Second Five Year Plan
Stalin launches the Second Five-Year Plan, emphasizing heavy industry, transport, steel, coal and continued central planning.
Historical events in 1933
721 historical records
January 193351 historical events
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Government
Hitler & Papen meet in the House of the banker Schroder to form a joint Government
Reichstag
Meets Hitler at von Schroeders home. It is agreed Papen will ask Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor
Alliance Adolf Hitler and Franz von Papen
Meets Papen at von Schroeders home. It is agreed Papen will ask Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor
NSDAP
Meets Papen at von Schroeders home. It is agreed Papen will ask Hindenburg to make Hitler Chancellor
Death of Calvin Coolidge
Death of Calvin Coolidge
Five Year Plan
The goal of the Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937) is the reconstruction of the entire Soviet economy and the creation of a new technical base. Stalin delivers a report on "Results of the First Five-Year Plan" at the joint plenum of the CC and CCC CPSU
Five Year Plan
The goal of the Second Five-Year Plan was the construction of twenty five to thirty thousand kilometres of new railway lines and 22 million tons of pig iron would be smelted by the end of the plan.
Five Year Plan
The goal of the Second Five-Year Plan was to increase machine production from 3 to 3.5 times, the mining of coal was increased from 90 million tons to 250 million.
Five Year Plan
The plan also projected an increase for consumer goods from 22.2 billion rubles in 1932 to 47.2 billion in 1937, the plan was only able to fulfill 85.4 percent of this target.
Government Report
Stalin delivers a report on "Results of the First Five-Year Plan" at the joint plenum of the CC and CCC CPSU
Reballion of Libertarian Communists
Libertarian Communists rebel in Analucia
Reballion of Libertarian Communists
Libertarian Communists rebel in Catalonia
Reballion of Libertarian Communists
Libertarian Communists rebel in Analucia
Reballion of Libertarian Communists
Libertarian Communists rebel in Catalonia
Down and Out in Paris and London
Publishes Down and Out in Paris and London.
George Orwell Pseudonym
Publishes under the name George Orwell.
Death of Martin van der Lubbe
Death of Martin van der Lubbe, executed
Execution
Death of Martin van der Lubbe, executed
Plot
The Nazis allege that Van der Lubbe is part of the Communist conspiracy to burn down the Reichstag & seize power. Death of Martin van der Lubbe, executed
Death of Joseph Stalin
Stalin attends the memorial meeting at the Bolshoi Theatre to commemorate the ninth anniversary of the death of Lenin
Election
Gains the support of Oscar von Hindenburg who agrees to appoint Hitler Chancellor
Birth of Maria Corazon Aquino
Birth of Maria Corazon Aquino
Cabinet
Forms a Cabinet without Socialists, will not adhere to the Socialist financial program
Appointment of Hitler
Becomes Chancellor after Hindenburg appoints him to lead a coalition cabinet with Nazi and German Nationalist ministers.
Constitution of Germany
Hindenburg asks Hitler to form a Government
Constitution of Germany
The "National Revolution" is followed by a "Lawful Revolution". The Government rules by Presidential decree as a coalition of "National accord"
Election
Calls for a Rechstag election for 5th March
Minister President
Appointed Minister President for Prussia
Minister of Communication
Appointed Minister of Communications
Cabinet Appointment
Represents the German Nationalist coalition partners in Hitler's first cabinet as Minister of Economics and Agriculture.
Minister of Economics
Appointed Minister of Economics
Cabinet Appointment
Enters Hitler's first cabinet as Reich Interior Minister, giving the Nazis direct influence over internal administration and police policy.
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Minister of Justice
Appointed Minister of Justice
Minister of Labour
Appointed Minister of Labour
Cabinet Appointment
Receives a cabinet post and gains increasing authority in Prussia, allowing Nazi control over Germany's largest police apparatus.
Appointment of Hitler
Appoints Adolf Hitler Chancellor at the head of a Nazi DNVP coalition, ending the last Weimar attempt to contain the Nazi movement through conservative cabinet politics.
Rubber Lion
Blomberg becomes one of Hitler's most devoted followers, and as such is nicknamed "Rubber Lion" by some of his critics in the army who were less than enthusiastic about Hitler
Secretary of State for Defence
Blomberg becomes one of Hitler's most devoted followers, and as such is nicknamed "Rubber Lion" by some of his critics in the army who were less than enthusiastic about Hitler. Appointed Minister of Defence
Coalition Government
Joins Hitler's cabinet as Vice Chancellor, believing conservative ministers can control the new Chancellor from inside the Government.
Government
As Vice Chancellor believes he can contain Hitler & use him to gain supreme power
Vice Chancellor
Appointed Vice Chancellor
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Dissolution
Dissolves the Reichstag & calls an election
Election
Dissolves the Reichstag & calls an election
Harzburg Coalition
Asked by Hindenburg to head a Harzburg coalition of the NSDAP & Hugenberg Nationalists
President of Germany
Appoints Hitler as Chancellor
Election
The election increases de Valeras support
Enigma Machine
Uses the reconstructed machine and recovered daily settings to read German military Enigma traffic.
February 193354 historical events
Election Campaign
Uses the new Reichstag election campaign to present the Nazi movement as the force of national renewal and anti-communist order.
Dissolution of Reichstag
Dissolves the Reichstag after Hitler requests a new election intended to strengthen the Nazi-led coalition.
Angriff, Der
Der Angriff appears as the "Daily Newspaper of the German Labor Front" from the Eher Press, with Goebbels remaining publisher
Colonel
Appointed Colonel
Conference of Disarmament
A 2nd internalional conference on disarmament ends without results, It tries to limit the army sizes of the major powers, while Germany is entitled to 200,000, Germany leaves the conference because a plan postpones the limitations for 4 years
Constitution of Germany
Constitutional rights are suspended by decree, "to protect the German people"
Decree
Constitutional rights are suspended by decree, "to protect the German people"
State of Emergency
Constitutional rights are suspended by decree, "to protect the German people"
Decree for Protection of German People
Signs a decree restricting press freedom and public meetings, giving the Government more power over election campaigning.
Birth of Kim Novak
Birth of Kim Novak
Birth of Bobby Robert William Robson
Birth of "Bobby" Robert William Robson
Birth of Yoko Ono
Birth of Yoko Ono
Alliance Adolf Hitler
Business leaders meet at the Presidents Palace & agree to financially support Hitler
Election
Business leaders meet at the Presidents Palace & agree to financially support Hitler
Election
Helps agree to an election fund of 3 million Reichsmarks from leading industrialists. Business leaders meet at Goerings Presidents Palace & agree to finance Hitler
Auxiliary Police
Authorizes SA, SS and Stahlhelm members as auxiliary police in Prussia, strengthening Nazi street power before the election.
State of Emergency
Declares a state of emergency
Invasion of China
Japan occupies all of China north of the Great Wall
Plot
Launches a raid on the Communist Party HQ
Raid
Launches a raid on the Karl Liebknecht Haus
League Withdrawal
Rejects the League report on Manchuria.
League of Nations
Japan leaves the League of Nation as a reaction on the Lytton Report
Plot
Leads an SA detachment from the Presidents Palace through a tunnel
Plot
The Nazis burn down the Reichstag & blame a communist plot
Reichstag Fire
Uses the Reichstag fire politically, presenting it as evidence of a communist threat to the state.
Plot
Suspected of being involved because a tunnel leads from his office to the Reichstag
Reichstag Fire
The Reichstag is set on fire and Dutch council communist Marinus van der Lubbe is found inside the building, the Nazis publicly blame the fire on communist agitators in general
League of Nations
Japan announces withdrawal from the League of Nations
Plot
The German Reichstag is set alight
Reichstag Fire
Is arrested after the Reichstag building burns, giving the Nazi Government the pretext for sweeping emergency measures against communists and other opponents.
Civil Rights
Less than a month after Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor the Reichstag Fire Decree invokes Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, suspending several constitutional protections on civil rights
Constitution of Germany
Less than a month after Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor the Reichstag Fire Decree invokes Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, suspending several constitutional protections on civil rights. Individual liberty under the Weimer constitution is suspended
Constitution of Germany
Constitutional rights are suspended by Presidential decree. After the Reichstag fire constitutional rights are suspended by Presidential decree
Plot
Hitler promulgates a decree "for the protection of the People & the State"
Plot
Constitutional rights are suspended by Presidential decree
Reichstag Fire Decree
Less than a month after Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor the Reichstag Fire Decree invokes Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, suspending several constitutional protections on civil rights
Reichstag Fire Decree
The Reichstag Fire Decree suspends most civil liberties in Germany and is used by the Nazis to ban publications not considered "friendly" to the Nazi cause.
