Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
Historical events in 1938
1,310 historical records
January 193825 historical events
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Birth of Juan Carlos I
Birth of Juan Carlos I
Recognition of the Franco Government in Spain
Austria recognizes the Franco Government in Spain
Crisis
Hitler attends the wedding of von Blomberg to Eva Gruhn, allegedly a former prostitute
Marriage
Marries Erna Gruhn (sometimes referred to as "Eva" or "Margarete"), a 26-year-old typist. A marriage used by Hitler to cause a scandal & take over command of the armed forces
Crisis
Hitler attends the wedding of von Blomberg to Eva Gruhn, allegedly a former prostitute
Recognition of the Franco Government in Spain
Austria recognizes the Franco Government in Spain
National Assembly
Approved by the Turkish Grand National Assembly
Pact between Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan
Approved by the Turkish Grand National Assembly
Purchase of Izmir Telephones
Izmir Telephone enterprise is purchased by the Government
Nationalization
Izmir Telephone enterprise is purchased by the Government
Anschluss
Documents are found signed by Hess clearing an Austrian Nazi revolt in the Spring. Austrian police raid the Committee of Seven Vienna HQ
Crisis
It is revealed to Hitler that Blomberg had married a whore & he resigns. Hitler & Goering were witnesses at Blombergs wedding
Resignation of Werner von Blomberg
Blomberg resigns after Heydrichs SD exposes Blombergs wifes record of prostitution
Resignation of Werner von Blomberg
Hitler uses Blombergs resignation to become Commander in Chief
Resignation of Werner von Blomberg
Blomberg resigns after Heydrichs SD exposes Blombergs wifes record of prostitution
Munich Conference
Mussolini, Chamberlain and Daladier agree to the German claims to the Sudetenland
General
Franco forms his first Ministry
Government
Franco forms his first Ministry
Crisis
Presents his dossier on von Blombergs wife to Goering. Gathers embarassong evidence about von Blombergs new wife, Eva Gruhn
Crisis
Hitler uses the crisis to appoint himself supreme commander of the armed forces. Dismisses 16 high ranking officers during the Blomberg-Fritsch crisis
Dismissal
Forces von Leeb into retirement during the Blomberg-Fritsch crisis
Candidate Politburo Membership
Becomes a candidate member of the Politburo as his national influence expands.
Transfer to Ukrainian Party Leadership
Is sent to Ukraine to lead the Communist Party organization after extensive purges of its leadership.
February 193878 historical events
Welfare of Blind Persons
Debates statutory duties placed on local authorities for the welfare of blind people.
Coal Industry Efficiency
Speaks on proposals to reduce the number of coal-mining undertakings in the interests of efficiency.
Dismissal
Dismissed by Hitler as Ambassador of Austria
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Wehrmacht
Wehrmacht
Appointed Commander in Chief, Wehrmacht
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Resignation of Werner von Blomberg
Blombergs resignation comes into effect
Dismissal
Dismissed by Hitler as Foreign Minister
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Foreign Secretary
Crisis
Blomberg is forced to resign
Dismissal
Conservatives such as Blomberg, Fritsch & Neurath appointed by Hindenburg are removed
Fuhrer Chancellor
Assumes the leadership of the Ministry of War. Appoints von Ribbentrop Foreirgn Minister
Minister of Economics
Appointed Minister of the Ministry of Economics
Crisis
Used by Hitler for him to take control of the armed forces. Discredited by a marriage to a prostitute & forced to resign
Chief High Command
Appointed Chief of the High Command of the Armed forces, Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
Wehrmacht
Appointed Chief of the High Command of the Armed forces, Oberkommando der Wehrmacht
Birth of John Guare
Birth of John Guare, playwright
Defence Programme Debate
Uses the defence debate to press for stronger preparation against the growing military threat from Germany.
Dismissal
Dismissed by Carol II for anti-semitism & for failed economic policies
Parliament
Carol II dismisses Octavian Goga due to his antisemitic policies & poor economy
Constitution of Romania
The constitution is suspended & political parties suppressed
Dismissal
Dismisses Octavian Goga due to his antisemitic policies & the poor economy
Political Parties
The constitution is suspended & political parties suppressed
Dismissal of Octavian Goga
Carol dismisses Goga and prepares a royal authoritarian regime.
Forced to lift the Austrian Nazi Party ban
Forced to lift the Austrian Nazi Party ban. Forced to amnesty Nazis in Austria & appoints Seyss-Inquart in the Cabinet
Visit to Berchtesgaden
Visits Hitler at Berchtesgaden
Cristea Government
Cristea becomes prime minister under Carol II's royal dictatorship.
Anschluss
Miklas refuses to honor Hitler's ultimatum but capitulates under threat of invasion
International Agreement at Vienna
Schuschigg is forced by Hitler to agree an amnesty for imprisoned Austrian Nazis
Invasion of Austria
Miklas refuses to honor Hitler's ultimatum but capitulates under threat of invasion
Anschluss
Cardinal Theodor Innitzer of Vienna meets with Hitler and then directs all Catholic clergy and laity to "unconditionally support the great German State and the Fuhrer"
Rule of Austria
Hitler orders the Austrian Chancellor to to hand over control of his Government
Anschluss
Informs the Austrian Chancellor to hand control over to the Nazis. Hitler orders the Austrian Chancellor to to hand over control of his Government
International Agreement at Berlin
Schuschigg is forced by Hitler to agree an amnesty for imprisoned Austrian Nazis
Japan refuses to reveal naval data requested by the US and Britain
Japan refuses to reveal naval data requested by the US and Britain
Austria Military Pressure Planning
Jodl records and supports military pressure used during the crisis leading to the annexation of Austria.
Birth of Robert Oliver Reed
Birth of Robert Oliver Reed
Birth of Oliver Reed
Birth of Oliver Reed
Minister of Security
Appointed Minister of Security
Housing Financial Provisions Bill
Challenges the government’s housing finance proposals in the Commons.
Capture of Teruel
Francos forces recapture Teruel & make a drive towards the Mediterranean
Amnesty
Austria announces an amnesty including those convicted of the murder of Dolfuss
Assassination of Engelbert Dollfuss
Austria announces a Nazi amnesty, including those convicted of the murder of Dolfuss
Visit to Berlin
Visits Hitler in Berlin to receive his orders
Austria Crisis Statement
Addresses the Commons as German pressure on Austria intensifies and Britain considers its response.
Austria Crisis Statement
Continues parliamentary exchanges on Austria during the final days of his tenure as Foreign Secretary.
Austria Debate
Speaks in the Commons debate on Austria as German pressure on the Austrian government intensifies.
Austria Questions
Challenges the government over the deterioration of Austrian independence under German pressure.
Austria Crisis Statement
Responds to the Austrian crisis while his disagreement with Chamberlain over relations with Italy reaches a breaking point.
Resignation of Robert Anthony Eden
Eden offers Chamberlain his resignation, Chamberlain agrees to "sleep on the matter"
Armament
Says in cabinet rearmament in 2 yrs will create "the gravest financial dislocation"
Anschluss
Promises to support the rights of Germans not living in the Reich in the Reichstag
Hitler demands self-determination for Germans in Austria and Czechoslovakia
Hitler demands self-determination for Germans in Austria and Czechoslovakia
Rule of Czechoslovakia
Hitler demands self-determination for Germans in Austria and Czechoslovakia
Resignation of Robert Anthony Eden
Resigns over Chamberlains relations with Italy but generally critical of appeasement
Continues Anglo-Italian Negotiations
After Anthony Eden leaves the Foreign Office, Chamberlain continues negotiations intended to improve relations with Mussolini's Italy.
Resignation of Robert Anthony Eden
Anthony Eden resigns as Foreign Secretary in a dispute with PM Neville Chamberlain, he says Chamberlain is appeasing Germany
Resignation of Robert Anthony Eden
Resigns from Chamberlain's government over policy toward Mussolini and appeasement
Foreign Policy Debate
Criticises aspects of the government's European policy during the crisis following Eden's resignation.
Austria
Raises the worsening European situation following German pressure on Austria.
Foreign Policy Debate after Eden Crisis
Criticises the government's foreign-policy direction during the crisis surrounding Anthony Eden's departure.
Foreign Affairs Debate after Leaving Office
Speaks from the back benches after leaving the Foreign Office and explains his concerns about the direction of British diplomacy.
Foreign Affairs Debate
Criticises the weakening of collective resistance to the dictators in a major Commons foreign-affairs debate.
Foreign Affairs Motion of Censure
Moves a motion of censure over the government’s conduct of foreign affairs after Anthony Eden’s resignation.
Foreign Affairs Debate on Collective Security
Presses Labour's case for collective security rather than bilateral concessions to the fascist powers.
Reballion of Rebels in Graz
About 20,000 Nazis invade Graz town square & raise the swastika
Reballion of Rebels in Graz
About 20,000 Nazis invade Graz town square & raise the swastika
Prime Minister of France
Britain and France recognize the Franco Government in Spain
Britain and France recognize the Franco Government in Spain
Britain and France recognize the Franco Government in Spain
Constitution of Romania
Carol promulgates an authoritarian constitution concentrating power in the crown.
Britain and France recognize the Franco Government in Spain
Britain and France recognize the Franco Government in Spain
Hitler promises to defend all Germans outside the Reich
Hitler promises to defend all Germans outside the Reich
Plebiscite
Tries in vain to hold a plebiscite in Austria against the anschluss
Exile of Werner von Blomberg
Blomberg goes into exile
Constitution of Germany
With Hitler's approval the CAbinet can promulgate decrees which have the status of law. The last Cabinet meeting of the 3rd Reich
Crisis
Blomberg goes into exile
Mobilization
The Government enables the National Mobilization Act
Coup
Assumes all the essential powers of Government & abolishes political parties
March 1938108 historical events
Hitler says he is concerned by the 10 million Germans
Hitler says he is concerned by the 10 million Germans who live outside the Reich. Henderson offers Germany colonial territory
Defence Debate after Austrian Crisis
Argues for stronger defence preparations as the European security situation deteriorates.
Herbert Hoover tells Hitler that his doctrine would be unacceptable and intolerable
Herbert Hoover tells Hitler that his doctrine would be unacceptable and intolerable in the US
Anschluss
Kurt Schuschnigg defies the Nazis & calls for a referendum on independence
Referendum
Announces a plebiscite will be held in 4 days to determine the sovereignty of Austria
Referendum
Kurt Schuschnigg defies the Nazis & calls for a referendum on independence
Anschluss
Kurt Schuschnigg defies the Nazis & calls for a referendum on independence
Referendum
Kurt Schuschnigg defies the Nazis & calls for a referendum on independence
Anschluss
Decides on military occupation before Schuschnigg's plebiscite of March 13th
Invasion of Austria
Decides on military occupation before Schuschnigg's plebiscite of March 13th
Army Estimates and Rearmament
Uses the Army Estimates debate to argue for stronger defence as German power expands.
Anschluss
Germany closes the border at Salzburg
Anschluss
Rail traffic between is halted & German troops are massed on the frontier. Hitler threatens to invade Austria. Forced to drop the plebiscite on union with Germany
Invasion of Austria
Rail traffic between is halted & German troops are massed on the frontier. Hitler threatens to invade Austria
Referendum
Faced by German occupation agrees with President Miklas to call off the plebiscite. A referendum to decide union with Germany is canceled after an ultimatum from Hitler
Resignation of Kurt von Schuschnigg
Forced to resign by Hitler & have himself replaced by Seyss-Inquart as Chancellor
Demonstrations
Austrian Nazis take to the streets in Austria & appeal to Hitler to restore order
Anschluss
Mussolini indicates that he will not intervene to save Austria. Austrian Nazis in Government appeal to Hitler to restore order
Anschluss
Austrian Nazis take to the streets in Austria & appeal to Hitler to restore order
Anschluss
Makes an ultimatum to Schuschnigg forbidding his referendum on union with Germany
Invasion of Austria
German troops are prepared to invade Austria
Invasion of Bohemia
Decides to issue an ultimatum to annex Bohemia & Moravia
Invasion of Bohemia
An ultimatum is drafted on Hitler's orders by Keitel calling the Czechs to surrender
Referendum
Makes an ultimatum to Schuschnigg forbidding his referendum on union with Germany
Case Otto Directive Initialled
Jodl initials and supplements directives connected with Case Otto during the Austrian crisis.
Anschluss
While Ribbentrop is at Chequers Hitler announces the Anschluss
While Ribbentrop is at Chequers Hitler announces the Anschluss
While Ribbentrop is at Chequers Hitler announces the Anschluss
Anschluss
Hitler voids Article 88 of the Treaty of St Germain for Austrias independence
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor
Independence of Austria
Hitler voids Article 88 of the Treaty of St Germain for Austrias independence
Invasion of Austria
Hitler voids Article 88 of the Treaty of St Germain for Austrias independence
Treaty of St Germain
Hitler voids Article 88 of the Treaty of St Germain for Austrias independence
Anschluss
The Nazis take over Austria and expel all Jews and other political opponents from the universities. Germany invades Austria after the Austrian Nazi Party invite German troops to march in and the union becomes the Anschluss
Anschluss
Held prisoner by the Nazis in his villa in the grounds of Belvedere castle, 1938-1945
Arrest of Kurt von Schuschnigg
Held prisoner by the Nazis in his villa in the grounds of Belvedere castle, 1938-1945
Rule of Austria
Germany invades Austria after the Austrian Nazi Party invite German troops to march in and the union becomes the Anschluss
Anschluss
Ordered by Hitler to Vienna to organize a total anshcluss
Anschluss
Germany invades Austria after the Austrian Nazi Party invite German troops to march in and the union becomes the Anschluss
Anschluss
Orders Wihelm Stuckart to Vienna to draft a law making him President of Austria
Anschluss
Proclaims the union of Austria with Germany. German troops occupy Austria which then becomes a Dominion of the 3rd Reich
Anschluss
Orders Stuckart to Vienna to organize anshcluss n defiance of the Versailles Treaty
Invasion of Austria
Germany invades Austria after the Austrian Nazi Party invite German troops to march in and the union becomes the Anschluss
Rule of Austria
Germany invades Austria after the Austrian Nazi Party invite German troops to march in and the union becomes the Anschluss
Anschluss
Commands the 2nd Panzer Division through Linz to Vienna during the Anschluss
Dammam Number Seven
Receives confirmation of commercial oil production from Dammam Number Seven.
