President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Historical events in 1936
581 historical records
January 193612 historical events
Cortes
The Cortes is closed
Death of John Gilbert
Death of John Gilbert
Health of George V
Begins an illness which ends in his death
Election
A Popular Front electoral platform is agreed
US Declaration of Intention
Files a declaration of intention to become a citizen of the United States.
1st Flight
1st British monarch to fly in a plane
Succession
Succeeds as King of Great Britain
Death of George V
Georges last words are, "How is the Empire?". Death of George V
Birth of Horst Mahler
Birth of Horst Mahler
Wigan Journey
Travels north to investigate working-class life and unemployment.
Purge
CP members are directed to renew their documents, "passive people" are rooted out
February 193611 historical events
Eccles Becomes Federal Reserve Board Chairman
Marriner Eccles begins service as chairman of the reorganized Federal Reserve Board, taking the leading policy role in the central bank after the institutional changes made by the Banking Act of 1935.
February Demonstration
A large demonstration demanded civil liberties and political reform from the new government.
Election
The Popular Fron win with a narrow victory
Election
Diet elections, the liberal Minseito win 205 seats & the right Seiyukai win 174 seats
February Program
The government announced the February Program, promising administrative modernization, public health measures, education, and economic reform.
Catalan Generalid
The Catalan Generalidad is re-established under Companys
Alliance Adolf Hitler and Russia, Hitler uses this to march into the Rhineland
France ratifies a Treaty with Russia, Hitler uses this to march into the Rhineland
Occupation
France ratifies a Treaty with Russia, Hitler uses this to march into the Rhineland
The Road to Wigan Pier Research
Researches poverty and industrial conditions for his next book.
Japan Must Fight Britain
Publication of "Japan Must Fight Britain"
Election
Wins the election
March 193617 historical events
Franco-Belgian Accord
Belgium ends the Franco-Belgian Accord of 1920, after the German Remilitarization of the Rhineland
German Memorandum Declares Locarno No Longer Binding
The German government notifies the Locarno powers that it considers the treaty no longer binding.
Neurath Backs Rhineland Remilitarization
Neurath supports the Rhineland move and expects that France will not answer the German action with military force.
Treaty of Versailles
Hitler occupies the Rhineland in contravention of Versailles, an act of war
German Repudiation of Locarno
Hitler declares Germany no longer bound by the Locarno Treaty while restoring German military control in the Rhineland.
Locarno Treaty Breach in Rhineland
The German entry into the demilitarized zone constitutes a breach of the Locarno guarantee system.
Remilitarization of the Rhineland
Hitler sends German troops into the demilitarized Rhineland, violating the Versailles and Locarno settlement.
Rhineland Sovereignty Proclaimed after Locarno Repudiation
Hitler announces restored German sovereignty in the demilitarized Rhineland while repudiating the Locarno system.
Rhineland Remilitarisation
Remilitarises the Rhineland despite League-era security commitments
French Demand for Response to Locarno Breach
Flandin urges the Locarno signatories to demand German withdrawal from the remilitarized Rhineland.
Falange
The Falange is banned
Birth of Frederik Willem de Klerk
Birth of Frederik Willem de Klerk
League Council Finds Locarno Violation
The League Council finds that Germany has violated its treaty obligations by remilitarizing the Rhineland.
Germany and Locarno Treaty Debate
Challenges policy toward Germany after the remilitarisation of the Rhineland and the breach of the Locarno settlement.
Alliance Austria, Hungary and Italy
Austria, Hungary & Italy sign the Three Power Pact
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Veterans Reform
Promotes reforms linked to Chaco War veterans and nationalist politics.
April 193611 historical events
Resignation of Niceto Alcala Zamora
Deposed after failing to end political violence, deposed by the Cortes
Meeting with Zhang Xueliang
Meets Zhang Xueliang and discusses ending civil conflict in order to resist Japanese aggression.
Appointment by George II
King George II appoints Metaxas Prime Minister after political deadlock.
Prime Minister of Greece
King George II appoints Ioannis Metaxas Prime Minister.
Appointment of Metaxas
King George II appoints Ioannis Metaxas to form a government.
Keep the Aspidistra Flying
Publishes Keep the Aspidistra Flying.
Armament
Advocates a the creation of a Ministry of Supply
1936 FA Cup Final Winning Goal
Scores the only goal as Arsenal defeat Sheffield United to win the FA Cup.
Bombing of Geurnica
The kondor legion bombs the basque town of Geurnica killing over 6,000
Succession
Succeeds Fuad I as King while still a minor.
Occupation
At the League of Nations Russia proposes sanctions after occupation of the Rhineland
May 193618 historical events
Exile of Haile Selassie I
Forced into exile after Italian victory
May Day
A Nazi May Day rally is held in Berlin merged with an ancient Spring festival
Rally
A Nazi May Day rally is held in Berlin merged with an ancient Spring festival
Capture of Addis Ababa
Italian forces enter the Abyssinian capital
Birth of Albert Finney
Birth of Albert Finney
Capture of Italy
Proclaims Italy's annexation of Abyssinia
Election
Elected President of Spain
President of Spain
Appointed President of Spain, last President of the Republic
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Military Socialism
Toro takes power and introduces a reformist military government after defeat in the Chaco War.
Birth of Dennis Lee Hopper
Birth of Dennis Lee Hopper
Resignation of Manuel Portela Valladares
The Valladares Government collapses
Rural Electrification
Federal loans support cooperatives extending electricity to underserved rural communities.
President of Bolivia
Toro becomes president and advances the programme known as military socialism.
Barmitzvah
Celebrates his Jewish coming of age under the Nazi regime
Long March
Reaches Chuten
Grasslands Crossing
Surviving units complete another difficult crossing of the eastern grasslands.
June 193619 historical events
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief-of General Staff of the Luftwaffe
Fury
Directs Fury, his first American feature film.
Marriage
Marries Eileen O'Shaughnessy.
International Sanctions at London
Attacks the League of Nations sanctions against Italy for its invasion of Abyssinia
Constitution of Germany
All political police forces throughout Germany are united with Himmler as the chief
Reform of Policing
Hitler places the control of the police forces under Himmler. Himmler merges the control of the police & the SS
Sicherheitsdienst
All political police forces throughout Germany are united with Himmler as the chief
Sicherheitspolizei
Heydrich is placed in charge of the Sicherheitspolizei
Sicherheitsdienst
All political police forces throughout Germany are united with Himmler as the chief
Sicherheitspolizei
Heydrich is placed in charge of the Sicherheitspolizei. The state security police were consolidated and placed under the central command of Reinhard Heydrich, already chief of the party Sicherheitsdienst (SD), and named Sicherheitspolizei
Reform of Policing
Hitler places the control of the police forces under Himmler. Himmler merges the control of the police & the SS
Sicherheitsdienst
All political police forces throughout Germany are united with Himmler as the chiefre
Final Match Decisive Save
Makes a celebrated late save as Real Madrid defeat Barcelona in the Copa de Espana final.
