1938 in History

Abdicates after making territorial concessions

Advises the German population in Czech to demand enough to break-up the Cezh state

Chamberlain fears a break with France & agrees to joint diplomatic action

France & Turkey agree to keep an equal amount of troops in Hatay

Italy agrees to withdraw from the Spanish Civil War. Britain & Italy make a pact recognizing Italian rule in Ethiopia

Appointed Air Vice Marshal

Offers Hitler the Sudetenland. Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia

Chamberlain visits Hitler & offers peaceful inclusion of Sudetenland within the Reich. Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia

Calls for a Grand Alliance of Britain and France and the Covenant of the League of Nations

Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia

Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia

Declares Russias commitment to support its Treaty obligations with France & Czech

Visits Mussolini to sign the pact with Italy. Draws up the terms of a pact between Germany, Italy & Japan

Hitler promises to support Henlein & make him Viceroy of Czech

Will help Czech against Germany if Romania & Poland allow passage of Russian troops

Austria announces an amnesty including those convicted of the murder of Dolfuss

Settles trade & financial questions, deprives the Royal Navy of Irish bases

Concludes agreements with Britain resolving the economic dispute and providing for the return of the Treaty Ports.

Announces in the Commons that Runciman is going to Prague as requested by Czech

While Ribbentrop is at Chequers Hitler announces the Anschluss

Herman Goering warns all Jews to leave Austria

Commands the 2nd Panzer Division through Linz to Vienna during the Anschluss

Documents are found signed by Hess clearing an Austrian Nazi revolt in the Spring. Austrian police raid the Committee of Seven Vienna HQ

Informs the Austrian Chancellor to hand control over to the Nazis. Hitler orders the Austrian Chancellor to to hand over control of his Government

Promises to support the rights of Germans not living in the Reich in the Reichstag

Kurt Schuschnigg defies the Nazis & calls for a referendum on independence

Decides on military occupation before Schuschnigg's plebiscite of March 13th

Mussolini indicates that he will not intervene to save Austria. Austrian Nazis in Government appeal to Hitler to restore order

Austrian Nazis take to the streets in Austria & appeal to Hitler to restore order

Makes an ultimatum to Schuschnigg forbidding his referendum on union with Germany

Germany invades Austria after the Austrian Nazi Party invite German troops to march in and the union becomes the Anschluss

Orders Wihelm Stuckart to Vienna to draft a law making him President of Austria

Proclaims the union of Austria with Germany. German troops occupy Austria which then becomes a Dominion of the 3rd Reich

Orders Stuckart to Vienna to organize anshcluss n defiance of the Versailles Treaty

Makes a triumphal entry into Vienna, where he had lived so long as a tramp. Chamberlain anounces in the Commons that nothing could have stopped the anshcluss

99.08% of Austrians & Germans vote in favour of the Anschluss

Cardinal Theodor Innitzer of Vienna meets with Hitler and then directs all Catholic clergy and laity to "unconditionally support the great German State and the Fuhrer"

Cardinal Theodor Innitzer of Vienna meets with Hitler and then directs all Catholic clergy and laity to "unconditionally support the great German State and the Fuhrer"

Miklas refuses to honor Hitler's ultimatum but capitulates under threat of invasion

Kurt Schuschnigg defies the Nazis & calls for a referendum on independence

Germany closes the border at Salzburg

Rail traffic between is halted & German troops are massed on the frontier. Hitler threatens to invade Austria. Forced to drop the plebiscite on union with Germany

The Nazis take over Austria and expel all Jews and other political opponents from the universities. Germany invades Austria after the Austrian Nazi Party invite German troops to march in and the union becomes the Anschluss

Held prisoner by the Nazis in his villa in the grounds of Belvedere castle, 1938-1945

Within days of the Anschluss squads of Nazis and Austrian museum personnel empty the Viennese palaces of the Rothschild brothers, Alphonse and Louis

Hitler voids Article 88 of the Treaty of St Germain for Austrias independence

Ordered by Hitler to Vienna to organize a total anshcluss

Says in cabinet rearmament in 2 yrs will create "the gravest financial dislocation"

The rearmament programme is stepped up with an emphasis on heavy bombers

Announces the strengthening of Germany's western fortifications

The Republican army of the north repulses a nationalist offensive on Barcelona

The Republican army of the north repulses a nationalist offensive on Barcelona

Orders the Gestapo to target wealthier Jews, more than 20,000 are taken into custody

26,000 male Jews arrested

Held prisoner by the Nazis in his villa in the grounds of Belvedere castle, 1938-1945

Jodl leaves staff work temporarily to command Artillery Command 44 in the Linz area.

Austria announces a Nazi amnesty, including those convicted of the murder of Dolfuss

Tries to assassinate the German Ambassador in Paris but shoots Ernst vom Rath

The assassination of vom Rath in Paris is used to spark off "Kristallnacht"

Roths assassination as an excuse for Kristallnacht. Hershel Grynsxpan wants to assassinate the German Ambassador but shoots Ernst vom Rath

Used to spark of further pogroms in Germany. Secretary at the German legation in Paris, assassinated

Makes the opening speech in the Turkish Grand National Assembly on behalf of Ataturk

Ataturk is visited by the King of Romania, Carol

Raises the worsening European situation following German pressure on Austria.

Jodl records and supports military pressure used during the crisis leading to the annexation of Austria.

Becomes head of the autonomous Slovak government.

Benes accepted the earlier Anglo-French transfer plan only after intense pressure from Britain and France.

Benes approved general mobilization when the Godesberg talks failed to produce an acceptable settlement.

Benes described the Godesberg demands as destructive of the remaining Czechoslovak state.

Bonnet focused on the dispute over whether German occupation should begin immediately or after an international process.

Daladier examined the Godesberg memorandum after Chamberlain returned from Germany without an agreement.

Daladier joined Chamberlain in emergency consultations on the German demands and the risk of war.

Hitler claimed that conditions had changed since the Berchtesgaden meeting one week earlier.

Hitler demanded immediate evacuation of Czechoslovak authorities from the territories marked on his map.

Hitler rejected a prolonged international process for transferring Sudeten German areas to Germany.

Hitler rejected the Anglo-French transfer plan presented by Chamberlain as inadequate and outdated.

Hitler insisted that German troops, rather than international forces, occupy the ceded districts.

Hitler claimed prompt German occupation was necessary to protect Sudeten Germans from Czechoslovak authority.

Hitler refused to guarantee Czechoslovakia’s remaining frontiers without Polish and Hungarian participation.