Dammam Number Seven
Guides exploration teams whose work contributes to the major oil discovery.
Exile of Jerome David Salinger
Leaves Austria only a month or so before it was annexed by Nazi Germany
Dismissal
The Government falls
Government
Forms a Socialist Cabinet
Foreign Policy Statement at Paris
Italy declares the 1935 pact with France invalid, because ratifications had not been exchanged
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, 2nd term
Invasion of Austria
German troops enter Austria
Pravda
Nikolay Bukharin, a revolutionary economist who helped edit Pravda with Lenin, is put on trial and executed in the purges
Trial
Nikolay Bukharin, a revolutionary economist who helped edit Pravda with Lenin, is put on trial and executed in the purges
Death of Cevat Cobanli
Death of Cevat Cobanli
Anschluss
Makes a triumphal entry into Vienna, where he had lived so long as a tramp. Chamberlain anounces in the Commons that nothing could have stopped the anshcluss
Invasion of Austria
Hitler lays a wreath on his parents grave in Austria
Foreign Affairs Debate on Austria
Speaks after the Anschluss and warns about the strategic effects of continued German expansion.
Anschluss Debate
Addresses the Commons after Germany's annexation of Austria and warns about the strategic consequences of Nazi expansion.
Debate on the Annexation of Austria
Criticises the failure to deter German expansion after the Anschluss.
Capture of London
Declares in the Commons policy will not change despite Hitler's occupation of Prague
Rule of Prague
Declares in the Commons policy will not change despite Hitler's occupation of Prague
Foreign Affairs Debate after Anschluss
Argues that the Austrian crisis shows the danger of relying on concessions without an effective system of collective security.
Death of Nikolai Bukharin
Death of Nikolai Bukharin
Execution
Executed by a bullet in the back of the head
Execution
Stalin has Bukharin purged & then executed
Calls for better relations with Poland, Russia & America
Calls for better relations with Poland, Russia & America
Invasion of Hungary
Tilea informs Orme Germany intends to absorb Hungary before attacking Romania
Invasion of Romania
Tilea informs Orme Germany intends to absorb Hungary before attacking Romania
Mobilization
Calls for staff talks with France & the Belgium
Tilea informs Orme Germany intends to absorb Hungary
Tilea informs Orme Germany intends to absorb Hungary before attacking Romania
Political Support at Brenner Pass
Supports Italy which can keep a "watch on the Brenner Path". Says Czech will be Hitler's next target
Political Support
Supports Italy which keeps a watch on the Brenner Path. Says a Czech guarantee is "suicide"
Suicide
Says a Czech guarantee is "suicide"
Spain
Addresses British policy toward the Spanish Civil War.
Czechoslovakia Debate
Raises the security of Czechoslovakia immediately after the annexation of Austria changes the strategic position in Central Europe.
Informs Orme Germany intends to absorb Hungary
Informs Orme Germany intends to absorb Hungary before attacking Romania
Invasion of Romania
Informs Orme that Germany intends to absorb Hungary before attacking Romania
Navy Estimates and European Rearmament
Uses the Navy Estimates debate to connect British naval preparedness with the worsening European balance of power.
Demonstrations
Anti-Jewish riots broke out in Dabrowa, Poland
Diplomatic Ultimatum
The Polish Government presents an ultimatum to Lithuania to establish diplomatic ties
Nationalization
Expropriates foreign oil companies and places the industry under Mexican state control
Nationalization
Lazaro Cardenas of Mexico nationalizes US and British oil companies
Border Settlement at Warsaw
Poland forces Lithuania to open its borders
Air Supplementary Estimate
Presses the case for stronger air power amid concern that accommodation with Germany is not producing lasting security.
Czechoslovakia Questions
Presses ministers about British policy toward Czechoslovakia and the growing German threat.
Foreign Policy and the Dominions
Discusses the need for a stronger foreign policy with support from the Dominions amid the European crisis.
Unemployment and Economic Conditions
Speaks on unemployment and wider economic conditions.
Foreign Affairs and Rearmament
Links foreign policy to accelerated rearmament and argues that diplomatic concessions require credible British strength.
Foreign Affairs and Rearmament Debate
Criticises the government's foreign policy while arguing that defence policy must be linked to collective resistance to aggression.
US asks that all powers help refugees fleeing from the Nazis
The US asks that all powers help refugees fleeing from the Nazis
Anschluss
Herman Goering warns all Jews to leave Austria
Economy of Mexico
The US stops buying Mexican silver in reprisal for the Mexican seizure of American oil companies
Nationalization
The US stops buying Mexican silver in reprisal for the Mexican seizure of American oil companies
US stops buying Mexican silver in reprisal for the Mexican seizure
The US stops buying Mexican silver in reprisal for the Mexican seizure of American oil companies
Capture of Nanjing
Japan sponsors the Reformed Government of the Republic of China at Nanjing as a collaborationist regime.
Advises the German population in Czech to demand enough to break-up the
Advises the German population in Czech to demand enough to break-up the Cezh state
Alliance Konrad Henlein and Henlein and make him Viceroy of Czech
Hitler promises to support Henlein & make him Viceroy of Czech
Czechoslovakia Questions
Answers Commons questions on Czechoslovakia as the Foreign Office monitors German pressure on the state.
Anschluss
Within days of the Anschluss squads of Nazis and Austrian museum personnel empty the Viennese palaces of the Rothschild brothers, Alphonse and Louis
Raid on Jewish Community Offices
Leads a raid on the Vienna Jewish community offices.
Vienna Jewish Community Targeted
The raid follows Germany's annexation of Austria.
Einsatzgruppen
The Einsatzgruppen were formed under the direction of Heydrich and operated by the SS before and during World War II. The Einsatzgruppen had its origins in the ad hoc Einsatzkommando formed by Heydrich to secure Government buildings and documents following the Anschluss in Austria in March 1938
Diplomatic Negotiations
Announces negotiations in Italy for a settlement of "outstanding questions"
Alliance Britain and France and the Covenant of the League of Nations
Calls for a Grand Alliance of Britain and France and the Covenant of the League of Nations
Covenant of the League of Nations
Calls for a Grand Alliance of Britain and France and the Covenant of the League of Nations
Plot
Accused of plotting to kill Lenin during the Brest Litovsk negotiations in 1918
Trial
Accused of plotting to kill Lenin during the Brest Litovsk negotiations in 1918
April 193833 historical events
First Hermann Jonasson Government
The First Hermann Jonasson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Second Hermann Jonasson Government
Begins the Second Hermann Jonasson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Invasion of Catalonia
Francos forces reach the Catalan border
Czechoslovakia Questions
Responds for the government to further Commons questions concerning Czechoslovakia and European security.
Foreign Policy
Sets out Labour criticism of the government’s foreign policy.
Prime Minister of France
Forms a popular front coalition of radicals, Socialists & Communists
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, 3rd term
Scotland Victory at Wembley
Shankly represented Scotland against England at Wembley in April 1938 and took part in a 1-0 victory, one of his notable international appearances.
Anschluss
99.08% of Austrians & Germans vote in favour of the Anschluss
Plebiscite
99.08% of Austrians & Germans vote in favour of the Anschluss
Nationalization
The Uskudar & Kadikoy Water Companies are purchased
Czechoslovakia Questions
Sets out the government's position in Commons questioning about the developing Czechoslovak crisis.
Czechoslovakia Questions
Rejects a proposal for a population exchange between Germany and Czechoslovakia while answering for the Foreign Office.
Capture of Vinaroz
Francos forces capture Vinaroz, cutting off the Government from Barcelona & Catalonia
Invasion of Catalonia
The Republican zone is cut in two by the rebels
Anglo-Italian Agreement
Concludes the Anglo-Italian Agreement, treating improved relations with Italy as part of a broader policy of European appeasement.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Treaty of Anglo-Italian
Italy agrees to withdraw troops from Spain. Britain recognizes the King of Italy as Emperor of Ethiopia
Agreement on Withdraw from the Spanish Civil War
Italy agrees to withdraw from the Spanish Civil War. Britain & Italy make a pact recognizing Italian rule in Ethiopia
Olympia
Releases Olympia, her two-part documentary on the 1936 Olympic Games.
Political Support
Stalin promises to support Czech if it is attacked by Germany
Sudeten Germans demands for autonomy is rejected by the Prague Government
The Sudeten Germans demands for autonomy is rejected by the Prague Government
President of Estonia
Appointed President of Estonia
Sudeten Germans demands for autonomy is rejected by the Prague Government
The Sudeten Germans demands for autonomy is rejected by the Prague Government
Independence of Germany
Henlein demands full independence for the Sudeten Germans
Independence of Sudetenland
Henlein demands full independence for the Sudeten Germans
Homage to Catalonia
Publishes Homage to Catalonia.
Anglo-Irish Agreement
Settles trade & financial questions, deprives the Royal Navy of Irish bases
Anglo-Irish Agreements
Concludes agreements with Britain resolving the economic dispute and providing for the return of the Treaty Ports.
Daladier & Bonnet invite Britain to defend Czech from German invasion, Britain
Daladier & Bonnet invite Britain to defend Czech from German invasion, Britain refuses
Invasion of Czech
Daladier & Bonnet invite Britain to defend Czech from German invasion
Agreement on Joint diplomatic action
Chamberlain fears a break with France & agrees to joint diplomatic action
Anschluss
Cardinal Theodor Innitzer of Vienna meets with Hitler and then directs all Catholic clergy and laity to "unconditionally support the great German State and the Fuhrer"
May 193840 historical events
Anglo-Italian Agreement Debate
Questions whether accommodation with Fascist Italy will improve British security while German expansion continues.
Anglo-Italian Agreement Debate
Questions the strategic value of accommodation with Mussolini's Italy while Germany continues expanding its power.
Opposition to the Anglo-Italian Agreement
Challenges the government's agreement with Mussolini and questions whether concessions to dictators will strengthen peace.
Czechoslovakia Questions
Answers Commons questions as the government continues seeking a negotiated solution to Sudeten German demands.
Constitution of Ireland
Wins the election for President under the 1927 constitution
Election
Wins the election for President under the 1927 constitution
President of Ireland
Appointed President of Ireland
Housing Rural Workers Amendment Bill
Argues that the government’s rural housing measures are inadequate.
Alliance Maxim Maximovich Litvinov and Czech
Will help Czech against Germany if Romania & Poland allow passage of Russian troops
Will help Czech against Germany if Romania & Poland allow passage of
Will help Czech against Germany if Romania & Poland allow passage of Russian troops. Rumania & Poland refuse to allow passage of Russian troops
Capture of Xiamen
Japanese forces capture Xiamen, tightening their control over important coastal positions.
Recognition of the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria
Recognizes the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria, Manzhouguo
Air Ministry Debate
Continues pressing for rapid improvement of British air strength against the background of the government's appeasement policy.
Prime Minister of Belgium
Appointed Prime Minister of Belgium, 1st term
When the Saints Go Marching In
Louis Armstrong & his orchestra record the New Orleans jazz standard, "When the Saints Go Marching In", on Decca Records
Captain
Hapgood captains England against Germany where Hapgood and his players are made to give the Nazi salute before the match, under pressure from British diplomats, Hitler is not in attendance and England win the match 63
Paul-Emile Janson Government
The Paul-Emile Janson Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
First Paul-Henri Spaak Government
Begins the First Paul-Henri Spaak Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Czechoslovakia Questions
Responds to parliamentary questioning on Czechoslovakia during increasing tension between Prague and the Sudeten German movement.
Invasion of Czech
German troop movements are reported near the Bohemian border
Czechoslovakia Questions
Provides Foreign Office answers on Czechoslovakia as Britain tries to prevent the nationality dispute from becoming a wider war.
Election
Confirmed in power after South African elections
Prime Minister of South Africa
Confirmed in power after South African elections
Leaflet Raid over Japan
Chinese aircraft fly over Japan and drop propaganda leaflets rather than bombs, demonstrating long-range capability.
May Crisis Mobilization
Orders partial mobilization during the Sudeten crisis.
Border Settlement at Prague
Recalls the Czech reservists and mans the border with Germany
Mobilization
The Czech Government calls up reservists
Demonstrations
Pro-German riots take place in the Sudetenland
Mobilization
The Czech Government orders partial mobilization
Invasion of Czech
"It is my unalterable intention to smash Czech by military action in the near future"
It is my unalterable intention to smash Czech by military action in
"It is my unalterable intention to smash Czech by military action in the near future"
Military Support
Warns Germany off military action against Czech but fails to support France. Warns Germany not to attack Czech
Invasion of Czech
Tells France Britain will not take military action to defend Czech from Germany
Tells France Britain will not take joint military action to defend Czech
Tells France Britain will not take joint military action to defend Czech from Germany
Nationalization
The Istanbul Electric Company is purchased
Air Defences Debate
Warns that adequate air defence is essential if Britain is to negotiate with the dictators from a position of strength.