Seventh Copa de Espana
Coaches Real Madrid to a 2-1 Copa de Espana final victory over Barcelona.
Mobilization
The 2nd & 4th Red Armies join forces with the 4th Red Army
League Speech
Warns the League that collective security has failed.
Anti-Comintern Pact
By the summer of 1936, the increased influence of the military in the Japanese Government, concerns in Berlin and Tokyo about the Franco-Soviet alliance, and Hitler's desire for a dramatic anti-Communist foreign policy gesture that he believed might bring about an Anglo-German alliance led to the idea of the Anti-Comintern Pact being revived
Anti-Comintern Pact
By the summer of 1936, the increased influence of the military in the Japanese Government, concerns in Berlin and Tokyo about the Franco-Soviet alliance, and Hitler's desire for a dramatic anti-Communist foreign policy gesture that he believed might bring about an Anglo-German alliance led to the idea of the Anti-Comintern Pact being revived
Of the Anti-Comintern Pact
By the summer of 1936, the increased influence of the military in the Japanese Government, concerns in Berlin and Tokyo about the Franco-Soviet alliance, and Hitler's desire for a dramatic anti-Communist foreign policy gesture that he believed might bring about an Anglo-German alliance led to the idea of the Anti-Comintern Pact being revived
July 193668 historical events
Sanctions Failure
Britain accepts the end of sanctions against Italy.
Sanctions Lifted
League sanctions fail to reverse Italy's conquest of Ethiopia.
Alliance Austria and Germany
Austria agrees that her foreign policy would be determined as a "German State"
Amnesty
An amnesty is granted to Austrian NAZIs in prison
Foreign Secretary of Austria
Appointed Foreign Minister, Nazi supporter
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior, Nazi supporter
Alliance Austria and Germany
Austria agrees that her foreign policy would be determined as a "German State"
Germany confirms Austrias sovereignty & promises not to interfere in internal affairs
Germany confirms Austrias sovereignty & promises not to interfere in internal affairs
Independence of Austria
Confirms Austrias sovereignty & promises not to interfere in its internal affairs
Independence of Germany
Confirms Austrias sovereignty & promises not to interfere in its internal affairs
Assassination of Jose Castillo
Castillo is assassinated during the Madrid rebellion, member of the UMRA an antifascist organisation
Reballion of Rebels in Madrid
Castillo is assassinated during the Madrid rebellion
Assassination of Calvo Sotelo
Death of Calvo Sotelo, leader of the right-wing monarchist party, is murdered by police officers
Death of Calvo Sotelo
Death of Calvo Sotelo, leader of the right-wing monarchist party, is murdered by police officers
Reballion of Rebels in Madrid
A shootout between Police Assault Guard & fascist militias during the burials of Castillo & Sotelo
Reballion of Rebels in Madrid
A shootout between Police Assault Guard & fascist militias during the burials of Castillo & Sotelo
Sanctions
The League of Nations capitulates and calls off the sanctions against Italy
Gestapo
Siezes control of the Gestapo
Reballion of right wing
Generals Mola, Franco, Sanurjo & Goded lead a right wing revolt
Reballion of right wing
Generals Mola, Franco, Sanurjo & Goded lead a right wing revolt
Declaration of War
Pamplona, Saragossa, Oviedo, Salamanca, Avila, Segovia & Cadiz are in rebel hands. Franco declares a "state of war" for all of Spain
Reballion of The
The rebels gain control over about one third of Spain. Franco declares a "state of war" for all of Spain
Assassination of Manuel Romerales
General Manuel Romerales, Commanding officer of the East Army, is murdered by rebels
Reballion of military
A military uprising begins in Moroco, start of the civil war
Declaration of War
Pamplona, Saragossa, Oviedo, Salamanca, Avila, Segovia & Cadiz are in rebel hands. Franco declares a "state of war" for all of Spain
Reballion of military
A military uprising begins in Moroco, start of the civil war
Government
Diego Martinez Barrio tries to form a new Government, but cannot obtain broad enough support
Resignation of Santiago Casares Quiroga
Santiago Casares Quiroga resigns as chief of the Republican Government
Government
Jose Giral forms a Government, which orders that arms be issued to the general populace
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Reballion of Rebels in Barcelona
The Peoples Olympiad opens in Barcelona, a protest against the official 1936 Olympics in Berlin
Siege of Seville
Seville is unsuccessfully defended by local police troops & a poorly armed workers militia
Reballion of Rebels in Tetuan
Franco flies from the Canary Islands to Tetun and takes command of the army in Africa
Resignation of Santiago Casares Quiroga
Santiago Casares Quiroga resigns as chief of the Republican Government
Government
Diego Martinez Barrio tries to form a new Government, but cannot obtain broad enough support
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Reballion of Rebels in Barcelona
Streetfighting breaks out between police, workers militias & loyal troops & 1200 rebel soldiers
Resignation of Santiago Casares Quiroga
Santiago Casares Quiroga resigns as chief of the Republican Government
Capture of Majorca
The rebels take Majorca
Reballion of Rebels in Madrid
10,000 citizens, police & soldiers, attack the Montana Barracks held by rebel General Fanjul
Rule of Majorca
The rebels take Majorca
Siege of Alcezar de Toledo
Start of the siege of the Alcezar de Toledo
Armament
An international commission approves Turkeys request to fortify the Straits
Straits
An international commission approves Turkeys request to fortify the Straits
Treaty of Montreux
An international commission approves Turkeys request to fortify the Straits
Constitution of Venezuela
The Constitution of 1936 reduced the presidential term and introduced limited political reforms.
Death of Georg Michaelis
Death of Georg Michaelis
Reballion of ships about the
Ibecez spends the night informing ships about the uprising & the navy is saved for the Republic
Constitution of Spain
The Nationalists declare the Junta de Defensa Nacional as a new Government
Government
The Nationalists declare the Junta de Defensa Nacional as a new Government
Junta de Defensa Nacional
The Nationalists declare the Junta de Defensa Nacional as a new Government
Siege of Aragon
The Durruti Column, led by Durruti, leaves Barcelona & heads for the Aragon front
Alliance Joseph Stalin and Spanish Republic
The Comintern agree to furnish volunteers & money to support the Spanish Republic
Comintern
The Comintern agree to furnish volunteers & money to support the Spanish Republic
Alliance Russia and Spain
The Russian led Comintern agree to supply volunteers & money to the Spanish Republic
Comintern
The Russian led Comintern agree to supply volunteers & money to the Spanish Republic
Alliance Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Franco-Bahamonde and of the Nationalist side
1st arrival of German and Italian planes in aid of the Nationalist side
Invasion of Spain
German aircraft arrive in Morocco to airlift Francos Army of Africa into Spain
Invasion of Spain
Italian aircraft arrive in Morocco to cary Francos Army of Africa to Spain
Plot
Against the "terrorist activity of Trotskyite-Zinoviev counter-revolutionary bloc"
Purge
Against the "terrorist activity of Trotskyite-Zinoviev counter-revolutionary bloc"
Purge
Made against "terrorist activity of Trotskyite-Zinoviev counter-revolutionary bloc"
Trial
Secretly put on trial by Stalin for his life
Purge
Announces "terrorist activity of Trotskyite-Zinoviev counter-revolutionary bloc"
Reform of Policing
The secret police is absorbed into the ministry of the interior, NKVD
Sagrada Familia Workshop Destruction
The Sagrada Familia workshop is attacked during the Civil War, destroying plans, photographs and plaster models.