Hitler required Czechoslovak troops, police, and officials to withdraw from designated districts by October 1.

Hitler stated that Germany would become a satisfied continental power after settlement of the Sudeten question.

Hitler supplied a map identifying territories for immediate occupation and areas proposed for plebiscites.

Hitler demanded plebiscites in additional areas not assigned directly to Germany by the population map.

Hitler linked settlement of German claims to unresolved Polish and Hungarian minority demands.

Hitler allowed Chamberlain to soften the memorandum’s wording but refused changes to its essential demands.

Hitler approved a written memorandum defining Germany’s expanded demands and accelerated occupation timetable.

Hitler demanded immediate release of ethnic Germans held in Czechoslovak prisons.

Hitler demanded that German-speaking soldiers be released from the Czechoslovak armed forces.

Hitler required evacuated territory to retain fortifications, factories, rail equipment, food, and livestock.

Hitler publicly repeated his territorial demands and threatened action if the Sudetenland was not transferred.

Hitler rejected Horace Wilson’s attempt to reopen negotiations on terms less severe than the memorandum.

Hitler maintained the Godesberg demands while German military preparations continued near Czechoslovakia.

Krofta warned foreign diplomats that Hitler might enlarge his demands during the Godesberg meeting.

Ribbentrop attended the talks and supported Hitler’s rejection of the Anglo-French proposals.

Ribbentrop presented the German memorandum and its accompanying territorial map to the British delegation.

Syrovy formed a new government as the Godesberg negotiations intensified the national emergency.

Syrovy’s government ordered general mobilization after German pressure and frontier threats increased.

Syrovy’s cabinet received the Godesberg memorandum and map from British and French representatives.

Syrovy prepared Czechoslovakia to resist if Germany attempted to enforce the memorandum by force.

Syrovy’s government rejected immediate military occupation and the abandonment of fortified territory.

Weizsacker helped manage diplomatic communications after Chamberlain departed from Godesberg.

Halifax examined the Godesberg memorandum with Chamberlain after the British delegation returned to London.

Hitler receives Chamberlain & demands the immediate cession of all Sudetenland

Offers Hitler the Sudetenland. Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia

Chamberlain presented the Anglo-French transfer plan that Czechoslovakia had accepted under pressure.

Chamberlain arrived near Cologne before continuing by train and motorcade to Bad Godesberg.

Chamberlain flew from Heston to Germany for his second personal meeting with Hitler.

Chamberlain continued discussions while British officials sought written clarification of Hitler’s expanded demands.

Chamberlain received the German memorandum and accompanying map during the final Godesberg discussions.

Chamberlain left Godesberg after failing to secure Hitler’s acceptance of the Anglo-French plan.

Chamberlain reported that the negotiations had ended without agreement and that the danger of war had increased.

Chamberlain returned to London and placed the Godesberg memorandum before the Cabinet.

Chamberlain considered whether a revised timetable and international supervision could bridge the remaining dispute.

Chamberlain addressed the British public as Europe prepared for a possible war over Czechoslovakia.

Chamberlain received Hitler’s invitation to a four-power conference after the Godesberg crisis approached war.

Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia

Horace Wilson advised Chamberlain during the negotiations and helped assess the German response.

Wilson participated in discussions over the wording and implications of the German memorandum.

The Treaty of Munich confirms the Godesberg Proposals agreed between Hitler & Chamberlain

Russian troops begin to clash with the Japanese on the border of Manzhouguo

Recalls the Czech reservists and mans the border with Germany

Poland forces Lithuania to open its borders

Britain & France urge Czech to transfer Sudeten areas to Germany. Britain & France persuade Czech to hand over areas greater than 50% German

Britain & France wish to persuade Czech to cede areas greater than 50% to Germany

Britain and France persuade the Czechs to hand over areas greater than 50% German

Britain and France recognize the Franco Government in Spain

Britain and France recognize the Franco Government in Spain

Calls for better relations with Poland, Russia & America

Becomes a candidate member of the Politburo as his national influence expands.

The Nationalist government continues operating from Chongqing as the Japanese offensive drives deeper into central China.

Hapgood captains England against Germany where Hapgood and his players are made to give the Nazi salute before the match, under pressure from British diplomats, Hitler is not in attendance and England win the match 63

Japanese forces capture Anqing during their advance along the Yangtze River.

Japanese troops occupy Canton

Japanese forces capture Guangzhou, threatening China’s remaining coastal supply routes.

Issues a directive to the Commanders in Chief of the Armed Forces to occupy Danzig

Hankow, current capital of China, falls to the Japanese

Japanese forces capture Kaifeng during the campaign in Henan.

Declares in the Commons policy will not change despite Hitler's occupation of Prague

Japan sponsors the Reformed Government of the Republic of China at Nanjing as a collaborationist regime.

Japan captures Nanking, killing 200,000 civilians

Francos forces recapture Teruel & make a drive towards the Mediterranean

Francos forces capture Vinaroz, cutting off the Government from Barcelona & Catalonia

Japanese forces capture Wuhan after months of fighting, while the Nationalist government continues resistance from Chongqing.

Japanese forces capture Xiamen, tightening their control over important coastal positions.

Is recognized for explaining carotid sinus control of breathing.

Jodl initials and supplements directives connected with Case Otto during the Austrian crisis.

Appointed Chancellor

Appointed Chief of the High Command of the Armed forces, Oberkommando der Wehrmacht

Appointed Chief of Staff of IV Corps

Speaks on proposals to reduce the number of coal-mining undertakings in the interests of efficiency.

Kerensky continues political activity connected with coalition negotiations.

Appointed Colonel (Oberst) of the 56th Artillery Regiment

Appointed Commander in Chief

Appointed Commander in Chief, Wehrmacht

Appointed Commander Luftflotte 1, based in Berlin

Czechoslovakia, complying with Nazi policy, outlaws the Communist Party and begins persecuting Jews

In the Commons announces an invitation to attend a 4 power conference

Attends the Conference at the Fuhrerhaus with Hitler, Mussolini & Daladier

Draws up the draft for the memorandum which Mussolini uses for the Munich Agreement

Hitler wants a conference to settle the Czech crisis, Mussolini chooses Munich

Holds a conference with Mussolini & the Prime Minister's of France & Britain

Boards Mussolinis train prior to the Munich Conference, discusses invading Czech

Signs the Munich Agreement

Sends an Ambasador to Hitler who wants a conference, Mussolini chooses Munich. Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement

Hitler boards Mussolinis train at Kufstein prior to the Munich Conference

Acts as an interpreter between Hitler & the British & French Prime Minister's

Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement

Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement

Busch promulgates a constitution influenced by social reform and Chaco War nationalism.