Czechoslovakia Questions
Continues presenting the government's negotiated approach to the Czechoslovak crisis in the Commons.
Birth of John Leslie Prescot
Birth of John Leslie Prescot
Inaugural Lecture at Sydney
Delivers his inaugural lecture as Professor of Greek at the University of Sydney and criticises appeasement in Europe.
France's Czech Treaty
German troops move to the Czech border. Chamberlain warns Berlin Britain will support France's Czech Treaty obligations
June 193831 historical events
Mutual Assistance Pact Question
Answers Commons questions about proposals for mutual assistance against aggression amid concern over German expansion.
Capture of Kaifeng
Japanese forces capture Kaifeng during the campaign in Henan.
Yellow River Dike Breach
Nationalist authorities breach Yellow River dikes in an attempt to slow the Japanese advance, causing catastrophic flooding across large rural areas.
Capture of Anking
Japanese forces capture Anqing during their advance along the Yangtze River.
Foreign Policy Statement at Berlin
Says he will only take action against Czech if Britain & France do not intervene
Invasion of Czech
Says he will only take action against Czech if Britain & France do not intervene
Seven-Goal Scoring Lead
Scores seven times for Brazil to finish as the leading marksman in France.
1938 FIFA World Cup Final - György Sárosi
György Sárosi captained Hungary and scored in the second half, but Italy still won the 1938 final by four goals to two.
1938 FIFA World Cup Final - Pál Titkos
Pál Titkos brought Hungary level early in the final, responding to Italy’s opening goal before the defending champions pulled away.
World Cup Winner
Giuseppe Meazza captains Italy to a 4-2 final victory over Hungary, completing the first successful defence of the men's World Cup title.
1938 FIFA World Cup Final - Alfredo Foni
Alfredo Foni partnered Pietro Rava at the back as Italy resisted Hungary’s attempts to overturn its lead in the final.
1938 FIFA World Cup Final - Pietro Rava
Pietro Rava held his position in the Italian defence while the forwards established the advantage that carried Italy to a second successive World Cup.
World Cup Final Brace
Scores two goals in Italy's 4-2 final victory over Hungary.
World Cup Winner
Gino Colaussi nets Italy's first and third goals in the 1938 final, helping the defending champions overcome Hungary in Paris.
Two Goals in World Cup Final
Scores twice as Italy defeat Hungary 4-2 in the World Cup final.
World Cup Winner
Silvio Piola strikes twice against Hungary in the 1938 final, including Italy's fourth goal that settles a 4-2 contest.
1938 FIFA World Cup Final - Aldo Olivieri
Aldo Olivieri guarded Italy’s goal in the 4–2 victory over Hungary and completed the championship campaign as the national side’s first-choice goalkeeper.
Second World Cup as Manager
Becomes the first and only manager to win two FIFA World Cups.
World Cup Winner
Vittorio Pozzo guides Italy to the 1938 championship and becomes the first manager to win two men's World Cups.
World Cup Captain
Captains Italy to a second consecutive World Cup title.
World Cup Winner
Michele Andreolo operates in Italy's midfield during the 1938 final and helps the side maintain control as Hungary twice threatens a recovery.
1938 FIFA World Cup Final - Ugo Locatelli
Ugo Locatelli contributed disciplined midfield work as Italy defeated Hungary to retain the world championship in France.
Ataturk is visited by the King of Romania, Carol
Ataturk is visited by the King of Romania, Carol
Birth of Mickie Most
Birth of Mickie Most, born Michael Peter Hayes
Czechoslovakia Questions
Responds to Commons questions on Czechoslovakia as British diplomacy continues to favour negotiation.
Czechoslovakia Questions
Answers further questions about the Czechoslovak dispute and British efforts to reduce tension.
Presidential Inauguration
Takes office as the first President of Ireland under the 1937 Constitution.
Fair Labor Standards Act
The Act establishes federal minimum wages, overtime rules and restrictions on child labour.
Czechoslovakia Questions
Gives Foreign Office responses on the Sudeten crisis before the later Runciman mediation mission.
Exile of Sigmund Freud
Freud decides to go into exile "to die in freedom", he and his family leave Vienna in & move to Hampstead, London
First Secretary of Ukrainian Communist Party
Is confirmed as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine.
July 193814 historical events
Agreement on Keep an equal amount of troops in
France & Turkey agree to keep an equal amount of troops in Hatay
Rule of Hatay
Turkish troops enter Hatay. France & Turkey agree to keep an equal amount of troops in Hatay
Discovery of Lysithea
Discovers Lysithea, an irregular satellite of Jupiter.
Border Settlement at Moscow
Russian troops begin to clash with the Japanese on the border of Manzhouguo
Visit to London
Pays a Royal visit to Paris
Offensive
The Popular Army launches the Ebro Offensive
Offensive
The Popular Army launches the Ebro Offensive
Announces in the Commons that Runciman is going to Prague as requested
Announces in the Commons that Runciman is going to Prague as requested by Czech
Death of Thomas Tom Crean
Death of Thomas "Tom" Crean
Discovery of Carme
Discovers Carme, a retrograde irregular satellite of Jupiter.
Golden Boot FIFA World Cup
Claims the FIFA World Cup top-scorer award with 7 goals while representing Brazil. The season is distinguished by his attacking displays in Brazil’s run to third place.
Promotes the Entente in Paris
Promotes the Entente in Paris
Crisis
Turkey is granted elections which gives it virtual control
Election
Turkey is granted elections which gives it virtual control
August 193818 historical events
Peace Mediation at Prague
Mediates between the Czech Government & Sudetens
President of Ecuador
Appointed acting President of Ecuador
Diplomatic Negotiations at Sudetenland, The
Under British and French pressure Benes opens negotiations with the Sudeten Germans
Diplomatic Negotiations at Prague
Benes opens negotiations with the Sudetens
German Occupation
Hitler commences mobilization
Resignation of Ludwig Beck
Resigns over Hitler's policy on Czech, believes Germany is not equipped for war
Resignation of Ludwig Beck
Resigns over Hitler's policy on Czech, believes Germany is not equipped for war
Forced Emigration Bureau Established
The office centralizes coercive procedures for Jewish emigration.
Vienna Central Office Opens
Opens the Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Vienna.
Battle of Khasan
Scores a notable victory over the Japanese
Battle of Khasan
Commands the 32nd Infantry Division against the Japanese
Nazi-Soviet Pact
Signs the Geraman-Russisan Non Aggression Pact with Ribbentrop in Moscow
Invasion of Netherlands, The
Consults the Army to occupy The Netherlands & Belgium & how long it would take
Birth of Brian John Duffy
Birth of Brian John Duffy, later known as Jet Black, drummer and founding member of The Stranglers.
Army of the North
The Republican army of the north repulses a nationalist offensive on Barcelona
Battle of Ebro
The Republican army of the north repulses a nationalist offensive on Barcelona
Army of the North
The Republican army of the north repulses a nationalist offensive on Barcelona
Battle of Ebro
The Republican army of the north repulses a nationalist offensive on Barcelona
September 1938373 historical events
International Conference at Moscow
Proposes staff talks & a conference to condemn German aggression. Proposes staff talks & a conference to allow Russian troop access to Czech
National Assembly
The Hatay National Assembly is opened
Rule of Hatay
The Hatay National Assembly is opened
Visit to Berlin
Pays a State visit to Mussolini in Rome
Meeting with Sudetenland leaders demands knowing they cannot be
Promises to meet Sudetenland leaders demands knowing they cannot be met. Henlein rejects Benes offer of full autonomy for Sudetenland
Independence of Germany
Henlein rejects Benes offer of full autonomy for Sudetenland
Independence of Sudetenland
Henlein rejects Benes offer of full autonomy for Sudetenland
Will
Ataturk asks for his will to be written
President of Turkey
Appointed President of Turkey
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey
Abdication
Abdicates after making territorial concessions
Diplomatic Negotiations at Sudetenland, The
The Sudetenland leaders break off negotiations with Benes
Border Security Measures
The Hodza government introduced martial law as a security measure after unrest spread through the affected Sudeten border districts.
Government Response to Sudeten Disturbances
Hodza responded to violent Sudeten German disturbances by imposing martial law in the affected border areas.
Martial Law in Border Districts
Hodza's government imposed martial law in affected border districts after violent Sudeten German disturbances intensified the crisis.
Treaty of Munich
Hodza's government imposed martial law in affected border districts after violent Sudeten German disturbances.
Birth of Arthur Smith
Birth of Arthur Smith, son of a head teacher
Reballion of Sudetenland is crushed
The 24 hour rebellion of Sudetenland is crushed
Treaty of Munich
Henlein broke off negotiations with the Czechoslovak government and moved into Germany.
Invasion of Czech
Receives Chamberlain & confirms his determination to annex the Sudetenland
Invasion of Sudetenland, The
Receives Chamberlain & confirms his determination to annex the Sudetenland
Receives Chamberlain & confirms his determination to annex the Sudetenland
Receives Chamberlain & confirms his determination to annex the Sudetenland
Treaty of Munich
Hitler demanded recognition of Sudeten German self-determination during his first meeting with Chamberlain.
Berchtesgaden Meeting with Hitler
Chamberlain met Hitler at Berchtesgaden and heard the demand that German-majority districts of Czechoslovakia should be transferred to Germany.
Berchtesgaden Meeting with Hitler
Meets Hitler at Berchtesgaden and discusses transferring predominantly German-speaking Sudeten areas of Czechoslovakia to Germany.
First Personal Meeting in the Czech Crisis
The Berchtesgaden talks marked Chamberlain's first meeting with Hitler in the crisis and centred on German claims to Czechoslovak territory.
Sudeten German Self-Determination Demand
During his first meeting with Hitler, Chamberlain was confronted with a demand for recognition of Sudeten German self-determination.
Sudetenland Transfer Discussion
Chamberlain discussed the proposed transfer of predominantly German-speaking Sudeten areas while meeting Hitler at Berchtesgaden.
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain met Hitler at Berchtesgaden and heard his demand that German-majority districts be transferred from Czechoslovakia.
Visit to Berchtesgaden
Visits Hitler who tells Chamberlain that he will annex the Sudetenland
Berchtesgaden Report Review
Halifax reviewed Chamberlain's report of the Berchtesgaden meeting as the British government assessed Hitler's demands.
Consultation with France after Berchtesgaden
Chamberlain's report from Berchtesgaden formed part of British consultations with France over the developing Czechoslovak crisis.
Treaty of Munich
Halifax reviewed Chamberlain's Berchtesgaden report and coordinated consultations with France.
Recommends to cabinet the transfer of Sudetenland to Germany without a plebiscite
Recommends to cabinet the transfer of Sudetenland to Germany without a plebiscite
Britain and France persuade the Czechs to hand over areas greater than
Britain and France persuade the Czechs to hand over areas greater than 50% German
Treaty of Munich
Bonnet supported Anglo-French proposals intended to avert war through territorial concessions by Czechoslovakia.
Treaty of Munich
Daladier joined British ministers in developing proposals to transfer German-majority areas of Czechoslovakia.
Britain & France wish to persuade Czech to cede areas greater than
Britain & France wish to persuade Czech to cede areas greater than 50% to Germany
Anglo-French Sudeten Proposals
Works with the French government on proposals pressing Czechoslovakia to cede predominantly German-speaking territory.
Britain & France urge Czech to transfer Sudeten areas to Germany
Britain & France urge Czech to transfer Sudeten areas to Germany. Britain & France persuade Czech to hand over areas greater than 50% German
Rule of Sudetenland, The
Britain & France urge Czech to transfer Sudeten areas to Germany
Anglo-French Plan Received
Benes received the Anglo-French proposal in Prague requiring Czechoslovakia to surrender districts with German majorities.
Territorial Proposal Presented
The Anglo-French plan presented to Benes required the transfer of German-majority districts from Czechoslovakia.
Treaty of Munich
Benes received the Anglo-French plan requiring Czechoslovakia to surrender districts with German majorities.
Anglo-French Proposals Rejected
Hodza's government initially rejected the Anglo-French territorial proposals because it considered them incompatible with Czechoslovak national security.
National Security Objection
Hodza opposed the proposed territorial concessions on the grounds that they would undermine the security of Czechoslovakia.
Prague Rejects Territorial Plan
The government led by Hodza rejected the Anglo-French territorial plan in Prague before later political pressure forced a change of course.
Treaty of Munich
Hodza's government initially rejected the Anglo-French territorial proposals as incompatible with national security.
Acceptance after Allied Warning
After warnings from Britain and France about the absence of military support, Benes accepted the territorial plan in Prague.
Anglo-French Pressure on Prague
Benes accepted the Anglo-French plan after Britain and France warned that Czechoslovakia could not rely on their military support.
Bad Godesberg
Benes accepted the earlier Anglo-French transfer plan only after intense pressure from Britain and France.
Decision under British and French Pressure
Benes accepted the Anglo-French proposals under pressure created by warnings that Czechoslovakia would face the crisis without expected British or French military backing.
Godesberg
Benes accepted the earlier Anglo-French transfer plan only after intense pressure from Britain and France.
Treaty of Munich
Benes accepted the Anglo-French plan after Britain and France warned that Czechoslovakia could not expect military support.
Alliance Declares Russias commitment to and France and Czech
Declares Russias commitment to support its Treaty obligations with France & Czech
Treaty Negotiations at Geneva
Declares Russias commitment to support its Treaty obligations with France & Czech
Resignation of Milan Hodza
Milan Hodza resigned in Prague as the political crisis surrounding the Munich dispute brought his government to an end.