Mobilization
Airlifts a large portion of the Foreign Legion from Morocco to Spain
Diplomatic Correspondence
Writes to Hitler requesting aircraft to airlift the Army of Africa to Spain
August 193644 historical events
Committee of Non-Intervention
France & Britain found the Committee of Non-Intervention
Civil War
Mussolini sends airplanes in support of the rebels
France announces a policy of non-intervention
France announces a policy of non-intervention
France announces a policy of non-intervention
France announces a policy of non-intervention
Siege of Madrid
Troops of the rebellious Foreign Legion start their advance from Seville towards Madrid
Olympic Gold Medal
Winner of the 100m Olympic Gold Medal
Fourth of August Regime
Metaxas establishes an authoritarian regime with the support of King George II.
Parliamentary Government Suspended
Metaxas suspends constitutional government and establishes the Fourth of August regime.
Fourth of August Regime Supported
George II supports Metaxas's suspension of parliamentary government.
Provisional Government
Kerensky develops his views through provisional government after 1917.
Olympic Gold Medal
Winner of the long jump Olympic Gold Medal
Olympic Gold Medal
Winner of the 200m Olympic Gold Medal
Olympic Gold Medal
Winner of the 4 x 100m relay team Olympic Gold Medal
Capture of Merida
The Nationalists take Merida on their way to Madrid cutting off the Republicans in Badajoz
Siege of Merida
The Nationalists take Merida on their way to Madrid cutting off the Republicans in Badajoz
Siege of Badajoz
Nationalist forces under Colonel Juan Yagee take Badajoz
Capture of Badajoz
Nationalist forces under Colonel Juan Yagee take Badajoz
Siege of Badajoz
Nationalist forces under Colonel Juan Yagee take Badajoz
Trade Embargo at London
Britain announces an embargo on arms exports to Spain
Civil War
Germany, Italy & Portugal agree to Anglo-French proposals for non-intervention
Agreement on Anglo-French proposals for non-intervention
Germany, Italy & Portugal agree to Anglo-French proposals for non-intervention
Neutrality
Germany, Italy & Portugal agree to Anglo-French proposals for non-intervention
Civil War
Germany, Italy & Portugal agree to Anglo-French proposals for non-intervention
Agreement on Anglo-French proposals for non-intervention
Germany, Italy & Portugal agree to Anglo-French proposals for non-intervention
Death of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev
Death of Grigory Yevseyevich Zinoviev, executed
Execution
Found guilty of charges during a show trial & shot
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty
Signs a treaty limiting British troops mainly to the Suez Canal Zone.
Independence of Egypt
Britain signs a Treaty with Egypt agreeing independence
Rule of Suez Canal
Under a Treaty signed with Britain, Britain is allowed to keep the Suez Canal
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty
Accepts the treaty that limits British troops mainly to the Suez Canal Zone while recognising Egyptian sovereignty.
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty
Signs the treaty allowing British forces to remain in the Suez Canal Zone for imperial defence.
Olympics
Commissioned by Hitler to film the Olympic games, called Olymia & completed 1 yr later
Olympics
Germany hosts the Olympics, the most ceremonial up to that time
Bolshevik Party
During the trial, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 other accused, most of them prominent Old Bolsheviks, confessed to having plotted with Trotsky to kill Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership
Trial
During the trial, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 other accused, most of them prominent Old Bolsheviks, confessed to having plotted with Trotsky to kill Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership
Bolshevik Party
During the trial, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 other accused, most of them prominent Old Bolsheviks, confessed to having plotted with Trotsky to kill Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership
Plot
The court found everybody guilty and sentenced the defendants to death, Trotsky in absentia. During the trial, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 other accused, most of them prominent Old Bolsheviks, confessed to having plotted with Trotsky to kill Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership
Terrorism
The first Moscow show trial of the so-called "Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Center" was staged in front of an international audience. During the trial, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 other accused, most of them prominent Old Bolsheviks, confessed to having plotted with Trotsky to kill Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership
Trial
The first Moscow show trial of the so-called "Trotskyite-Zinovievite Terrorist Center" was staged in front of an international audience. The court found everybody guilty and sentenced the defendants to death, Trotsky in absentia
Bolshevik Party
During the trial, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 other accused, most of them prominent Old Bolsheviks, confessed to having plotted with Trotsky to kill Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership
Trial
During the trial, Zinoviev, Kamenev and 14 other accused, most of them prominent Old Bolsheviks, confessed to having plotted with Trotsky to kill Stalin and other members of the Soviet leadership
Execution
Stalin has Kamanev & Zinoviev purged & then executed
Mobilization
Leads a motorized advance north toward Madrid
Olympic Gold Medal
Wins 4 Olympic gold medals, challenges the myth of Hitler's Aryan superiority
September 193621 historical events
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Issues a public warning that a general war would shatter our civilization
Issues a public warning that a general war would "shatter our civilization"
Neutrality
Issues a public warning that a general war would "shatter our civilization"
Civil War
A Non-intervention committee is held in London, Italy & Germany ignore it
A Non-intervention committee is held in London, Italy & Germany ignore it
A Non-intervention committee is held in London, Italy & Germany ignore it
Civil War
A Non-intervention committee is held in London, Italy & Germany ignore it
Tripartite Monetary Agreement
After franc devaluation, France joins Britain and the United States in a monetary agreement intended to reduce competitive devaluations and stabilise exchange relationships without restoring gold convertibility.
Gold Standard
France suspends the franc's former gold parity and permits devaluation.
Tripartite Monetary Agreement
Britain joins France and the United States in coordinating exchange policy and gold dealings after the collapse of the interwar Gold Bloc.
Tripartite Agreement
The United States joins Britain and France in coordinating exchange stability without restoring classical gold convertibility.
Tripartite Monetary Agreement
The United States joins Britain and France in pledging currency cooperation while retaining the 35-dollar official gold price for international monetary purposes.
Purge
Yezhov is made Commissar for Internal Affairs to unmask the Trotsky-Zinoviev plot
Gold Standard
The Netherlands abandons the gold standard after sustained pressure on the guilder and its reserves.
Popular Army
A decree is issued militarising the militias, creates the Popular Army
Economy of Germany
Directs the 4 year economic plan in preparation for War
Four Year Plan
Hitler announces the 2nd 4 Year Plan with Goring as plenipotentiary. Directs the 4 year economic plan in preparation for War
Civil War
Hitler announces the 2nd 4 Year Plan with Goring as plenipotentiary
Visit to Berchtesgaden
Visits Hitler, repoorts back that Hitler is arming for defence not attack. Impressed by Hitler's conquest of unemployment
Princeton University Research
Travels to Princeton University for advanced research in mathematical logic under Alonzo Church.