Reichstag Fire
Despite the fact that Marinus van der Lubbe claimed to have acted alone in the Reichstag Fire, Hitler, after having obtained his emergency powers, announces that it was the start of a Communist plot to take over Germany
Reichstag Fire
Thousands of Communists are imprisoned in the days following the fire (including leaders of the Communist Party of Germany) on the charge that the Party was preparing to stage a putsch.
Plot
Claims van der Lubbe was a pawn in in Communist Plot to lunch a campaign of terror
Reichstag Fire Decree
Helps implement emergency powers that allow the Nazi Government to suppress communist and socialist organisations.
Plot
Persuaded by Hitler to suspend civil liberties because of a communist threat
Reichstag Fire Decree
Signs the Reichstag Fire Decree, suspending civil liberties and permitting detention without normal constitutional protection.
Constitution of Germany
Allows Hitler to use emergency powers under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution
President of Germany
Decides to appoint Hitler as Chancellor to prevent a Communist revolution
Election
Directs his campaign against 14yrs of party Government
Plot
The Reichstag Fire trial is held but the communist leaders are acquitted
Trial
At the end of the Reichstag Fire trial only Van der Lubbe is convicted, while his fellow defendants are found not guilty
Police
Establishes an auxilliary police force of 50,000 composed of SA & SS members
Purge
Purges the Prussian administration & appoints loyal party supporters
Rule of Mongolia
China signs a Treaty recognizing Japans control of Inner Mongolia
Invasion of Mongolia
The Japanese Army, Kwangtung Army, moves into Inner Mongolia
Enigma Machine
Works through AVA to build Polish replicas of the military Enigma for the Cipher Bureau.
Enigma Machine
Helps AVA begin production of military Enigma replicas for Polish cryptanalysts.
March 1933110 historical events
Communist Party
The police & SA sieze all Communist Party buildings in Germany along with weapons claimed to be used for a coup. As a consequence of the Reichstag Fire Decree, the Communist Party of Germany KPD is banned
Coup
The police & SA sieze all Communist Party buildings in Germany along with weapons claimed to be used for a coup
Decree
As a consequence of the Reichstag Fire Decree, the Communist Party of Germany KPD is banned
Plot
As a consequence of the Reichstag Fire Decree, the Communist Party of Germany KPD is banned
Alliance Werner von Blomberg and Nazi Party
Issues a directive to the Officer Corps openly supporting the NAZIs
Siege of Shanghai
A ceasefire ends the major 1932 fighting in Shanghai between Chinese and Japanese forces.
Jens Hundseid Government
The Jens Hundseid Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Third Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government
Begins the Third Johan Ludwig Mowinckel Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Inauguration
Inaugurated President of the USA
Chancellor
The NSDAP wins only 44% of the vote but are able to use it to gain total power
Election
The Nazis increase their vote to 44% giving the Nazis & their coalition allies the German National Peoples Party 52%. Falls far short of the 2/3 majority to establish dictatorship by consent of Parliament
Election
The Nazis win 288 out of 647 seats in the Reichstag. The Nazis poll 17,277,180 votes, failing to win a majority with 43. 9% of the total. The Nazis need the 52 seats won by their Nationalist allies to win a majority.
Election
With Communist electoral participation also suppressed (the Communists had previously polled 17% of the vote), the Nazis are able to increase their share of the vote in the March 5, 1933 Reichstag elections from 33% to 44%.
Election
Hitler makes a speech on the "Day of the Awekening Nation"
Reichstag Election
Fails to win an outright Nazi majority, but uses coalition support and repression to move toward dictatorial authority.
Reichstag Fire
With Communist electoral participation also suppressed (the Communists had previously polled 17% of the vote), the Nazis are able to increase their share of the vote in the March 5, 1933 Reichstag elections from 33% to 44%
Speech
Hitler makes a speech on the "Day of the Awekening Nation"
Election Propaganda
Directs propaganda during the Reichstag election, presenting the Nazi campaign as a defence against Marxism and national collapse.
Election
Following the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor by President Hindenburg, the SPD receives 18.25% of the votes during the last free elections gaining 120 seats
National Bank Holiday
Roosevelt suspends banking transactions while authorities examine institutions before reopening them.
Economy of USA
US banks close for 4 days due to a financial crisis. US banks close for 4 days due to a finacial crisis
National Bank Holiday
Roosevelt declares a nationwide bank holiday to halt the banking panic and give federal authorities time to examine institutions before permitting sound banks to reopen.
Constitution of Austria
Suspends Parliament & assumes dictatorial powers to prevent the Nazis coming to power
Dissolution of Parliament
Suspends Parliament & assumes dictatorial powers to prevent the Nazis coming to power
Constitution of Germany
On the orders of Hitler and Wilhelm Frick abolishes the Government of Bavaria and sets up a Nazi regime
Rule of Bavaria
On the orders of Hitler and Wilhelm Frick abolishes the Government of Bavaria and sets up a Nazi regime
Coup
Under Hitler's orders von Epp sets up a Nazi regime in Bavaria
Coup
Under Hitler's orders von Epp sets up a Nazi regime in Bavaria
Coup
Under Hitler's orders von Epp sets up a Nazi regime in Bavaria
Emergency Banking Act
The Act provides federal procedures for reopening solvent banks and supporting financial institutions.
Economy of USA
Banks are closed, only "sound" institutions associated with the Federal Reserve remain
Emergency Banking Act Gold Controls
The Emergency Banking Act gives Roosevelt broad authority over domestic and international gold movements as the administration confronts banking panic and reserve losses.
Emergency Banking Act
Roosevelt signs the Emergency Banking Act, which strengthens federal control over the banking emergency and permits Federal Reserve Banks to issue additional currency backed by qualifying assets.
Federal Reserve
Banks are closed, only "sound" institutions associated with the Federal Reserve remain
Banking Crisis Fireside Chat
Roosevelt uses a national radio address to explain the bank holiday and the reopening process, helping restore public confidence in banks that federal examiners and the Federal Reserve considered able to resume business.
Propaganda Ministry
Is appointed Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, centralising Nazi control over political messaging, press, radio and culture.
Minister of Propaganda
Appointed Minister of Propaganda & Enlightenment, given control of the media & arts
Birth of Michael Caine
Birh of Michael Caine, born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite
President of Germany
Appointed President of the Reichsbank, 2nd term
Death of Luigi Amedeo
Death of Luigi Amedeo
Dachau Concentration Camp
Announces the establishment of Dachau as a concentration camp for political prisoners near Munich.
Concentration Camps
1st concentration camp is opened at Oranienburg outside Berlin
Constitution of Germany
"The day of Potsdam", Parliament is deprived of its powers
Day of Potsdam
Uses the Potsdam ceremony to associate the Nazi Government with conservative, military and Prussian traditions.
Economy of Germany
The "battle for work" begins
Reichstag
A ceremony in the Potsdam Garrison Church marks the opening of the Reichstag
Reichstag
The ceremonial opening of the 1st NSDAP Parliament, held at the Garrison Church. Opened on the same day Bismarck opened the 1st Reichstag of the 2nd Reich in 1871
Day of Potsdam
Attends the Potsdam ceremony with Hitler, symbolising conservative acceptance of the new Nazi-led Government.
Birth of Michael Heseltine
Born in Swansea, South Wales, into a relatively prosperous middle-class family.
Dachau
Opens Dachau Concentration Camp for communists & other "political undesireables"
Legislation
Thw Kroll Opera House, where the voting will be held, is surrounded by SA & SS. Hitler tells Wels that his death-knell had sounded
Constitution of Germany
The Centre Party votes for the Enabling Law, the "legal" basis of dictatorship. Legislative power is transferred to the executive. All political parties other than the NSDAP are banned. A dictatorship in all but name is established
Constitution of Germany
441 in the Reichstag vote for the Enabling Bill, only 94 against
Constitution of Germany
The title of Fuhrer and Chancellor is soon understood to mean Head of State & Head of Government & given by propaganda the title of Fuhrer des deutschen Reiches und Volkes (Leader of the German Reich and People), the name the soldiers had to swear
Constitution of Germany
The title of Reichspresident however was not taken by Hitler; instead, he wanted to let his title remain Fuhrer und Reichskanzler, for respect of Hindenburgs achievements as a WWI hero who became Germany's President.
Constitution of Germany
to.
Enabling Act
Presents the Enabling Act to the Reichstag as a law to remove distress from people and Reich, demanding cabinet power to legislate without Parliament.
Enabling Act
Promises that the Government will respect the churches and states, using reassurance to win conservative and Centre Party support for the Enabling Act.