Resignation of Milan Hodza
Resigns after the Treaty of Munich
First Syrovy Government
Begins the First Syrovy Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Bad Godesberg
Krofta warned foreign diplomats that Hitler might enlarge his demands during the Godesberg meeting.
Godesberg
Krofta warned foreign diplomats that Hitler might enlarge his demands during the Godesberg meeting.
Hodza Resigns during Political Crisis
Hodza resigned as prime minister after public anger and political crisis followed acceptance of the Anglo-French plan.
Treaty of Munich
Hodza resigned after public anger and political crisis followed acceptance of the Anglo-French plan.
Bad Godesberg
Syrovy formed a new government as the Godesberg negotiations intensified the national emergency.
Czechoslovak Government under Military Threat
Syrovy's government took shape while Czechoslovakia faced an escalating military threat from Germany.
Emergency Government Formation
Syrovy established a new government in the emergency created by the mounting German invasion threat.
Godesberg
Syrovy formed a new government as the Godesberg negotiations intensified the national emergency.
Government Change amid Invasion Crisis
The growing threat of German invasion coincided with Syrovy forming a new Czechoslovak government in Prague.
Government Formation during Sudeten Crisis
Syrovy formed a new government as the Sudeten crisis was accompanied by the growing danger of German invasion.
Government Formed before Munich Conference
Syrovy formed a new government before the Munich Conference as German invasion threats placed Czechoslovakia under severe pressure.
Government Formed during Invasion Threat
Syrovy formed a new government in Prague while the threat of German invasion was increasing.
Government Formed under Invasion Threat
Syrovy formed a new government in Prague as the threat of a German invasion of Czechoslovakia intensified.
Government Response to German Invasion Threat
Syrovy's new government was formed in response to the rapidly worsening danger of a German invasion.
Leadership Change during Czech Crisis
A new government led by Syrovy took office as the Czech crisis developed into a direct threat of German invasion.
Leadership Change in Prague
The worsening international crisis brought Syrovy to the head of a new government in Prague.
New Cabinet during German Threat
A new cabinet was formed under Syrovy while German actions created a mounting threat to Czechoslovakia.
New Government amid German Pressure
Syrovy took charge of a newly formed government as German pressure created an immediate threat to Czechoslovakia.
New Government during German Threat
Jan Syrovy became prime minister and formed a new government during the mounting danger of German military action.
Prague Government Reorganisation
The Czechoslovak government was reorganised under Syrovy as German pressure raised the immediate threat of invasion.
Prime Minister during Invasion Threat
Syrovy assumed leadership of a new government while the possibility of a German invasion was mounting.
Syrovy Government Formation
Syrovy formed a new government as Czechoslovakia faced an increasingly serious threat of invasion from Germany.
Syrovy Leads Government in Crisis
Syrovy led the newly formed government as the danger of a German invasion became central to the Czechoslovak crisis.
Syrovy Takes Office amid German Pressure
Syrovy formed his government while German pressure on Czechoslovakia was creating the prospect of invasion.
Treaty of Munich
Syrovy formed a new government during the mounting threat of German invasion.
Bad Godesberg
Ribbentrop attended the talks and supported Hitler’s rejection of the Anglo-French proposals.
Godesberg
Ribbentrop attended the talks and supported Hitler’s rejection of the Anglo-French proposals.
Alliance Agreement at Bad Godesberg
Chamberlain visits Hitler & offers peaceful inclusion of Sudetenland within the Reich. Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia
Alliance Chamberlain and France and Russia
Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia
Bad Godesberg
Hitler claimed that conditions had changed since the Berchtesgaden meeting one week earlier.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler demanded immediate evacuation of Czechoslovak authorities from the territories marked on his map.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler rejected a prolonged international process for transferring Sudeten German areas to Germany.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler rejected the Anglo-French transfer plan presented by Chamberlain as inadequate and outdated.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler insisted that German troops, rather than international forces, occupy the ceded districts.
Godesberg
Hitler claimed that conditions had changed since the Berchtesgaden meeting one week earlier.
Godesberg
Hitler demanded immediate evacuation of Czechoslovak authorities from the territories marked on his map.
Godesberg
Hitler rejected a prolonged international process for transferring Sudeten German areas to Germany.
Godesberg
Hitler rejected the Anglo-French transfer plan presented by Chamberlain as inadequate and outdated.
Godesberg
Hitler insisted that German troops, rather than international forces, occupy the ceded districts.
Invasion of Czech
Chamberlain visits Hitler & offers peaceful inclusion of Sudetenland within the Reich
Invasion of Sudetenland, The
Chamberlain visits Hitler & offers peaceful inclusion of Sudetenland within the Reich
Rule of Saarland
Chamberlain visits Hitler & offers peaceful inclusion of Sudetenland within the Reich
Treaty of Munich
Hitler rejected the earlier transfer timetable and demanded rapid German military occupation of the Sudetenland.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Horace Wilson advised Chamberlain during the negotiations and helped assess the German response.
Godesberg
Horace Wilson advised Chamberlain during the negotiations and helped assess the German response.
Alliance Agreement at Bad Godesberg
Offers Hitler the Sudetenland. Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia
Alliance Chamberlain and France and Russia
Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia
Anglo-French Transfer Plan Presented
At Godesberg, Chamberlain put the accepted Anglo-French transfer proposals before Hitler as a basis for settlement.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Hitler receives Chamberlain & demands the immediate cession of all Sudetenland
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Offers Hitler the Sudetenland. Chamberlain offers the dissolution of the Czech alliances with France & Russia
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain presented the Anglo-French transfer plan that Czechoslovakia had accepted under pressure.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain arrived near Cologne before continuing by train and motorcade to Bad Godesberg.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain flew from Heston to Germany for his second personal meeting with Hitler.
Godesberg Meeting with Hitler
Chamberlain met Hitler again at Bad Godesberg and presented the Anglo-French proposals that Czechoslovakia had accepted.
Godesberg Meeting with Hitler
Meets Hitler again at Godesberg and is confronted with demands going beyond the earlier Anglo-French proposals.
Godesberg Negotiations
Chamberlain continued direct negotiations with Hitler at Godesberg after the earlier Berchtesgaden discussions failed to settle the crisis.
Godesberg
Chamberlain presented the Anglo-French transfer plan that Czechoslovakia had accepted under pressure.
Godesberg
Chamberlain arrived near Cologne before continuing by train and motorcade to Bad Godesberg.
Godesberg
Chamberlain flew from Heston to Germany for his second personal meeting with Hitler.
Peace Mediation at Godesberg
Hitler receives Chamberlain & demands the immediate cession of all Sudetenland
Rule of Sudetenland, The
Hitler receives Chamberlain & demands the immediate cession of all Sudetenland
Rule of Sudetenland, The
Offers Hitler the Sudetenland
Second Meeting with Hitler
Chamberlain's second meeting with Hitler focused on whether the Sudeten dispute could be settled through the Anglo-French plan.
Sudetenland Proposal at Godesberg
The Godesberg talks placed Chamberlain's proposed transfer of German-majority areas against Hitler's continuing demands over the Sudetenland.
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain met Hitler again and presented the Anglo-French proposals accepted by Czechoslovakia.
Second Hodza Government
The Second Hodza Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Bad Godesberg
Benes approved general mobilization when the Godesberg talks failed to produce an acceptable settlement.
Godesberg
Benes approved general mobilization when the Godesberg talks failed to produce an acceptable settlement.
Bad Godesberg
Syrovy’s government ordered general mobilization after German pressure and frontier threats increased.
General Mobilization Ordered
Syrovy's government ordered general mobilization after the Godesberg negotiations failed to produce a settlement.
Godesberg
Syrovy’s government ordered general mobilization after German pressure and frontier threats increased.
Military Mobilization during Crisis
The Syrovy government placed the country on a general mobilization footing as the diplomatic crisis worsened after Godesberg.
Mobilization after Godesberg Failure
Following the failure of the Godesberg talks, Syrovy's government responded by ordering a general mobilization.
Prague Orders General Mobilization
From Prague, Syrovy's government ordered nationwide mobilization in response to the breakdown of the Godesberg negotiations.
Treaty of Munich
Syrovy's government ordered general mobilization after the Godesberg negotiations failed.
Treaty of Munich
Krejci directed the mobilization of Czechoslovak forces and occupation of the fortified frontier positions.
Bad Godesberg
Ribbentrop presented the German memorandum and its accompanying territorial map to the British delegation.
Godesberg
Ribbentrop presented the German memorandum and its accompanying territorial map to the British delegation.
Treaty of Munich
Ribbentrop presented the Godesberg memorandum and map setting out Germany's expanded territorial demands.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler claimed prompt German occupation was necessary to protect Sudeten Germans from Czechoslovak authority.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler refused to guarantee Czechoslovakia’s remaining frontiers without Polish and Hungarian participation.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler required Czechoslovak troops, police, and officials to withdraw from designated districts by October 1.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler stated that Germany would become a satisfied continental power after settlement of the Sudeten question.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler supplied a map identifying territories for immediate occupation and areas proposed for plebiscites.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler demanded plebiscites in additional areas not assigned directly to Germany by the population map.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler linked settlement of German claims to unresolved Polish and Hungarian minority demands.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler allowed Chamberlain to soften the memorandum’s wording but refused changes to its essential demands.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler approved a written memorandum defining Germany’s expanded demands and accelerated occupation timetable.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler demanded immediate release of ethnic Germans held in Czechoslovak prisons.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler demanded that German-speaking soldiers be released from the Czechoslovak armed forces.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler required evacuated territory to retain fortifications, factories, rail equipment, food, and livestock.
Godesberg
Hitler claimed prompt German occupation was necessary to protect Sudeten Germans from Czechoslovak authority.
Godesberg
Hitler refused to guarantee Czechoslovakia’s remaining frontiers without Polish and Hungarian participation.
Godesberg
Hitler required Czechoslovak troops, police, and officials to withdraw from designated districts by October 1.
Godesberg
Hitler stated that Germany would become a satisfied continental power after settlement of the Sudeten question.
Godesberg
Hitler supplied a map identifying territories for immediate occupation and areas proposed for plebiscites.
Godesberg
Hitler demanded plebiscites in additional areas not assigned directly to Germany by the population map.
Godesberg
Hitler linked settlement of German claims to unresolved Polish and Hungarian minority demands.
Godesberg
Hitler allowed Chamberlain to soften the memorandum’s wording but refused changes to its essential demands.
Godesberg
Hitler approved a written memorandum defining Germany’s expanded demands and accelerated occupation timetable.
Godesberg
Hitler demanded immediate release of ethnic Germans held in Czechoslovak prisons.
Godesberg
Hitler demanded that German-speaking soldiers be released from the Czechoslovak armed forces.
Godesberg
Hitler required evacuated territory to retain fortifications, factories, rail equipment, food, and livestock.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Wilson participated in discussions over the wording and implications of the German memorandum.
Godesberg
Wilson participated in discussions over the wording and implications of the German memorandum.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain continued discussions while British officials sought written clarification of Hitler’s expanded demands.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain received the German memorandum and accompanying map during the final Godesberg discussions.
Godesberg
Chamberlain continued discussions while British officials sought written clarification of Hitler’s expanded demands.
Godesberg
Chamberlain received the German memorandum and accompanying map during the final Godesberg discussions.
Bad Godesberg
Syrovy’s cabinet received the Godesberg memorandum and map from British and French representatives.
Godesberg
Syrovy’s cabinet received the Godesberg memorandum and map from British and French representatives.
Bad Godesberg
Bonnet focused on the dispute over whether German occupation should begin immediately or after an international process.
Godesberg
Bonnet focused on the dispute over whether German occupation should begin immediately or after an international process.
Bad Godesberg
Daladier examined the Godesberg memorandum after Chamberlain returned from Germany without an agreement.
Godesberg
Daladier examined the Godesberg memorandum after Chamberlain returned from Germany without an agreement.
Treaty of Munich
Daladier rejected Germany's demand for immediate military occupation and supported French precautionary mobilization.
Treaty of Munich
Gamelin supervised French military preparations as the prospect of war over Czechoslovakia increased.
Bad Godesberg
Weizsacker helped manage diplomatic communications after Chamberlain departed from Godesberg.
Godesberg
Weizsacker helped manage diplomatic communications after Chamberlain departed from Godesberg.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain left Godesberg after failing to secure Hitler’s acceptance of the Anglo-French plan.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain reported that the negotiations had ended without agreement and that the danger of war had increased.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain returned to London and placed the Godesberg memorandum before the Cabinet.
Cabinet Review of German Demands
Chamberlain brought the German memorandum before the Cabinet so ministers could assess the demands that had prevented agreement at Godesberg.
Failure of the Godesberg Talks
Chamberlain reported back in London after leaving Godesberg without securing Hitler's acceptance of the Anglo-French proposals.
Godesberg Memorandum Submitted to Cabinet
After returning from Germany, Chamberlain submitted Hitler's Godesberg memorandum to the British Cabinet for consideration.
Godesberg
Chamberlain left Godesberg after failing to secure Hitler’s acceptance of the Anglo-French plan.
Godesberg
Chamberlain reported that the negotiations had ended without agreement and that the danger of war had increased.
Godesberg
Chamberlain returned to London and placed the Godesberg memorandum before the Cabinet.
Return from Godesberg
Chamberlain returned to London from Godesberg without an agreement after the negotiations with Hitler failed to produce a settlement.
