiano
Invasion of China
Japan launches the Manchurian invasion after the Mukden Incident, confronting Chiang’s government with a major external crisis.
Siege of Mukden
Japanese forces occupy Mukden after the September 18 incident and expand control across Manchuria.
Mukden Incident
The Nationalist government appeals to the League of Nations after Japan occupies Manchuria.
Invasion of Mukden
Japan invades Mukden
Mukden Incident
His government faces crisis after the Kwantung Army moves in Manchuria.
Capture of Changchun
The Japanese Kwantung army captures Changchun, prelude to capturing Manchuria
Capture of Mukden
The Japanese Kwantung army captures Mukden, prelude to capturing Manchuria
Invasion of Manchuria
The Japanese begin to invade Manchuria
Gold Standard Suspension
Emergency legislation suspends sterling's convertibility into gold during the financial crisis.
Economy of Great Britain
Snowden supports emergency legislation ending the Bank of England's obligation to provide gold for sterling.
Gold Standard Amendment Act
Snowden presents the measure suspending the statutory gold standard during the sterling crisis.
Economy of Great Britain
Britain's departure from gold allows sterling to float and ends the interwar return begun in 1925.
Gold Standard
Parliament suspends sterling's gold convertibility after a severe run on Britain's reserves.
Gold Standard Abandoned
Norway suspends gold redemption as the Scandinavian currencies come under intense pressure following Britain's departure from gold.
Gold Standard Abandoned
Sweden suspends gold convertibility six days after Britain leaves gold, allowing the krona to depreciate rather than defending the former parity.
Birth of Angie Dickinson
Birth of Angie Dickinson
Special Foreign Affairs Commission
Uses a special foreign affairs commission to coordinate the Nationalist response and international appeals after the Mukden Incident.
Gold Standard Abandoned
Denmark abandons gold convertibility after sterling leaves the standard, ending the restored interwar gold parity of the krone.
Manchurian Invasion
Commands Japanese forces during the Manchurian occupation.
October 193122 historical events
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Germany
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Foreign Minister
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior by Chancellor Bruening
Birth of Avul Pakir Jainul Abdul Kalam
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is born at Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu.
Purge
In a BBC radio broadcast calls Labours policies "Bolshevism run mad"
Election
Conservative 470, Labour 52, Liberals 33 & others 5 seats. A victory for the National Government. 554 seats for the national Government, 470 Tories & 52 Labour
General Election Defeat
Loses Nelson and Colne in Labour’s heavy general-election defeat.
Labour Defeat
Keeps Ebbw Vale as Labour suffers national defeat.
Alliance Maustafa Kemal Ataturk and Russia
A 5 yr extension of the alliance with Russia
Constitution of Afghanistan
Nadir Shah promulgates a constitution combining royal authority with a national council.
Gold Standard Abandoned
Finland leaves the gold standard as international reserve losses spread through northern Europe after sterling's suspension.
Enigma Machine
Receives German Enigma documents obtained through French intelligence and makes them available to allied cryptanalytic partners.
Enigma Machine
Acts as the French intelligence contact for Hans-Thilo Schmidt, whose documents become crucial to early attacks on military Enigma.
Enigma Machine
Begins supplying French intelligence with secret German Enigma operating instructions and key material.
Hop-Picking
Writes about hop-picking and casual labour in Kent.
Kings College Matriculation
Matriculates at Kings College, Cambridge, to read Mathematics.
Invasion of Manchuria
The League calls for Japan to withdraw from Mukden & Manchuria, ignored
Invasion of Mukden
The League calls for Japan to withdraw from Mukden & Manchuria, ignored
Commission
The League of Nations sends a commission under Lord Lytton to investigate
Invasion of Manchuria
The League of Nations sends a commission under Lord Lytton to investigate. The League of Nations confines itself to "moral censure". The League calls for Japan to withdraw from Mukden and Manchuria, ignored
Invasion of Mukden
The League calls for Japan to withdraw from Mukden and Manchuria, ignored
League of Nations
The League calls for Japan to withdraw from Mukden and Manchuria, ignored
November 193112 historical events
Round Table Conference
Hosts a visit by Gandi in Buckingham Palace during the Round Table Conference on India
Independence of Great Britain
Hosts a visit by Gandi in Buckingham Palace during the Round Table Conference on India
Independence of India
Hosts a visit by Gandi in Buckingham Palace during the Round Table Conference on India
Birth of Mike Nichols (born Mikhail Igor Peschkowsky
Birth of Mike Nichols (born Mikhail Igor Peschkowsky)
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 2nd term
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term
President of Chile
Takes office as elected president before the Socialist Republic movement removes him.
