1934 in History

Scores Italy's equalizer in the World Cup final before the match goes to extra time.

Scores Italy's extra-time winner in the World Cup final against Czechoslovakia.

Diffuses aggressive intentions & draws Poland away from an alliance with France

Diffuses aggressive intentions & draws Poland away from an alliance with France

Pact of non-aggression and friendship between Germany and Poland. Attempts to undermine France's alliances with Eastern Europe

Japan issues the "Amu-Settlement", a "hands off" China warning to the USA & Britain

Assassinated after opposing anschluss with Germany

Turkey distrusts Italy's policy in the eastern Mediterranean

Turkey distrusts Italy's east Mediterranean policy

Royal Air Force squadrons are to be increased by 41. Announces a new air Defence program

Warns of growing German air strength

The French refuse to negotiate & allow any increase in German arms. Attempts a 4 power convention for a rearmament settlement with the Germans

Speaks up in favour of British rearmament at a speech made in Stoke-on-Trent

Japan declares the Washington & London Naval treaties "obsolete"

Supports League of Nations efforts to restrict arms shipments to Bolivia and Paraguay during the Chaco War.

Becomes Cuba's dominant military power after the 1933 revolution.

An SS commando arrests Kahr at his Munich home during the Night of the Long Knives and transports him toward Dachau.

More than 150 SA leaders are arrested & executed

Arrested alongside othe SA leader & held in a prison cell in Munich

Confronts Rohm & has him & other SA leaders arrested

Confronts Rohm & has him & other SA leaders arrested. Confronts Rohm, accuses hime of organizing a rebellion & has him arrested

Orders the arrest & execution of all rivals to him within the Nazi Party

Announces artificial radioactivity with Irene Joliot-Curie.

Announces artificial radioactivity with Frederic Joliot-Curie.

Assassinated by Nazis in the Austrian Chancellery during a failed coup

Nazis murder Dolfuss during a failed coup after he objects to anschluss with Germany

Takes part in a Nazi led coup against the Austrian Government & assassinated Dolfuss

Assassinated during the Night of the Long Knives

Assassinated during the Night of the Long Knives

Assassinated with Alexander I of Yugoslavia while greeting his arrival

Assassination by Stalins men is used by Stalin to begin his party purges

The assassination of Kirov sparks off purges in Russia

Titulescu helps conclude the Balkan Entente with Greece, Turkey, and Yugoslavia.

Creates the Bank of Canada during the Depression.

Works in a Hampstead bookshop.

Broadcasts to the nation announcing the merger of the offices of Fuhrer & President

Burmese Days is first published in the United States.

Is promoted to Lord Privy Seal and minister responsible for League of Nations affairs

1st match as captain of the England team during the infamous "Battle of Highbury" against Italy, who were reigning World Champions, England win 3-2

Rebels capture Oviedo

Appointed Chancellor of Austria, succeeds Dolfuss who was assassinated by the Nazis

Kerensky continues political activity connected with cold war commentary.

The Ministry of Defence is renamed the Ministry of War, Blomberg becomes Minister of War and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces

The Ministry of Defence is renamed the Ministry of War, Blomberg becomes Minister of War and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces

Appointed Commander during the Long March

Appointed Commander during the Long March

Appointed Peoples Commissar for Defence

Final day of the conference but the French and German positions are irreconcilable

The Naval Disarmament Conference opens in London

Supports Russia & its achievements & says the communist army will be victorious

Resembles Italian corporatism, has the enthusiastic support of the pro-fascist wing of the tenente & industrialists

After Reichspresident Paul von Hindenburg dies, personally orders all soldiers in the army to pledge the Reichswehreid Oath of allegiance not to Volk and Fatherland, but to the new Reichspresident and Fuhrer Adolf Hitler

Broadcasts to the nation announcing the merger of the offices of Fuhrer & President

Abolishes state assemblies & transfers all sovereign power to the Reich

A law is passed combining the offices of "Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor" with President

Goebbels makes a broadcast announcing the merger of the offices of Fuhrer & President

Appoints himself as President of Germany after the death of President von Hindenburg

Scores in Real Madrid's 2-1 Copa de Espana final victory over Valencia.