Arrest of Nikolai Bukharin
Arrested for counter-revolutionary activities, released due to insufficient evidence
Swiss Franc Devaluation
Switzerland devalues the franc and leaves the remaining Gold Bloc after France abandons its former parity, ending one of Europe's last major interwar gold-standard commitments.
October 193620 historical events
Conscription
Austria introduces conscription
Treaty of St Germain
Austria introduces conscription, breaking the Treaty of St Germain
Constitution of Spain
A military Junta in Salamanca proclaims Franco Generalisimo of "Nationalist" Spain
General
Appointed Generalisimo of "Nationalist" Spain
Birth of Vaclev Havel
Birth of Vaclev Havel
Reform of Anti-Jewish Laws
All Jewish passports must be stamped with the letter "J"
Alliance Russia and Republicans and Spain
Russia decides to supply the Republicans in Spain
Russia warns it will only be bound to the same degree as
Russia warns it will only be bound to the same degree as Italy & Germany. Russia decides to supply the Republicans in Spain
Russia supplies the Republicans
Russia supplies the Republicans
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Signs a secret protocol with Ciano outlining a common policy for Germany
Signs a secret protocol with Ciano outlining a common policy for Germany & Italy
Anti-Comintern Pact
The draft of the Anti-Comintern Pact is drawn up
Birth of Bill Wyman
Birth of Bill Wyman, later bassist of the Rolling Stones.
Alliance Chang Hsueh-Liang and Chou En-Lai
Chang Hsueh-Liang signs a secret non-aggression pact with Chou En-Lai
Long March
Joins forces with the north Shensi 1st Front Army
Alliance Chang Hsueh-Liang and Chou En-Lai
Chang Hsueh-Liang signs a secret non-aggression pact with Chou En-Lai
Anti-Appeasement Speech
Speaks against appeasement and criticises concessions to Nazi Germany during student debates.
Princeton Cryptography Ideas
Writes from Princeton about his interest in constructing unusual cipher systems, showing that cryptography was already part of his technical thinking.
Lira Devaluation
Italy devalues the lira after the collapse of the Gold Bloc, formally ending the parity created by the 1927 return to gold.
November 193624 historical events
Alliance Germany and partner not stated in source
Signs the agreement, effectively ending the Treaty of Versailles
Alliance Axis
Signs the Axis agreement in Berlin on behalf of Italy
Axis Agreement
Signs the Axis agreement in Berlin on behalf of Italy
Allliance
Signs the Axis agreement in Berlin on behalf of Italy
Alliance Axis
During a speech Mussolini publicly refers to an "Axis" without divulging its details
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
Creates the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation as a public broadcaster.
Election
Wins every state except for 2. Wins 60% of the vote during the Presidential elections, 27 million of the poll
Capital
The Republican Government is forced by the Nationalists to rereat to Valencia
Capital
The Government flees to Valencia
Siege of Madrid
Francos troops reach the western edge of Madrid
Siege of Madrid
Forced back by the Republicans, despite support from XI international Brigade
Abdication
Wallis Simpson & Edward VIII become the Duke & Duchess of Windsor. Informs Baldwin he wishes to marry Wallis Simpson
Civil War
Germany recognizes Francos Nationalist regime, the Junta at Burgos
Civil War
Italy recognizes Francos Nationalist regime
Recognition of Francos regime
Italy recognizes Francos regime. Germany recognizes Francos regime
Assassination of Jose Primo de Rivera
Seized by the Republicans & executed in Alicante
Death of Jose Primo de Rivera
seized by the Republicans & executed in Alicante
Germany & Japan argree to make common cause against Communism
Germany & Japan argree to make "common cause" against Communism
Alliance Joachim von Ribbentrop and Japan
Signs the Anti-Commintern Pact with Japan
Anti-Comintern Pact
The Anti-Comintern Pact was an anti-communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan (later to be joined by other, mainly fascist, Governments) on November 25, 1936 and was directed against the 3rd (Communist) International
Condor Legion
The Anti-Comintern Pact was an anti-communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan (later to be joined by other, mainly fascist, Governments) on November 25, 1936 and was directed against the 3rd (Communist) International
Anti-Comintern Pact
Signs the Anti-Comintern Pact on behalf of Japan
Alliance Japan and Germany
To "combat the subversive activities" of the Comintern. A Japanese-German Convention is signed in Berlin
Comintern
To "combat the subversive activities" of the Comintern
December 193629 historical events
Abdication
The press informs the public of the King's desire to Mary Wallis Simpson
Constitution of Russia
Joseph Stalin establishes a Federal State consisting of 11 Soviet Republics.
Constitution of Russia
Joseph Stalin establishes the USSR Supreme Soviet, supreme agency of state power in the Soviet Union.
Constitution of Russia
Supreme Soviet consists of the Soviet of the Union and the Soviet of the Nationalities.
Constitution of Russia
The Supreme Soviet elects a Presidium the chairman of which becomes the Head of State.
Constitution of Russia
The Supreme Soviet is elected for 4 years and meets twice a year.
Constitution of Russia
The VTsIK, All-Union Central Exec Comm of the soviets becomes the Supreme Soviet.
Supreme Soviet
Establishes the USSR Supreme Soviet, supreme agency of state power in the Soviet Union
Arrest of Chiang Kai-Shek
Forces Chiang Kai-Shek to end the civil war & unite against Japan. Arrests Chiang Kai-Shek to force him into a temporary alliance with Chou En-Lai
Reballion of Rebels in Xian
Organizes a demonstration of 15,000 students in Xian demanding to fight Japan
Abdication
Chooses to abdicate rather than give up, "The woman I love"
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for powerful and emotionally honest tragic drama.
Abdication
Broadcasts to the nation after his decision to abdicate
Abdication
Albert, Duke of York, becomes George VI & Elizabeth becomes Queen Consort
Arrest of Chiang Kai-Shek
Is seized at Xi’an by Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng during the Xi’an Incident.
Arrest of Chiang Kai-Shek
Chiang Kaishek is captured in Xian & detained in the HQ of General Yang
Executive Authority External Relations Act
Uses the British abdication crisis to reduce the Crown's constitutional role in Irish external relations.
Council of Aragon
The Government is forced to recognize the Council of Aragon
Arrest of Chiang Kai-Shek
Is released from Xi’an after negotiations that help create conditions for a renewed Nationalist-Communist united front against Japan.
Return from Xian
Returns to Nanjing after his release from the Xi’an Incident, where negotiations had pushed Nationalists and Communists toward cooperation against Japan.
Spanish Civil War
Arrives in Spain to fight against Franco.