With Hitler's approval the CAbinet can promulgate decrees which have the status of law. The last Cabinet meeting of the 3rd Reich

Wins the election for President under the 1927 constitution

The constitution is suspended & political parties suppressed

Carol promulgates an authoritarian constitution concentrating power in the crown.

Assumes all the essential powers of Government & abolishes political parties

A coup is launched in Iraq by a group known as "The Seven." Nuri al-Said is named Prime Minister

A coup is launched in Iraq by a group known as "The Seven." Nuri al-Said is named Prime Minister

Calls for a Grand Alliance of Britain and France and the Covenant of the League of Nations

Turkey is granted elections which gives it virtual control

It is revealed to Hitler that Blomberg had married a whore & he resigns. Hitler & Goering were witnesses at Blombergs wedding

Used by Hitler for him to take control of the armed forces. Discredited by a marriage to a prostitute & forced to resign

Blomberg goes into exile

Hitler attends the wedding of von Blomberg to Eva Gruhn, allegedly a former prostitute

Presents his dossier on von Blombergs wife to Goering. Gathers embarassong evidence about von Blombergs new wife, Eva Gruhn

Hitler attends the wedding of von Blomberg to Eva Gruhn, allegedly a former prostitute

Hitler uses the crisis to appoint himself supreme commander of the armed forces. Dismisses 16 high ranking officers during the Blomberg-Fritsch crisis

Blomberg is forced to resign

Hitler wants a conference to settle the Czech crisis, Mussolini chooses Munich

Retired after Hitler's purge of the high command after the Blomberg-Fritsch crisis

Cristea becomes prime minister under Carol II's royal dictatorship.

Jodl participates in detailed planning connected with a possible German attack on Czechoslovakia.

Daladier & Bonnet invite Britain to defend Czech from German invasion, Britain refuses

Receives confirmation of commercial oil production from Dammam Number Seven.

Guides exploration teams whose work contributes to the major oil discovery.

Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Dabrowa, Poland

After the assassination of von Rath by a Jewish Pole Hitler provokes anti-Jewish riots

Pro-German riots take place in the Sudetenland

Austrian Nazis take to the streets in Austria & appeal to Hitler to restore order

The US Ambassador is withdrawn from Berlin after the events of "crystal night"

Hosts the Polish Ambassador, Jozef Lipski & demands the return of Danzig

The US Ambassador is withdrawn from Berlin after "crystal night"

Announces negotiations in Italy for a settlement of "outstanding questions"

Talks are held with the Fench, Chamberlain keeps his "limited liabilty" war policy

Signs a declaration to hold talks on mutual relations. Signs a declaration renouncing Germany's claim to Alsace-Lorraine

Benes opens negotiations with the Sudetens

Under British and French pressure Benes opens negotiations with the Sudeten Germans

The Sudetenland leaders break off negotiations with Benes

The Polish Government presents an ultimatum to Lithuania to establish diplomatic ties

Discovers Carme, a retrograde irregular satellite of Jupiter.

Discovers Lysithea, an irregular satellite of Jupiter.

Dismisses Octavian Goga due to his antisemitic policies & the poor economy

The Government falls

Dismissed by Carol II for anti-semitism & for failed economic policies

Forces von Leeb into retirement during the Blomberg-Fritsch crisis

Conservatives such as Blomberg, Fritsch & Neurath appointed by Hindenburg are removed

Dismissed by Hitler as Foreign Minister

Dismissed by Hitler as Ambassador of Austria

Dimissed by Chamberlain for his opposition to appeasement

Carol dismisses Goga and prepares a royal authoritarian regime.

The US stops buying Mexican silver in reprisal for the Mexican seizure of American oil companies

Serves as president of Balliol College Junior Common Room while preparing for public life.

Takes command of 8th Infantry Division in Palestine after promotion to major-general.

The Einsatzgruppen were formed under the direction of Heydrich and operated by the SS before and during World War II. The Einsatzgruppen had its origins in the ad hoc Einsatzkommando formed by Heydrich to secure Government buildings and documents following the Anschluss in Austria in March 1938

Turkey is granted elections which gives it virtual control

Holds cross party meeting of those opposed to Munich & what to do in an election

Confirmed in power after South African elections

Wins the election for President under the 1927 constitution

The First Hermann Jonasson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.

The First Syrovy Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

The Paul-Emile Janson Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.

The Second Hodza Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

The Second Syrovy Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

Leads service-section staff, including the Enigma team, during the Bletchley Park wartime rehearsal.

Takes his Enigma team to Bletchley Park during the GC&CS wartime rehearsal.

Designs the Polish bomba kryptologiczna to automate part of the search for Enigma daily settings.

Adapts Polish methods after Germany adds two extra rotors, greatly increasing possible Enigma rotor orders.

Designs perforated sheets that can identify Enigma settings despite increasingly complex plugboard connections.

Executed by a bullet in the back of the head

Stalin has Bukharin purged & then executed

Opens the exhibition at Bellahouston Park, Glasgow

Leaves Austria only a month or so before it was annexed by Nazi Germany

Freud decides to go into exile "to die in freedom", he and his family leave Vienna in & move to Hampstead, London

Blomberg goes into exile

The Act establishes federal minimum wages, overtime rules and restrictions on child labour.

Appointed Air Vice Marshal

Begins the First Beran Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

Begins the First Paul-Henri Spaak Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.

Is confirmed as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine.

Begins the First Syrovy Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

The office centralizes coercive procedures for Jewish emigration.

Forced to lift the Austrian Nazi Party ban. Forced to amnesty Nazis in Austria & appoints Seyss-Inquart in the Cabinet

Moves a motion of censure over the government’s conduct of foreign affairs after Anthony Eden’s resignation.

Sets out Labour criticism of the government’s foreign policy.

Says he will only take action against Czech if Britain & France do not intervene

At Weimar makes a speech denouncing Churchill, Eden & Cooper as warmongers

Italy declares the 1935 pact with France invalid, because ratifications had not been exchanged

Italy declares the 1935 pact with France invalid, because ratifications had not been exchanged

Appointed Foreign Secretary

Appointed Foreign Minister

German troops move to the Czech border. Chamberlain warns Berlin Britain will support France's Czech Treaty obligations

Assumes the leadership of the Ministry of War. Appoints von Ribbentrop Foreirgn Minister

Franco forms his first Ministry

Hitler commences mobilization

German troops march into the Sudetenland, the promised plebiscite is never held. Czech loses 11,000 square miles of territory

Czechoslovakia, complying with Nazi policy, outlaws the Communist Party and begins persecuting Jews

Benes accepted the earlier Anglo-French transfer plan only after intense pressure from Britain and France.

