1933 in History

Becomes the 1st person to fly from New York to Berlin

1st propaganda leaflet drop over Austria, denouncing Dollfuss

Leads the government as legislation removes the oath of allegiance from Free State constitutional arrangements.

Appointed Adjutant General

The Act seeks higher farm prices through production controls and benefit payments.

Business leaders meet at the Presidents Palace & agree to financially support Hitler

Meets Papen at von Schroeders home. It is agreed Papen will ask Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor

Turkey signs a 10 year non-aggression pact with Greece

Issues a directive to the Officer Corps openly supporting the NAZIs

Der Angriff appears as the "Daily Newspaper of the German Labor Front" from the Eher Press, with Goebbels remaining publisher

Appoints Adolf Hitler Chancellor at the head of a Nazi DNVP coalition, ending the last Weimar attempt to contain the Nazi movement through conservative cabinet politics.

Becomes Chancellor after Hindenburg appoints him to lead a coalition cabinet with Nazi and German Nationalist ministers.

Trades Union leaders are put in concentration camps

Arrested & imprisoned for 5 years for attempting to assassinate Chancellor Dollfuss

Rounds up SA leaders in Munich & arrests them

Ion Duca is assassinated

Iron Guard members assassinate Duca at Sinaia railway station.

A student assassinates Nadir Shah during a school ceremony in Kabul.

Moves to Bavaria as Austrian Nazi activity is restricted.

Authorizes SA, SS and Stahlhelm members as auxiliary police in Prussia, strengthening Nazi street power before the election.

Construction of the Baltic-White Sea Canal is completed

The Act separates major commercial and investment-banking activities and creates deposit insurance.

Appointed Bishop of the Reich

Bonfires are started with proscribed books of anti-Nazi writers

Stalin attends the funeral of Klara Zetkin in the Red Square in Moscow

Addresses the Berlin book burning, where works by Jewish, liberal, socialist and anti-Nazi writers are publicly destroyed.

Bonfires are started with proscribed books of anti-Nazi writers

Forms a Cabinet without Socialists, will not adhere to the Socialist financial program

Enters Hitler's first cabinet as Reich Interior Minister, giving the Nazis direct influence over internal administration and police policy.

Receives a cabinet post and gains increasing authority in Prussia, allowing Nazi control over Germany's largest police apparatus.

Represents the German Nationalist coalition partners in Hitler's first cabinet as Minister of Economics and Agriculture.

Resigns from the cabinet as the German Nationalist partners lose leverage inside the Nazi-dominated Government.

The Catholic Bavarian Peoples Party announces its dissolution

The Centre Party announces its dissolution

Accepts the dissolution of the Centre Party after pressure from the Nazi regime and negotiations around the Reich Concordat.

The Reichs Chamber of Culture is founded under the new Minister of Propaganda

The Reichs Chamber of Culture is founded under the new Minister of Propaganda

The NSDAP wins only 44% of the vote but are able to use it to gain total power

Ludwig Muller is appointed Bishop of the Reich

Appointed Chief of Staff

Less than a month after Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor the Reichstag Fire Decree invokes Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, suspending several constitutional protections on civil rights

Introduces the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, removing Jews and political opponents from public posts.

Creates the Civilian Conservation Corps to reduce unemployment

Forms a coalition government with Jan Smuts.

Joins Hitler's cabinet as Vice Chancellor, believing conservative ministers can control the new Chancellor from inside the Government.

Appointed Colonel

The police & SA sieze all Communist Party buildings in Germany along with weapons claimed to be used for a coup. As a consequence of the Reichstag Fire Decree, the Communist Party of Germany KPD is banned

1st concentration camp is opened at Oranienburg outside Berlin

Bishops withdraw their ban on membership of the Nazi party

Papen & Cardinal Pacelli sign the German concordat with Rome

The world learns of the concordat signed between Germany & the Holy See

The Catholic Church agrees not to become involved in Germany if Catholicism is allowed

The concordat is formally signed

Ludwig Muller becomes Bishop of the Reich

Papen & Cardinal Pacelli sign the German concordat with Rome

The world learns of the concordat signed between Germany & the Holy See

A 2nd internalional conference on disarmament ends without results, It tries to limit the army sizes of the major powers, while Germany is entitled to 200,000, Germany leaves the conference because a plan postpones the limitations for 4 years