Assassinated by Nazis in the Austrian Chancellery during a failed coup

Assassinated by Nazis in the Austrian Chancellery during a failed coup

Severely discredited by the failure, Habicht went into seclusion in the Harz mountains before being allowed to take up the post of Mayor of Wittenberg in 1937. Habicht sets up a leadership-in-exile in Munich which directed a campaign of terror against the Dollfua regime which culminates in a failed coup attempt in the murder of Dollfua in July 1934

Heydrich has his men uncover false "evidence" that SA leader Ernst Rohm was plotting to overthrow Hitler

Austrian Nazis break into the Federal Chancellery & assassinate Dolfuss

Nazis murder Dolfuss during a failed coup after he objects to anschluss with Germany

Austrian Nazis break into the Federal Chancellery & assassinate Dolfuss

Takes part in a Nazi led coup against the Austrian Government & assassinated Dolfuss. Takes part in a Nazi led coup against the Austrian Government

Takes part in a Nazi led coup against the Austrian Government

Roosevelt signs the Federal Credit Union Act, establishing Credit Unions

Suspends the campaign of civil disobedience

Appointed Deputy Prime Minister

Issues a decree compelling all workers have to join the Deutsche Arbeits Front

Negotiations begin to change the Washington & London naval treaties

Proposes naval equality with Britain & the USA. Negotiations begin to change the Washington & London naval treaties

Roosevelt signs the Federal Credit Union Act, establishing Credit Unions

The Asgeir Asgeirsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.

The First Malypetr Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

The Second de Broqueville Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.

Executed by the Nazis, Director of the Students Welfare Fund

Execution of Fritz Gerlich, executed by the Nazis for editing an anti-Nazi newspaper

Orders the arrest & execution of all rivals to him within the Nazi Party. Execution of Fritz Gerlich, executed by the Nazis for editing an anti-Nazi newspaper. Executed by the Nazis, had drafted Papens protest speech 13 days prior. Executed by the Nazis, Director of the Students Welfare Fund

Has Gregor Strasser executed, 1 of the founders of the Nazi Party. Former Chancellor Schleicher is gunned down by 6 assassins

The execution of Rohm gives Hitler full control of the SA

Has von Kahr executed because he had led the troops against Hitler's Beer Hall putsch

Executed by the Nazis, had drafted Papens protest speech 13 days prior

Guillotined in a Leipzig prison yard, three days before his 25th birthday

Rohm refuses to kill himself with a gun which is offerred to him & is executed

Leaves office under pressure from Batista and conservative forces.

All political parties are banned except for the "Fatherland Front"

Roosevelt signs the Federal Credit Union Act, establishing Credit Unions

Begins the First Hermann Jonasson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.

Tatarescu begins a long Liberal administration under Carol II.

Scores five goals for Czechoslovakia, the highest total at the 1934 tournament.

Concludes the coal & cattle pact, a trade agreement made with the Irish Free State

On the death of Hindenburg proclaims himself Fuhrer, a position created by himself

Becomes deputy leader within the new fusion organization.

Goering forms a partnership with Himmler and Heydrich, placing the Gestapo under their control, in order to crush the SA

The Act transfers monetary gold to the Treasury and changes the official gold value.

The Gold Reserve Act transfers monetary gold to the Treasury and prohibits dollar redemption in gold.

Includes 3 CEDA ministers in the Government

Submits a report to Hitler about Rohms mutinous talk & vice

Takes over most of Ramsey MacDonalds responsibilities due to the latters poor health

Bans hereditary titles

The USA joins the Internation Labour Organisation

The US promises the Philippines independence

The US promises the Philippines independence

The naval conference between Japan, Britain & the USA breaks down. Japan abrogates its naval treaties

Italy invades Albania

Italy invades Albania

IDemands compensation for the incident at Wal Wal as a ploy to invade Ethiopia

Italian & Ethiopian troops clash, 100 Ethiopian & 30 Italian troops are killed. IDemands compensation for the incident at Wal Wal as a ploy to invade Ethiopia

Coaches host nation Italy to its first FIFA World Cup championship.

Japan declares the Washington & London Naval Treaties as "obsolete"

Japan issues the "Amu-Settlement", a "hands off" China warning to the USA & Britain

Japan issues the "Amu-Settlement", a "hands off" China warning to the USA & Britain

Japan issues the "Amu-Settlement", a "hands off" China warning to the USA & Britain

Japan’s Amau statement warns foreign powers against actions in China that Tokyo considers contrary to Japanese interests.

Nationalist encirclement pressure helps force the Communist leadership to abandon the Jiangxi Soviet and begin the Long March.