Benes approved general mobilization when the Godesberg talks failed to produce an acceptable settlement.

Benes described the Godesberg demands as destructive of the remaining Czechoslovak state.

Bonnet focused on the dispute over whether German occupation should begin immediately or after an international process.

Chamberlain presented the Anglo-French transfer plan that Czechoslovakia had accepted under pressure.

Chamberlain arrived near Cologne before continuing by train and motorcade to Bad Godesberg.

Chamberlain flew from Heston to Germany for his second personal meeting with Hitler.

Chamberlain continued discussions while British officials sought written clarification of Hitler’s expanded demands.

Chamberlain received the German memorandum and accompanying map during the final Godesberg discussions.

Chamberlain left Godesberg after failing to secure Hitler’s acceptance of the Anglo-French plan.

Chamberlain reported that the negotiations had ended without agreement and that the danger of war had increased.

Chamberlain returned to London and placed the Godesberg memorandum before the Cabinet.

Chamberlain considered whether a revised timetable and international supervision could bridge the remaining dispute.

Chamberlain addressed the British public as Europe prepared for a possible war over Czechoslovakia.

Chamberlain received Hitler’s invitation to a four-power conference after the Godesberg crisis approached war.

Daladier examined the Godesberg memorandum after Chamberlain returned from Germany without an agreement.

Daladier joined Chamberlain in emergency consultations on the German demands and the risk of war.

Hitler claimed that conditions had changed since the Berchtesgaden meeting one week earlier.

Hitler demanded immediate evacuation of Czechoslovak authorities from the territories marked on his map.

Hitler rejected a prolonged international process for transferring Sudeten German areas to Germany.

Hitler rejected the Anglo-French transfer plan presented by Chamberlain as inadequate and outdated.

Hitler insisted that German troops, rather than international forces, occupy the ceded districts.

Hitler claimed prompt German occupation was necessary to protect Sudeten Germans from Czechoslovak authority.

Hitler refused to guarantee Czechoslovakia’s remaining frontiers without Polish and Hungarian participation.

Hitler required Czechoslovak troops, police, and officials to withdraw from designated districts by October 1.

Hitler stated that Germany would become a satisfied continental power after settlement of the Sudeten question.

Hitler supplied a map identifying territories for immediate occupation and areas proposed for plebiscites.

Hitler demanded plebiscites in additional areas not assigned directly to Germany by the population map.

Hitler linked settlement of German claims to unresolved Polish and Hungarian minority demands.

Hitler allowed Chamberlain to soften the memorandum’s wording but refused changes to its essential demands.

Hitler approved a written memorandum defining Germany’s expanded demands and accelerated occupation timetable.

Hitler demanded immediate release of ethnic Germans held in Czechoslovak prisons.

Hitler demanded that German-speaking soldiers be released from the Czechoslovak armed forces.

Hitler required evacuated territory to retain fortifications, factories, rail equipment, food, and livestock.

Hitler publicly repeated his territorial demands and threatened action if the Sudetenland was not transferred.

Hitler rejected Horace Wilson’s attempt to reopen negotiations on terms less severe than the memorandum.

Hitler maintained the Godesberg demands while German military preparations continued near Czechoslovakia.

Krofta warned foreign diplomats that Hitler might enlarge his demands during the Godesberg meeting.

Ribbentrop attended the talks and supported Hitler’s rejection of the Anglo-French proposals.

Ribbentrop presented the German memorandum and its accompanying territorial map to the British delegation.

Syrovy formed a new government as the Godesberg negotiations intensified the national emergency.

Syrovy’s government ordered general mobilization after German pressure and frontier threats increased.

Syrovy’s cabinet received the Godesberg memorandum and map from British and French representatives.

Syrovy prepared Czechoslovakia to resist if Germany attempted to enforce the memorandum by force.

Syrovy’s government rejected immediate military occupation and the abandonment of fortified territory.

Weizsacker helped manage diplomatic communications after Chamberlain departed from Godesberg.

Horace Wilson advised Chamberlain during the negotiations and helped assess the German response.

Wilson participated in discussions over the wording and implications of the German memorandum.

Halifax examined the Godesberg memorandum with Chamberlain after the British delegation returned to London.

Substantially the same as the Godesberg Proposals agreed between Hitler & Chamberlain

Forms a Socialist Cabinet

Franco forms his first Ministry

Ataturk 1st goes into a coma

Herbert Hoover tells Hitler that his doctrine would be unacceptable and intolerable in the US

Hitler demands self-determination for Germans in Austria and Czechoslovakia

Hitler promises to defend all Germans outside the Reich

Hitler says he is concerned by the 10 million Germans who live outside the Reich. Henderson offers Germany colonial territory

Publishes Homage to Catalonia.

Challenges the government’s housing finance proposals in the Commons.

Argues that the government’s rural housing measures are inadequate.

Delivers his inaugural lecture as Professor of Greek at the University of Sydney and criticises appeasement in Europe.

Hitler voids Article 88 of the Treaty of St Germain for Austrias independence

Henlein demands full independence for the Sudeten Germans

Henlein rejects Benes offer of full autonomy for Sudetenland

Henlein demands full independence for the Sudeten Germans

Henlein rejects Benes offer of full autonomy for Sudetenland

Informs Orme Germany intends to absorb Hungary before attacking Romania

Assures Chautemps & Delbos that Britain will not conclude an Anglo-German agreement

Hitler agrees German-Italian frontier arbitration between Hungary & Slovakia

Schuschigg is forced by Hitler to agree an amnesty for imprisoned Austrian Nazis

Mussolini sends his Ambassador of agree the action Hitler wants in the Sudetenland

Agrees German-Italian arbitration to settle a frontier between Hungary & Slovakia

Visits the French Premier, George's Bonnet, & signs a German-French agreement. Signed declaration renouncing Germany's claim to Alsace-Lorraine

Visited by Ribbentrop in Paris, signs a German-French agreement

The French Ambassador visits Hitler & agrees occupation of the Sudetenland 10th Oct

Schuschigg is forced by Hitler to agree an amnesty for imprisoned Austrian Nazis

Farewell parade of the International Brigade

Proposes staff talks & a conference to condemn German aggression. Proposes staff talks & a conference to allow Russian troop access to Czech