Opens the 64 Country conference in Kensington, London

Suspends Parliament & assumes dictatorial powers to prevent the Nazis coming to power

On the orders of Hitler and Wilhelm Frick abolishes the Government of Bavaria and sets up a Nazi regime

Allows Hitler to use emergency powers under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution

Hindenburg asks Hitler to form a Government

The "National Revolution" is followed by a "Lawful Revolution". The Government rules by Presidential decree as a coalition of "National accord"

Constitutional rights are suspended by decree, "to protect the German people"

Less than a month after Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor the Reichstag Fire Decree invokes Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, suspending several constitutional protections on civil rights. Individual liberty under the Weimer constitution is suspended

Constitutional rights are suspended by Presidential decree. After the Reichstag fire constitutional rights are suspended by Presidential decree

"The day of Potsdam", Parliament is deprived of its powers

The Centre Party votes for the Enabling Law, the "legal" basis of dictatorship. Legislative power is transferred to the executive. All political parties other than the NSDAP are banned. A dictatorship in all but name is established

441 in the Reichstag vote for the Enabling Bill, only 94 against

The title of Fuhrer and Chancellor is soon understood to mean Head of State & Head of Government & given by propaganda the title of Fuhrer des deutschen Reiches und Volkes (Leader of the German Reich and People), the name the soldiers had to swear

The title of Reichspresident however was not taken by Hitler; instead, he wanted to let his title remain Fuhrer und Reichskanzler, for respect of Hindenburgs achievements as a WWI hero who became Germany's President.

to.

Appoints Nazi Reich Governors to run all German states subjecting them to the Reich

The National Socialist German Workers Party becomes the only political party

The NSDAP becomes the party of the state

The Dail abolishes loyalty to the British crown

The Cortes is dissolved

During a second coup, led by sergeants most notably Fulgencio Batista, Cespedes is overthrown, leading to the formation of the first Ramon Grau San Martin Government

During a national strike the Cuban army forces Machado into exile and installs Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, son of Cuba's founding father, as President

During a second coup, led by sergeants most notably Fulgencio Batista, Cespedes is overthrown, leading to the formation of the first Ramon Grau San Martin Government

Under Hitler's orders von Epp sets up a Nazi regime in Bavaria

Under Hitler's orders von Epp sets up a Nazi regime in Bavaria

The police & SA sieze all Communist Party buildings in Germany along with weapons claimed to be used for a coup

Under Hitler's orders von Epp sets up a Nazi regime in Bavaria

During a national strike the Cuban army forces Machado into exile and installs Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, son of Cuba's founding father, as President

During a second coup, led by sergeants most notably Fulgencio Batista, Cespedes is overthrown, leading to the formation of the first Ramon Grau San Martin Government

The police discover & stop another military coup

Opens Dachau Concentration Camp for communists & other "political undesireables"

Announces the establishment of Dachau as a concentration camp for political prisoners near Munich.

Stages May Day as the Day of National Labour before the regime destroys the independent trade unions.

Attends the Potsdam ceremony with Hitler, symbolising conservative acceptance of the new Nazi-led Government.

Uses the Potsdam ceremony to associate the Nazi Government with conservative, military and Prussian traditions.

Bolivia formally enters declared war with Paraguay during the Chaco War.

Constitutional rights are suspended by decree, "to protect the German people"

As a consequence of the Reichstag Fire Decree, the Communist Party of Germany KPD is banned

Signs a decree restricting press freedom and public meetings, giving the Government more power over election campaigning.

Nazis cut off power where Dolffuss is speaking in Klagenfurt

Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")

Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")

Withdraws Germany from disarmament talks and the League.

Dismisses all members of the Cabinet who are not Nazi sympathisers

Kundt is removed from command after major Bolivian reverses in the Chaco War

Dissolves the Reichstag & calls an election

The Centre Party announces its dissolution

Suspends Parliament & assumes dictatorial powers to prevent the Nazis coming to power

Dissolves the Reichstag after Hitler requests a new election intended to strengthen the Nazi-led coalition.

Publishes Down and Out in Paris and London.