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain returned from Godesberg without agreement and submitted Hitler's memorandum to the Cabinet.
Bad Godesberg
Halifax examined the Godesberg memorandum with Chamberlain after the British delegation returned to London.
Godesberg
Halifax examined the Godesberg memorandum with Chamberlain after the British delegation returned to London.
Bad Godesberg
Benes described the Godesberg demands as destructive of the remaining Czechoslovak state.
Godesberg
Benes described the Godesberg demands as destructive of the remaining Czechoslovak state.
Bad Godesberg
Syrovy prepared Czechoslovakia to resist if Germany attempted to enforce the memorandum by force.
Bad Godesberg
Syrovy’s government rejected immediate military occupation and the abandonment of fortified territory.
Godesberg
Syrovy prepared Czechoslovakia to resist if Germany attempted to enforce the memorandum by force.
Godesberg
Syrovy’s government rejected immediate military occupation and the abandonment of fortified territory.
Bad Godesberg
Daladier joined Chamberlain in emergency consultations on the German demands and the risk of war.
Godesberg
Daladier joined Chamberlain in emergency consultations on the German demands and the risk of war.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain considered whether a revised timetable and international supervision could bridge the remaining dispute.
Godesberg
Chamberlain considered whether a revised timetable and international supervision could bridge the remaining dispute.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler publicly repeated his territorial demands and threatened action if the Sudetenland was not transferred.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler rejected Horace Wilson’s attempt to reopen negotiations on terms less severe than the memorandum.
Godesberg
Hitler publicly repeated his territorial demands and threatened action if the Sudetenland was not transferred.
Godesberg
Hitler rejected Horace Wilson’s attempt to reopen negotiations on terms less severe than the memorandum.
Treaty of Munich
Hitler told a Sportpalast audience that the Sudetenland was his final territorial demand in Europe.
Treaty of Munich
Roosevelt appealed to the governments involved to continue negotiations and avoid a European war.
Treaty of Munich
Hull supported Roosevelt's appeal for peaceful negotiation without committing the United States to the settlement.
Bad Godesberg
Hitler maintained the Godesberg demands while German military preparations continued near Czechoslovakia.
Godesberg
Hitler maintained the Godesberg demands while German military preparations continued near Czechoslovakia.
Invasion of Poland
Troops pass before Hitler to the indifference of the Berliners, in contrast to 1914
Mobilization
Appeals to Hitler not to begin a war
Launch of Queen Elizabeth
Bates oversees Cunard's expansion when Queen Elizabeth launches at Clydebank.
Appeal for Continued Negotiation
In his broadcast, Chamberlain argued that diplomatic negotiation should continue while a peaceful settlement of the crisis could still be pursued.
Argument against Immediate War
Chamberlain publicly presented continued diplomacy as preferable to entering an immediate war over the unresolved Czechoslovak dispute.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain addressed the British public as Europe prepared for a possible war over Czechoslovakia.
Broadcast on the Czechoslovak Crisis
Chamberlain broadcast to the British public that Britain should not rush into war over the Czechoslovak dispute while negotiations remained possible.
Broadcast on the Czechoslovak Crisis
Addresses the British public by radio during the crisis and explains his continuing effort to prevent a European war.
Godesberg
Chamberlain addressed the British public as Europe prepared for a possible war over Czechoslovakia.
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain broadcast that Britain should not rush into war over a distant dispute while negotiations remained possible.
Treaty of Munich
Duff Cooper argued within the Cabinet that further concessions would strengthen Hitler and weaken British credibility.
Treaty of Munich
Halifax coordinated diplomatic warnings and Cabinet preparations during the final days before the Munich conference.
Conference of Munich
Draws up the draft for the memorandum which Mussolini uses for the Munich Agreement
Munich Agreement
Draws up the draft for the memorandum which Mussolini uses for the Munich Agreement
Treaty of Munich
Draws up the draft for the memorandum which Mussolini uses for the Munich Agreement
Conference of Munich
Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement
Munich Agreement
Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement
Conference before Invasion
Before the threatened invasion took place, Hitler postponed the deadline and invited three other leaders to negotiate in Munich.
Conference of Munich
Hitler wants a conference to settle the Czech crisis, Mussolini chooses Munich
Conference of Munich
Holds a conference with Mussolini & the Prime Minister's of France & Britain
Crisis
Hitler wants a conference to settle the Czech crisis, Mussolini chooses Munich
Four-Power Conference Called
Hitler called Chamberlain, Daladier and Mussolini to Munich after deciding to postpone the invasion deadline.
International Agreement at Berlin
Mussolini sends his Ambassador of agree the action Hitler wants in the Sudetenland
International Agreement at Sudetenland, The
The French Ambassador visits Hitler & agrees occupation of the Sudetenland 10th Oct
Invasion Deadline Postponed
Hitler postponed the planned invasion deadline and invited Chamberlain, Daladier and Mussolini to a conference in Munich.
Invasion Delay and Conference Proposal
The invasion deadline was postponed by Hitler as he proposed a conference with the British, French and Italian leaders.
Invasion Threat Paused for Talks
Hitler paused the immediate invasion timetable and invited Chamberlain, Daladier and Mussolini to talks in Munich.
Military Deadline Deferred
Hitler deferred the invasion deadline and issued invitations for the leaders of Britain, France and Italy to meet him in Munich.
Munich Conference Invitation
From Berlin, Hitler invited Chamberlain, Daladier and Mussolini to Munich after postponing the invasion deadline.
Munich Conference Proposed
Hitler proposed the Munich Conference after postponing the deadline for military action against Czechoslovakia.
Munich Meeting Arranged
Hitler arranged a Munich meeting with Chamberlain, Daladier and Mussolini after temporarily delaying military action.
Postponement before Munich
Hitler delayed the invasion deadline and opened the way for a four-power conference at Munich.
Treaty of Munich
Hitler postponed the invasion deadline and invited Chamberlain, Daladier, and Mussolini to Munich.
Conference of Munich
Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement
Munich Agreement
Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement
Acceptance of the Munich Conference
Chamberlain accepted the opportunity for a four-power meeting intended to seek a negotiated settlement of the Sudeten crisis.
Bad Godesberg Meeting
Chamberlain received Hitler’s invitation to a four-power conference after the Godesberg crisis approached war.
Commons Statement Before Munich
Chamberlain reported to the House of Commons on the Czechoslovak crisis shortly before accepting an invitation to a four-power conference at Munich.
Commons Statement Before Munich
Reports to the House of Commons on the Czechoslovak crisis before accepting the invitation to the four-power conference at Munich.
Conference of Munich
In the Commons announces an invitation to attend a 4 power conference
Four-Power Conference Invitation
Chamberlain received an invitation to meet Hitler, Daladier and Mussolini at Munich after Hitler postponed the threatened invasion deadline.
Godesberg
Chamberlain received Hitler’s invitation to a four-power conference after the Godesberg crisis approached war.
Munich Conference Announcement
Chamberlain announced in the House of Commons that he had been invited to attend a four-power conference on the Czechoslovak crisis.
Postponed Invasion Deadline
The postponement of Hitler's invasion deadline opened the way for Chamberlain to travel to Munich for another attempt at settlement.
Czechoslovak Crisis Statement
Responds to Chamberlain's Commons statement during the final days of the Czechoslovak crisis.
Treaty of Munich
Mussolini relayed a request for Hitler to postpone military action and proposed a four-power conference.
Treaty of Munich
Ciano coordinated Italian communications concerning the proposed Munich conference.
Conference of Munich
Sends an Ambasador to Hitler who wants a conference, Mussolini chooses Munich. Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement
International Conference at Munich
Hitler decides to hold a conference, Mussolini chooses Munich
Munich Agreement
Helps draw up a draft memorandum which Mussolini uses for framing the Munich Agreement
Munich Agreement
Czechoslovakia was informed by Britain and France that it could either resist Nazi Germany alone or submit to the prescribed annexations
Munich Agreement
The German army was to complete the occupation of the Sudetenland by 10 October, and an international commission would decide the future of other disputed areas.
Treaty of Munich
Daladier represented France at the conference and accepted the transfer of the Sudetenland to Germany.
Munich Agreement
Follows policy of appeasement & signs the Munich agreement
Treaty of Munich
Follows policy of appeasement & signs the Munich agreement
Treaty of Munich
Ribbentrop advised Hitler during the negotiations and opposed concessions beyond Germany's territorial objectives.
Bad Godesberg Proposals
The Treaty of Munich confirms the Godesberg Proposals agreed between Hitler & Chamberlain
Conference of Munich
Boards Mussolinis train prior to the Munich Conference, discusses invading Czech
Czech Invasion Discussed before Munich
The possibility of invading Czechoslovakia was discussed by Hitler and Mussolini at Kufstein before the Munich negotiations.
Czechoslovak Invasion Topic at Kufstein
The question of invading Czechoslovakia formed part of Hitler's discussion with Mussolini at Kufstein.
Godesberg Proposals
Substantially the same as the Godesberg Proposals agreed between Hitler & Chamberlain
Hitler Meets Mussolini at Kufstein
Hitler joined Mussolini's train at Kufstein and discussed military action against Czechoslovakia before the conference.
Invasion Discussion with Mussolini
Hitler boarded Mussolini's train at Kufstein before the Munich Conference and discussed the possibility of invading Czechoslovakia.
Invasion Plans Discussed at Kufstein
Hitler and Mussolini discussed the possibility of an invasion while meeting at Kufstein ahead of the Munich Conference.
Invasion of Czech
Boards Mussolinis train prior to the Munich Conference, discusses invading Czech
Kufstein Meeting before Munich
Hitler met Mussolini at Kufstein immediately before the Munich Conference and raised the subject of invading Czechoslovakia.
Kufstein Talks on Czech Invasion
At Kufstein, Hitler met Mussolini on his train and discussed an invasion of the Czech state before travelling to Munich.
Military Discussion on Mussolini's Train
While aboard Mussolini's train at Kufstein, Hitler discussed the possible invasion of Czechoslovakia.
Munich Agreement
The Sudetenland is ceded to Germany under the terms of the Munich Agreement
Munich Conference
Boards Mussolinis train prior to the Munich Conference, discusses invading Czech
Munich Journey Invasion Discussion
On the journey before the Munich Conference, Hitler met Mussolini at Kufstein and discussed invading Czechoslovakia.
Pre-Conference Invasion Discussion
Before the Munich Conference, Hitler spoke with Mussolini at Kufstein about the prospect of invading Czechoslovakia.
Rule of Sudetenland, The
The Sudetenland is ceded to Germany under the terms of the Munich Agreement
Rule of Sudetenland, The
Under the Treaty of Munich The Sudetenland is ceded to Germany
Treaty of Munich
Hitler pledges that the Sudetenland is his final demand
Treaty of Munich
The Treaty of Munich confirms the Godesberg Proposals agreed between Hitler & Chamberlain
Treaty of Munich
The Treaty of Munich confirms the Godesburg Proposals agreed between Hitler & Chamberlain
Treaty of Munich
Under the Treaty of Munich The Sudetenland is ceded to Germany
Treaty of Munich
Weizsacker supported the German delegation during preparation and drafting of the agreement.
Conference of Munich
Attends the Conference at the Fuhrerhaus with Hitler, Mussolini & Daladier
Conference without Czechoslovak Participation
Chamberlain took part in the four-power negotiations even though representatives of Czechoslovakia were not present at the conference table.
Czechoslovak Loss of Teschen
The settlement at Munich was followed by the loss of the Teschen district from Czechoslovakia to Poland.
Four-Power Munich Conference
Chamberlain met Hitler, Mussolini and Daladier at Munich to negotiate a settlement of the Sudeten crisis.
Four-Power Munich Conference
Meets Hitler, Mussolini and Daladier at Munich to settle the Sudeten crisis without Czechoslovak participation in the negotiations.
Godesberg Proposals Confirmed at Munich
The Munich settlement substantially confirmed the Godesberg proposals that had formed part of Chamberlain's earlier negotiations with Hitler.
Meeting with Hitler Daladier and Mussolini
Chamberlain attended the conference at Munich with Hitler, Daladier and Mussolini as the four governments sought to resolve the crisis.
Munich Settlement and Teschen
Chamberlain's participation in the Munich settlement coincided with the cession of Teschen to Poland in the wider territorial reordering.
Munich Territorial Settlement
The settlement negotiated at Munich provided for the Sudetenland to pass to Germany and also recorded further territorial changes affecting Czechoslovakia.
Polish Gain of Teschen
Chamberlain was present at the Munich settlement after which Poland obtained the Teschen district from Czechoslovakia.
Polish Territorial Gain after Munich
The Munich agreement was followed by a Polish territorial gain in Teschen, which was taken from Czechoslovakia.
Sudetenland Settlement Negotiation
At Munich, Chamberlain participated in negotiations that accepted the transfer of the Sudetenland to Germany.
Territorial Settlement Affecting Teschen
At Munich, Chamberlain participated in the territorial settlement that included the cession of Teschen to Poland.
Teschen Ceded to Poland
As part of the territorial consequences recorded in the Munich settlement, the Teschen district was ceded to Poland.
Teschen Cession under Munich Settlement
The Munich settlement associated Chamberlain with an agreement under which the Teschen district was ceded to Poland.
Teschen Included in Post-Munich Changes
The agreement reached at Munich formed part of the territorial changes in which Teschen passed from Czechoslovakia to Poland.
Teschen Territorial Change
The Munich territorial arrangements were followed by the transfer of the Teschen district to Poland.