Fuhrerprinzip
Nazi Germany cultivated the Fuhrerprinzip (leader principle), and Hitler was generally known as just der Fuhrer ("the Leader")
Legislation
The Kroll Opera House, where the voting will be held, is surrounded by SA & SS. The Centre Party votes for the Enabling Law, the "legal" basis of dictatorship
Reichstag
The Reichstag convenes in the Kroll Opera House
Enabling Act
Represents the armed Nazi presence around Hitler as the Enabling Act is passed under conditions of coercion.
Enabling Act
Remains in Hitler's cabinet as the Enabling Act transforms the Government into a dictatorship with legal form.
Enabling Act
Serves as Justice Minister as the Enabling Act enables laws that bypass normal constitutional and parliamentary limits.
Enabling Act
Uses control of Prussian police and auxiliary forces to reinforce Nazi dominance before the Enabling Act vote.
Enabling Act
Continues as Finance Minister while the Enabling Act transfers legislative authority from Parliament to Hitler's cabinet.
Enabling Act
Supports the Enabling Act as Interior Minister, giving the cabinet authority to override ordinary constitutional safeguards.
Enabling Act
Supports Hitler's cabinet as Labour Minister when the Enabling Act destroys parliamentary checks on legislation.
Enabling Act
Promotes the Enabling Act as a national rescue measure while Nazi propaganda attacks Marxists and parliamentary opposition.
Enabling Act
Presides over the Reichstag session in the Kroll Opera House while SA and SS pressure surrounds the vote on the Enabling Act.
Enabling Act
Commands SA power that intimidates political opponents during the period in which the Enabling Act is forced through.
Enabling Act
Benefits from the emergency atmosphere surrounding the Enabling Act as SS and police power expand under Nazi rule.
Enabling Act
Supports the Enabling Act from inside the conservative coalition, helping give Hitler dictatorial powers through legal procedure.
Enabling Act
Supports the Enabling Act with Catholic conservative deputies, helping provide the two-thirds majority Hitler needs.
Enabling Act
Votes with the Centre Party for the Enabling Act, a decision later criticised as helping destroy parliamentary government.
Enabling Act
Leads Centre Party support for the Enabling Act after Hitler offers assurances on church rights and federal institutions.
Enabling Act
Supports the Centre Party line in favour of the Enabling Act after negotiations with Hitler's Government.
Enabling Act
Cannot vote against the Enabling Act because he is imprisoned after being accused in connection with the Reichstag fire.
Enabling Act
Represents the excluded communist opposition, whose deputies are absent after arrests, flight and repression following the Reichstag fire.
Enabling Act
Is unable to oppose the Enabling Act in the Reichstag because the KPD has been suppressed and he is under arrest.
Enabling Act
Backs the Enabling Act as Hitler's nationalist coalition partner, expecting conservative influence to remain inside the Government.
Enabling Act
Votes for the Enabling Act with his party delegation, a decision he later regarded as a grave political mistake.
Enabling Act
Votes for the Enabling Act with the German State Party after pressure and misjudgement about Nazi intentions.
Enabling Act
Votes with the Social Democratic deputies against the Enabling Act despite Nazi intimidation around the Reichstag session.
Enabling Act
Opposes the Enabling Act with the Social Democrats, rejecting the transfer of legislative power to Hitler's cabinet.
Enabling Act
Votes against the Enabling Act as part of the Social Democratic opposition to Hitler's dictatorship.
Enabling Act
Speaks against the Enabling Act, declaring that freedom and life can be taken, but honour cannot be taken.
Enabling Act
Uses the Enabling Act after its approval to govern by cabinet law and accelerate the coordination of Germany under Nazi rule.
Enabling Act
Signs the Enabling Act after the Reichstag vote, allowing Hitler's cabinet to enact laws without Reichstag approval.
Concordat
Bishops withdraw their ban on membership of the Nazi party
US declines to recognize the German occupation of Bohemia & Moravia
The US "declines" to recognize the German occupation of Bohemia & Moravia. Roosevelt requests an assurance Germany will not invade any country from a list of 31
Government Report
Japan leaves the League of Nation as a reaction on the Lytton Report
Lytton Report
Japan leaves the League of Nation as a reaction on the Lytton Report
League of Nations
Leads the Japanese delegation out of the League of Nations. Japan leaves the League of Nations after it calls for withdrawal from Manchukuo
Invasion of Manchuria
Fails to gain recognition in Manchuria and leads the delegation out of the League
Invasion of Manchuria
Fails to gain recognition of Japanese policy in Manchuria at the League of Nations
League of Nations
Fails to gain recognition in Manchuria and leads the delegation out of the League
League Walkout
Leads Japan's delegation out of the League.
League Withdrawal
Japan announces withdrawal from the League after Manchuria criticism.
Leaves Prussian Academy
Resigns from the Prussian Academy of Sciences after deciding not to return to Nazi Germany.
The Testament of Dr Mabuse
The Nazi regime bans The Testament of Dr Mabuse after its release is blocked.
NSDAP
German bishops withdraw their ban on Nazism
Gleichschaltung
Oversees the first coordination law that reshapes state parliaments according to the Reichstag election result.
SS
The SS is put under the command of Josef Dietrich who had selected 117 men for the SS-Stabswache Berlin, out of these three would become divisional commanders,at least eight would become regimental commanders, fifteen became battalion commanders
SS
The SS had grown from a tiny personal bodyguard unit to a formation of over 50,000 men, the decision is made to form a new bodyguard unit, picking the most capable and trustworthy SS men to form its cadre
SS
The SS is put under the command of Josef Dietrich who had selected 117 men for the SS-Stabswache Berlin, out of these three would become divisional commanders,at least eight would become regimental commanders, fifteen became battalion commanders.
Baltic Canal
Construction of the Baltic-White Sea Canal is completed
Metro
The Moscow metro is completed
Coalition Government
Forms a coalition government with Jan Smuts.
Hertzog-Smuts Coalition
The alliance responds to economic and political pressures during the Depression.
April 193318 historical events
Jewish Bank Accounts
The Nazis seize Jewish bank accounts
Jewish Boycott
Approves a national boycott of Jewish businesses, lawyers and doctors as an early public act of antisemitic Nazi policy.
Persecution
National boycott of all Jewish businesses & professions
Executive Order 6102
The order requires most privately held monetary gold to be delivered to authorised institutions.
Gold Surrender
Executive Order 6102 requires most privately held monetary gold to be surrendered for currency.
Monetary Gold Surrender Order
Executive Order 6102 requires most privately held monetary gold to be delivered to banks or the Treasury, centralising the nation's gold stock under federal control.
Constitution of Germany
Appoints Nazi Reich Governors to run all German states subjecting them to the Reich
Civil Service Law
Introduces the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, removing Jews and political opponents from public posts.
Prussian Government
Becomes Minister President of Prussia, consolidating Nazi control over Germany's largest state.
Economy of USA
Roosevelt prohibits gold exports and redemption, formally suspending the United States gold standard.
Gestapo
Creates the Gestapo in Prussia, establishing a secret police instrument for surveillance and repression.
Trade Agreement
Anglo-German trade agreement
New Persian Oil Concession Signed
Signs a new concession replacing the 1901 D'Arcy agreement after negotiations with the Persian government.
Reich Air Ministry
Goering is placed in charge of the Reich Air Ministry and the secret development of German air power
Neutrality
Russia & Germany renew the 1926 Treaty of Neutrality & Non-Aggression
Treaty of Neutrality
Russia & Germany renew the 1926 Treaty of Neutrality & Non-Aggression
League of Nations
Russia joins the League of Nations
Election
The Government does badly at the municipal elections
May 193336 historical events
Day of National Labour
Stages May Day as the Day of National Labour before the regime destroys the independent trade unions.
VJ Day
The "Joy of Victory" celebrations take place
NSDAP
Becomes a self-appointed theorist of the NAZI state. Appointed Member of NSDAP
Russian Democracy Campaign
Kerensky records his position on russian democracy campaign in exile.
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
Trades Union leaders are put in concentration camps
Trades Unions
The Nazis suppress German trades unions
Trades Unions
Dissolves the Trades Unions, their leaders are put in concentration camps
Trades Unions
Takes a leading role as SA and police occupy trade union offices, seize funds and arrest union leaders.
Constitution of Ireland
The Dail abolishes loyalty to the British crown
Abolition of Oath of Allegiance
Leads the government as legislation removes the oath of allegiance from Free State constitutional arrangements.
Birth of James Brown
Birth of James Brown, South Carolina
Birth
Is born in New York City and later develops an early interest in theoretical physics.