The "battle for work" begins

Tries to stop the National Industrial Recovery Bill by talking for 15 hrs but fails

US banks close for 4 days due to a financial crisis. US banks close for 4 days due to a finacial crisis

Banks are closed, only "sound" institutions associated with the Federal Reserve remain

Roosevelt prohibits gold exports and redemption, formally suspending the United States gold standard.

Creates the Civilian Conservation Corps to reduce unemployment. Creates the civilian conservation corps to reduce unemployment

The National Recovery Act is passed by Congress

Introduces the National Industrial Recovery Bill to Congress

9 March-16 June, 1st phase of the "Hundred Days" to reform the economy

Attends Kurt Hahns school at Salem in Germany

The Government does badly at the municipal elections

The Republican Action Party wins just 8 seats during a massive swing to the right

Following the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor by President Hindenburg, the SPD receives 18.25% of the votes during the last free elections gaining 120 seats

Helps agree to an election fund of 3 million Reichsmarks from leading industrialists. Business leaders meet at Goerings Presidents Palace & agree to finance Hitler

Gains the support of Oscar von Hindenburg who agrees to appoint Hitler Chancellor

Calls for a Rechstag election for 5th March

Dissolves the Reichstag & calls an election

Business leaders meet at the Presidents Palace & agree to financially support Hitler

Directs his campaign against 14yrs of party Government

The Nazis increase their vote to 44% giving the Nazis & their coalition allies the German National Peoples Party 52%. Falls far short of the 2/3 majority to establish dictatorship by consent of Parliament

The Nazis win 288 out of 647 seats in the Reichstag. The Nazis poll 17,277,180 votes, failing to win a majority with 43. 9% of the total. The Nazis need the 52 seats won by their Nationalist allies to win a majority.

With Communist electoral participation also suppressed (the Communists had previously polled 17% of the vote), the Nazis are able to increase their share of the vote in the March 5, 1933 Reichstag elections from 33% to 44%.

Hitler makes a speech on the "Day of the Awekening Nation"

The Nazis win elections in Danzig

The election increases de Valeras support

Uses the new Reichstag election campaign to present the Nazi movement as the force of national renewal and anti-communist order.

Directs propaganda during the Reichstag election, presenting the Nazi campaign as a defence against Marxism and national collapse.

The Act provides federal procedures for reopening solvent banks and supporting financial institutions.

Opposes the Enabling Act with the Social Democrats, rejecting the transfer of legislative power to Hitler's cabinet.

Votes with the Centre Party for the Enabling Act, a decision later criticised as helping destroy parliamentary government.

Represents the armed Nazi presence around Hitler as the Enabling Act is passed under conditions of coercion.

Supports the Enabling Act as Interior Minister, giving the cabinet authority to override ordinary constitutional safeguards.

Promotes the Enabling Act as a national rescue measure while Nazi propaganda attacks Marxists and parliamentary opposition.

Uses control of Prussian police and auxiliary forces to reinforce Nazi dominance before the Enabling Act vote.

Presides over the Reichstag session in the Kroll Opera House while SA and SS pressure surrounds the vote on the Enabling Act.

Serves as Justice Minister as the Enabling Act enables laws that bypass normal constitutional and parliamentary limits.

Votes for the Enabling Act with his party delegation, a decision he later regarded as a grave political mistake.

Benefits from the emergency atmosphere surrounding the Enabling Act as SS and police power expand under Nazi rule.

Signs the Enabling Act after the Reichstag vote, allowing Hitler's cabinet to enact laws without Reichstag approval.

Presents the Enabling Act to the Reichstag as a law to remove distress from people and Reich, demanding cabinet power to legislate without Parliament.

Promises that the Government will respect the churches and states, using reassurance to win conservative and Centre Party support for the Enabling Act.

Uses the Enabling Act after its approval to govern by cabinet law and accelerate the coordination of Germany under Nazi rule.

Votes against the Enabling Act as part of the Social Democratic opposition to Hitler's dictatorship.

Backs the Enabling Act as Hitler's nationalist coalition partner, expecting conservative influence to remain inside the Government.

Leads Centre Party support for the Enabling Act after Hitler offers assurances on church rights and federal institutions.