Teschen in the Munich Territorial Settlement
Teschen was among the territories affected by the settlement associated with Chamberlain's participation at Munich.
Treaty of Munich
The Sudetenland is ceded to Germany & Teschen is ceded to Poland. Ruthenia & a part of Slovakia is ceded to Hungary
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain attended the four-power conference without representatives of Czechoslovakia present at the negotiations.
Treaty of Munich
Mussolini presented proposals closely reflecting German demands and acted publicly as a mediator.
Treaty of Munich
Ciano accompanied Mussolini and recorded the conference discussions in his diary.
Conference of Munich
Hitler boards Mussolinis train at Kufstein prior to the Munich Conference
Conference of Munich
Acts as an interpreter between Hitler & the British & French Prime Minister's
Munich Agreement
The Czechoslovak Government, realizing the hopelessness of fighting the Nazis alone, reluctantly capitulated (30 September) and agreed to abide by the agreement
Munich Agreement
The settlement gave Germany the Sudetenland starting 10 October, and de facto control over the rest of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to go no further.
Munich Agreement
With Sudetenland gone to Germany, Czecho-Slovakia lost its defensible border with Germany and its fortifications.
Czechoslovak Protest after Munich
As foreign minister, Krofta formally objected to the Munich settlement after Prague received terms decided without Czechoslovak representation.
Munich Settlement Received in Prague
Krofta received the Munich settlement in Prague after it had been negotiated without Czechoslovak participation.
Protest against Imposed Settlement
Krofta protested the settlement imposed on Czechoslovakia because the country had not participated in the negotiations that determined the terms.
Terms Imposed without Participation
Krofta received and protested terms that had been imposed on Czechoslovakia by the Munich powers without its participation at the conference.
Treaty of Munich
Krofta received and protested the settlement imposed on Czechoslovakia without its participation.
Munich Terms Accepted without Military Support
Benes accepted the imposed Munich settlement rather than order resistance without the expected support of Britain or France.
Prague Accepts Imposed Settlement
Benes accepted the Munich settlement in Prague after concluding that Czechoslovakia could not resist with the support it had expected.
Resistance Not Ordered after Munich
Benes chose not to order armed resistance after the Munich terms were imposed and expected British and French support was unavailable.
Treaty of Munich
Benes accepted the imposed settlement rather than order resistance without expected French or British support.
Czechoslovakia Accepts Munich Terms
Syrovy's government accepted the Munich settlement in Prague rather than continue resistance under the intense international pressure surrounding the crisis.
Four-Power Pressure on Prague
The government led by Syrovy accepted the imposed settlement after pressure from all four powers involved in the Munich negotiations.
Government Acceptance of Imposed Agreement
The Syrovy government accepted the agreement imposed at Munich after Britain, France, Germany and Italy pressed Prague to comply.
Munich Terms Accepted under Pressure
Syrovy's government accepted the Munich terms under intense pressure from Britain, France, Germany and Italy.
Treaty of Munich
Syrovy's government accepted the Munich terms under intense British, French, German, and Italian pressure.
Treaty of Munich
Daladier signed the agreement requiring Czechoslovakia to evacuate designated Sudeten territories.
Treaty of Munich
Daladier returned to Paris and received a large public welcome despite his doubts about the agreement.
Conference of Munich
Signs the Munich Agreement
Munich Agreement
Signs the Munich Agreement
Treaty of Munich
Hitler signed the agreement authorizing German occupation of the Sudetenland between October 1 and October 10.
Treaty of Munich
Hitler signed the bilateral declaration with Chamberlain after concluding the four-power agreement.
Post Munich Strategic Assessment Recorded
After Munich, Jodl records approval of Hitler's success in neutralising Czechoslovakia without immediate war.
Anglo-German Declaration
After the four-power agreement, Chamberlain and Hitler signed a separate declaration expressing an intention to resolve future Anglo-German disputes through consultation.
Anglo-German Declaration
Signs a separate declaration with Hitler stating an intention to use consultation in future Anglo-German disputes.
Evacuation Timetable Settlement
Chamberlain joined the other leaders in settling an evacuation timetable that formed part of the final Munich Agreement.
Munich Agreement Signature
Chamberlain signed the Munich Agreement in the early hours after the four powers settled the terms governing the Sudetenland transfer.
Peace for Our Time Statement
At Downing Street, Chamberlain told the crowd that he believed the Munich settlement meant peace for their time.
Peace with Honour Statement
Chamberlain presented the separate declaration with Hitler as evidence that the Munich settlement had secured what he called peace with honour.
Return to Heston Aerodrome
On returning to Britain, Chamberlain displayed the Anglo-German declaration at Heston Aerodrome and described the outcome as peace with honour.
Terms Communicated to Czechoslovakia
After the agreement was reached, Chamberlain and Daladier faced the task of communicating the imposed settlement to the Czechoslovak representatives.
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain displayed the Anglo-German declaration after returning to Britain and described the settlement as peace with honour.
Treaty of Munich
Declares from 10 Downing St there will be "peace for our time". Brings "peace with honor"
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain told the crowd at Downing Street that he believed the settlement meant peace for their time.
Treaty of Munich
Agreed in the early hours, Chamberlain & Daladier must break it to the Czechs
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain and Hitler signed a separate Anglo-German declaration expressing a desire to resolve future disputes through consultation.
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain signed the Munich Agreement in the early hours after the four powers settled the evacuation timetable.
Treaty of Munich
Mussolini signed the agreement and its annexes concerning guarantees and minority questions.
Peace Mediation at Teschen
Demands immediate Czech withdrawal from Teschen
Treaty Negotiations at Warsaw
Warsaw denounces the 1925 military Treaty with Czechoslovakia
Diplomatic Pressure over Teschen
Beck's government applied diplomatic pressure for the surrender of Teschen before Polish forces occupied the district.
Polish Demand for Teschen
Beck's government used the immediate post-Munich crisis to press its demand for the transfer of Teschen.
Polish Territorial Demand at Teschen
Beck's government pursued a territorial demand for Teschen while Czechoslovakia was dealing with the immediate consequences of Munich.
Post-Munich Teschen Claim
Beck's government advanced Poland's claim to Teschen as the territorial consequences of Munich were unfolding.
Pressure for Teschen
Beck's government pressed Czechoslovakia to surrender the Teschen district during the immediate aftermath of the Munich settlement.
Teschen Demand after Munich
Following the Munich settlement, Beck's government demanded that Czechoslovakia give up the Teschen district to Poland.
Teschen Surrender Demand
The Polish government led by Beck demanded that Czechoslovakia surrender Teschen in the aftermath of the Munich agreement.
Teschen Territorial Pressure
From Warsaw, Beck's government applied pressure on Czechoslovakia to surrender the Teschen district after Munich.
Teschen Ultimatum Pressure
Beck's government increased pressure on Czechoslovakia over Teschen in the period leading to the Polish ultimatum.
Treaty of Munich
Beck's government pressed Czechoslovakia to surrender the Teschen district during the immediate aftermath of Munich.
Warsaw Presses Teschen Claim
Under Beck, the Polish government pressed Czechoslovakia to accept the transfer of the Teschen district.
Treaty of Munich
Litvinov criticized the exclusion of the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia from the Munich conference.
Munich Crisis Staff Duties
During the Munich Crisis, Manstein served in a senior staff role under General Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb. The assignment involved preparing German army operations amid the confrontation over Czechoslovakia.
Czechoslovakia Attack Planning Participation
Jodl participates in detailed planning connected with a possible German attack on Czechoslovakia.
Sudeten Crisis Operational Timing Discussed
Jodl discusses operational timing requirements for a manufactured incident before any planned attack on Czechoslovakia.
Enigma Machine
Takes his Enigma team to Bletchley Park during the GC&CS wartime rehearsal.
Enigma Machine
Leads service-section staff, including the Enigma team, during the Bletchley Park wartime rehearsal.
Marrakech Stay
Travels to Morocco for health and writing.
October 1938153 historical events
German Occupation
German troops march into the Sudetenland, the promised plebiscite is never held. Czech loses 11,000 square miles of territory
Occupation of Sudetenland
German troops march into the Sudetenland, the promised plebiscite is never held
Resignation of Eduard Benes
Signs the Munich Treaty and resigns
Treaty of Munich
Henlein accompanied the transfer of Sudeten territory and became a leading Nazi administrator in the annexed region.
First Day of Sudetenland Occupation
The first day of German occupation saw troops enter the Sudetenland under the terms created by the Munich settlement.
German Entry into Ceded Sudeten Territory
German forces entered the ceded Sudeten areas as the territorial terms of the Munich settlement began to take effect.
German March into Sudetenland
German troops marched into the Sudetenland on 1 October as the post-Munich occupation began.
German Troops Enter Sudetenland
The German army began entering the Sudetenland on the day after the Munich Agreement was signed by Hitler.
Invasion of Czech
German troops march into the Sudetenland, the promised plebiscite is never held. Czech loses 11,000 sqr miles of territory
Invasion of Sudetenland, The
German troops entered the Sudetenland one day after Hitler signed the Munich Agreement, and the promised plebiscite was not held.
Invasion of Sudetenland, The
Troops enter the Sudetenland, the day after Hitler has signed the Munich Agreement. German troops march into the Sudetenland, the promised plebiscite is never held
Munich Agreement Followed by Occupation
Hitler's signature of the Munich Agreement was followed the next day by the entry of German troops into the Sudetenland.
Munich Agreement
Troops enter the Sudetenland, the day after Hitler has signed the Munich Agreement. German troops enter the Sudetenland, the day after the Munich Agreement
Occupation after Munich Agreement
The day after the Munich Agreement, German troops entered the Sudetenland and began occupying the ceded territory.
Plebiscite Not Held in Sudetenland
German troops occupied the Sudetenland after Munich, but the plebiscite promised in connection with the transfer was never held.
Post-Munich Entry into Sudetenland
German forces entered the Sudetenland immediately after the Munich settlement transferred the territory to German control.
Sudetenland Military Entry
German troops moved into the Sudetenland after Hitler had signed the Munich Agreement the previous day.
Sudetenland Occupation Begins
Occupation of the Sudetenland began as German troops crossed into the territory following the Munich Agreement.
Sudetenland Occupation without Plebiscite
German occupation of the Sudetenland began after Munich, while the promised plebiscite mentioned in the source record did not take place.
Sudetenland Occupied after Agreement
Hitler's forces entered the Sudetenland after the agreement had authorised the transfer of the territory to Germany.
Sudetenland Taken after Munich
Germany began taking control of the Sudetenland when troops entered the territory the day after Hitler signed the agreement.
Sudetenland Transfer Enforced
The territorial transfer agreed at Munich was enforced as German troops marched into the Sudetenland.
Treaty of Munich
German troops enter the Sudetenland, the day after the Munich Agreement
Commander of Luftflotte 1
Appointed Commander Luftflotte 1, based in Berlin
Treaty of Munich
Brauchitsch supervised the German Army's entry into the first occupation zones of the Sudetenland.
Cabinet Resignation over Munich
Duff Cooper resigned from Chamberlain's Cabinet because he opposed the Munich settlement and the policy that had produced it.
Invasion of Sudetenland, The
Returns having failed to satisy Hitler who will invade the Sudetenland 1st Oct
Returns having failed to satisy Hitler
Returns having failed to satisy Hitler who will invade the Sudetenland 1st Oct
Munich Agreement
The most public critic of Neville Chamberlains appeasement policy inside the Cabinet, resigns over the Munich Agreement
Resignation of Alfred Duff Cooper
The most public critic of Neville Chamberlains appeasement policy inside the Cabinet, resigns over the Munich Agreement
Treaty of Munich
Duff Cooper resigned from the Cabinet because he opposed the Munich settlement and Chamberlain's policy.
Treaty of Munich
The most public critic of Neville Chamberlains appeasement policy inside the Cabinet, resigns over the Munich Agreement
Occupation after Teschen Ultimatum
Following acceptance of the Polish ultimatum, the Teschen district was occupied by Poland.
Polish Control of Teschen
Polish control was established in Teschen after the Czechoslovak government accepted Poland's ultimatum.
Polish Entry into Teschen
Polish forces entered and occupied the Teschen district once Czechoslovakia accepted the Polish ultimatum.
Polish Occupation of Teschen
Poland occupied the Teschen district after Czechoslovakia accepted the Polish ultimatum issued during the post-Munich crisis.
Post-Ultimatum Occupation of Teschen
After Czechoslovakia accepted Poland's ultimatum, the Teschen district was occupied and brought under Polish control.
Teschen District Occupied
The Teschen district came under Polish occupation after Czechoslovakia yielded to Poland's ultimatum.
Teschen Occupation Following Munich
In the immediate aftermath of Munich, Poland occupied Teschen after its ultimatum had been accepted by Czechoslovakia.
Teschen Taken by Poland
Poland took control of the Teschen district after the ultimatum to Czechoslovakia was accepted.
Teschen Ultimatum Accepted
Czechoslovakia accepted a Polish ultimatum over Teschen, after which Poland occupied the district.
Transfer of Teschen to Poland
Teschen passed into Polish control after Czechoslovakia accepted the ultimatum and Polish forces occupied the district.
Treaty of Munich
Poland occupied the Teschen district after Czechoslovakia accepted a Polish ultimatum.
Treaty of Munich
Hitler toured newly occupied Sudeten territory and received orchestrated public welcomes.
Anti-Munich Group Discussion
Churchill discussed the creation of a group opposed to Chamberlain's Munich policy, although support remained limited.
Calls for Opposition Group
Churchill called for a group to oppose Chamberlain over Munich but found comparatively few supporters willing to join him.