Public Works
Goes on TV & describes plans to give work to 1/4 million unemployed
Declaration of War
Bolivia formally enters declared war with Paraguay during the Chaco War.
Purge
Tollers books are burnt as part of a Nazi purge of decadent literature
Books
Bonfires are started with proscribed books of anti-Nazi writers
Burning Books
Bonfires are started with proscribed books of anti-Nazi writers
Purge
Decadent books are burnt in a purge by the Nazis
German Labour Front
Forms the German Labour Front to replace independent trade unions with a Nazi-controlled labour organisation.
Burning Books
Addresses the Berlin book burning, where works by Jewish, liberal, socialist and anti-Nazi writers are publicly destroyed.
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Agricultural Adjustment Act
The Act seeks higher farm prices through production controls and benefit payments.
Peace Speech
Gives a Reichstag speech claiming Germany seeks peace while demanding equality of rights in armaments.
Tennessee Valley Authority
The TVA begins integrated development of electricity, navigation and flood control.
Securities Act
The Securities Act requires disclosure for many securities offered to the public.
Election
The Nazis win elections in Danzig
Majlis Ratifies New Oil Concession
The Majlis ratifies the new agreement governing Anglo-Persian operations and future royalty payments.
New Oil Concession Receives Imperial Assent
Gives imperial assent, bringing the 1933 Anglo-Persian concession into force.
Oil Concession Agreement
Approves the concession agreement beginning commercial oil exploration.
Oil Concession Agreement
Signs the oil concession agreement for the Saudi government.
Peace
Nationalist China signs the Tanggu Truce with Japan, establishing a demilitarized zone south of the Great Wall.
Synod
Accuses Muller of abandoning the legal basis of the Protestant church
Civilian Conservation Corps
Creates the Civilian Conservation Corps to reduce unemployment
Economy of USA
Creates the Civilian Conservation Corps to reduce unemployment. Creates the civilian conservation corps to reduce unemployment
New Deal
Creates the Civilian Conservation Corps to reduce unemployment
Public Works
Creates the Civilian Conservation Corps to reduce unemployment
June 193326 historical events
Prime Minister of Germany
Appointed Prime Minister of Prussia
Birth of Gene Wilder
Birth of Gene Wilder
Conference of World Economic
Opens the 64 Country conference in Kensington, London
Banking Act of 1933
Roosevelt signs the Banking Act of 1933, separating important commercial and investment banking activities and creating federal deposit insurance while reshaping the regulatory environment surrounding the Federal Reserve.
Banking Act of 1933
The Act separates major commercial and investment-banking activities and creates deposit insurance.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Steagall's deposit-insurance provision creates federal protection for eligible bank deposits.
National Recovery Administration
Johnson administers industry codes governing prices, wages, hours and competitive practices.
Economy of USA
The National Recovery Act is passed by Congress
Legislation
The National Recovery Act is passed by Congress
National Recovery Act
The National Recovery Act is passed by Congress
NSDAP
Dolfuss bans the Nazi Party in Austria
Meeting With Hindenburg
Hitler visits Hindenburg where Blomberg threatens to crush the SA with the Army
Social Democratic Party
Frick dissolves the Social Democratic Party as "subversive & inimical to the state"
Social Democratic Party
Frick dissolves the Social Democratic Party as "subversive & inimical to the state"
Social Democratic Party
Bans the Social Democratic Party, removing the last major organised parliamentary opposition to Nazi rule.
Burial
Stalin attends the funeral of Klara Zetkin in the Red Square in Moscow
Cabinet Resignation
Resigns from the cabinet as the German Nationalist partners lose leverage inside the Nazi-dominated Government.
Resignation of Alfred Hugenberg
Resigns from the Government
Death of Roscoe Arbuckle
Death of Roscoe Arbuckle
Arrest of SA Leaders
Rounds up SA leaders in Munich & arrests them
Neuordnung
Policy change of the "National revolution" combining Nationalism & Socialism
Legislation
Introduces to Congress the National Industrial Recovery Bill to increase employment
National Industrial Recovery Bill
Introduces to Congress the National Industrial Recovery Bill to increase employment
New Deal
Introduces to Congress the National Industrial Recovery Bill to increase employment
Public Works
Introduces to Congress the National Industrial Recovery Bill to increase employment
Glasgow Origins of General Relativity Lecture
Lectures in Glasgow on the origins and development of general relativity, recounting the physical ideas that led from equivalence to curved spacetime.
July 193349 historical events
Germany makes its 1st propaganda leaflet drop over Austria denouncing Dollfuss
Germany makes its 1st propaganda leaflet drop over Austria denouncing Dollfuss
1st propaganda leaflet drop over Austria, denouncing Dollfuss
1st propaganda leaflet drop over Austria, denouncing Dollfuss
London Monetary Stabilisation Rejected
Roosevelt rejects immediate international currency stabilisation at the London Economic Conference, weakening prospects for an early restoration of the old international gold system.
Catholic Bavarian Peoples Party
The Catholic Bavarian Peoples Party announces its dissolution
German National Party
The German National Party announces its dissolution
Peoples Party
The Peoples Party announces its dissolution
German National Party
The German National Party announces its dissolution
Centre Party
The Centre Party announces its dissolution
Dissolution
The Centre Party announces its dissolution
Centre Party Dissolution
Accepts the dissolution of the Centre Party after pressure from the Nazi regime and negotiations around the Reich Concordat.
Gold Bloc Declaration
France joins Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland and Switzerland in declaring their intention to maintain existing gold parities despite the spreading international monetary breakdown.
Concordat
Papen & Cardinal Pacelli sign the German concordat with Rome
Papen & Cardinal Pacelli sign the German concordat with Rome
Papen & Cardinal Pacelli sign the German concordat with Rome
Concordat
Papen & Cardinal Pacelli sign the German concordat with Rome
Gold Bloc Commitment
Colijn's government joins the Gold Bloc and publicly commits the Netherlands to preserving the guilder's existing gold parity.
Concordat
The world learns of the concordat signed between Germany & the Holy See
Concordat
The world learns of the concordat signed between Germany & the Holy See
Constitution of Germany
The National Socialist German Workers Party becomes the only political party
Dismissal
Dismisses all members of the Cabinet who are not Nazi sympathisers
National Socialism
The National Socialist German Workers Party becomes the only political party
One Party State
Approves the Law Against the Formation of New Parties, making the NSDAP Germany's only legal political party.
Political Parties
The NSDAP becomes the political party allowed in Germany
Reform of Government
A law is passed "for the prevention of the propogation of hereditary illness"
Sterilization Law
Sponsors hereditary health legislation authorising compulsory sterilisation under Nazi racial and eugenic policy.
Pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy
A pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy is signed
Pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy
A pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy is signed
Pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy
A pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy is signed
Pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy
A pact between France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy is signed
1st Flight New York-Berlin
Becomes the 1st person to fly from New York to Berlin
Concordat
The Catholic Church agrees not to become involved in Germany if Catholicism is allowed
Concordat
The concordat is formally signed
Reich Concordat
Signs the Reich Concordat with Cardinal Pacelli, regulating relations between Nazi Germany and the Holy See.
Reich Concordat
Signs the Reich Concordat with Franz von Papen on behalf of the Holy See.
Exile of Leon Trotsky
Granted asylum in France
Die Juden" ("The Jews")
Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")
Die Juden
Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")
Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance")
Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")
Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz
Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")
The Fight against high finance
Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")
The Jews
Publication of "Kampf gegen die Hochfinanz" ("The Fight against high finance"). Publication of "Die Juden" ("The Jews")
Reichstag Fire
Marinus van der Lubbe, Ernst Torgler, Georgi Dimitrov, Blagoi Popov, and Vassil Tanev are indicted on charges of setting the Reichstag on fire
Trial
Marinus van der Lubbe, Ernst Torgler, Georgi Dimitrov, Blagoi Popov, and Vassil Tanev are indicted on charges of setting the Reichstag on fire
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Under Secretary
Appointed under-secretary at the Ministry of Economics, disappointing Feder who had hoped for a much higher position
Coup
The police discover & stop another military coup
Economy of USA
Introduces the National Industrial Recovery Bill to Congress
Legislation
Introduces the National Industrial Recovery Bill to Congress
Economy of USA
Tries to stop the National Industrial Recovery Bill by talking for 15 hrs but fails
Legislation
Tries to stop the National Industrial Recovery Bill by talking for 15hrs but fails
August 193314 historical events
Austrian Nazi Party Suppressed
Moves to Bavaria as Austrian Nazi activity is restricted.
Leaves Austria for Germany
Leaves Austria after the Nazi Party is suppressed.
Birth of Mohammad Javad Bahona
Birth of Mohammad Javad Bahona
Fall of Machado
Leaves Cuba after army pressure and mass opposition.