Kameradschaft
Directs Kameradschaft, a drama about Franco-German mine rescue.
Capture of Tsitsihar
Japanese forces occupy Tsitsihar during the expansion of the Manchurian campaign.
Trial
Alfonso XIII is condemned in absentia
Constitution of China
Russian influenced CP members proclaim a Chinese Republic to stop China joining Japan
Declaration of Republic
Russian influenced CP members proclaim a Chinese Republic to stop China joining Japan
December 193116 historical events
Civic Directory Takes Power
Military Civic Directory takes power after the overthrow of Arturo Araujo
Civic Directory Rule
Aguirre participates in the short-lived military Civic Directory
Deposed in Coup
Araujo is overthrown by military officers after political and economic crisis
Provisional President Takes Office
Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez becomes provisional President after the Civic Directory
Lytton Commission
Leads the League commission investigating Manchuria.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature posthumously for his poetry.
Statute of Westminster
Welcomes legal autonomy under the Statute of Westminster.
Independence of British Dominions
The Statute of Westminster provides for a course of independence for the Dominions
Independence of Great Britain
The Statute of Westminster provides for a course of independence for the Dominions
Gold Export Ban
Takahashi immediately reimposes the gold export ban, ending Japan's brief return to the interwar gold standard and allowing the yen to depreciate.
Gold Export Embargo
Takahashi immediately restores the gold export embargo and frees the yen from its overvalued parity.
Student Anti-Japanese Delegations
Receives student representatives demanding stronger resistance to Japan after the loss of Manchuria.
Arrival at Ruijin
Arrives at the Communist central base in Ruijin and assumes senior party responsibilities.
Secretary
Appointed Party Secretary of the Communist Party
Pastor
Appointed Pastor of the Berlin Congregation
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
UAP
Plays leading role in founding the United Australia Party
UAP
Appointed Member of United Australia Party
President of Austria
Appointed President of Austria, 1st term
Secretary of State for Agriculture
Appointed Minister of Agriculture & Forestry
Coup
Walter Pfrimer, regional head in Styria attempts a coup but receives no support from other Heimwehr leaders, many Heimwehr groupings, including the Styrian section, increasingly defect to the Nazis
Discovery of Godels Theorem
Mathematical theories cannot be proved or disproved. Logic can never comprehend ultimate truth
Berlin Theoretical Physics Research
Maintains an active programme of theoretical research in Berlin while engaging with leading physicists working on quantum mechanics and field theory.
Primeval Atom
Lemaitre proposes a primeval atom origin for the expanding universe within relativistic cosmology
Primeval Atom
Lemaitre proposes that the universe expanded from a primeval atom, an early form of Big Bang theory
Gold Standard
Canada formally breaks the link between the Canadian dollar and gold during the international financial crisis.
Reform of Government
Influential in negotiating the Statute of Westminster which defined Dominion status
Labour Code
Promulgates Chile's first consolidated Labour Code before leaving office during the economic crisis.
Arrest of Zhou En-Lai
Offers a large reward for information leading to the capture of Communist leader Zhou Enlai.
Rule of Manchukuo
Japan occupies Manchuria after the Mukden Incident; Manchukuo is proclaimed the following year.
Rule of Manchukuo
Appointed Chief Executive & ruler on behalf of the Japanese of Manchukuo
Central Soviet Area Leadership
Serves as secretary of the Communist Party organisation in the Central Soviet area.