Votes for the Enabling Act with the German State Party after pressure and misjudgement about Nazi intentions.

Remains in Hitler's cabinet as the Enabling Act transforms the Government into a dictatorship with legal form.

Supports the Enabling Act from inside the conservative coalition, helping give Hitler dictatorial powers through legal procedure.

Represents the excluded communist opposition, whose deputies are absent after arrests, flight and repression following the Reichstag fire.

Commands SA power that intimidates political opponents during the period in which the Enabling Act is forced through.

Supports the Enabling Act with Catholic conservative deputies, helping provide the two-thirds majority Hitler needs.

Votes with the Social Democratic deputies against the Enabling Act despite Nazi intimidation around the Reichstag session.

Continues as Finance Minister while the Enabling Act transfers legislative authority from Parliament to Hitler's cabinet.

Supports Hitler's cabinet as Labour Minister when the Enabling Act destroys parliamentary checks on legislation.

Supports the Centre Party line in favour of the Enabling Act after negotiations with Hitler's Government.

Is unable to oppose the Enabling Act in the Reichstag because the KPD has been suppressed and he is under arrest.

Cannot vote against the Enabling Act because he is imprisoned after being accused in connection with the Reichstag fire.

Speaks against the Enabling Act, declaring that freedom and life can be taken, but honour cannot be taken.

The Jens Hundseid Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.

Helps AVA begin production of military Enigma replicas for Polish cryptanalysts.

Works through AVA to build Polish replicas of the military Enigma for the Cipher Bureau.

Uses the reconstructed machine and recovered daily settings to read German military Enigma traffic.

Death of Martin van der Lubbe, executed

The order requires most privately held monetary gold to be delivered to authorised institutions.

During a national strike the Cuban army forces Machado into exile and installs Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, son of Cuba's founding father, as President

Granted asylum in France

Leaves Cuba after army pressure and mass opposition.

Steagall's deposit-insurance provision creates federal protection for eligible bank deposits.

Banks are closed, only "sound" institutions associated with the Federal Reserve remain

Launches the fifth encirclement campaign against Communist base areas, relying on large troop concentrations and fortified blockhouses.

The goal of the Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937) is the reconstruction of the entire Soviet economy and the creation of a new technical base. Stalin delivers a report on "Results of the First Five-Year Plan" at the joint plenum of the CC and CCC CPSU

The goal of the Second Five-Year Plan was the construction of twenty five to thirty thousand kilometres of new railway lines and 22 million tons of pig iron would be smelted by the end of the plan.

The goal of the Second Five-Year Plan was to increase machine production from 3 to 3.5 times, the mining of coal was increased from 90 million tons to 250 million.

The plan also projected an increase for consumer goods from 22.2 billion rubles in 1932 to 47.2 billion in 1937, the plan was only able to fulfill 85.4 percent of this target.

Freikorps leaders symbolically gave their old Battle flags to Hitler's Sturmabteilung and Schutzstaffel in a huge ceremony

Nazi Germany cultivated the Fuhrerprinzip (leader principle), and Hitler was generally known as just der Fuhrer ("the Leader")

A national strike undermines Machado's dictatorship.

Publishes under the name George Orwell.

Forms the German Labour Front to replace independent trade unions with a Nazi-controlled labour organisation.

As a means of preventing labour disaffection, the DAF established Strength Through Joy (Kraft durch Freude, KdF), to provide a range of benefits and amenities to the German working class and their families.

Some of the world's first purpose built cruise-liners, the Wilhelm Gustloff and the Robert Ley, were built to take KdF members on Mediterranean cruises.

These included subsidised holidays both at resorts across Germany and in "safe" countries abroad (particularly Italy).

The German National Party announces its dissolution

The German National Party announces its dissolution

Germany makes its 1st propaganda leaflet drop over Austria denouncing Dollfuss

Creates the Gestapo in Prussia, establishing a secret police instrument for surveillance and repression.

Oversees the first coordination law that reshapes state parliaments according to the Reichstag election result.

Executive Order 6102 requires most privately held monetary gold to be surrendered for currency.