Provisional Government
Becomes provisional president after Machado's fall.
Birth of George John Mitchell
Birth of George John Mitchell
SOS Iceberg
Directs SOS Eisberg, a German adventure film shot in Greenland.
Joins Austrian Legion
Joins the Austrian Legion in Bavaria.
Military Training in Germany
Receives several months of military training with Austrian Nazis.
Coup
During a national strike the Cuban army forces Machado into exile and installs Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, son of Cuba's founding father, as President
President of Cuba
During a national strike the Cuban army forces Machado into exile and installs Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, son of Cuba's founding father, as President
Exile of Gerardo Machado
During a national strike the Cuban army forces Machado into exile and installs Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, son of Cuba's founding father, as President
Coup
During a national strike the Cuban army forces Machado into exile and installs Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, son of Cuba's founding father, as President
General Strike
A national strike undermines Machado's dictatorship.
September 193326 historical events
Economy of USA
9 March-16 June, 1st phase of the "Hundred Days" to reform the economy
Hundred Days
9 March-16 June, 1st phase of the "Hundred Days" to reform the economy
New Deal
9 March-16 June, 1st phase of the "Hundred Days" to reform the economy
Sergeants' Revolt
Helps lead the Sergeants' Revolt against the officer corps.
Sergeants' Revolt
Is overthrown after the Sergeants' Revolt.
Hundred Days Government
Takes office in the revolutionary Hundred Days Government.
Neutron Chain Reaction Concept
Conceives a neutron-driven nuclear chain reaction after reading about Rutherford comments on atomic energy.
Alliance Turkey and Greece
Turkey signs a 10 year non-aggression pact with Greece
Turkey signs a 10 year non-aggression pact with Greece
Turkey signs a 10 year non-aggression pact with Greece
Reich Chamber of Culture
Establishes the Reich Chamber of Culture to control writers, artists, musicians, theatre, press, radio and film.
Death of Paul Ehrenfest
Death of Paul Ehrenfest
Hereditary Farm Law
Promotes the Reich Hereditary Farm Law, tying Nazi rural policy to race, landholding and peasant ideology.
Fifth Encirclement Campaign
Launches the fifth encirclement campaign against Communist base areas, relying on large troop concentrations and fortified blockhouses.
Coup
During a second coup, led by sergeants most notably Fulgencio Batista, Cespedes is overthrown, leading to the formation of the first Ramon Grau San Martin Government
Coup
During a second coup, led by sergeants most notably Fulgencio Batista, Cespedes is overthrown, leading to the formation of the first Ramon Grau San Martin Government
Coup
During a second coup, led by sergeants most notably Fulgencio Batista, Cespedes is overthrown, leading to the formation of the first Ramon Grau San Martin Government
President of Cuba
During a second coup, led by sergeants most notably Fulgencio Batista, Cespedes is overthrown, leading to the formation of the first Ramon Grau San Martin Government
Bishop
Appointed Bishop of the Reich
Chamber of Culture
The Reichs Chamber of Culture is founded under the new Minister of Propaganda
Chancellor
Ludwig Muller is appointed Bishop of the Reich
Concordat
Ludwig Muller becomes Bishop of the Reich
Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH)
The Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (SS-LAH) becomes Adolf Hitler's personal Bodyguard Regiment ("Leibstandarte" being the German word for "bodyguard")
Chamber of Culture
The Reichs Chamber of Culture is founded under the new Minister of Propaganda
Reform of Government
The Reichs Chamber of Culture is founded under the new Minister of Propaganda. All manuscripts need to be submitted to the ministry before publication
Education
Attends Kurt Hahns school at Salem in Germany
Cortes
The Cortes is dissolved
October 193315 historical events
Adjutant
Appointed Adjutant General
SDP
Founds & leads new German Nationalist political Party in Czech
Promotion to Lieutenant Colonel
Jodl is promoted to Lieutenant Colonel while serving in the Truppenamt.
Major
Transferred into the air force, at that time a defensive force
Plot
Dertil attemps to assassinate Chancellor Dollfuss as he leaves the Parliament building
Arrest of Rudolf Dertil
Arrested & imprisoned for 5 years for attempting to assassinate Chancellor Dollfuss
Plot
Dertil attemps to assassinate Chancellor Dollfuss as he leaves the Parliament building
League of Nations
Handles the diplomatic consequences as Germany leaves the League of Nations and the disarmament negotiations.
League of Nations
Advises Hitler to withdraw from the League of Nations
League of Nations
Announces Germany's withdrawal from the League of Nations and the Geneva Disarmament Conference.
League of Nations
Germany leaves the League of Nations, because it cannot fully rearm
Disarmament Conference
Withdraws Germany from disarmament talks and the League.
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
Birth of Garrinca
Birth of Garrinca
Major
Appointed Major
November 193325 historical events
Birth of John Barry Prendergast
Birth of John Barry Prendergast
Demonstrations
Nazis cut off power where Dolffuss is speaking in Klagenfurt
Assassination of Mohammad Nadir Shah
A student assassinates Nadir Shah during a school ceremony in Kabul.
Succession
Mohammad Zahir Shah succeeds his assassinated father as king of Afghanistan.
Freikorps
Freikorps leaders symbolically gave their old Battle flags to Hitler's Sturmabteilung and Schutzstaffel in a huge ceremony
One Party Election
Holds a one-party Reichstag election and referendum after opposition parties have been destroyed or forced to dissolve.
Referendum
Directs propaganda for the referendum endorsing withdrawal from the League of Nations and the one-party Reichstag election.
Prime Minister of Romania
Duca forms a Liberal government and moves against the Iron Guard.
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Election
The Republican Action Party wins just 8 seats during a massive swing to the right
Prussian Police
Consolidates his control of the Prussian police apparatus after months of emergency arrests and political repression.
Reballion of Fujian
The Fujian Rebellion challenges Chiang’s government but collapses after Nationalist military pressure.
State Councillor
Appointed State Councillor
German Labour Front (DAF)
As a means of preventing labour disaffection, the DAF established Strength Through Joy (Kraft durch Freude, KdF), to provide a range of benefits and amenities to the German working class and their families.
German Labour Front (DAF)
Some of the world's first purpose built cruise-liners, the Wilhelm Gustloff and the Robert Ley, were built to take KdF members on Mediterranean cruises.
German Labour Front (DAF)
These included subsidised holidays both at resorts across Germany and in "safe" countries abroad (particularly Italy).
Kraft Durch Freude (KDF)
As a means of preventing labour disaffection, the DAF established Strength Through Joy (Kraft durch Freude, KdF), to provide a range of benefits and amenities to the German working class and their families.
Kraft Durch Freude (KDF)
Some of the world's first purpose built cruise-liners, the Wilhelm Gustloff and the Robert Ley, were built to take KdF members on Mediterranean cruises.
Kraft Durch Freude (KDF)
These included subsidised holidays both at resorts across Germany and in "safe" countries abroad (particularly Italy).
Strength Through Joy
As a means of preventing labour disaffection, the DAF established Strength Through Joy (Kraft durch Freude, KdF), to provide a range of benefits and amenities to the German working class and their families.
Strength Through Joy
Some of the world's first purpose built cruise-liners, the Wilhelm Gustloff and the Robert Ley, were built to take KdF members on Mediterranean cruises.
Strength Through Joy
These included subsidised holidays both at resorts across Germany and in "safe" countries abroad (particularly Italy).
Recognition of the USSR
The USSR is recognized by the USA, to counteract Japans rise in the Far East
Recognition of the USSR
The USSR is recognized by the USA, to counteract Japans rise in the Far East
Recognition of the USSR
The USSR is recognized by the USA, to counteract Japans rise in the Far East
December 193316 historical events
Constitution of Germany
The NSDAP becomes the party of the state
Unity of Party and State
Approves the law declaring the Nazi Party and state inseparable, formalising one-party rule after the destruction of opposition.
Unity of Party and State
Gains institutional importance as the Law to Secure the Unity of Party and State binds the NSDAP to the German state.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for classical artistry in Russian prose.
Dismissal
Kundt is removed from command after major Bolivian reverses in the Chaco War
Death of Thirteenth Dalai Lama
Thubten Gyatso dies after decades of political leadership and attempted reform.
Reichstag Fire
At the end of the trial only Van der Lubbe is convicted, while his fellow defendants are found not guilty
Birth of Akihito
Birth of Akihito in the year of the "Water Rooster"
Birth of Akihito
If Nagako had not given birth to a son a concubine may have been used. Gives birth to a male heir, Akihito, after giving birth to 3 daughters
Assassination of Ion Duca
Iron Guard members assassinate Duca at Sinaia railway station.