Arrest of Tsai Hosen
Arrested in Hong Kong & executed
Death of Tsai Hosen
Death of Tsai Hosen, arrested in Hong Kong & executed
Execution
Arrested in Hong Kong & executed
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of Soviet Republic of China
Constitution of China
Helps found the Soviet Republic of China
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Soviet at Ruijing
Secretary of Politburo
Appointed Politbureau Secretary
Peace
The "Internationalists" forbid any comprimise with Kai-Shek. Seeks an armistice after the Japanese invasion
Capture of Guangxi
Xiaopings military base in Guangxi is captured, he joins Maos base in Ruijing
Guerrilla Warfare
Announces a strategy to "pit 1 against 10"
Massacre
Kills 3,000 communists after criticism he should act in the interests of the peasants
Purge
Kills 3,000 communists after criticism he should in the interests of the peasants
Siege of Changsha
Leads the Communists out of Changsha towards the end of the year
Siege of Ruijing
Defeats 3rd attempt by Chiang Kai-Shek to overrun the Communist military base. Defeats a 2nd attempt by Chiang Kai-Shek to overrun the Communist military base
Constitution of China
Helps found a soviet Government in accordance with Russian policy. Claims the Government is a national Government
National Government
Claims the Government is a national Government
Soviet Government
Helps found a soviet Government in accordance with Russian policy
Encirclement
Continues successive encirclement campaigns against the Communist Jiangxi base areas during 1931.
Siege of Ruijing
The second and third Nationalist encirclement campaigns fail to destroy the Communist base in Jiangxi.
Le Million
Directs Le Million.
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Belgium
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
Minister of Public Instruction
Appointed Minister of Public Instruction
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, 1st term
President of France
Appointed President of France
Union Socialiste Republicaine
Founds the Union Socialiste Republicaine
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Army
Bauern Bonzen Und Bomben
Publication of "Bauern Bonzen Und Bomben"
Die Gottin met der Fackel
Publication of "Die Gottin met der Fackel"
Exchange Controls
Germany imposes exchange controls after its banking crisis, ending effective gold convertibility.
Alliance German Army and Nazi Party
Allies the Army with the Nazi Party
NSDAP
Removes the prohibition on Nazi enlistment. Allows Nazis to work in arsenals & supply depots
Frankfurt Habilitation
Adorno completes his habilitation and begins teaching philosophy at Frankfurt.
Young Plan
The coalitions goal is the enactment of the Freiheitsgesetz ("Liberty Law"), renounces all reparations and makes it a criminal offense for any German official to cooperate in their collection. Renounces the German acknowledgement of "war guilt" and the occupation of German territory which were also terms of the Versailles Treaty. Leads a right wing nationalist coalition against the Young Plan
Voelkischer Beobachter
The circulation of the Voelkischer Beobachter wrises along with the success of the Nazi movement, reaching more than 120,000 in 1931
Suicide
Hitler sees more of Braun after the suicide of Geli Raubal
Death of Geli Raubal
Hitler's niece & lover commits suicide
Suicide
Hitler's niece & lover commits suicide
Was will Adolf Hitler?
One of the leaders of the anti-capitalistic wing of the NSDAP, publishes several papers, including "Was will Adolf Hitler?"
several papers, including "Was will Adolf Hitler?
One of the leaders of the anti-capitalistic wing of the NSDAP, publishes several papers, including "Was will Adolf Hitler?"
Voelkischer Beobachter
The circulation of the Voelkischer Beobachter wrises along with the success of the Nazi movement, reaching more than 120,000 in 1931
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the NSDAPs Party Economic Council
NSDAP
Appointed Chairman of the NSDAPs Party Economic Council
Reichsorganisationsleiter
Appointed head of the party organisation (Reichsorganisationsleiter) following Hitler's dismissal of Gregor Strasser in an internal dispute
Sturmabteilung (SA)
The SA are banned from wearing military uniforms
Sicherheitsdienst
Heydrichs counterintelligence service grows into an effective machine of terror and intimidation, it is was officially named Sicherheitsdienst Security Service, an intelligence organisation wholly committed to the defence of Nazism. Helps found the Sicherheitsdienst, the State Security Service
State Security Service
Helps found the Sicherheitsdienst, the State Security Service
NSDAP
Sent to Austria in 1931 as Landesinspekteur to oversee the reorganisation of the Nazi Party in Austria
Major
Appointed the rank of Major
Resignation of Werner Best
Resigns after the Boxheim documents are found in his possession, Nazi blue-print
Marriage
Speer marries Margarete Weber
Carinhall
Goering founds a mausoleum in memory of his former wife
Death of Herman Goering
Death of Carin Goering, dies of TB, Goerings 1st wife
Mausoleum
Goering founds a mausoleum in memory of his former wife
NSDAP
Appointed Member of NSDAP
Party Leader
Appointed leader of the German Nationalist movement in Czechoslovakia by Hitler
Death of Wilhelm Heinrich Walter Baade
Emigrates to the USA in 1931
Physics Study in Leipzig
Studies modern theoretical physics in Leipzig during the Heisenberg-Hund period.