Hitler & Papen meet in the House of the banker Schroder to form a joint Government

As Vice Chancellor believes he can contain Hitler & use him to gain supreme power

Japan leaves the League of Nation as a reaction on the Lytton Report

Stalin delivers a report on "Results of the First Five-Year Plan" at the joint plenum of the CC and CCC CPSU

Asked by Hindenburg to head a Harzburg coalition of the NSDAP & Hugenberg Nationalists

Promotes the Reich Hereditary Farm Law, tying Nazi rural policy to race, landholding and peasant ideology.

The alliance responds to economic and political pressures during the Depression.

9 March-16 June, 1st phase of the "Hundred Days" to reform the economy

Takes office in the revolutionary Hundred Days Government.

Inaugurated President of the USA

Japan occupies all of China north of the Great Wall

Fails to gain recognition in Manchuria and leads the delegation out of the League

Fails to gain recognition of Japanese policy in Manchuria at the League of Nations

The Japanese Army, Kwangtung Army, moves into Inner Mongolia

The Nazis seize Jewish bank accounts

Approves a national boycott of Jewish businesses, lawyers and doctors as an early public act of antisemitic Nazi policy.

Promotes the boycott of Jewish businesses and professions as part of the Nazi campaign to intimidate German Jews.

Joins the Austrian Legion in Bavaria.

Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")

Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")

As a means of preventing labour disaffection, the DAF established Strength Through Joy (Kraft durch Freude, KdF), to provide a range of benefits and amenities to the German working class and their families.

Some of the world's first purpose built cruise-liners, the Wilhelm Gustloff and the Robert Ley, were built to take KdF members on Mediterranean cruises.

These included subsidised holidays both at resorts across Germany and in "safe" countries abroad (particularly Italy).

Announces Germany's withdrawal from the League of Nations and the Geneva Disarmament Conference.

Germany leaves the League of Nations, because it cannot fully rearm

Fails to gain recognition in Manchuria and leads the delegation out of the League

Advises Hitler to withdraw from the League of Nations

Handles the diplomatic consequences as Germany leaves the League of Nations and the disarmament negotiations.

Japan leaves the League of Nation as a reaction on the Lytton Report

Japan announces withdrawal from the League of Nations

Leads the Japanese delegation out of the League of Nations. Japan leaves the League of Nations after it calls for withdrawal from Manchukuo

Russia joins the League of Nations

Leads Japan's delegation out of the League.

Rejects the League report on Manchuria.

Japan announces withdrawal from the League after Manchuria criticism.

Leaves Austria after the Nazi Party is suppressed.

Resigns from the Prussian Academy of Sciences after deciding not to return to Nazi Germany.

The Kroll Opera House, where the voting will be held, is surrounded by SA & SS. The Centre Party votes for the Enabling Law, the "legal" basis of dictatorship

Tries to stop the National Industrial Recovery Bill by talking for 15hrs but fails

The National Recovery Act is passed by Congress

Introduces to Congress the National Industrial Recovery Bill to increase employment

Introduces the National Industrial Recovery Bill to Congress

Thw Kroll Opera House, where the voting will be held, is surrounded by SA & SS. Hitler tells Wels that his death-knell had sounded

The Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (SS-LAH) becomes Adolf Hitler's personal Bodyguard Regiment ("Leibstandarte" being the German word for "bodyguard")

Japan leaves the League of Nation as a reaction on the Lytton Report

The Majlis ratifies the new agreement governing Anglo-Persian operations and future royalty payments.

Transferred into the air force, at that time a defensive force

Appointed Major

Hitler visits Hindenburg where Blomberg threatens to crush the SA with the Army

The Moscow metro is completed

Receives several months of military training with Austrian Nazis.

Appointed Minister of Communications

Appointed Minister of Economics

Appointed Minister of the Interior

Appointed Minister of Justice

Appointed Minister of Labour

Appointed Minister of Propaganda & Enlightenment, given control of the media & arts

Appointed Minister President for Prussia

Roosevelt suspends banking transactions while authorities examine institutions before reopening them.

Introduces to Congress the National Industrial Recovery Bill to increase employment

The National Recovery Act is passed by Congress

Johnson administers industry codes governing prices, wages, hours and competitive practices.