Legislation
The Neutrality Laws are strengthened
Neutrality
The Neutrality Laws are strengthened
Xi'an Incident Negotiations
Represents the Communist Party during negotiations following the detention of Chiang Kai-shek.
Long March
Reaches Xian where Chiang Kaiseks forces are defeated
Arrest of Chiang Kai-Shek
Helps arrest Chiang Kai-Shek
Arrest of Chiang Kai-Shek
Helps arrest Chiang Kai-Shek
Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry after major research carried out during his Leipzig period.
Gravitational Lens Paper
Publishes a calculation of the lens-like action of a star's gravitational field, describing how general relativity can produce multiple or magnified images of a background source.
League Council
Appointed President of the Council of the League of Nations
Heimwehr
Abolishes the Heimwehr
Treaty of Versailles
Austria recognizes Italy's capture of Abyssinia. Austria presses for Hungarys right to rearm to be allowed by the Treaty of Versailles
Peace Mediation
Mediates between von Papen & the Austrian Government for closer ties with Germany
State Councilor
Appointed State Councilor
Fatherland Front
Kurt Schuschnigg absorbs the remaining Heimwehr elements into the Fatherland Front, it officially ceases to exist as a political grouping
Heimwehr
Kurt Schuschnigg absorbs the remaining Heimwehr elements into the Fatherland Front, it officially ceases to exist as a political grouping
Professor
Takes up a position at the University of Graz in Austria
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries concerning the chemical transmission of nerve impulses.
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering cosmic radiation.
Return to Austria
Returns to Austria to take a professorship at the University of Graz after several years in Britain.
Defence Mechanisms
Strengthens ego psychology and the psychoanalytic study of children.
The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence
Publishes a systematic account of psychological defence mechanisms.
Printed Circuit Prototype
Builds an electronic device using printed conductive connections.
Printed Electronic Connections
Pioneers manufacturing methods that become fundamental to modern electronics.
Foreign Secretary of Belgium
Appointed Foreign Secretary
Birth of Petur Mladenov
Birth of Petur Mladenov
Minimum Wage Legislation
Promulgates legislation introducing minimum-wage protections during his second presidency.
Preventive Medicine Law
Promulgates legislation expanding preventive medical protection for workers.
Alliance Communists for resistance
After the Xi’an Incident, shifts toward cooperation with the Communists for resistance against Japan.
Is detained at Xi’an by Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng
Is detained at Xi’an by Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng, who demand an end to civil war and united resistance against Japan.
Peace
Proclaims a Communist offensive against the Japanese. Makes a peace offer to create national unity
Reinstatement
Reinstated into the Communist Party after Zhang Guotao is defeated & joins Mao
Xinnhua
Founds the Xinhua or the New China News Agency
Arrest of Chiang Kai-Shek
Arrests Chiang Kai-Shek
Invasion of Suiyuan
Japanese-backed Inner Mongolian forces attack Suiyuan, increasing pressure on the Nationalist government in northern China.
President of Costa Rica
Appointed President of Costa Rica
The War With Newts
Publication of "The War With Newts"
Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia
Appointed Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Legetoj
Publication of "Legetoj"
Compound Nucleus Theory
Develops the compound-nucleus picture used to understand neutron capture and nuclear reactions.
Compound Nucleus Model
Proposes that an incoming particle forms a temporary compound nucleus.
Nuclear Reaction Theory
Provides a framework for explaining many nuclear reactions and resonance effects.
Constitution of Egypt
Succeeds as King of Egypt , the constitution of 1923 is restored
Succession
Succeeds as King of Egypt , the constitution of 1923 is restored
The Crime of Monsieur Lange
Directs The Crime of Monsieur Lange.
Foreign Secretary of France
Appointed Foreign Minister
Foreign Secretary of France
Appointed Foreign Minister, 2nd term
Minister of Public Works
Appointed Minister of Public Works
Minister of State
Appointed Minister of State, 1st term
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, 1st term
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
Integral Humanism
Maritain publishes Integral Humanism, developing a personalist approach to political and social philosophy.
Death of Louis Bleriot
Death of Louis Bleriot
Affair
Braun joins Hitler in his household at the Berghof near Berchtesgaden
Technische Hochschule
After the Night of the Long Knives, where officials like Gregor Strasser and Ernst R”hm were murdered, Feder withdraws from the Government, finally becoming a professor at the Technische Hochschule
Alliance Anti-Comintern Pact
Negotiates the Germanese Anti-Comintern Pact
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Britain
Comintern
Negotiates the Germanese Anti-Comintern Pact
Colonel
The SD and the Gestapo are united under the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) under Heydrich, who is promoted to SS colonel
Gestapo
The SD and the Gestapo are united under the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) under Heydrich, who is promoted to SS colonel
Field Marshal
Appointed General Field Marshal of the armed forces, the 1st General Field Marshal
Condor Legion
The Condor Legion is used to test weapons during the Spanish Civil War. Forms the Condor Legion which transports troops from Morocco
Hitler Youth
Membership of the Hitler Youth Movement becomes compulsory
Ordnungspolizei
The state police agencies in Germany were statutorily divided into the Ordnungspolizei (regular or order police) and the Sicherheitspolizei (state security police). The two police branches were commonly known as the Orpo and SiPo (Kripo and Gestapo combined), respectively
Sicherheitspolizei
As such he was nominally subordinate to Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick, but in practice Himmler answered to no-one but Hitler.
Sicherheitspolizei
Himmler and Heydrich's grand plan was to fully absorb all the police and security apparatus into the structure of the Schutzstaffel (SS).
Sicherheitspolizei
In 1936, the state security police were consolidated and placed under the central command of Reinhard Heydrich, already chief of the party Sicherheitsdienst (SD), and named Sicherheitspolizei
Sicherheitspolizei
To this end, Himmler took command first of the Gestapo (itself developed from the Prussian Secret Police) and later of all the regular and criminal investigation police, assuming the title Chef der Deutschen Polizei (Chief of the German Police).
Sicherheitspolizei
When the Nazis came to power, Germany, as a federal state, had myriad local and centralised police agencies, which often were un-coordinated and had overlapping jurisdictions.
Olympia Honor Badge
Heydrichs suppresses dissent prior to and during the 1936 Olympics, a task he executes with a cold and systematic ruthlessness that gains him the German Olympia Honor Badge (First Class) (Deutsches Olympiaehrenzeich)
Olympics
Heydrichs suppresses dissent prior to and during the 1936 Olympics, a task he executes with a cold and systematic ruthlessness that gains him the German Olympia Honor Badge (First Class) (Deutsches Olympiaehrenzeich)
Ordnungspolizei
The state police agencies in Germany were statutorily divided into the Ordnungspolizei (regular or order police) and the Sicherheitspolizei (state security police). The two police branches were commonly known as the Orpo and SiPo (Kripo and Gestapo combined), respectively
Sicherdienst (SD)
The SD and the Gestapo are united under the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) under Heydrich, who is promoted to SS colonel. Appointed Head of the Sicherheitspolizei, incorporating the SD
Sicherheitsdienst
The Sicherheitsdienst benefits from close cooperation with the SS, which Heydrich also gained control of in 1936, as part of a combined security police force. Heydrichs suppresses dissent prior to and during the 1936 Olympics, a task he executes with a cold and systematic ruthlessness that gains him the German Olympia Honor Badge (First Class) (Deutsches Olympiaehrenzeich)
Sicherheitspolizei
Appointed Head of the Sicherheitspolizei, incorporating the SD
The Crisis of European Sciences
Publication of "The Crisis of European Sciences"
Study on Authority and Family
Marcuse contributed to the Institute for Social Research's Studies on Authority and the Family, analyzing social authority and ideology.