Hitler decides to hold a conference, Mussolini chooses Munich

Criticises the German Government at a press conference

Decides on military occupation before Schuschnigg's plebiscite of March 13th

German troops are prepared to invade Austria

Germany invades Austria after the Austrian Nazi Party invite German troops to march in and the union becomes the Anschluss

German troops enter Austria

Hitler lays a wreath on his parents grave in Austria

Miklas refuses to honor Hitler's ultimatum but capitulates under threat of invasion

Rail traffic between is halted & German troops are massed on the frontier. Hitler threatens to invade Austria

Hitler voids Article 88 of the Treaty of St Germain for Austrias independence

Decides to issue an ultimatum to annex Bohemia & Moravia

An ultimatum is drafted on Hitler's orders by Keitel calling the Czechs to surrender

Francos forces reach the Catalan border

The Republican zone is cut in two by the rebels

Japanese troops occupy Canton

Hankow, current capital of China, falls to the Japanese

Daladier & Bonnet invite Britain to defend Czech from German invasion

Tells France Britain will not take military action to defend Czech from Germany

German troop movements are reported near the Bohemian border

"It is my unalterable intention to smash Czech by military action in the near future"

Says he will only take action against Czech if Britain & France do not intervene

Receives Chamberlain & confirms his determination to annex the Sudetenland

Chamberlain visits Hitler & offers peaceful inclusion of Sudetenland within the Reich

Boards Mussolinis train prior to the Munich Conference, discusses invading Czech

German troops march into the Sudetenland, the promised plebiscite is never held. Czech loses 11,000 sqr miles of territory

Issues a directive to the Commanders of the Armed Forces for the occupation of Danzig

Tilea informs Orme Germany intends to absorb Hungary before attacking Romania

Consults the Army to occupy The Netherlands & Belgium & how long it would take

Troops pass before Hitler to the indifference of the Berliners, in contrast to 1914

Issues a directive to the Commanders in Chief of the Armed Forces to occupy Danzig

Tilea informs Orme Germany intends to absorb Hungary before attacking Romania

Informs Orme that Germany intends to absorb Hungary before attacking Romania

Returns having failed to satisy Hitler who will invade the Sudetenland 1st Oct

Receives Chamberlain & confirms his determination to annex the Sudetenland

Chamberlain visits Hitler & offers peaceful inclusion of Sudetenland within the Reich

Troops enter the Sudetenland, the day after Hitler has signed the Munich Agreement. German troops march into the Sudetenland, the promised plebiscite is never held

"It is my unalterable intention to smash Czech by military action in the near future"

Japan refuses to reveal naval data requested by the US and Britain

Advises party leaders anti-Jewish demonstrations should not be discouraged

Used by the Nazis as another excuse for Kristallnacht

Instructs the police not to interfere

Reports to Goering that 74 Jews had been killed & 20,000 arrested. Reports to Goering 815 Jewish shops & 171 homes destroyed & 191 synagogues set fire

Synagogues are set on fire, cemeteries violated & Jewish buildings destroyed. 30,000 Jews are sent to concentration camps. 26,000 male Jews arrested

The assassination of vom Rath in Paris is used to spark off "Kristallnacht"

Authorities arrested 22 Germans who tried to stop the violence.

German and Austrian Jews suffer 1 billion Marks of damage and forced to wear the Star of David.

Nazi leaders heard that a Jew had shot a German diplomat in Paris and ordered reprisals, Nazis kill 35 Jews, arrest thousands and destroy Jewish synagogues, homes and stores throughout Germany and Austria.

Nazis destroyed 7,600 Jewish businesses, and 236 people died.

The violence burned 191 synagogues and 177 Jewish apartments.

Instructs the Gestapo to liaise with the police to ensure Jewish property is destroyed

Roths assassination as an excuse for Kristallnacht. Raths assasination is used as an excuse for Kristallnacht

Bates oversees Cunard's expansion when Queen Elizabeth launches at Clydebank.

Chinese aircraft fly over Japan and drop propaganda leaflets rather than bombs, demonstrating long-range capability.

Jewish property is "legally" confiscated

Appointed Lieutenant General

Travels to Morocco for health and writing.

Marries Erna Gruhn (sometimes referred to as "Eva" or "Margarete"), a 26-year-old typist. A marriage used by Hitler to cause a scandal & take over command of the armed forces

Orders partial mobilization during the Sudeten crisis.

Promises to meet Sudetenland leaders demands knowing they cannot be met. Henlein rejects Benes offer of full autonomy for Sudetenland

In a speech at Nuremberg Hitler demands that Benes meets the German Czech claims

In a speech at Nuremberg Hitler demands that Benes meets the German Czech claims

Warns Germany off military action against Czech but fails to support France. Warns Germany not to attack Czech

Appointed Minister of the Ministry of Economics

Appointed Minister of Security

The Government enables the National Mobilization Act

The Czech Government calls up reservists

The Czech Government orders partial mobilization

Appeals to Hitler not to begin a war

Calls for staff talks with France & the Belgium

Czechoslovakia was informed by Britain and France that it could either resist Nazi Germany alone or submit to the prescribed annexations

The German army was to complete the occupation of the Sudetenland by 10 October, and an international commission would decide the future of other disputed areas.

The Czechoslovak Government, realizing the hopelessness of fighting the Nazis alone, reluctantly capitulated (30 September) and agreed to abide by the agreement

The settlement gave Germany the Sudetenland starting 10 October, and de facto control over the rest of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to go no further.

With Sudetenland gone to Germany, Czecho-Slovakia lost its defensible border with Germany and its fortifications.

With Sudetenland gone to Germany, Czecho-Slovakia lost its defensible border with Germany and its fortifications

Pressured into resignation by Hitler after the Munich agreement

Signs the Munich Treaty and resigns

The Commons debate on the Munich Agreement begins

Makes a speech describing the Munich Agreement as "a disaster of the first magnitude"

Abstains when the vote on the Munich Agreement is taken in the Commons

The most public critic of Neville Chamberlains appeasement policy inside the Cabinet, resigns over the Munich Agreement

Follows policy of appeasement & signs the Munich agreement

Abstains in the Commons on the Munich Agreement vote

Draws up the draft for the memorandum which Mussolini uses for the Munich Agreement

The Sudetenland is ceded to Germany under the terms of the Munich Agreement

Signs the Munich Agreement

Troops enter the Sudetenland, the day after Hitler has signed the Munich Agreement. German troops enter the Sudetenland, the day after the Munich Agreement

Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement

Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement

Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement

Replies for Labour in the Commons debate, criticising the policy that led to Munich and the further concessions imposed on Czechoslovakia.