Electron Microscope Prototype
Works with Ernst Ruska to construct an early transmission electron microscope using magnetic lenses.
Magnetic Electron Lens
Demonstrates that a magnetic coil can focus an electron beam, establishing the basic lens principle of electron optics.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff, Transport Troops where he works on tank forces
Pardon Us
Pardon Us is Laurel and Hardys first feature length comedy film, produced by Hal Roach and Stan Laurel, directed by James Parrott, and originally distributed by MGM in 1931
City Lights
Directs, "City Lights", 1st film with sound
The Spike Essay
Orwell's essay The Spike described the degrading routines faced by destitute men in a casual ward.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Lecture
Says politics is entering a new era above party politics to face economic problems
Craven Scholarship
Wins a Craven Scholarship while studying classics at Trinity College, Cambridge.
Economic Adviser
Appointed Harold MacMillans economic adviser
Economy of Great Britain
Appointed Harold MacMillans economic adviser
First Lord of Admiralty
Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty
Election
Wins Stockton as the National Candidate with a majority of 11,031 votes
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Lanark
Election
An Empire Free Trade Crusade party threatens the Conservatives when satisfaction with Baldwins leadership is at a low, Duff Cooper agrees to contest the bi-election in what is seen as a test of Baldwins leadership
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for St Georges, Westminster, wins the seat with a majority of 5,710, thus returning to Parliament and serving until 1945. An Empire Free Trade Crusade party threatens the Conservatives when satisfaction with Baldwins leadership is at a low, Duff Cooper agrees to contest the bi-election in what is seen as a test of Baldwins leadership
Governor
Appointed Governor General of the Union of South Africa
Member of Parliament
One of just 52 Labour MPs elected to Parliament
Resignation of James Ramsey MacDonald
The Cabinet is split over MacDonalds cuts in employment benefit
Solicitor General
Appointed Solicitor General, 3rd term
Oil Royalty Revenue Collapse
Falling oil prices and the global depression sharply reduce royalties paid to the Persian government.
Persian Oil Production 5730498 Tons
Company production reaches 5,730,498 long tons despite the global petroleum market downturn.
Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade, 2nd term
President of Board of Trade
Appointed President of the Board of Trade, 2nd term
Under Secretary
Appointed Under Secretary at the Foreign Office
Minister of Mines
Appointed Minister of the Mines
Election
The election takes place during a run on the pound & divisions over expenditure cuts. Calls an election to ask for a "doctors mandate" for the National Government
Government
MacDonald continues in office by leaving the Labour Party
Secretary of State for Health
Appointed Minister of Health, 3rd term
Deputy Prime Minister
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister to MacDonald due to the latters poor health
Election
The Conservative Party wins 60.7% of votes cast & 522 MPs
Lord President
Appointed Lord President of the Council
Financial Secretary of Treasury
Appointed Financial Secretary at the War Office, 2nd term
Secretary of State for India
Appointed Secretary of State for India
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State for War
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 3rd term
Lord Privy Seal
Appointed Lord Privy Seal
The World Crisis", 1923-31
Publication of "The World Crisis", 1923-31
The World Crisis
Publication of "The World Crisis", 1923-31
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Conservative Party
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for St Georges, Westminster, wins the seat with a majority of 5,710, thus returning to Parliament and serving until 1945
New College Fellowship
Is elected a fellow of New College and begins an academic career at Oxford.
Wadham College
Studies Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Wadham College, Oxford.
Election
George Lansbury and Attlee were among the few surviving Labour MPs who had served in Government
Election
Snowden decides not to stand for Parliament at the general election
Purge
Snowden & MacDonald are expelled from the Labour Party
Election
Clynes is one of Labours casualties in the 1931 election, losing his Manchester Platting seat
Member of Parliament
Clynes is one of Labours casualties in the 1931 election, losing his Manchester Platting seat
Member of Parliament
Appointed Member of National Liberals
Health of Stanley Baldwin
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister to MacDonald due to the latters poor health
Health of David Lloyd George
Cannot comeback due to prostrate problems & excluded from the National Government
Cambridge Mathematics Studies
Begins undergraduate study of mathematics at Cambridge, developing interests that later lead into mathematical logic and computation.