Health of Heinrich Hoffman
Introduces Hitler to Dr Morell
Health of Theo Morell
Cures Hitler of a leg rash, from that moment becomes Hitler's most trusted physician
Neutron Diffraction Prediction
Publishes the theoretical prediction that thermal neutrons should show crystal diffraction.
Invention of Messerschmitt
The Messerschmitt-109 makes its first public flight at the Olympic games
Field Emission Microscope
Invents the field emission microscope, using electrons emitted from a sharp metal tip to image surface structure.
Civil War
Appointed Commander of the Condor Legion
Commander of Condor Legion
Appointed Commander of the Condor Legion in Spain
Alliance Germany and Franco's Nationalist forces
Ordered to take control of the flow of guns, tanks & volunteers to Francos army
Luftwaffe
Creates the Paratroop Arm of the Luftwaffe
Paratroopers
Creates the Paratroop Arm of the Luftwaffe
Paratroopers
Creates the paratroop arm of the Luftwaffe
Chief Operations
Appointed Chief of Operations
National Defence Planning Expanded
Jodl develops inter-service planning within the National Defence Section as German rearmament accelerates.
Commander of Condor Legion
Appointed Commander of the Condor Legion
Commander of Condor Legion
Appointed Commander of the Condor Legion in Spain
Commander of FdU
Appointed Fuhrer der Unterseeboote
Commander of Luftflotte 3
Appointed Commander Luftflotte 3
General
Appointed General of the Airforce
General
Appointed General
Reichssicherheitshauptamt
The SD and the Gestapo are united under the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) under Heydrich, who is promoted to SS colonel
Sicherdienst (SD)
The SD and the Gestapo are united under the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) under Heydrich, who is promoted to SS colonel
Major General
Appointed Major General
Major General
Appointed Major General
Major General
Appointed Major General
Condor Legion
The Condor Legion gives the Luftwaffe combat experience during the Spanish Civil War
The Bohemian Girl
Stars in, The Bohemian Girl. Stars in, Our Relations
Modern Times
Directs, "Modern Times"
The Poisoned Kiss
1st performance of, "The Poisoned Kiss"
Eyeless In Gaza
Publication of "Eyeless In Gaza"
Bookshop Memories Essay
Orwell's Bookshop Memories described his experience of bookselling and everyday reading habits.
Shooting an Elephant Essay
Orwell published Shooting an Elephant, reflecting on the pressures and injustice of colonial authority.
Spanish Civil War Volunteer
Orwell went to Spain to fight fascism, an experience that transformed his political writing.
The Croquet Player
Publication of "The Croquet Player"
Mathematics for the Million
Publication of "Mathematics for the Million"
Mathematics
Publication of "Mathematics for the Million"
Standing Room Only
Publication of "Standing Room Only"
South Riding
Publication of "South Riding"
Look Stranger
Publication of "Look Stranger"
Wallington Cottage
Lives at The Stores in Wallington.
Castle Bromwich Aircraft Factory
Construction begins on a major aircraft manufacturing plant near Birmingham.
Abdication
Baldwins Government negotiates the abdication of Edward VIII
Abdication
Supports Edward VIII during the abdication, loses much political support
Publication of The Rendel Harris Papyri
Publishes The Rendel Harris Papyri of Woodbrooke College with translations and scholarly notes.
Focus
Joins an anti-nazi group, "The Focus" protesting against treatment of Jews in Germany. Founder Member of "The Focus" which comprises some left wing members
Vote of Confidence
Votes against Baldwin for lifting sanctions against Italy after it invaded Abyssinia
Governor
Appointed Governor General of India
Abdication
Abdication is legislated by Majestys Declaration of Abdication Act, 1936
Legislation
Abdication is legislated by Majestys Declaration of Abdication Act, 1936
Deputy Under Secretary
Appointed Deputy Unser Secretary at the Foreign Office
Secretary of State for Agriculture
Appointed Minister of Agriculture & Fisheries
Rearmament Policy
Shapes rearmament finance before becoming prime minister.
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Minister of Co-ordination of Defence
Appointed Minister for the Co-ordination of Defence
Abdication
Abdication is legislated by Majestys Declaration of Abdication Act, 1936
Abdication
Succeeds as King of Great Britain, after the abdication of his brother Edward VIII
Death of George VI
Death of George V, becomes Heir-Presumptive to the Crown
Succession
Succeeds as King of Great Britain, after the abdication of his brother Edward VIII
Succession
Becomes in line to the succession after her father George VI
Language, Truth and Logic
Publication of "Language, Truth & Logic"
General theory of Employment
Publication of "General theory of Employment"
University of Leeds Scholarship
Hoggart won a scholarship to the University of Leeds, opening a path toward literary study and teaching.
Balliol College
Meets Denis Healey at Balliol, beginning a long friendship and later political rivalry.
Break with the Conservative Whip
Breaks with the government whip during disputes over sanctions and foreign policy toward the fascist powers.
Criticism after Rhineland Remilitarisation
Criticises the government's failure to respond more firmly after Hitler remilitarises the Rhineland.
Focus
Helps finance an anti-nazi group called "The Focus" protesting Jews in Germany
Focus
Helps finance an anti-nazi group called "The Focus" protesting Jews in Germany. Contributes 50,000 pounds to "The Focus", who protest about the treatment of Jews in Germany
New Statesman
Contributes political commentary to the New Statesman before the Second World War.
Spanish Civil War
Supports anti-fascist causes during the Spanish Civil War.
Balliol College
Healey arrives at Balliol College, Oxford, where politics and classical studies dominate his student years.
Education
Healey wins an exhibition to Balliol College, Oxford, to read Greats and becomes active in Labour politics.
Oxford Labour Club
Healey becomes active in the Oxford Labour Club and develops the political interests that shape his later career.
War Memoirs
Publication of "War Memoirs"
Mathematics Degree
Hoyle completed his undergraduate mathematics studies at the University of Cambridge.
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries on chemical transmission of nerve impulses.
Alonzo Church Supervision
Begins doctoral study with logician Alonzo Church, connecting Turings machine approach with contemporary work on effective calculability.
Computability Definition
Provides a precise mathematical account of what it means for a number or function to be computable by an effective mechanical procedure.
Entscheidungsproblem Result
Uses his machine model to show that there can be no general mechanical procedure deciding every statement in the relevant formal system.