Assassination of Ion Duca
Ion Duca is assassinated
Death of Ion Duca
Death of Ionn Duca, assassinated
Party Leader
Attlee served as acting leader for nine months from December 1933, after Lansbury fractured his thigh in an accident
Nobel Prize for Quantum Electron Theory
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for new forms of atomic theory that include relativistic electron states.
Reballion of Rebels in Aragon
A rebelllion breaks out in Aragon
Reballion of Rebels in Aragon
A rebelllion breaks out in Aragon
Succession
Succeeds as Shah of Afghanistan
Minister of Food & Nutrition
Appointed Minister for Food & Nutrition
Reich Agricultural Leader
Appointed Reich Agricultural Leader
Third Straight Championship
Anchors Juventus's midfield in the 1932-33 season as the Turin side completes a third successive Italian league championship through its strong all-round play.
High Commissioner
Appointed High Commissioner for Australia in London
League of Nations
Appointed Australian Representative on the Council of the League of Nations
Constitution of Austria
Suppresses a Socialist revolt & rules by decree
Minister of Education
Appointed Minister of Education
Vice Chancellor
Appointed Vice Chancellor
Exile of Franz Hofer
Mussolini refuses to extradite Hofer, he travels to Germany & is treated as a hero
Plot
Franz Hofer attempts to assassinate Dr Steidle, leader of the anti-Nazi Heimwehr Party
Exile of Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrodinger
Schrodinger decides to leave Germany; he disliked the Nazis anti-semitism
Fellow
Becomes a Fellow of Magdalen College at the University of Oxford
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discoveries in atomic theory and quantum mechanics.
Nobel Lecture on Wave Mechanics
Presents his Nobel lecture on wave mechanics and explains the development and physical meaning of the new quantum formalism.
Nobel Prize Shared with Paul Dirac
Shares the 1933 Nobel Prize in Physics with Paul Dirac for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory.
Colonel
Appointed Colonel in the General Staff Academy
Primeval Atom
Lemaitre lectures in the United States on the expanding universe and his primeval atom hypothesis
Discovery of Cancer Virus
1st to isolate & chemically analyze a cancer virus, a ribonucleic acid virus
Bolivian Command
Commands Bolivian forces during a difficult phase of the Chaco War.
Wartime Presidency
Directs Bolivia's political war effort during the Chaco conflict.
Chief of Army
Appointed Chief of the Army
Plot
Accused with the Communists of the Reichstag
Trial
Wins worwide fame when acquitted of the Reichstag fire
Socialist Party
Founds the Socialist Party
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo
Invasion of Hebei
Japanese forces expand into Rehe and northern Hebei during the Great Wall campaign, increasing pressure on Chiang’s government.
Mobilization
Joins Mao Tsetung & the Red Army in their mountain base in Jiangxi Province
Red Army
Joins Mao Tsetung & the Red Army in their mountain base in Jiangxi Province
President of Cuba
During a second coup, led by sergeants most notably Fulgencio Batista, Cespedes is overthrown, leading to the formation of the first Ramon Grau San Martin Government. Appointed President of Cuba, 1st term
Sant Cruz
Santa Cruz del Sur is destroyed by a cyclone
Coup
Defeats an attempted Coup by the Army
Hordubal
Publication of "Hordubal"
Zero for Conduct
Directs Zero for Conduct.
Rule of Saarland
Informs Germany the Saar sovereignty should be setlled by the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles
Informs Germany the Saar sovereignty should be setlled by the Treaty of Versailles
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Britain
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, 2nd term
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, 1st term
Artificial Radioactivity Research
Works with Irene Joliot-Curie on induced radioactivity.
Artificial Radioactivity Research
Works with Frederic Joliot on induced radioactivity.
Tour de France
The "Stade Velodrome Maurice Garin" was built in Lens, and named in Garins honour
League Council
Appointed Member of League Council of the League of Nations
Emigration
Leaves Germany after conflict with the Nazi film authorities.
Governor
Appointed Governor of State
Aktionsfuhrer
Appointed Aktionsfuhrer, riot leader, by Hitler against Jewish shops
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Austria
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Russia
Austrian Legion
Founds the Austrian Legion which remains mobilized in Bavaria on the Austrian border
Constitution of Germany
Less than a month after Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor the Reichstag Fire Decree invokes Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, suspending several constitutional protections on civil rights
Invasion of Austria
Founds the Austrian Legion which remains mobilized in Bavaria on the Austrian border
Kosher Food
Bans kosher food
Peace Mediation at Saarland
Broadcasts a promise to reconcile with France once the Saarland is returned
Peoples Court
Hitler decrees that treason would only be tried by a newly established Volksgerichtshof, notorious for its death sentences
Plot
Allows Hitler to accelerate the banning of the Communist Party & confirm Nazi claims of a pending Communist revolution
Rule of Saarland
Broadcasts a promise Germany will reconcile with France once the Saarland is returned
Treason
Hitler decrees that treason would only be tried by a newly established Volksgerichtshof, notorious for its death sentences
Weimar Republic
Less than a month after Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor the Reichstag Fire Decree invokes Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, suspending several constitutional protections on civil rights
Chief Police
Appointed Chief of the Munich Police
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Foreign Minister
Government
Joins Hitler's 1st Cabinet & is as a respectable & conservative frontman
Protestantism
The Conference of Protestant Churches is declared illegal
Gauleiter
Appointed Gauleiter for Essen
Gauleiter
Appointed Gauleiter of Franconia
Hitler Youth
Appointed Head of the Hitler Youth, Hitlerjugend
SS
Forms Hitler's 120 strong bodyguard
Armament
Given responsibility for the secret development of the Luftwaffe
Dismissal
Dismisses all the police in Prussia who are not Nazi sympathisers
Luftwaffe
Given responsibility for the secret development of the Luftwaffe
Mobilization
Calls up SA & SS members as "police auxiliaries"
Plot
Has the Marxist Press banned. Has 4,000 Communists & Social Democrats arrested
Minister Without Portfolio
Appointed Minister without Portfolio
Minister of Aviation
Appointed Minister of Aviation
Minister of Education
Appointed Minister of Science, Education & Culture
Reform of Education
All text books are re-written to be pro-Nazi
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance, 2nd term
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance, 2nd term
Minister of Justice
Other posts include Bavarian Minister of Justice & Reich Minister without portfolio
Regional Press Officer
Serves the deputy Fuhrer Rudolf Hess. A Reich leader of the Nazi Party
Reich Air Marshal
Appointed Reich Air Marshal. Appointed Interior Minister for Prussia
Reichskommissar
Becomes Reichskommissar, later Reichsstatthalter, for Bavaria
SS
Appointed SS-Gruppenfuehrer, on the day Hitler comes to power
Constitution of Germany
"as long as the police carries out the will of the leadership it is acting legally"
Police
Appointed Section Leader of the Secret State Police
Section Leader
Appointed Section Leader, serves under Heydrich
State Secretary
Appointed State Secretary
Dismissal
Sees the 3rd Reich as a betrayed revolution. Dismissed for organizing settlements of farmers around large cities. Believes Hitler is increasingly "pandering" to industrialists
Vice Chancellor
Appointed Vice Chancellor to Hitler
Alliance Kurt von Schleicher and Gregor Strasser
Splitting the Nazis under Gregor Strasser fails
Dismissal
Unknown to Schleicher, Papen was holding secret meetings with both Hitler and Hindenburg, who then refused Schleichers request for emergency powers and another dissolution of the Reichstag. The President dismisses Schleicher, calling Hitler into power on 30 January 1933. Resigns when Hindenburg refuses to proclaim a national emergency & call elections
Election
Resigns when Hindenburg refuses to proclaim a national emergency & call elections
Election
The Nazis win Lippe & create a crisis in the Schleicher Government
Restoration
Instrumental in attempts to negotiate the return of the House of Hohenzollern
Departure from Germany
Cassirer leaves Germany after the Nazi seizure of power and continues his academic career abroad.
Institute for Social Research in Exile
After the Nazi seizure of power, Horkheimer and the Institute for Social Research continue their work in exile.
Rector
Appointed Rector
Departure from Nazi Germany
Following the Nazi seizure of power, Marcuse left Germany and continued his scholarly work in exile.
Joins Institute for Social Research
Marcuse joined the Institute for Social Research, becoming associated with the intellectual tradition later called critical theory.