Kings College Scholarship
Wins an Open Scholarship in Mathematics to Kings College, Cambridge.
Birth of Frederick Sewards Trueman
Birth of Frederick Sewards Trueman
First Arsenal League Championship
Guides Arsenal to the club's first Football League championship after a record-breaking attacking season.
Cronberry Eglinton Playing Experience
Shankly represented Cronberry Eglinton as a young player, gaining competitive experience in Scottish football before the start of his professional career.
Fifty-Goal Season
Waring scores fifty goals during the 1930/31 campaign, a Villa single-season record.
Thirty-Four Goal Title Campaign
Scores 34 times during Arsenal's first league championship season.
Everton Return As Second Division Champions
Dixie Dean helps Everton regain top-flight status as the club wins the Second Division championship immediately after relegation.
First Royal Warwickshire Command Assumed
Takes command of 1st Battalion Royal Warwickshire Regiment after promotion to lieutenant-colonel.
Resignation of Bethlen
Resigns when French bankers refuse to lend money if Hungary revises its treaties
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary
Communist Party
Appointed Member of Communist Party in Hungary
Conference of London
Attends an abortive round-table conference on the future of India
Muslim League
Muhammad Zafrulla Khan presides over the Delhi Meeting of the All India Muslim League and advocates the cause of the Indian Muslims through his presidential addres
Conference of London
Attends the London Conference in a loin cloth
Muslim League
Muhammad Zafrulla Khan presides over the Delhi Meeting of the All India Muslim League and advocates the cause of the Indian Muslims through his presidential addres
White Dwarf Theory
Chandrasekhar develops and publishes relativistic models of degenerate stars that establish a limiting mass for white dwarfs.
PNI
Helps found the Pendikian National Indonesia Party, for an independent Indonesia
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the General Council for Palestine
Plot
Wins 1,177 pounds from the Telegraph for exposing his attempt to assassinate Mussolini. Provides weapons to assassinate Mussolini
Rome Nuclear Physics Shift
Begins shifting the focus of his research group from atomic spectroscopy toward the emerging problems of nuclear physics.
Start of Five Consecutive League Titles
Guides Juventus to the 1930-31 Serie A championship, beginning a run of five consecutive national league titles that defines the club's early 1930s dominance.
Tokyo Post Office
Constructs a Post Office at Tokyo. Completes the construction of the Tokyo Post Office
Minister of Education
Appointed Minister of Education
Invasion of Manchuria
Orders the invasion of Manchuria
Inspector
Appointed Inspector General of Military Training
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Historic Ajax Goal Scoring Era
Piet van Reenen provides the firepower behind Ajax's early-1930s Dutch championship success, becoming one of the club's most prolific prewar forwards.
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Major
Appointed Major
Conference of Round Table
Beleives Gandhi is working for Hindu objectives
Conference of Round Table
Beleives Gandhi is working for Hindu objectives
President of Peru
Appointed President of Peru, 2nd term
Resignation of Luis Sanchez Cerro
Forced to resign as President by the naval Junta
Election
Comes 2nd in the election
Communist Party
Appointed Member of French Communist Party
Deportation
Deported from France for organizing a strike
President of Poland
Appointed President of the World Zionist Organisation
World Zionist Organisation
Appointed President of the World Zionist Organisation
Safe Conduct
Publication of "Safe Conduct"
Odessa Tales
Publication of "Odessa Tales"
Release from Vishera
Shalamov was released from his first labour-camp sentence and later returned to Moscow.
Exile of Vladimir Aleksandrovich Bazarov
Exiled for heading a counter-revolutionary organisation with Gosplan
Trial
Tried for heading a counter-revolutionary organisation with Gosplan
Trial
Tried for heading a counter-revolutionary organisation with Gosplan
Commissar
Appointed Commissar for Foreign Affairs, 2nd term
Commissar
Appointed Commissar for Posts & Telegraph
Bauman District Party Leadership
Takes charge of the Bauman district party organization in Moscow.
Krasnaya Presnya Party Leadership
Moves to lead the Krasnaya Presnya district party committee later in the year.