The National Socialist German Workers Party becomes the only political party

Policy change of the "National revolution" combining Nationalism & Socialism

Russia & Germany renew the 1926 Treaty of Neutrality & Non-Aggression

Creates the Civilian Conservation Corps to reduce unemployment

Introduces to Congress the National Industrial Recovery Bill to increase employment

9 March-16 June, 1st phase of the "Hundred Days" to reform the economy

Gives imperial assent, bringing the 1933 Anglo-Persian concession into force.

Signs a new concession replacing the 1901 D'Arcy agreement after negotiations with the Persian government.

Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for classical artistry in Russian prose.

Dolfuss bans the Nazi Party in Austria

Meets Papen at von Schroeders home. It is agreed Papen will ask Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor

German bishops withdraw their ban on Nazism

Becomes a self-appointed theorist of the NAZI state. Appointed Member of NSDAP

Approves the concession agreement beginning commercial oil exploration.

Signs the oil concession agreement for the Saudi government.

Holds a one-party Reichstag election and referendum after opposition parties have been destroyed or forced to dissolve.

Approves the Law Against the Formation of New Parties, making the NSDAP Germany's only legal political party.

A pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy is signed

A pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy is signed

A pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy is signed

A pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy is signed

Papen & Cardinal Pacelli sign the German concordat with Rome

Attlee served as acting leader for nine months from December 1933, after Lansbury fractured his thigh in an accident

Nationalist China signs the Tanggu Truce with Japan, establishing a demilitarized zone south of the Great Wall.

Gives a Reichstag speech claiming Germany seeks peace while demanding equality of rights in armaments.

The Peoples Party announces its dissolution

National boycott of all Jewish businesses & professions

Dertil attemps to assassinate Chancellor Dollfuss as he leaves the Parliament building

Dertil attemps to assassinate Chancellor Dollfuss as he leaves the Parliament building

Leads an SA detachment from the Presidents Palace through a tunnel

Launches a raid on the Communist Party HQ

Suspected of being involved because a tunnel leads from his office to the Reichstag

Claims van der Lubbe was a pawn in in Communist Plot to lunch a campaign of terror

Persuaded by Hitler to suspend civil liberties because of a communist threat

The Nazis burn down the Reichstag & blame a communist plot

Hitler promulgates a decree "for the protection of the People & the State"

Constitutional rights are suspended by Presidential decree

The Reichstag Fire trial is held but the communist leaders are acquitted

As a consequence of the Reichstag Fire Decree, the Communist Party of Germany KPD is banned

The Nazis allege that Van der Lubbe is part of the Communist conspiracy to burn down the Reichstag & seize power. Death of Martin van der Lubbe, executed

The German Reichstag is set alight

Establishes an auxilliary police force of 50,000 composed of SA & SS members

The NSDAP becomes the political party allowed in Germany

During a national strike the Cuban army forces Machado into exile and installs Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, son of Cuba's founding father, as President

During a second coup, led by sergeants most notably Fulgencio Batista, Cespedes is overthrown, leading to the formation of the first Ramon Grau San Martin Government

Appointed acting President of Ecuador

Appoints Hitler as Chancellor

Decides to appoint Hitler as Chancellor to prevent a Communist revolution

Appointed President of the Reichsbank, 2nd term

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Appointed Prime Minister of Prussia

Appointed Prime Minister of Poland

Duca forms a Liberal government and moves against the Iron Guard.

Appointed Prime Minister of Spain

Jodl is promoted to Lieutenant Colonel while serving in the Truppenamt.

Is appointed Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, centralising Nazi control over political messaging, press, radio and culture.

Becomes provisional president after Machado's fall.

Becomes Minister President of Prussia, consolidating Nazi control over Germany's largest state.

Consolidates his control of the Prussian police apparatus after months of emergency arrests and political repression.

Goes on TV & describes plans to give work to 1/4 million unemployed

Creates the Civilian Conservation Corps to reduce unemployment

Introduces to Congress the National Industrial Recovery Bill to increase employment

Purges the Prussian administration & appoints loyal party supporters

Decadent books are burnt in a purge by the Nazis

Tollers books are burnt as part of a Nazi purge of decadent literature

Launches a raid on the Karl Liebknecht Haus

Addresses 200,000 & promises that Nuremberg rallies will meet for 100 years

The Fujian Rebellion challenges Chiang’s government but collapses after Nationalist military pressure.