Delivers the Gibbs Lecture on an elementary proof of the equivalence of mass and energy.

Registers the Kermanshah Petroleum Company as a subsidiary for development of the Naft-e Shah region.

The Nazi labour movement is formed

Bates oversees Cunard's programme when Queen Mary launches the new express liner.

Litvinov also actively facilitates the acceptance of the USSR into the League of Nations where he represents his country from 1934-1938

Russia joins the League of Nations

Afghanistan joins the League of Nations during Zahir Shah's reign.

Russia takes its seat on the Council of the League of Nations

The USSR is admitted into the League of Nations

Sterilization measures come into effect to prevent hereditary illness

Roosevelt signs the Federal Credit Union Act, establishing Credit Unions

Thanked by Hitler for "services rendered to the National Socialist movement"

Appointed Lieutenant Colonel in the General Staff, advocate of tank blitzkriegs

The Ruijing base is abandoned & the Long March begins. 80,000 communists troops are pursued by 400,000 strong army of nationalists

Appointed Commander during the Long March

Commander in Chief of the Communist forces

Begins a withdrawal after defeats by the Nationalists to the province of Shensi

Mao begins a 12 month long march to establish a new base in northern China at Yennan

Meets Anthony Eden & refuses to make any armament concessions

Hitler & Mussolini meet in Venice

Hitler & Mussolini meet in Venice

Appointed Minister of the League of Nations

Appointed Minister of Public Works

The Ministry of Defence is renamed the Ministry of War, Blomberg becomes Minister of War and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces

The Ministry of Defence is renamed the Ministry of War, Blomberg becomes Minister of War and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces

The Ministry of Defence is renamed the Ministry of War, Blomberg becomes Minister of War and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces

SS personnel murder Kahr at Dachau during the Night of the Long Knives, eleven years after he opposed Hitler's putsch.

Combines Hertzog's National Party faction with Smuts's South African Party.

Thanked by Hitler for "services rendered to the National Socialist movement"

Hitler has a meeting with Rohm for 5 hrs & warns him not to start a 2nd revolution

Hitler meets Rohm, the SA is asked to take 1 months leave. Hitler has a meeting with Rohm for 5 hrs & warns him not to start a 2nd revolution

Launches the New Life Movement in Nanchang, promoting discipline, hygiene, social order and a moral program influenced by Confucian values.

Hitler instructs Wilhelm Frick to draft a law making the killings legal

Helps organize the Night of the Long Knives. Goering forms a partnership with Himmler and Heydrich, placing the Gestapo under their control, in order to crush the SA

Heydrich and Himmler put pressure on Hitler to purge the leading members of the SA, and they assure him that the SS will carry out the murders, Heydrich had drawn up lists of all of the powerful SA men to be killed along with Rohm.

Heydrich has his men uncover false "evidence" that SA leader Ernst Rohm was plotting to overthrow Hitler.

Rohm is shot without trial along with all of the important members of the SA in this bloodbath, which the Nazis coined the Night of the Long Knives.

Plays a leading part in eliminating many leaders of the SA who are a threat to Hitler

Confronts Rohm & has him & other SA leaders arrested

Gives the codeword, "Kolibri" & triggers off a massacre in Berlin. Assassinations against the SA & ideas of Ernst Roehm who wants a Socialist revolution

Hitler instructs Wilhelm Frick to draft a law making the killings legal. Defends his actions in the Reichstag which "belonged to a higher justice". Defends himself in the Reichstag as "the Supreme Justiciar of the German People". Announces Rohm, von Schleicher & Gregor Strasser plotted against the Reich

Assassinated during the Night of the Long Knives

Assassinations against the SA & ideas of Ernst Roehm who wants a Socialist revolution

Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for renewing dramatic and theatrical art.