Metallurgical Institute Studies
Returns home and begins studies at the Dneprodzerzhinsk Metallurgical Institute.
Famine
As a result of collectivization there is widespread harvest failure
Menshevik Party
A number of ex-Mensheviks are charged with planning a counter-revolution
Purge
A number of ex-Mensheviks are charged with planning a counter-revolution. 14 professors are charged with conspiracy
Reinstatement
Rykov is reinstated after publicly recanting his opposition to Stalin
Transcaucasian Republics
Appointed Head of the Commissariat for Internal Transcaucasian Republics
Communist Party Membership
Joins the Communist Party while studying metallurgy in Dneprodzerzhinsk.
Exile Essays
Writes essays on revolution war and democracy.
Germany the Key to the International Situation
Writes Germany, the Key to the International Situation, warning that the German crisis has decisive international consequences.
Birth of Doo-hwan Chun
Birth of Doo-hwan Chun
Abdication
Leads a revolutionary committee calling for the abdication of Alfonso XIII
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
President of Spain
Appointed President of Spain
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 1st term
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 1st term
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, first Prime Minister of the Second Republic
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of Accion Popular
Election
The Catalan Left Republicans win 33 seats
Election
The Galician Republicans win 16 seats
Election
The Republican Action Party wins 27 seats
Brigadier General
Appointed Brigadier General, transferred to the Balearic Islands
Coup
Dismissed due to his support of the monarchy following the overthrow of the monarchy
Dismissal
Dismissed due to his support of the monarchy following the overthrow of the monarchy
Neuropeptide Research
Begins research on a signaling molecule involved in pain and inflammation.
Substance P Discovery
Discovers a biologically active substance later known as Substance P.
McCraw Hill
Designs the McCraw Hill Building
Birth of John Wayne
Birth of John Wayne, Marion Michael Morrison
Pardon Us is Laurel and Hardys
Pardon Us is Laurel and Hardys first feature length comedy film, produced by Hal Roach and Stan Laurel, directed by James Parrott, and originally distributed by MGM in 1931
Academy Award
Winner of the Oscar for Best Actor, "A Free Soul" as Stephen Ashe
Doctrine of Strimpson
A response to Japans invasion of Manchuria, opposes Japanese entry into Manchuria
Hoover Moratorium
Works in London during diplomacy over war debts and reparations amid the Depression.
Animal Drive and the Learning Process
Publication of "Animal Drive & the Learning Process"
Distribution of Nebulae
Hubble publishes a concise report on the distribution of nebulae in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, continuing his statistical mapping of extragalactic systems.
Velocity-Distance Relation
Edwin Hubble and Milton L. Humason extend the observed velocity-distance relation to substantially more distant galaxies using new radial-velocity measurements.
Expanding Universe Paper
Adopts an expanding cosmological model and abandons the need for his earlier static-universe construction.
Expanding-Universe Cosmology Paper
Publishes a non-static cosmological model within general relativity, accepting cosmic expansion and dispensing with the static balance that motivated his cosmological constant.
Prix Jules Janssen
Receives the Prix Jules Janssen for distinguished work in astronomy and astrophysics.
Static Universe Abandoned
Einstein abandons the need for a static cosmological model after cosmic expansion becomes established, leaving the cosmological constant without its original motivation.
Static Universe Model Abandoned
Abandons his earlier static cosmological model as expanding-universe observations and relativistic cosmology make a dynamical universe the more credible interpretation.
Oxford Rhodes Lectures
Gives three Rhodes Memorial Lectures on relativity, cosmology and his latest work in theoretical physics.
Petrone Arrives from Uruguay and Leads Viola Attack
Pedro Petrone joins Fiorentina after an international career with Uruguay, bringing powerful shooting to the newly promoted Italian club.
Constitution of Venezuela
A revised constitution maintained the centralized political system dominated by Juan Vicente Gomez.
Released from Prison
Released from prison after serving part of his sentence
Ending in Earnest
West published Ending in Earnest, a collection of essays and literary criticism.
Shadows on the Rock
Cather published Shadows on the Rock, set in colonial Quebec.
The Work Wealth and Happiness of Mankind
Wells published The Work Wealth and Happiness of Mankind, surveying social organization.
Final Correspondence and Literary Work
Strachey continued writing and corresponding with fellow authors in his final years.