On Computable Numbers
Completes the draft of On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem.
Smiths Prize
Receives the Smiths Prize for mathematical work at Cambridge.
Turing Machine
Introduces an abstract machine model that formalises step-by-step mechanical computation.
Universal Computing Machine
Shows that one universal machine can simulate the operation of any machine described by a finite table of instructions.
Bawdsey Research
Helps organise radar research and later the Telecommunications Research Establishment.
Airborne Interception Radar
Works on fitting radar equipment into aircraft.
Bawdsey Research Station
Radar research moves to Bawdsey for full-scale development.
Sunderland League Crown with Gurney
Gurney leads the scoring effort as Sunderland wins the 1935–36 First Division title, the club's sixth English championship.
First Division Fifth Place Season
Eastham belonged to Brentford's formidable interwar attacking generation when the Bees achieved a fifth-place top-flight finish.
Second Division Promotion Goals
Tadman's attacking play helps Charlton Athletic secure promotion into the First Division after a second successive rise.
First Relegation
Aston Villa is relegated from the top division for the first time.
George Kay Takes Charge of Liverpool
George Kay became Liverpool manager in 1936 and would later rebuild the side that won the first postwar First Division championship.
Chief of Imperial General Staff (CIGS)
Appointed CIGS
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Mediterranean
Commander of RAF Fighter Comm
Appointed Head of RAF Fighter Command
Death of David Beatty
Death of David Beatty
Ethiopian Conflict Continues
The Ethiopian war continued after Hoare left the Foreign Office, demonstrating that his proposed settlement had not resolved the crisis.
Italian Conquest Undermines League
Italy's capture of Addis Ababa highlighted the failure of the collective security approach championed during Hoare's tenure.
League Sanctions Are Lifted
The League ended sanctions against Italy following its conquest of Ethiopia, marking a setback for the policies debated under Hoare.
Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta
Composition of "Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta"
Coup
Counting on his great popular support and promises of social reform, General Bakr Sidqi launches a military coup in Iraq
Foreign Secretary of Italy
Appointed Foreign Minister
Succession
Succeeds as King of Italy. Assumes the title, "Emperor of Ethiopia"
International Neutron Research Recognition
Becomes internationally recognized as a leading authority on neutron physics through continued publications, lectures and experimental results.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Italian Forces
Capture of Italy
Occupies Ethiopia after the end of the war
Viceroy
Appointed Viceroy of Ethiopia
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Italian Forces
Viceroy
Appointed Viceroy of Ethiopia
Peerage
Created Duke of Addis Ababa
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Britain
Anti-Comintern Pact
The Anti-Comintern Pact was an anti-communist pact concluded between Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan (later to be joined by other, mainly fascist, Governments) on November 25, 1936 and was directed against the 3rd (Communist) International
Conference of London
Japan withdraws from the London Naval Conference in order to build without restriction
Eastern Buddhist
Publication of "Eastern Buddhist"
Manchuria Policy
Military policy deepens Japan's separation from League diplomacy.
Coup
Involved in thw "Imperial Way" coup
Vice President
Appointed Vice President of Latvia
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for contributions to molecular structure through studies of dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases.
Coup
Leads a coup against President Sacasa
Coup
Overthrows his uncle Juan Sacasa to become President of Nicaragua
Arrest of Wladyslaw Gomulka
Gomulka is arrested
Arrest of Nicolae Ceausescu
Sent to prison for a 2nd term, for anti-fascist activities. Sent to prison for a 1st term, for anti-fascist activities
Peter and the Wolf
Composes, "Peter & the Wolf"
Three Deaths of Doctor Austino
Shalamov published his first short story, The Three Deaths of Doctor Austino, in the journal October.
Trial
Accusations are made against Zinoviev for his life during a show trial
The Revolution Betrayed
Publishes The Revolution Betrayed, analyzing Soviet bureaucracy and arguing for political revolution against Stalinist rule.
Plot
Yezhov is made Commissar for Internal Affairs to unmask the Trotsky-Zinoviev plot
Purge
Made Commissar for Internal Affairs to unmask the Trotsky-Zinoviev plot
The Comforter
Publication of "The Comforter"
Commissar
Appointed Commissar of Internal Defence
Constitution of Russia
Pens the new constitution
Bolshevik Party
Holds stage trials of old Bolsheviks
Comintern
Germany and Japan conclude the so-called Anti-Comintern Pact, ostensibly to protect the world from the 3rd International
International, 3rd
Germany and Japan conclude the so-called Anti-Comintern Pact, ostensibly to protect the world from the 3rd International
Promotes a united front with Kai-shek against fascism in Europe & imperialism
Promotes a united front with Kai-shek against fascism in Europe & imperialism in Japan
Purge
Stalin has Kamanev & Zinoviev purged & then executed. Show trials are held in Moscow during the "great purge"
Red Army
Involves a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and Government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs"
Trial
Holds stage trials of old Bolsheviks
Trial
Show trials are held in Moscow during the "great purge"
Death of Mikhail Tomsky
Death of Mikhail Tomsky, commits suicide
Purge
Death of Mikhail Tomsky, commits suicide
State Publishing House
Appointed Head of the State Publishing House
Suicide
Death of Mikhail Tomsky, commits suicide. Commits suicide rather than face counter-revolutionary investigations
Metallurgical Technical School
Serves as director of the metallurgical technical school in Dneprodzerzhinsk.
Popular Front Debates
Engages in exile debates about democracy and anti-totalitarian alliances.
Purge
Made against "terrorist activity of Trotskyite-Zinoviev counter-revolutionary bloc". The most infamous case is that of Leon Trotsky, whose family was almost annihilated, before he himself was killed in Mexico by NKVD agent Ramon Mercader, who was part of an assassination task force put together by Special Agent Pavel Sudoplato
Purge
The most infamous case is that of Leon Trotsky, whose family was almost annihilated, before he himself was killed in Mexico by NKVD agent Ramon Mercader, who was part of an assassination task force put together by Special Agent Pavel Sudoplato
Purge
Announces "terrorist activity of Trotskyite-Zinoviev counter-revolutionary bloc". CP members are directed to renew their documents, "passive people" are rooted out.
Purge
Enforces a ban on party factions and banned those party members who had opposed him, effectively ending democratic centralism. Communist heroes like Tukhachevsky and B‚la Kun, as well as the majority of Lenins Politburo, were shot for disagreements in policy. About 2/3 of Communist leaders are shot or arrested. 400,000 people are expelled from the Party
Purge
In the new form of Party organisation, the Politburo, and Stalin in particular, were the sole dispensers of communist ideology.
Purge
Involves a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and Government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated persons, characterized by widespread police surveillance, widespread suspicion of "saboteurs".
Purge
The most infamous case is that of Leon Trotsky, whose family was almost annihilated, before he himself was killed in Mexico by NKVD agent Ramon Mercader, who was part of an assassination task force put together by Special Agent Pavel Sudoplato.