After Reichspresident Paul von Hindenburg dies, personally orders all soldiers in the army to pledge the Reichswehreid Oath of allegiance not to Volk and Fatherland, but to the new Reichspresident and Fuhrer Adolf Hitler

The armed forces swear an oath of allegiance to the "Fuhrer & Chancellor Adolf Hitler"

Pact of non-aggression and friendship between Germany and Poland

Pact of non-aggression and friendship between Germany and Poland

Pact of non-aggression and friendship between Germany and Poland

Resembles Italian corporatism, has the enthusiastic support of the pro-fascist wing of the tenente & industrialists

Hitler makes Rohm sign an agreement with Blomber restricting the activity of ths SA

Promises General Blomber that he will suppress the SA leadership. Meets with Lutze & declares that the SA must go

All political parties are banned except for the "Fatherland Front"

Appointed President of Ecuador, 1st term

Appointed President of Germany

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland

Appointed Prime Minister of Japan

Appointed Prime Minister of Poland

Apponted Prime Minister of Spain

Menendez serves as provisional President while Martinez campaigns for election

Hitler makes Rohm sign an agreement with Blomber restricting activity of the SA

Shoots Ernst Rohm

Anti-Nazi Catholic journalist, arrested 9 March 1933, killed at Dachau

SA-Obersturmfuhrer, member of staff SA Gruf Ernst. executed at Lichterfelde

Has a list of those who are executed. Goering & Himmler organize the arrest of the SA in Berlin

NSDAP Reichstag deputy, shot in bed with his chauffeur & Lustknabe at Bad Wiesee

Hearing of the attempted "Putsch" turns himself in to Gestapo headquarters, executed

Executed during the Blood Purge

The "Hero of Annaberg", shot by SS firing squad in Stadelheim Prison

Submits a report to Hitler about Rohms mutinous talk & vice. Informs the Army of a threatened putsch by the SA, military units go on alert

Goering & Himmler organize the arrest of the SA in Berlin

Shot in his estate by SS troopers on order of his rival Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski

Journalist & Speech writer for von Papen, shot in the Lichterfelde Barracks

Head of Preusischen Ministerie Polizei, Center Party, Catholic Action, shot

A group of Nazis attempt to kill Papen but he persuades them not to

Executed by one of Goerings death squads in Berlin

Executed by a group of Nazis

Executed by a group of Nazis

Opens the Queensway road tunnel under the Mersey.

Dies after years of exposure to radioactive materials and wartime X-rays.

Leads a socialist revolt in Madrid

A rebellion of the left & centre-left breaks out to prevent a fascist takeover

A rebellion of the left & centre-left breaks out to prevent a fascist takeover

Leads a rebellion of the left & centre-left to prevent a fascist takeover

Orders units of the Spanish Foreign Legion & Moorish regulars to Asturias

A rebelllion breaks out of 50,000 workers, mainly miners, becomes a regional civil war

A rebelllion breaks out of 50,000 workers, mainly miners, becomes a regional civil war

Shoots political prisoners

A rebellion in Madrid is suppressed

A rebellion in Madrid is suppressed

Crushes a socialist rebellion

The US promises the Philippines independence

Accepts Edens offer to send a force to preserve order against Nazi intimidation

Driving tests become mandatory

Women are given the vote

Hitler makes Rohm sign an agreement with Blomber restricting activity of the SA

Announces economic relief for depressed areas

Hitler makes Rohm sign an agreement with Blomber restricting the activity of ths SA

Himmler has control over the SS, Gestapo (political police) & SD (secret police). Goering hands over the Gestapo to Himmler

Goering hands over the Gestapo to Himmler

Creates an unemployment assistance board to administer aid at a fixed national rate

Appointed Reichskommissar (Reich commissioner)

Van der Lubbe is beheaded in a German prison yard after being found guilty of the Reichstag fire

Van der Lubbe is beheaded in a German prison yard after being found guilty of the Reichstag fire

After Reichspresident Paul von Hindenburg dies, personally orders all soldiers in the army to pledge the Reichswehreid Oath of allegiance not to Volk and Fatherland, but to the new Reichspresident and Fuhrer Adolf Hitler

After Reichspresident Paul von Hindenburg dies, personally orders all soldiers in the army to pledge the Reichswehreid Oath of allegiance not to Volk and Fatherland, but to the new Reichspresident and Fuhrer Adolf Hitler

Gandhi resigns from the Indian Congress Party

Resigns as Prime Minister of Spain

Japan issues the "Amu-Settlement", a "hands off" China warning to the USA & Britain

Japan proclaims a protectorate over China, an "Asiatic Monroe Doctrine"

Japan issues the "Amu-Settlement", a "hands off" China warning to the USA & Britain

Jehol is added to the empire of Manchukuo

The League of Nations refuses to recognize Japan's new "empire" in Manchukuo

The League of Nations refuses to recognize Japan's new "empire" in Manchukuo. Manchukuo is placed under the supervision of the Japanese military police

Inner Mongolia is added to the empire of Manchukuo

Begins the Second Georges Theunis Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.