Exile of Konrad Adenauer
Forced to flee to Switzerland because of his opposition to Hitler
Dismissal
Dismissed by the Nazis
Exile of Walter Ulbricht
The most senior KPD leader to escape is Walter Ulbricht, who goes into exile in the Soviet Union
Exile of Theodor August Otto Wilhelm Habicht
Habicht is deported in 1933 after the Austrian Government finally decides to ban the Nazi Party
Inspector
Appointed Inspector of the Austrian Nazi Party by Hitler
German Labour Front (DAF)
Appointed Head of the German Labour Front (Deutsche Arbeitsfront, DAF)
German Labour Front (DAF)
Formed after all independent German labour unions were made illegal in May 1933
German Labour Front (DAF)
The DAF take over the existing Nazi trade union formation, the National Socialist Factory Cell Organisation (Nationalsozialistische Betriebszellenorganisation, NSBO) as well as the main trade union federation
German Labour Front (DAF)
The DAF, the German Labour Front, is the amalgamation of all German unions into one Reich union
German Labour Front (DAF)
There was no wage bargaining, no industrial action or strikes and no protests. Established "for the good of the fatherland"
National Socialist Factory Cell Organisation
The DAF take over the existing Nazi trade union formation, the National Socialist Factory Cell Organisation (Nationalsozialistische Betriebszellenorganisation, NSBO) as well as the main trade union federation
SS
Appointed Member of Waffen SS. Appointed Member of SS
Exile of Phillip Scheidemann
Scheidemann goes into exile following the Nazi takeover
Arrest of Kurt Schumacher
Arrested & sent to Dachau
Alliance Konrad Henlein and Rudolf Hess
The Party receives a subsidy of 8 million crowns from Rudolf Hess. The Party newspaper receives 120,000 Czech crowns from the 3rd Reich
Emigration
Emigrates to Austria
Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden
Works to defend the Jewish community as President of the Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden. An umbrella organisation that unites German Jewry from 1933-1938
Leipzig Theoretical Physics
Helps make Leipzig an international centre for theoretical and nuclear physics.
Leipzig Physics Lectures
Takes part in advanced theoretical-physics activity associated with Leipzig's research community.
High-Magnification Electron Microscope
Builds an electron microscope with magnification exceeding that of contemporary light microscopes.
Promotion to Colonel
Manstein attained the rank of colonel during the expansion of his senior military responsibilities. He continued his career through the transition from the Reichswehr to the armed forces of Nazi Germany.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander for Military District III in Potsdam
Commander of 17th Infantry Reg
Appointed Commander of the 3rd battalion of the 17th Infantry Regiment
Major
Appointed Major
Sons of the Desert
Stars in, Sons of the Desert
Academy Award
Winner of the Oscar for Best Actor, "The Private Life of Henry VIII" as King Henry VIII
The Shape of Tjings to Come
Publication of "The Shape of Tjings to Come"
Love on the Dole
Publication of "Love on the Dole"
Mandoa! Mandoa!
Publication of "Mandoa! Mandoa!"
Frays College
Teaches at Frays College after Down and Out is published.
Armament
Begins to advocate re-armament against Germany
Craven Travelling Studentship
Receives a Craven Travelling Studentship and continues advanced research in classical scholarship.
First-Class Classics Degree
Graduates from Trinity College with first-class honours in classics after an outstanding academic performance.
Concession Area Reduced to 100000 Square Miles
Accepts a reduced concession area of one hundred thousand square miles under the 1933 settlement.
Concession Extended to 1993
Secures a sixty-year concession running to 1993, extending company rights well beyond the original D'Arcy term.
Discounted Domestic Oil Sales Agreed
Agrees to sell petroleum for internal Persian consumption at specially favourable prices.
Minimum Persian Royalty Guaranteed
Accepts a guaranteed minimum annual payment of seven hundred fifty thousand pounds to the Persian government.
Oil Dispute Arbitration Procedure Agreed
Accepts a formal arbitration procedure for future disputes between the company and the Persian government.
Persian Income Tax Payment Arrangement
Agrees to make annual payments in lieu of Persian income tax under the new concession.
Persian Oil Production Exceeds Seven Million Tons
Company production reaches 7,087,000 tons and payments to Persia total about 1,785,000 pounds.
Persian Oil Training Grant Established
Agrees to provide an annual grant for professional education of Persian nationals in the petroleum industry.
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Germany
Secretary of State for Agriculture
Appointed Minister of Agriculture
Education
Given the responsibility of tutoring Elizabeth II
Marlborough Biography First Volume
Churchill published the first volume of Marlborough His Life and Times, his study of the Duke of Marlborough.
Reconstruction", calls
Publication of "Reconstruction", calls for economic planning
Reconstruction
Publication of "Reconstruction", calls for economic planning
Down and Out In Paris and London
Publication of "Down & Out In Paris & London"
National Socialism
Develops a strong opposition to National Socialism after witnessing political change in Germany.
Oxford Union
Serves as President of the Oxford Union while developing as a political speaker.
Death of Edward Grey
Death of Edward Grey
Peerage
Raised to the peerage as Baron Runciman of Shoreston
The Expanding Universe
Publication of "The Expanding Universe"
Admission to Emmanuel College
Hoyle entered Emmanuel College, Cambridge, to study mathematics.
Vitamin C Synthesis
Haworth's Birmingham research helps establish the structure and synthesis of vitamin C.
Second Heightening Completed
MacDonald's engineering organisation completes a second enlargement of the reservoir dam.
Leipzig Physics Lectures
Participates in Leipzig scientific lecture meetings organised around the university physics institutes.
Electron-Positron Pair Tracks
With Giuseppe Occhialini, photographs cosmic-ray tracks showing electron-positron pair creation.
Leipzig Physics Lectures
Visits Leipzig for advanced physics lectures during the city's theoretical-physics heyday.
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing new productive forms of atomic theory, including a relativistic quantum theory of the electron.
Preston North End Recruitment
Preston North End signed Shankly from Carlisle United, giving the young Scottish midfielder the opportunity to develop at a higher level of English football.
Club Record Goalscorer
Walker ends his Villa career as the club's record goalscorer with 244 goals.
Thirty-Three League Goals
Scores 33 league goals as Arsenal win the First Division championship.
FA Cup Victory Over Manchester City
Dixie Dean scores in the FA Cup final as Everton defeat Manchester City 3–0 and secure the trophy for the second time.
Third Tier Championship Goals
Holliday supplied prolific finishing during Brentford's Third Division South title-winning season, earning a place among the club's historic scorers.
Third Division South Championship
Curtis led Brentford to the Third Division South championship and promotion into the Second Division after a remarkable league campaign.
Chief of Imperial General Staff (CIGS)
Appointed CIGS
Air Marshal
Appointed Air Marshal
Leasons of a Lifetime", memoirs
Publication of "Leasons of a Lifetime", memoirs
Leasons of a Lifetime
Publication of "Leasons of a Lifetime", memoirs
Major General
Appointed Major General
Prime Minister of Greece
Eleftherios Venizelos begins a term as Prime Minister of Greece in 1933.
Arrest of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
Gandi is imprisoned
Independence of India
The term Pakistan is coined to denote the country of Punjabi, Afghani, Kashmiri, Sini and Baluchistani people
Independence of Pakistan
The term Pakistan is coined to denote the country of Punjabi, Afghani, Kashmiri, Sini and Baluchistani people
Rule of Pakistan
The term Pakistan is coined to denote the country of Punjabi, Afghani, Kashmiri, Sini and Baluchistani people
Arrest of Achmed Sukarno
Arrested by the Dutch & exiled to Flores
Draws Iran closer to Germany
Draws Iran closer to Germany
Succession
Succeeds as King of Iraq
Eimi", an account of his visit to Russia
Publication of "Eimi", an account of his visit to Russia
Eimi
Publication of "Eimi", an account of his visit to Russia
Concordat
Signs the Concordat with Germany to allow freedom of Catholic worship in Germany
Beta Decay Theory Development
Formulates the fundamental ideas of his beta-decay theory by combining quantum field concepts with Wolfgang Pauli's neutrino hypothesis.
Electron-Positron Pair Tracks
With Patrick Blackett, develops coincidence methods that reveal electron-positron pair production.
Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star (Sweden)
Awarded the Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star (Sweden)
Rule of Korea
Japan consolidates its rule by arresting & sentencing to death 22 communist leaders
An Index to the Lankavatara Sutra
Publication of "Essays in Zen Buddhism". Publication of "An Index to the Lankavatara Sutra"
Essays in Zen Buddhism
Publication of "Essays in Zen Buddhism". Publication of "An Index to the Lankavatara Sutra"
Rule of Jehol
Jehol Province is absorbed into Manchukuo
General
Appointed General
Land Tax Reform
The Legislative Council approved a consolidated land tax, illustrating the expansion of fiscal administration during Abdullah's reign.