Mussolini, Chamberlain and Daladier agree to the German claims to the Sudetenland

The future of the Sudetenland is discussed by Hitler, Chamberlain, Daladier and Mussolini. The Czechs are not invited but Benes attends and is abused by Hitler

Boards Mussolinis train prior to the Munich Conference, discusses invading Czech

Approved by the Turkish Grand National Assembly

The Hatay National Assembly is opened

Makes the opening speech in the Turkish Grand National Assembly on behalf of Ataturk

Carol creates the National Renaissance Front as the sole legal political organisation.

Izmir Telephone enterprise is purchased by the Government

The Uskudar & Kadikoy Water Companies are purchased

The Istanbul Electric Company is purchased

Expropriates foreign oil companies and places the industry under Mexican state control

Lazaro Cardenas of Mexico nationalizes US and British oil companies

The US stops buying Mexican silver in reprisal for the Mexican seizure of American oil companies

Signs the Geraman-Russisan Non Aggression Pact with Ribbentrop in Moscow

Belgium declares its neutrality

Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for epic portrayals of Chinese rural life and biography.

Receives the medicine prize for discoveries in respiratory regulation.

Finds barium among products of neutron-bombarded uranium.

Interprets uranium splitting as nuclear fission.

Helps identify barium as a uranium fission product.

German troops march into the Sudetenland, the promised plebiscite is never held

The Popular Army launches the Ebro Offensive

The Popular Army launches the Ebro Offensive

Releases Olympia, her two-part documentary on the 1936 Olympic Games.

Hitler orders the Kriegsmarine to plan a sea-borne invasion of Memel under the codename "Transport Exercise Stettin"

Is elected President of the Oxford Union after campaigning against appeasement.

Approved by the Turkish Grand National Assembly

Carol II dismisses Octavian Goga due to his antisemitic policies & poor economy

Parliament is recalled after a 6 month recess

Hitler receives Chamberlain & demands the immediate cession of all Sudetenland

Mediates between the Czech Government & Sudetens

Demands immediate Czech withdrawal from Teschen

99.08% of Austrians & Germans vote in favour of the Anschluss

Tries in vain to hold a plebiscite in Austria against the anschluss

Accused of plotting to kill Lenin during the Brest Litovsk negotiations in 1918

After the Reichsvertretung is disbanded during the November Pogrom, the Nazis reassemble the councils members under the Government controlled Reichsvereinigung

Used to spark of further pogroms in Germany

Poland renews a non-aggression pact with the USSR to protect against a German invasion

Poland renews a non-aggression pact with the USSR to protect against a German invasion

The constitution is suspended & political parties suppressed

Supports Italy which keeps a watch on the Brenner Path. Says a Czech guarantee is "suicide"

Stalin promises to support Czech if it is attacked by Germany

Assures the Slovak leader, Durcansky, that Germany will support Slovak independence

Supports Italy which can keep a "watch on the Brenner Path". Says Czech will be Hitler's next target

After Munich, Jodl records approval of Hitler's success in neutralising Czechoslovakia without immediate war.

Nikolay Bukharin, a revolutionary economist who helped edit Pravda with Lenin, is put on trial and executed in the purges

Takes office as President of Chile at the head of the Popular Front coalition.

Appointed acting President of Ecuador

Appointed President of Ecuador

Appointed President of Estonia

Appointed President of Ireland

Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.

Appointed President of Turkey

Appointed President of Turkey

Takes office as the first President of Ireland under the 1937 Constitution.

Appointed Prime Minister of Belgium, 1st term

Britain and France recognize the Franco Government in Spain

Appointed Prime Minister of France, 2nd term

Forms a popular front coalition of radicals, Socialists & Communists

Appointed Prime Minister of France, 3rd term

A coup is launched in Iraq by a group known as "The Seven." Nuri al-Said is named Prime Minister

Confirmed in power after South African elections

Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 2nd term

Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey

Promotes the Entente in Paris

Izmir Telephone enterprise is purchased by the Government

Leads a raid on the Vienna Jewish community offices.

About 20,000 Nazis invade Graz town square & raise the swastika

About 20,000 Nazis invade Graz town square & raise the swastika

The 24 hour rebellion of Sudetenland is crushed

Receives Chamberlain & confirms his determination to annex the Sudetenland

Austria recognizes the Franco Government in Spain

Austria recognizes the Franco Government in Spain

Recognizes the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria, Manzhouguo

Recommends to cabinet the transfer of Sudetenland to Germany without a plebiscite

Kurt Schuschnigg defies the Nazis & calls for a referendum on independence

Makes an ultimatum to Schuschnigg forbidding his referendum on union with Germany

Announces a plebiscite will be held in 4 days to determine the sovereignty of Austria

Kurt Schuschnigg defies the Nazis & calls for a referendum on independence

Faced by German occupation agrees with President Miklas to call off the plebiscite. A referendum to decide union with Germany is canceled after an ultimatum from Hitler

Leo Baeck heads this organisation as its president until his deportation in January 1943. After the Reichsvertretung is disbanded during the November Pogrom, the Nazis reassemble the councils members under the Government controlled Reichsvereinigung

The most public critic of Neville Chamberlains appeasement policy inside the Cabinet, resigns over the Munich Agreement

Signs the Munich Treaty and resigns

Resigns after the Munich Agreement.

With Sudetenland gone to Germany, Czecho-Slovakia lost its defensible border with Germany and its fortifications

Pressured into resignation by Hitler after the Munich agreement

Forced to resign by Hitler & have himself replaced by Seyss-Inquart as Chancellor

Resigns over Hitler's policy on Czech, believes Germany is not equipped for war

Resigns over Hitler's policy on Czech, believes Germany is not equipped for war

Resigns after the Treaty of Munich

Anthony Eden resigns as Foreign Secretary in a dispute with PM Neville Chamberlain, he says Chamberlain is appeasing Germany

Eden offers Chamberlain his resignation, Chamberlain agrees to "sleep on the matter"

Resigns over Chamberlains relations with Italy but generally critical of appeasement

Resigns from Chamberlain's government over policy toward Mussolini and appeasement

Blomberg resigns after Heydrichs SD exposes Blombergs wifes record of prostitution

Blombergs resignation comes into effect

Blomberg resigns after Heydrichs SD exposes Blombergs wifes record of prostitution

Hitler uses Blombergs resignation to become Commander in Chief

Retired after Hitler's purge of the high command after the Blomberg-Fritsch crisis