Libertarian Communists rebel in Analucia

Libertarian Communists rebel in Catalonia

Libertarian Communists rebel in Analucia

Libertarian Communists rebel in Catalonia

A rebelllion breaks out in Aragon

A rebelllion breaks out in Aragon

The USSR is recognized by the USA, to counteract Japans rise in the Far East

The USSR is recognized by the USA, to counteract Japans rise in the Far East

The USSR is recognized by the USA, to counteract Japans rise in the Far East

Directs propaganda for the referendum endorsing withdrawal from the League of Nations and the one-party Reichstag election.

The Reichs Chamber of Culture is founded under the new Minister of Propaganda. All manuscripts need to be submitted to the ministry before publication

A law is passed "for the prevention of the propogation of hereditary illness"

Goering is placed in charge of the Reich Air Ministry and the secret development of German air power

Establishes the Reich Chamber of Culture to control writers, artists, musicians, theatre, press, radio and film.

Signs the Reich Concordat with Franz von Papen on behalf of the Holy See.

Signs the Reich Concordat with Cardinal Pacelli, regulating relations between Nazi Germany and the Holy See.

A ceremony in the Potsdam Garrison Church marks the opening of the Reichstag

The ceremonial opening of the 1st NSDAP Parliament, held at the Garrison Church. Opened on the same day Bismarck opened the 1st Reichstag of the 2nd Reich in 1871

The Reichstag convenes in the Kroll Opera House

Meets Hitler at von Schroeders home. It is agreed Papen will ask Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor

Fails to win an outright Nazi majority, but uses coalition support and repression to move toward dictatorial authority.

Uses the Reichstag fire politically, presenting it as evidence of a communist threat to the state.

Despite the fact that Marinus van der Lubbe claimed to have acted alone in the Reichstag Fire, Hitler, after having obtained his emergency powers, announces that it was the start of a Communist plot to take over Germany

Thousands of Communists are imprisoned in the days following the fire (including leaders of the Communist Party of Germany) on the charge that the Party was preparing to stage a putsch.

With Communist electoral participation also suppressed (the Communists had previously polled 17% of the vote), the Nazis are able to increase their share of the vote in the March 5, 1933 Reichstag elections from 33% to 44%

Marinus van der Lubbe, Ernst Torgler, Georgi Dimitrov, Blagoi Popov, and Vassil Tanev are indicted on charges of setting the Reichstag on fire

At the end of the trial only Van der Lubbe is convicted, while his fellow defendants are found not guilty

Is arrested after the Reichstag building burns, giving the Nazi Government the pretext for sweeping emergency measures against communists and other opponents.

The Reichstag is set on fire and Dutch council communist Marinus van der Lubbe is found inside the building, the Nazis publicly blame the fire on communist agitators in general

Helps implement emergency powers that allow the Nazi Government to suppress communist and socialist organisations.

Signs the Reichstag Fire Decree, suspending civil liberties and permitting detention without normal constitutional protection.

Less than a month after Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor the Reichstag Fire Decree invokes Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, suspending several constitutional protections on civil rights

The Reichstag Fire Decree suspends most civil liberties in Germany and is used by the Nazis to ban publications not considered "friendly" to the Nazi cause.

Resigns from the Government

Blomberg becomes one of Hitler's most devoted followers, and as such is nicknamed "Rubber Lion" by some of his critics in the army who were less than enthusiastic about Hitler

On the orders of Hitler and Wilhelm Frick abolishes the Government of Bavaria and sets up a Nazi regime

China signs a Treaty recognizing Japans control of Inner Mongolia

Kerensky records his position on russian democracy campaign in exile.

Founds & leads new German Nationalist political Party in Czech

Stalin launches the Second Five-Year Plan, emphasizing heavy industry, transport, steel, coal and continued central planning.

Blomberg becomes one of Hitler's most devoted followers, and as such is nicknamed "Rubber Lion" by some of his critics in the army who were less than enthusiastic about Hitler. Appointed Minister of Defence

Appointed Minister of Defence

The Securities Act requires disclosure for many securities offered to the public.

Helps lead the Sergeants' Revolt against the officer corps.

Is overthrown after the Sergeants' Revolt.