Trial
The Leipzig Trial takes part from September 21 to December 23, 1933 & was presided over by judges from the old German Imperial Court
Minister of Finance
Appointed Finance Minister, 3rd term
Prime Minister of Netherlands, The
Appointed Prime Minister of The Netherlands, 2nd term
Leipzig Physics Lectures
Visits Leipzig during international lecture programmes organised by Peter Debye.
Leipzig Lecture Weeks
Organises Leipzig lecture weeks attracting leading international physicists.
Leipzig Physics Lectures
Participates in Leipzig scientific meetings during the Debye-Heisenberg-Hund era.
Men Livet Lever
Publication of "Men Livet Lever"
Resignation of Vidkun Quisling
Resigns from the Government to form the fascist National Union Party
Invasion of Greenland
Norway occupies south east Greenland
Election
The Fascist Party fails to win a single seat
NUP
Resigns from the Government to form the fascist National Union Party
National Union Party
Resigns from the Government to form the fascist National Union Party
Independence of Pakistan
The name Pakistan is proposed by Choudhary Rahmat Ali in his Pakistan Declaration
Pakistan Declaration
The name Pakistan is proposed by Choudhary Rahmat Ali in his Pakistan Declaration
Independence of Pakistan
The name Pakistan is proposed by Choudhary Rahmat Ali in his Pakistan Declaration
Pakistan Declaration
The name Pakistan is proposed by Choudhary Rahmat Ali in his Pakistan Declaration
Leticia Dispute
Accepts League mediation over the Leticia dispute.
Birth of Roman Polanski
Birth of Roman Polanski
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Germany
Antipodal Point Theorem
Establishes a major result connecting topology, geometry and combinatorics.
Borsuk-Ulam Theorem
Proves that continuous maps from a sphere identify some antipodal pair.
Theory of Probability
Publishes a theory of probability
Enigma Machine
Develops the clock method for identifying the fast rotor used in Enigma messages.
Enigma Machine
Directs the Polish Cipher Bureau German section as regular exploitation of Enigma develops.
Constitution of Portugal
Adopts a new Constitution called the "new state"
Communist Party
Appointed Member of Romanian Communist Party
Sen dney
Publication of "Sen dney"
Vologda Family Visit
Shalamov returned to Vologda to visit his parents during his early career as a Moscow journalist.
Industrial Output
The Soviet state prioritises heavy industrial expansion while consumer-goods targets lag behind official plans.
Exile of Leon Trotsky
Trotsky is offered asylum in France by Daladier, he stayed first at Royan, then at Barbizon, he was not allowed to visit Paris
Lamb of God
Publication of "Lamb of God"
Successfully persuades the United States to officially recognize the Soviet Government
Successfully persuades the United States to officially recognize the Soviet Government
First Secretary
Appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Azerbaijan
At the Metro-Vickers trial British technologists in Russia are charged with espionage
At the Metro-Vickers trial British technologists in Russia are charged with espionage
Economy of Russia
The goal of the Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937) is the reconstruction of the entire Soviet economy and the creation of a new technical base
Trial
At the Metro-Vickers trial British technologists in Russia are charged with espionage
Anti-Totalitarian Warning
Warns against dictatorship from both left and right.
Build Communist Parties and an International Anew
Calls for new Communist parties and a new international after concluding that the existing Comintern cannot be reformed.
Foundations of Probability Theory
The achievement marks foundations of probability theory as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Probability Axioms
Publishes an axiomatic foundation for modern probability theory.
Leipzig Physics Lectures
Visits Leipzig for scientific lectures during the university's golden period in physics.
Deputy Prime Minister
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister
Minister of Justice
Appointed Minister of Justice
Balfour Declaration
The Balfour Declaration of 1926 becomes law
Constitution of South Africa
The Balfour Declaration of 1926 becomes law. Britain renounces legislation over the Dominions
Independence of South Africa
Britain renounces legislation over the Dominions
Prime Minister of South Africa
Appointed Prime Minister, 2nd term, shares power with the United Party of Smuts
Reform of Electoral System
Passes the Natives Bill which removes the Cape Natives from the common roll
Statute of Westminster
The Balfour Declaration becomes law & Britain renounces legislation over the Dominions
United Party
Forms the United Party with Smuts so his Native Bill can be passed
Government
Refuses to serve in the coalition Government cabinet but supports the coalition
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 2nd term
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 1st term, caretakerRene Barrientos
Resignation of Manuel Azana
Forced to resign due to the speed of his reforms
Flange Party
The official fascist Party, modeled on the Italian & German examples
Party Constitution
The official fascist Party, modeled on the Italian & German examples
Dark Matter
Able to infer the average mass of galaxies within the cluster, and obtained a value about 160 times greater than expected from their luminosity, and proposed that most of the matter was dark
Dark Matter
Fritz Zwicky is the first to use the virial theorem to infer the existence of unseen matter, which he refers to as dunkle Materie dark matter.
Dark Matter
He estimated that there was about 400 times more mass than was visually observable. While examining the Coma galaxy cluster in 1933, Zwicky was the first to use the virial theorem to infer the existence of unseen matter, what is now called dark matter.
Dark Matter
Zwicky applies the virial theorem to the Coma cluster of galaxies and obtained evidence of unseen mass.
Dark Matter
Zwicky estimated the clusters total mass based on the motions of galaxies near its edge and compared that estimate to one based on the number of galaxies and total brightness of the cluster.
Virial Theorem
While examining the Coma galaxy cluster in 1933, Zwicky was the first to use the virial theorem to infer the existence of unseen matter, what is now called dark matter
Dark Matter
Infers unseen mass in the Coma Cluster from galaxy velocities.
Exile of Luang Pridi
Forced into exile for advocating communist like policies
Coup
Plays a dominant role in the coup
Reform of Cultural Policy
Uses the name Ataturk, "father of the Turks". Abolishes poligamy, the law now requires the use of family names
Red Dust
Stars in, "Red Dust"
Armament
The Navy Dept is allocated $238 million to build 32 new warships
Civil Works Administration
The Civil Works Administration employs 4 million on public works
Civilian Conservation Corps
Creates the Civilian Conservation Corps to reduce unemployment. The Civilian Conservation Corps finds work for 2 million
Economy of USA
Introduces the National Industrial Recovery Bill to Congress. Creates the Civilian Conservation Corps to reduce unemployment. Creates the civilian conservation corps to reduce unemployment. Prepared to accept a national debt of $31,000 million to reduce unemployment. Introduces the "New Deal". $400 million is made available for road building & improvement
National Debt
Prepared to accept a national debt of $31,000 million to reduce unemployment
National Recovery Administration
Founds the National Recovery Administration
New Deal
Introduces to Congress the National Industrial Recovery Bill to increase employment. Creates the Civilian Conservation Corps to reduce unemployment. The Civil Works Administration employs 4 million on public works. The Civilian Conservation Corps finds work for 2 million. Prepared to accept a national debt of $31,000 million to reduce unemployment. Introduces the "New Deal". Founds the National Recovery Administration
President of USA
Appointed President of the USA, 32nd President, 1st term
Public Debt
Prepared to accept a national debt of $31,000 million to reduce unemployment
Public Works
Creates the Civilian Conservation Corps to reduce unemployment.
Public Works
Introduces the "New Deal". $500 million is made available for "public works". $400 million is made available for road building & improvement.
Public Works
Introduces to Congress the National Industrial Recovery Bill to increase employment.
Public Works
Prepared to accept a national debt of $31,000 million to reduce unemployment.
Public Works
The Civil Works Administration employs 4 million on public works.
Public Works
The Civilian Conservation Corps finds work for 2 million.
Recognition of the USSR
The USSR is recognized by the USA, to counteract Japans rise in the Far East. The Navy Dept is allocated $238 million to build 32 new warships
Oxford Lecture on Theoretical Physics
Lectures at Oxford on the methods and foundations of theoretical physics.
Permanent Move to Princeton
Settles in the United States after the Nazi rise to power and joins the Institute for Advanced Study.
Renounces German Citizenship
Renounces German citizenship after the Nazi seizure of power while retaining Swiss citizenship.
Arrest of Milovan Djilas
Arrested for criticizing the Yugoslav monarchy
Saint Augustine
West published Saint Augustine, a biographical and critical portrait of the theologian.
Prix Femina Americain
Cather received the Prix Femina Américain for Shadows on the Rock.
The Bulpington of Blup
Wells published The Bulpington of Blup, a novel examining vanity and self-deception.
Characters and Commentaries
Characters and Commentaries collected Strachey's criticism after his death.
Leaves Nazi Germany
Arendt fled Germany following Nazi persecution and continued political work in exile.