Returns having failed to satisy Hitler who will invade the Sudetenland 1st Oct

Signs a declaration renouncing Germany's claim to Alsace-Lorraine

Signed declaration renouncing Germany's claim to Alsace-Lorraine

Germany invades Austria after the Austrian Nazi Party invite German troops to march in and the union becomes the Anschluss

Hitler orders the Austrian Chancellor to to hand over control of his Government

Germany invades Austria after the Austrian Nazi Party invite German troops to march in and the union becomes the Anschluss

Hitler demands self-determination for Germans in Austria and Czechoslovakia

Issues a directive to the Commanders of the Armed Forces for the occupation of Danzig

Hosts the Polish Ambassador, Jozef Lipski & demands the return of Danzig

Turkish troops enter Hatay. France & Turkey agree to keep an equal amount of troops in Hatay

The Hatay National Assembly is opened

Hermann Goering announces he favors Madagascar as a Jewish homeland

Lithuania bows to German demands to end martial law in Memel - local Nazi party leaders Neumann, Bertuleit and Bottchner released from prison

Hitler orders the Kriegsmarine to plan a sea-borne invasion of Memel under the codename "Transport Exercise Stettin"

National Socialists win 26 of 29 seats in the local assembly (Landtag)

Declares in the Commons policy will not change despite Hitler's occupation of Prague

Chamberlain visits Hitler & offers peaceful inclusion of Sudetenland within the Reich

Germany gives southern Slovakia to Hungary

Germany gives southern Slovakia to Hungary

Germany gives southern Slovakia to Hungary

Britain & France urge Czech to transfer Sudeten areas to Germany

Hitler receives Chamberlain & demands the immediate cession of all Sudetenland

Offers Hitler the Sudetenland

The Sudetenland is ceded to Germany under the terms of the Munich Agreement

Under the Treaty of Munich The Sudetenland is ceded to Germany

Begins the Second Hermann Jonasson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.

Begins the Second Syrovy Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.

Becomes the first and only manager to win two FIFA World Cups.

Scores seven times for Brazil to finish as the leading marksman in France.

Issues a directive to the Commanders in Chief of the Armed Forces to occupy Danzig

Hankow, current capital of China, falls to the Japanese

Wuhan falls to Japanese forces, reinforcing the Nationalist government’s decision to continue the war from Chongqing.

Addresses British policy toward the Spanish Civil War.

Jodl discusses operational timing requirements for a manufactured incident before any planned attack on Czechoslovakia.

The Sudeten Germans demands for autonomy is rejected by the Prague Government

The Sudeten Germans demands for autonomy is rejected by the Prague Government

Says a Czech guarantee is "suicide"

Tells France Britain will not take joint military action to defend Czech from Germany

Tilea informs Orme Germany intends to absorb Hungary before attacking Romania

Is sent to Ukraine to lead the Communist Party organization after extensive purges of its leadership.

Declares Russias commitment to support its Treaty obligations with France & Czech

Warsaw denounces the 1925 military Treaty with Czechoslovakia

Italy agrees to withdraw troops from Spain. Britain recognizes the King of Italy as Emperor of Ethiopia

Attlee criticized the government's policy and the sacrifice of Czechoslovakia during the Commons debate.

Beck's government pressed Czechoslovakia to surrender the Teschen district during the immediate aftermath of Munich.

Poland occupied the Teschen district after Czechoslovakia accepted a Polish ultimatum.

Benes received the Anglo-French plan requiring Czechoslovakia to surrender districts with German majorities.

Benes accepted the Anglo-French plan after Britain and France warned that Czechoslovakia could not expect military support.

Benes accepted the imposed settlement rather than order resistance without expected French or British support.

Benes resigned the presidency after the territorial losses and political collapse caused by the Munich settlement.

Bonnet supported Anglo-French proposals intended to avert war through territorial concessions by Czechoslovakia.

Brauchitsch supervised the German Army's entry into the first occupation zones of the Sudetenland.

Chamberlain met Hitler at Berchtesgaden and heard his demand that German-majority districts be transferred from Czechoslovakia.

Chamberlain met Hitler again and presented the Anglo-French proposals accepted by Czechoslovakia.

Chamberlain returned from Godesberg without agreement and submitted Hitler's memorandum to the Cabinet.

Chamberlain broadcast that Britain should not rush into war over a distant dispute while negotiations remained possible.

The Sudetenland is ceded to Germany & Teschen is ceded to Poland. Ruthenia & a part of Slovakia is ceded to Hungary

Chamberlain attended the four-power conference without representatives of Czechoslovakia present at the negotiations.

Chamberlain displayed the Anglo-German declaration after returning to Britain and described the settlement as peace with honour.

Declares from 10 Downing St there will be "peace for our time". Brings "peace with honor"

Chamberlain told the crowd at Downing Street that he believed the settlement meant peace for their time.

Agreed in the early hours, Chamberlain & Daladier must break it to the Czechs

Chamberlain and Hitler signed a separate Anglo-German declaration expressing a desire to resolve future disputes through consultation.

Chamberlain signed the Munich Agreement in the early hours after the four powers settled the evacuation timetable.

Chamberlain opened the Commons debate by defending the agreement as an alternative to immediate war.

The Commons debate on the Munich Agreement begins

Holds cross party meeting of those opposed to Munich & what to do in an election

Calls for a group to oppose Chamberlain but finds few supporters

Churchill condemned the agreement as a complete and unmitigated defeat for Britain and France.

Makes a speech describing the Munich Agreement as "a disaster of the first magnitude"

Abstains when the vote on the Munich Agreement is taken in the Commons

Ciano coordinated Italian communications concerning the proposed Munich conference.

Ciano accompanied Mussolini and recorded the conference discussions in his diary.

Ciano joined Ribbentrop in arbitrating the First Vienna Award affecting Czechoslovak territory.

Duff Cooper argued within the Cabinet that further concessions would strengthen Hitler and weaken British credibility.

Duff Cooper resigned from the Cabinet because he opposed the Munich settlement and Chamberlain's policy.

The most public critic of Neville Chamberlains appeasement policy inside the Cabinet, resigns over the Munich Agreement

Daladier joined British ministers in developing proposals to transfer German-majority areas of Czechoslovakia.

Daladier rejected Germany's demand for immediate military occupation and supported French precautionary mobilization.

Daladier represented France at the conference and accepted the transfer of the Sudetenland to Germany.

Follows policy of appeasement & signs the Munich agreement

Daladier signed the agreement requiring Czechoslovakia to evacuate designated Sudeten territories.