A ceasefire ends the major 1932 fighting in Shanghai between Chinese and Japanese forces.

Frick dissolves the Social Democratic Party as "subversive & inimical to the state"

Bans the Social Democratic Party, removing the last major organised parliamentary opposition to Nazi rule.

Frick dissolves the Social Democratic Party as "subversive & inimical to the state"

Directs SOS Eisberg, a German adventure film shot in Greenland.

Hitler makes a speech on the "Day of the Awekening Nation"

The SS is put under the command of Josef Dietrich who had selected 117 men for the SS-Stabswache Berlin, out of these three would become divisional commanders,at least eight would become regimental commanders, fifteen became battalion commanders

The SS had grown from a tiny personal bodyguard unit to a formation of over 50,000 men, the decision is made to form a new bodyguard unit, picking the most capable and trustworthy SS men to form its cadre

The SS is put under the command of Josef Dietrich who had selected 117 men for the SS-Stabswache Berlin, out of these three would become divisional commanders,at least eight would become regimental commanders, fifteen became battalion commanders.

Appointed State Councillor

Constitutional rights are suspended by decree, "to protect the German people"

Declares a state of emergency

Sponsors hereditary health legislation authorising compulsory sterilisation under Nazi racial and eugenic policy.

As a means of preventing labour disaffection, the DAF established Strength Through Joy (Kraft durch Freude, KdF), to provide a range of benefits and amenities to the German working class and their families.

Some of the world's first purpose built cruise-liners, the Wilhelm Gustloff and the Robert Ley, were built to take KdF members on Mediterranean cruises.

These included subsidised holidays both at resorts across Germany and in "safe" countries abroad (particularly Italy).

Mohammad Zahir Shah succeeds his assassinated father as king of Afghanistan.

Accuses Muller of abandoning the legal basis of the Protestant church

The TVA begins integrated development of electricity, navigation and flood control.

Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")

Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")

The Nazi regime bans The Testament of Dr Mabuse after its release is blocked.

Begins the Third Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.

Anglo-German trade agreement

The Nazis suppress German trades unions

Dissolves the Trades Unions, their leaders are put in concentration camps

Takes a leading role as SA and police occupy trade union offices, seize funds and arrest union leaders.

Russia & Germany renew the 1926 Treaty of Neutrality & Non-Aggression

At the end of the Reichstag Fire trial only Van der Lubbe is convicted, while his fellow defendants are found not guilty

Marinus van der Lubbe, Ernst Torgler, Georgi Dimitrov, Blagoi Popov, and Vassil Tanev are indicted on charges of setting the Reichstag on fire

Turkey signs a 10 year non-aggression pact with Greece

Appointed under-secretary at the Ministry of Economics, disappointing Feder who had hoped for a much higher position

Gains institutional importance as the Law to Secure the Unity of Party and State binds the NSDAP to the German state.

Approves the law declaring the Nazi Party and state inseparable, formalising one-party rule after the destruction of opposition.

The US "declines" to recognize the German occupation of Bohemia & Moravia. Roosevelt requests an assurance Germany will not invade any country from a list of 31

Appointed Vice Chancellor

The "Joy of Victory" celebrations take place

Birth of Akihito in the year of the "Water Rooster"

If Nagako had not given birth to a son a concubine may have been used. Gives birth to a male heir, Akihito, after giving birth to 3 daughters

Birth of "Bobby" Robert William Robson

Birth of Garrinca

Birth of Gene Wilder

Birth of George John Mitchell

Birth of James Brown, South Carolina

Birth of John Barry Prendergast

Birth of Kim Novak

Birth of Maria Corazon Aquino

Birh of Michael Caine, born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite

Born in Swansea, South Wales, into a relatively prosperous middle-class family.

Birth of Mohammad Javad Bahona

Birth of Yoko Ono

Death of Calvin Coolidge

Death of Ionn Duca, assassinated

Stalin attends the memorial meeting at the Bolshoi Theatre to commemorate the ninth anniversary of the death of Lenin

Death of Luigi Amedeo

Death of Martin van der Lubbe, executed

Death of Paul Ehrenfest

Death of Roscoe Arbuckle

Thubten Gyatso dies after decades of political leadership and attempted reform.