Purge
The political purge was primarily an effort by Stalin to eliminate challenge from past and potential opposition groups, including left and right wings led by Leon Trotsky and Nikolai Bukharin.
Civil War
Russia sends arms & advisers to the Republicans
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the Ukraine
Minister of Labour
Appointed Minister of Labour & Mines
Reform of Electoral System
Hofmeyr opposes the Natives Representation Bill
Constitution of South Africa
The denial of poltical rights by race or color becomes legitimate. Sets up the Native Representitive Council
Legislation
The Native Trust & Land Act is passed
Legislation
The Natives Bill excludes African representation in the House of Assembly. Passes the Aliens Bill to prevent Jewish immigration
Reform of Electoral System
Cape Africans are removed from the common roll.
Reform of Electoral System
Cape Natives are placed on a separate roll & allowed to vote for just 3 white MPs.
Reform of Electoral System
The Natives Bill excludes African representation in the House of Assembly.
Reform of Government
Enactment of the "native bills", Herzog has the necassary 2/3 majority.
Reform of Government
The Native Trust & Land Bill is passed.
Reform of Immigration Law
Passes the Aliens Bill to prevent Jewish immigration.
Reform of Land Ownership
Cape Africans cannot purchase land outside reserved areas.
Reform of Parliament
Presents the Natives Representation Bill to a sitting of both Houses of Parliament.
National Party Organiser
Leaves university to work as a National Party organiser.
Political Career Begins
Begins full-time political activity for the Afrikaner nationalist movement.
Exile of Jose Maria Gil Robles
Seeks exile in Portugal
President of Spain
Appointed President of Spain
President of Spain
Appointed President of Spain
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain, 2nd term
Prime Minister of Spain
Appointed Prime Minister of Spain
Coup
Deposed after failing to end political violence
Exile of Niceto Alcala Zamora
Alcala Zamora goes into exile in France
Coup
Deposed after failing to end political violence
Commander of Canary Islands
Appointed Governor of the Canary Island Garrison
Alliance Republicans are supported by Russia and the international brigade
The Republicans are supported by Russia & the international brigade. Supported by Italy & Germany
Invasion of Spain
Franco plots an uprising with Italian & German help
Invasion of Spain
Franco organizes the invasion of Spain by North African troops & Foreign legionaries
Commander of Canary Islands
Appointed Governor of the Canary Island Garrison
Prime Minister of Sweden
Appointed Prime Minister of Sweden
Prime Minister of Sweden
Appointed Prime Minister of Sweden, 2nd term
Neutron Magnetic Moment Prediction
Predicts that the neutron should possess a magnetic moment despite having no net electric charge.
Neutron Diffraction Demonstration
With Hans von Halban, experimentally demonstrates neutron diffraction using moderated neutrons and crystals.
Academy Award
Winner of the Oscar for Best Actor, "The Story of Louis Pasteur" as Louis Pasteur
Day at the Races
Directs A Day at the Races
Academy Award
Winner of Best Supporting Actor for Come and Get It
Dodsworth
Directs, Dodsworth
Double Indemnity
Publication of "Double Indemnity"
The Trouble Ive Seen", depicts poverty and child prostitution
Publication of "The Trouble Ive Seen", depicts poverty & child prostitution
The Trouble Ive Seen
Publication of "The Trouble Ive Seen", depicts poverty & child prostitution
Brotherhood of Fear
Publication of "Brotherhood of Fear"
El Salon Mexico
Aaron Copland composes El Salon Mexico, major orchestral work; uses jazz, American folk music to create American-sounding music for ballet, film, symphony orchestra
Economy of USA
Passes the Soil Conservation Act which controls farm surpluses. Opens the Hoover Dam on the Colorado River
Legislation
Passes the Soil Conservation Act which controls farm surpluses
Soil Conservation Act
Passes the Soil Conservation Act which controls farm surpluses
Election
Elected as a Republican to the United States Senate
Effects of Red Shifts on the Distribution of Nebulae
Hubble publishes a major analysis of how redshift assumptions affect the inferred distribution of nebulae, comparing observational counts with different cosmological interpretations.
Luminosity Function from Brightest Stars
Hubble publishes the first part of his study of the luminosity function of nebulae, using the brightest resolved stars in nearby galaxies as indicators of total galaxy luminosity.
Luminosity Function from Velocity-Magnitude Residuals
Hubble publishes the second part of his luminosity-function investigation, deriving statistical information from residuals in the observed velocity-magnitude relation of galaxies.
Publication of The Realm of the Nebulae
Yale University Press publishes Hubble's The Realm of the Nebulae, a systematic synthesis of his observational work on galaxies, distance scales, redshifts and the structure of the observable universe.
Supernova in the Virgo Cluster
Edwin Hubble and Glenn Moore publish observations of a supernova in the Virgo Cluster, adding a luminous stellar explosion in an external galaxy cluster to the developing record of supernovae.
Einstein Ring Condition Described
Einstein showed that exact alignment of source, lens and observer produces a circular image geometry, the configuration later widely known as an Einstein ring.
Gravitational Lensing
Publishes a calculation showing how a foreground star can gravitationally lens light from a background star.
Lens-Like Action of a Star Published
Einstein published a short analysis of the lens-like action of a foreground star, giving a compact treatment of image formation and magnification caused by gravitational light bending.
Mandl Prompts Einstein to Publish Gravitational Lensing
After discussions with Rudi Mandl, Einstein returned to the lensing calculation he had explored in 1912 and agreed to publish the optical effect of gravitational light bending.
Stellar Lens Magnification Relation Published
Einstein quantified the magnification produced by gravitational deflection in a simple stellar-lens geometry, linking image brightness to the angular alignment of source and lens.
Two-Image Stellar Lens Configuration Published
Einstein's lensing note described how imperfect alignment can produce two apparent images of a background star because its light reaches the observer along different curved paths.
Discovery of Cosmic Rays
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of cosmic rays
Gravitational Wave Debate
Einstein and Nathan Rosen initially question whether exact gravitational waves exist, then recognise that a troublesome singularity is a coordinate effect rather than a physical obstruction.
Gravitational-Wave Manuscript with Rosen
With Nathan Rosen, submits a manuscript questioning gravitational waves, then revises the analysis after recognising that a problematic singularity arose from the coordinates used.
Neutron Bragg Reflection
With Philip Powers, independently demonstrates crystal diffraction of neutrons using magnesium oxide.
Neutron Resonance Theory
With Gregory Breit, develops a resonance formula describing neutron capture by nuclei.
Neutron Resonance Formula
With Eugene Wigner, formulates resonance theory for neutron-induced nuclear reactions.
Neutron Bragg Reflection
With Dana Mitchell, observes orientation-dependent Bragg reflection of neutrons from magnesium oxide.
Education
Graduates from West Point
Not Under Forty
Cather published Not Under Forty, her collection of literary essays.
Begins University Mathematics Studies
Solzhenitsyn entered Rostov State University to study mathematics and physics.