Daladier returned to Paris and received a large public welcome despite his doubts about the agreement.

Eden abstained in the Commons division rather than endorse the Munich settlement.

Abstains in the Commons on the Munich Agreement vote

Gamelin supervised French military preparations as the prospect of war over Czechoslovakia increased.

Draws up the draft for the memorandum which Mussolini uses for the Munich Agreement

Henlein's supporters launched disturbances after Hitler's Nuremberg speech escalated the Sudeten crisis.

Henlein broke off negotiations with the Czechoslovak government and moved into Germany.

Henlein accompanied the transfer of Sudeten territory and became a leading Nazi administrator in the annexed region.

Hitler used his Nuremberg speech to demand self-determination for the Sudeten Germans and intensify pressure on Czechoslovakia.

Hitler demanded recognition of Sudeten German self-determination during his first meeting with Chamberlain.

Hitler rejected the earlier transfer timetable and demanded rapid German military occupation of the Sudetenland.

Hitler told a Sportpalast audience that the Sudetenland was his final territorial demand in Europe.

Hitler postponed the invasion deadline and invited Chamberlain, Daladier, and Mussolini to Munich.

Hitler pledges that the Sudetenland is his final demand

The Treaty of Munich confirms the Godesberg Proposals agreed between Hitler & Chamberlain

The Treaty of Munich confirms the Godesburg Proposals agreed between Hitler & Chamberlain

Under the Treaty of Munich The Sudetenland is ceded to Germany

Hitler signed the agreement authorizing German occupation of the Sudetenland between October 1 and October 10.

Hitler signed the bilateral declaration with Chamberlain after concluding the four-power agreement.

German troops enter the Sudetenland, the day after the Munich Agreement

Hitler toured newly occupied Sudeten territory and received orchestrated public welcomes.

Hitler's government completed occupation of the Sudeten territories according to the Munich timetable.

Hodza's government imposed martial law in affected border districts after violent Sudeten German disturbances.

Hodza's government initially rejected the Anglo-French territorial proposals as incompatible with national security.

Hodza resigned after public anger and political crisis followed acceptance of the Anglo-French plan.

Hull supported Roosevelt's appeal for peaceful negotiation without committing the United States to the settlement.

Imredy's government gained southern Slovak and Ruthenian territories through the First Vienna Award after Munich.

Keitel oversaw military arrangements as German occupation of the designated Sudeten zones was completed.

Krejci directed the mobilization of Czechoslovak forces and occupation of the fortified frontier positions.

Krofta received and protested the settlement imposed on Czechoslovakia without its participation.

Litvinov criticized the exclusion of the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia from the Munich conference.

Mussolini relayed a request for Hitler to postpone military action and proposed a four-power conference.

Mussolini presented proposals closely reflecting German demands and acted publicly as a mediator.

Mussolini signed the agreement and its annexes concerning guarantees and minority questions.

Ribbentrop presented the Godesberg memorandum and map setting out Germany's expanded territorial demands.

Ribbentrop advised Hitler during the negotiations and opposed concessions beyond Germany's territorial objectives.

Ribbentrop co-arbitrated the First Vienna Award transferring territory from Czechoslovakia to Hungary.

Roosevelt appealed to the governments involved to continue negotiations and avoid a European war.

Syrovy formed a new government during the mounting threat of German invasion.

Syrovy's government ordered general mobilization after the Godesberg negotiations failed.

Syrovy's government accepted the Munich terms under intense British, French, German, and Italian pressure.

Syrovy's government completed evacuation of the territories assigned to German occupation under the agreement.

Weizsacker supported the German delegation during preparation and drafting of the agreement.

Halifax reviewed Chamberlain's Berchtesgaden report and coordinated consultations with France.

Halifax coordinated diplomatic warnings and Cabinet preparations during the final days before the Munich conference.

Hitler voids Article 88 of the Treaty of St Germain for Austrias independence

Nikolay Bukharin, a revolutionary economist who helped edit Pravda with Lenin, is put on trial and executed in the purges

Accused of plotting to kill Lenin during the Brest Litovsk negotiations in 1918

Scores twice as Italy defeat Hungary 4-2 in the World Cup final.

Speaks on unemployment and wider economic conditions.

The US asks that all powers help refugees fleeing from the Nazis

The US stops buying Mexican silver in reprisal for the Mexican seizure of American oil companies

Opens the Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Vienna.

The raid follows Germany's annexation of Austria.

Visits Hitler who tells Chamberlain that he will annex the Sudetenland

Visits Hitler at Berchtesgaden

Pays a State visit to Mussolini in Rome

Visits Hitler in Berlin to receive his orders

Pays a Royal visit to Paris

Washington sends its fourth note to Berlin demanding amnesty for Jews

Washington sends its fourth note to Berlin demanding amnesty for Jews

Appointed Commander in Chief, Wehrmacht

Appointed Chief of the High Command of the Armed forces, Oberkommando der Wehrmacht

Debates statutory duties placed on local authorities for the welfare of blind people.

Louis Armstrong & his orchestra record the New Orleans jazz standard, "When the Saints Go Marching In", on Decca Records

While Ribbentrop is at Chequers Hitler announces the Anschluss

Ataturk asks for his will to be written

Ataturks will is opened

Will help Czech against Germany if Romania & Poland allow passage of Russian troops. Rumania & Poland refuse to allow passage of Russian troops

Captains Italy to a second consecutive World Cup title.

Scores two goals in Italy's 4-2 final victory over Hungary.

Nationalist authorities breach Yellow River dikes in an attempt to slow the Japanese advance, causing catastrophic flooding across large rural areas.

Slovak politicians demand autonomy after the Munich Agreement.

Birth of Arthur Smith, son of a head teacher

Birth of Brian John Duffy, later known as Jet Black, drummer and founding member of The Stranglers.

Birth of Doors drummer John Densmore.

Birth of John Guare, playwright

Birth of John Leslie Prescot

Birth of Juan Carlos I

Birth of Mickie Most, born Michael Peter Hayes

Birth of Oliver Reed

Birth of Robert Oliver Reed

Death of Cevat Cobanli

Death of Ernst von Rath, assassinated

Death of Ernst von Rathenau, assassinated

Death of Maustafa Kemal Ataturk, Dolmabahche Palace in Istanbul

Death of Nikolai Bukharin

Death of Thomas "Tom" Crean

The Republican army of the north repulses a nationalist offensive on Barcelona

The Republican army of the north repulses a nationalist offensive on Barcelona

Commands the 32nd Infantry Division against the Japanese

Scores a notable victory over the Japanese