Cross-Party Munich Critics
Churchill brought together critics from across party lines to discuss opposition to the Munich settlement and possible electoral consequences.
Cross-Party Opposition Meeting
Churchill held a cross-party meeting in London with opponents of the Munich settlement to discuss how they should respond politically.
Election Strategy after Munich
Churchill met other critics of Munich to consider what course they should take if the dispute developed into an election issue.
Election
Holds cross party meeting of those opposed to Munich & what to do in an election
Limited Support for Anti-Munich Group
Churchill attempted to rally opposition to Chamberlain's policy after Munich, but the effort attracted only limited backing.
Munich Critics Consider Election
Churchill and other opponents of Munich considered how their position might be presented if the controversy became part of an election campaign.
Opposition to Chamberlain after Munich
Churchill sought organised resistance to Chamberlain's Munich policy and discovered that few colleagues were prepared to support the effort.
Opposition to Munich Organised
Churchill gathered politicians opposed to Munich in an attempt to organise a broader response to Chamberlain's policy.
Political Response to Munich
Churchill used a London meeting to explore how opponents of the agreement might coordinate their political response.
Treaty of Munich
Holds cross party meeting of those opposed to Munich & what to do in an election
Treaty of Munich
Calls for a group to oppose Chamberlain but finds few supporters
Commons Debate on the Munich Agreement
Chamberlain opened the Commons debate on the Munich Agreement by defending the settlement as an alternative to immediate war.
Conservative Opposition after Munich
As the Commons debate began, Conservative critics including Churchill and Eden challenged Chamberlain's policy and the consequences of the Munich settlement.
Defence of Munich in Commons
Chamberlain defended the Munich settlement in the House of Commons as an orderly alternative to immediate war while maintaining that British rearmament should continue.
Defence of Munich in Commons
Defends the Munich settlement in the House of Commons as an orderly alternative to immediate war while insisting that rearmament continue.
Munich Agreement
The Commons debate on the Munich Agreement begins
Treaty of Munich
Chamberlain opened the Commons debate by defending the agreement as an alternative to immediate war.
Treaty of Munich
The Commons debate on the Munich Agreement begins
Munich Debate
Takes part in the first Commons debate after Munich as a Conservative critic of Chamberlain's foreign policy.
Munich Agreement Response
Calls the Munich settlement a humiliation and argues that Czechoslovakia has been forced to yield to threats of force.
Treaty of Munich
Attlee criticized the government's policy and the sacrifice of Czechoslovakia during the Commons debate.
First Syrovy Government
The First Syrovy Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Syrovy Government
Begins the Second Syrovy Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
European Situation after Munich
Criticises the Munich settlement and the weakening of Czechoslovakia in the Commons.
European Situation Debate after Munich
Continues Labour's criticism of the Munich settlement and warns that the underlying European danger remains.
Resignation of Eduard Benes
Eduard Benes resigned as President of Czechoslovakia after the Munich Agreement had produced major territorial and political consequences.
Resignation of Eduard Benes
Resigns after the Munich Agreement.
Munich Agreement
With Sudetenland gone to Germany, Czecho-Slovakia lost its defensible border with Germany and its fortifications
Munich Agreement
Pressured into resignation by Hitler after the Munich agreement
Munich Crisis Ends Benes Presidency
The political consequences of the Munich Agreement culminated in Benes resigning the Czechoslovak presidency in Prague.
Pressure Leading to Benes Resignation
Benes was pressured into resignation after the Munich Agreement and left the presidency during the political crisis in Prague.
Resignation of Eduard Benes
With Sudetenland gone to Germany, Czecho-Slovakia lost its defensible border with Germany and its fortifications
Resignation of Eduard Benes
Pressured into resignation by Hitler after the Munich agreement
Presidential Resignation after Munich
Benes resigned the presidency after the territorial losses and political collapse that followed the Munich settlement.
Treaty of Munich
Benes resigned the presidency after the territorial losses and political collapse caused by the Munich settlement.
Britain and France Defeated at Munich
Churchill argued that Britain and France had suffered a complete political defeat in accepting the Munich settlement.
Complete and Unmitigated Defeat
Churchill condemned the settlement as a complete and unmitigated defeat for Britain and France.
Condemnation of Munich Agreement
Churchill publicly condemned the Munich Agreement and argued that the settlement represented a major political and strategic failure.
Criticism of Chamberlain's Munich Policy
Churchill used the Munich debate to criticise Chamberlain's policy and to present the agreement as a grave defeat.
Disaster of the First Magnitude Speech
Churchill described the Munich Agreement as a disaster of the first magnitude in a speech attacking the settlement.
Munich Agreement Rejected
Churchill rejected the Munich Agreement as an acceptable settlement and warned that its consequences were profoundly damaging.
Munich Agreement
Makes a speech describing the Munich Agreement as "a disaster of the first magnitude"
Munich Described as Major Disaster
Churchill characterised the Munich Agreement as a major disaster and rejected the optimistic interpretation promoted by its supporters.
Munich Settlement Attacked
Churchill argued that the Munich settlement had seriously weakened the position of Britain and France.
Public Attack on Munich
Churchill made a forceful public attack on the agreement, describing its consequences in exceptionally severe terms.
Speech against the Munich Settlement
Churchill delivered a speech attacking the Munich settlement and rejecting the claim that it represented a satisfactory outcome.
Treaty of Munich
Churchill condemned the agreement as a complete and unmitigated defeat for Britain and France.
Treaty of Munich
Makes a speech describing the Munich Agreement as "a disaster of the first magnitude"
Czechoslovakia Questions after Munich
Answers detailed Commons questions on the implementation and consequences of the Munich settlement.
Government Policy Debate
Criticises the strategic consequences of the Munich settlement during the extended Commons debate.
Commons Warning after Munich
Churchill used the Commons debate to warn that the consequences of Munich reached far beyond the immediate crisis.
Condemnation of the Munich Settlement
Churchill condemned the Munich settlement in the Commons and argued that Czechoslovakia had been gravely weakened.
Condemnation of the Munich Settlement
Condemns the Munich settlement in the Commons and argues that Czechoslovakia and the European balance of power have been gravely weakened.
Czechoslovakia Weakened by Munich
Churchill maintained that Munich had left Czechoslovakia gravely weakened and had damaged the European balance of power.
European Balance after Munich
Churchill argued that the Munich settlement had weakened both Czechoslovakia and the wider European balance of power.
Strategic Consequences of Munich
Churchill warned in the Commons that the agreement had serious strategic consequences beyond the immediate territorial settlement.
Munich Agreement Debate
Replies for Labour in the Commons debate, criticising the policy that led to Munich and the further concessions imposed on Czechoslovakia.
Government Policy Debate on Munich
Opposes the claim that Munich has created a durable peace and stresses the strategic cost of the settlement.
Treaty of Munich
Eden abstained in the Commons division rather than endorse the Munich settlement.
Czechoslovakia Questions
Continues answering questions on Czechoslovakia immediately after the Munich debate.
Conscription and National Service Debate
Presses for stronger national service and defence preparations immediately after Munich.
Coalition Negotiations
Kerensky continues political activity connected with coalition negotiations.
Zilina Agreement
Slovak politicians demand autonomy after the Munich Agreement.
Autonomous Government
Becomes head of the autonomous Slovak government.
Armament
Announces the strengthening of Germany's western fortifications
Completion of Territorial Withdrawal
Syrovy's administration completed its withdrawal from the territories that the Munich Agreement had assigned to Germany.
Evacuation of German-Assigned Territories
Syrovy's government completed the evacuation of territories assigned to German occupation under the Munich Agreement.
Evacuation under Munich Agreement
The government in Prague completed the evacuation required by the Munich settlement from areas assigned to German occupation.
Territorial Evacuation Completed
By 10 October, the Syrovy government had completed evacuation from the territories designated for German occupation.
Treaty of Munich
Syrovy's government completed evacuation of the territories assigned to German occupation under the agreement.
Treaty of Munich
Hitler's government completed occupation of the Sudeten territories according to the Munich timetable.
Treaty of Munich
Keitel oversaw military arrangements as German occupation of the designated Sudeten zones was completed.
Capital
The Nationalist government continues operating from Chongqing as the Japanese offensive drives deeper into central China.
Eighth Infantry Division Palestine Command
Takes command of 8th Infantry Division in Palestine after promotion to major-general.
Health of Maustafa Kemal Ataturk
Ataturk 1st goes into a coma
Communist Party
Czechoslovakia, complying with Nazi policy, outlaws the Communist Party and begins persecuting Jews
German Occupation
Czechoslovakia, complying with Nazi policy, outlaws the Communist Party and begins persecuting Jews
Capture of Canton
Japanese forces capture Guangzhou, threatening China’s remaining coastal supply routes.
Capture of Canton
Japanese troops occupy Canton
Invasion of China
Japanese troops occupy Canton
Diplomatic Mission at Berlin
Hosts the Polish Ambassador, Jozef Lipski & demands the return of Danzig
Rule of Danzig
Hosts the Polish Ambassador, Jozef Lipski & demands the return of Danzig
Capture of Wuchang
Japanese forces capture Wuhan after months of fighting, while the Nationalist government continues resistance from Chongqing.
Capture of Hankow
Hankow, current capital of China, falls to the Japanese
Invasion of China
Hankow, current capital of China, falls to the Japanese
Siege of Hankow
Hankow, current capital of China, falls to the Japanese
Neutrality
Belgium declares its neutrality
International Brigade
Farewell parade of the International Brigade
Munich Conference
The future of the Sudetenland is discussed by Hitler, Chamberlain, Daladier and Mussolini. The Czechs are not invited but Benes attends and is abused by Hitler
Constitution of Bolivia
Busch promulgates a constitution influenced by social reform and Chaco War nationalism.
Siege of Wuhan
Wuhan falls to Japanese forces, reinforcing the Nationalist government’s decision to continue the war from Chongqing.
Munich Agreement
Signs the Munich Treaty and resigns
Alliance Germany, Italy and Japan
Visits Mussolini to sign the pact with Italy. Draws up the terms of a pact between Germany, Italy & Japan
International Agreement at Berlin
Agrees German-Italian arbitration to settle a frontier between Hungary & Slovakia
Political Support at Berlin
Assures the Slovak leader, Durcansky, that Germany will support Slovak independence
Commons Division on Munich
Churchill abstained when the Commons division on the Munich Agreement was taken.
Munich Agreement
Abstains when the vote on the Munich Agreement is taken in the Commons
Munich Vote Abstention
During the Commons vote on Munich, Churchill abstained rather than give the settlement his approval.
Parliamentary Abstention over Munich
Churchill used abstention in the Commons to avoid supporting the Munich Agreement.
Treaty of Munich
Abstains when the vote on the Munich Agreement is taken in the Commons
Munich Agreement
Abstains in the Commons on the Munich Agreement vote
Treaty of Munich
Abstains in the Commons on the Munich Agreement vote
Armament
The rearmament programme is stepped up with an emphasis on heavy bombers
Diplomatic Negotiations
Talks are held with the Fench, Chamberlain keeps his "limited liabilty" war policy
International Agreement
Hitler agrees German-Italian frontier arbitration between Hungary & Slovakia
Enigma Machine
Designs perforated sheets that can identify Enigma settings despite increasingly complex plugboard connections.
Enigma Machine
Designs the Polish bomba kryptologiczna to automate part of the search for Enigma daily settings.
November 1938107 historical events
Rule of Memel
Lithuania bows to German demands to end martial law in Memel - local Nazi party leaders Neumann, Bertuleit and Bottchner released from prison
Crisis
Retired after Hitler's purge of the high command after the Blomberg-Fritsch crisis
Retirement
Retired after Hitler's purge of the high command after the Blomberg-Fritsch crisis
Post-Munich Czechoslovakia Questions
Responds to parliamentary questions on Czechoslovakia as the territorial settlement is implemented.
International Situation Debate
Challenges the continuation of appeasement after Munich and calls for a stronger international approach to aggression.
Air Vice Marshal
Appointed Air Vice Marshal
Fighter Command
Appointed Air Vice Marshal
Assembly
Makes the opening speech in the Turkish Grand National Assembly on behalf of Ataturk
National Assembly
Makes the opening speech in the Turkish Grand National Assembly on behalf of Ataturk
Rule of Slovakia
Germany gives southern Slovakia to Hungary
Arbitration after Munich
Ribbentrop co-arbitrated the Vienna settlement after Munich, resulting in a transfer of Czechoslovak territory to Hungary.
Czechoslovak Territorial Arbitration
Ribbentrop joined the arbitration concerning Czechoslovak territory and helped determine the transfer of land to Hungary.
First Vienna Award Arbitration
During the First Vienna Award, Ribbentrop served as one of the arbitrators deciding a territorial transfer affecting Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
First Vienna Award
Ribbentrop took part in the First Vienna Award at Vienna, where territory was transferred from Czechoslovakia to Hungary.
Hungarian Territorial Transfer
Ribbentrop was involved in the Vienna decision under which Czechoslovak territory passed to Hungary.
Post-Munich Vienna Settlement
Ribbentrop co-arbitrated the post-Munich settlement in Vienna that altered Czechoslovakia's territory in Hungary's favour.
Territorial Award to Hungary
At Vienna, Ribbentrop participated in the award that transferred territory from Czechoslovakia to Hungary after Munich.
Treaty of Munich
Ribbentrop co-arbitrated the First Vienna Award transferring territory from Czechoslovakia to Hungary.
Vienna Arbitration
Ribbentrop acted as a co-arbitrator in Vienna during the settlement that reassigned Czechoslovak territory to Hungary.