Begins the Second Malypetr Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

Kennedy becomes the first SEC chairman and begins federal oversight of securities markets.

The Act regulates securities exchanges and creates continuing reporting requirements.

Japan issues the "Amu-Settlement", a "hands off" China warning to the USA & Britain

Japan issues the "Amu-Settlement", a "hands off" China warning to the USA & Britain

Goering forms a partnership with Himmler and Heydrich, placing the Gestapo under their control, in order to crush the SA

Signs a pact of non-aggression with Poland

The Special Areas Act provides assistance to districts suffering severe industrial unemployment.

Drafts Papens speech at the University of Marburg, calls for a halt to Nazi excess

At the University of Marburg calls for a halt to the Nazi excesses

Appointed Member of Deathshead Formation (Totenkopf Verband)

A strike breaks out in Saragossa

Agrarian strikes in Andalucia

Agrarian strikes in Estremadura

Meets with Lutze & declares that the SA must go

Meets with Lutze & declares that the SA must go

Hitler has a meeting with Rohm, the SA has to take 1 months leave

Succeeds as King of Belgium

Concludes the coal & cattle pact, a trade agreement made with the Irish Free State

Trade Treaty signed between Britain & Russia

Turkey, Greece, Romania & Yugoslavia mutually guarantee the security of the Balkan frontiers & pledge not to take any action with regard to any Balkan non-signatory state without previous consultation

The Turkish, Greek, Romanian, and Yugoslav Governments sign the Balkan Pact

Turkey, Greece, Romania & Yugoslavia mutually guarantee the security of the Balkan frontiers & pledge not to take any action with regard to any Balkan non-signatory state without previous consultation. The Turkish, Greek, Romanian, and Yugoslav Governments sign the Balkan Pact. The Balkan Pact reflects the work of the Romanian Foreign Minister, Nicholas Titulescu

Pact of non-aggression and friendship between Germany and Poland

Trade Treaty signed between Britain & Russia

Japan declares the Washington & London Naval treaties "obsolete"

Helps create the United Party through political fusion.

Helps establish the United Party with Hertzog.

Represents the USSR as it enters the League.

The USSR joins the League and gains a Council seat.

Military commanders remove Salamanca while he visits the Chaco front.

Appeals after clashes with Italian forces at Walwal.

The powers of the Lander (states) were transferred to the Reich, rendering the Reichsrat obsolete, a month later, the01 Reichsrat itself was dissolved & when President von Hindenburg die in August Hitler appropriated the presidents powers for himself

Captains Italy to its first World Cup title after extra time against Czechoslovakia.

Birth of Alan Bennett, son of a co-op butcher

Birth of Bernard Bresslaw

Birth of Brian Epstein

Birth of Brian Epstein, later manager of the Beatles and part of Birmingham-linked touring culture.

Birth of Brian Epstein, future manager of the Beatles.

Birth of Joan Ann Hackett

Birth of John Norman "Johnny" Haynes

Birth of Josep Jacques Jean Chretien

Birth of Leonard Norman Cohen

Birth of Maggie Smith

Birth of Margaret Natalie Smith Cross

Birth of Placido Domingo

Birth of Raymond Briggs

Birth of Ulrike Marie Meinhof

Deth of Hindenburg, Hitler becomes head of state & the army swears an oath to him

Death of Carsten Borchgrevink

Death of Edgar Jung, executed by the Nazis

Death of Engelbert Dollfuss

Death of Erich Klausener, assassinated

Death of Ernst Rohm, executed by the NAZIs

Death of Frederick Delius

Death of Fritz Beck, executed by the Nazis

Death of Fritz Gerlich, executed by the Nazis

Assassinated during the Night of the Long Knives

Death of Louis Barthou

Death of Marie Dressler

Death of Marie Sklodowska Curie at the Sancellemoz sanatorium.

Dies from aplastic anaemia linked to long radiation exposure.

Death of Paul Ludwig Hans von Hindenburg

Death of Sergei Mironovich Kirov, assassinated

After Reichspresident Paul von Hindenburg dies, personally orders all soldiers in the army to pledge the Reichswehreid Oath of allegiance not to Volk and Fatherland, but to the new Reichspresident and Fuhrer Adolf Hitler

Captains England as seven Arsenal players start the famous 3-2 victory over world champions Italy at Highbury.