Vienna Award Decision
Ribbentrop helped arbitrate the Vienna Award decision that changed the territorial relationship between Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
Vienna Territorial Settlement
Ribbentrop participated in the Vienna territorial settlement that reassigned parts of Czechoslovakia to Hungary.
Rule of Slovakia
Germany gives southern Slovakia to Hungary
Anglo-Italian Agreement after Munich
Challenges continued accommodation with Fascist Italy after the Munich settlement and the strengthening of the Axis powers.
Anglo-Italian Agreement after Munich
Churchill challenged continued accommodation with Fascist Italy after Munich and linked the issue to the strengthening of the Axis powers.
Axis Strength after Munich
Churchill argued that policies of accommodation after Munich had to be judged against the growing strength of the Axis powers.
Challenge to Accommodation with Italy
Churchill criticised continued accommodation with Fascist Italy in the political climate created by the Munich settlement.
Post-Munich Anglo-Italian Policy
Churchill questioned the wisdom of continuing accommodation with Fascist Italy after the Munich settlement.
First Vienna Award Territorial Settlement
Imredy's government received southern Slovak and Ruthenian territories under the territorial settlement agreed at the First Vienna Award.
First Vienna Award
Imredy's government gained southern Slovak and Ruthenian territories through the First Vienna Award in Vienna.
Hungarian Benefit from Vienna Award
Imredy's government was the territorial beneficiary of the First Vienna Award, which reassigned southern Slovak and Ruthenian lands to Hungary.
Hungarian Gains from Czechoslovakia
The First Vienna Award gave Imredy's government territorial gains at the expense of Czechoslovakia.
Post-Munich Territorial Settlement
Imredy's government obtained new territory in the post-Munich Vienna settlement, including southern Slovak and Ruthenian areas.
Rule of Slovakia
Germany gives southern Slovakia to Hungary
Ruthenian Territorial Gain
Imredy's government gained Ruthenian territory as part of the territorial settlement imposed through the First Vienna Award.
Southern Slovak Territorial Gain
The First Vienna Award brought southern Slovak territory under Imredy's government as part of Hungary's gains from Czechoslovakia.
Territorial Gains after Munich
After Munich, Imredy's government received territorial gains from Czechoslovakia through the First Vienna Award.
Treaty of Munich
Imredy's government gained southern Slovak and Ruthenian territories through the First Vienna Award after Munich.
Vienna Award Territorial Transfer
The Vienna Award transferred territory from Czechoslovakia to Hungary, enlarging the territory controlled by Imredy's government.
Vienna Territorial Award
At Vienna, Imredy's government benefited from the award that transferred southern Slovak and Ruthenian territories from Czechoslovakia to Hungary.
Arbitration after Munich
Following Munich, Ciano took part in the Vienna arbitration that resulted in further territorial losses for Czechoslovakia and gains for Hungary.
Czechoslovak Territorial Arbitration
Ciano took part in the arbitration that altered Czechoslovakia's territory through an award favouring Hungary.
First Vienna Award Arbitration
Ciano served with Ribbentrop in the arbitration of the First Vienna Award and took part in deciding the transfer to Hungary.
First Vienna Award
Ciano joined Ribbentrop in arbitrating the First Vienna Award, which transferred territory from Czechoslovakia to Hungary.
Hungarian Territorial Transfer
Ciano was one of the foreign ministers involved in the Vienna decision transferring Czechoslovak territory to Hungary.
Post-Munich Vienna Award
Ciano joined the post-Munich Vienna Award proceedings that produced further territorial changes affecting Czechoslovakia.
Territorial Award to Hungary
At Vienna, Ciano helped arbitrate the award under which Czechoslovak territory was transferred to Hungary.
Vienna Arbitration
Ciano participated in the Vienna arbitration alongside Ribbentrop as the territorial dispute affecting Czechoslovakia was decided.
Vienna Award Decision
Ciano joined Ribbentrop in reaching the Vienna Award decision that reassigned territory between Czechoslovakia and Hungary.
Vienna Territorial Settlement
Ciano participated in the Vienna territorial settlement that changed Czechoslovakia's borders in Hungary's favour.
Treaty of Munich
Ciano joined Ribbentrop in arbitrating the First Vienna Award affecting Czechoslovak territory.
Foreign Policy Statement at Berlin
At Weimar makes a speech denouncing Churchill, Eden & Cooper as warmongers
Assassination of Ernst von Rathenau
Used to spark of further pogroms in Germany. Secretary at the German legation in Paris, assassinated
Pogroms
Used to spark of further pogroms in Germany
Death of Ernst von Rathenau
Death of Ernst von Rathenau, assassinated
Assassination of Ernst vom Rath
Roths assassination as an excuse for Kristallnacht. Hershel Grynsxpan wants to assassinate the German Ambassador but shoots Ernst vom Rath
Death of Ernst vom Rath
Death of Ernst von Rath, assassinated
Kristallnacht
Roths assassination as an excuse for Kristallnacht. Raths assasination is used as an excuse for Kristallnacht
Arrest of Adolf Hitler
26,000 male Jews arrested
Assassination of Ernst vom Rath
The assassination of vom Rath in Paris is used to spark off "Kristallnacht"
Demonstrations
After the assassination of von Rath by a Jewish Pole Hitler provokes anti-Jewish riots
Kristallnacht
Synagogues are set on fire, cemeteries violated & Jewish buildings destroyed. 30,000 Jews are sent to concentration camps. 26,000 male Jews arrested
Kristallnacht
The assassination of vom Rath in Paris is used to spark off "Kristallnacht"
Kristallnacht
Instructs the police not to interfere
Kristallnacht
Advises party leaders anti-Jewish demonstrations should not be discouraged
Debate on the Address
Warns in the Commons that appeasement may demand a high price, prove temporary and encourage further expectations from Hitler.
Assassination of Ernst vom Rath
Tries to assassinate the German Ambassador in Paris but shoots Ernst vom Rath
Kristallnacht
Used by the Nazis as another excuse for Kristallnacht
Diplomatic Mission at Berlin
The US Ambassador is withdrawn from Berlin after the events of "crystal night"
Kristallnacht
Authorities arrested 22 Germans who tried to stop the violence.
Kristallnacht
German and Austrian Jews suffer 1 billion Marks of damage and forced to wear the Star of David.
Kristallnacht
Nazi leaders heard that a Jew had shot a German diplomat in Paris and ordered reprisals, Nazis kill 35 Jews, arrest thousands and destroy Jewish synagogues, homes and stores throughout Germany and Austria.
Kristallnacht
Nazis destroyed 7,600 Jewish businesses, and 236 people died.
Kristallnacht
The violence burned 191 synagogues and 177 Jewish apartments.
Kristallnacht
Reports to Goering that 74 Jews had been killed & 20,000 arrested. Reports to Goering 815 Jewish shops & 171 homes destroyed & 191 synagogues set fire
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of IV Corps
Death of Maustafa Kemal Ataturk
Death of Maustafa Kemal Ataturk, Dolmabahche Palace in Istanbul
Diplomatic Mission at Berlin
The US Ambassador is withdrawn from Berlin after "crystal night"
International Conference at Washington
Criticises the German Government at a press conference
President of Turkey
Appointed President of Turkey
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 2nd term
Rule of Madagascar
Hermann Goering announces he favors Madagascar as a Jewish homeland
Debate on the Address
Returns to the military and diplomatic consequences of appeasement in the post-Munich debate on the Address.
Debate on the Address and Rearmament
Churchill returned to the consequences of Munich and argued for stronger national defence and resistance to further aggression.
Debate on the Address and Rearmament
Returns to the consequences of Munich and argues for stronger national defence and resistance to further aggression.
National Defence after Munich
Churchill argued that the lessons of Munich required Britain to strengthen national defence and prepare to resist further aggression.
Rearmament after Munich
Churchill used the debate on the Address to press for stronger rearmament after the Munich settlement.
Resistance to Further Aggression
Churchill linked the consequences of Munich to the need for stronger defence and a firmer policy against additional aggression.
Capture of Danzig
Issues a directive to the Commanders in Chief of the Armed Forces to occupy Danzig
Invasion of Danzig
Issues a directive to the Commanders of the Armed Forces for the occupation of Danzig
Invasion of Poland
Issues a directive to the Commanders in Chief of the Armed Forces to occupy Danzig
Rule of Danzig
Issues a directive to the Commanders of the Armed Forces for the occupation of Danzig
Siege of Danzig
Issues a directive to the Commanders in Chief of the Armed Forces to occupy Danzig
Poland renews a non-aggression pact with the USSR to protect against a
Poland renews a non-aggression pact with the USSR to protect against a German invasion
Poland renews a non-aggression pact with the USSR to protect against a
Poland renews a non-aggression pact with the USSR to protect against a German invasion
Will
Ataturks will is opened
Parliament
Parliament is recalled after a 6 month recess
Arrest of 20,000 Jews
Orders the Gestapo to target wealthier Jews, more than 20,000 are taken into custody
Kristallnacht
Instructs the Gestapo to liaise with the police to ensure Jewish property is destroyed
Operation Transport Exercise
Hitler orders the Kriegsmarine to plan a sea-borne invasion of Memel under the codename "Transport Exercise Stettin"
Rule of Memel
Hitler orders the Kriegsmarine to plan a sea-borne invasion of Memel under the codename "Transport Exercise Stettin"
Pogrom
After the Reichsvertretung is disbanded during the November Pogrom, the Nazis reassemble the councils members under the Government controlled Reichsvereinigung
Reichsvereinigung
Leo Baeck heads this organisation as its president until his deportation in January 1943. After the Reichsvertretung is disbanded during the November Pogrom, the Nazis reassemble the councils members under the Government controlled Reichsvereinigung
Artillery Commander 44
Jodl leaves staff work temporarily to command Artillery Command 44 in the Linz area.
Colonel
Appointed Colonel (Oberst) of the 56th Artillery Regiment
International Agreement
Assures Chautemps & Delbos that Britain will not conclude an Anglo-German agreement
Education Leadership
Serves as president of Balliol College Junior Common Room while preparing for public life.
Oxford Union
Is elected President of the Oxford Union after campaigning against appeasement.
December 193830 historical events
Second Syrovy Government
The Second Syrovy Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
First Beran Government
Begins the First Beran Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Birth of John Densmore
Birth of Doors drummer John Densmore.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Legislation
Jewish property is "legally" confiscated
International Agreement at Paris
Visited by Ribbentrop in Paris, signs a German-French agreement
International Agreement at Berlin
Visits the French Premier, George's Bonnet, & signs a German-French agreement. Signed declaration renouncing Germany's claim to Alsace-Lorraine
Rule of Alsace-Lorraine
Signed declaration renouncing Germany's claim to Alsace-Lorraine
Diplomatic Negotiations at Berlin
Signs a declaration to hold talks on mutual relations. Signs a declaration renouncing Germany's claim to Alsace-Lorraine
Rule of Alsace-Lorraine
Signs a declaration renouncing Germany's claim to Alsace-Lorraine
National Voluntary Service Debate
Argues for stronger mobilisation of national resources as distrust of the Munich settlement grows.
Carotid Sinus Regulation
Is recognized for explaining carotid sinus control of breathing.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Receives the medicine prize for discoveries in respiratory regulation.
Nobel Prize in Literature
Is awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature for epic portrayals of Chinese rural life and biography.
Rule of Memel
National Socialists win 26 of 29 seats in the local assembly (Landtag)
Washington sends its fourth note to Berlin demanding amnesty for Jews
Washington sends its fourth note to Berlin demanding amnesty for Jews
Enigma Machine
Adapts Polish methods after Germany adds two extra rotors, greatly increasing possible Enigma rotor orders.
Washington sends its fourth note to Berlin demanding amnesty for Jews
Washington sends its fourth note to Berlin demanding amnesty for Jews
National Renaissance Front
Carol creates the National Renaissance Front as the sole legal political organisation.
Nuclear Fission
Helps identify barium as a uranium fission product.
Nuclear Fission
Finds barium among products of neutron-bombarded uranium.
Foreign Policy Statement at Rome
Italy declares the 1935 pact with France invalid, because ratifications had not been exchanged
Foreign Issues Debate
Returns to the weakness of the post-Munich settlement and presses for policies capable of deterring further expansion.
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile at the head of the Popular Front coalition.
Nuclear Fission
Interprets uranium splitting as nuclear fission.
Dismissal
Dimissed by Chamberlain for his opposition to appeasement
Coup
A coup is launched in Iraq by a group known as "The Seven." Nuri al-Said is named Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Iraq
A coup is launched in Iraq by a group known as "The Seven." Nuri al-Said is named Prime Minister
Coup
A coup is launched in Iraq by a group known as "The Seven." Nuri al-Said is named Prime Minister
Capture of Nanking
Japan captures Nanking, killing 200,000 civilians
Election
From 1938 to 1942, Castillo was vice-president of Argentina under President Roberto Ortiz, who won the election by fraud at the head of the Concordancia
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
Conductor
Appointed Conductor for the Berlin State Opera
Arrest of Karl Seitz
Arrested after the German occupation of Austria
Rule of Austria
Arrested after the German occupation of Austria
Resignation of Wilhelm Milkas
Resigns after Austria is incorporated into the German Reich
Forced Emigration Procedures Centralised
The Vienna system becomes a model for later Nazi offices.
Vienna Model Developed
Develops centralized procedures for forced Jewish emigration.
Citizenship
Becomes a naturalised British citizen
Professor
Appointed Professor of Social Philosophtyat the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Dismissal after Anschluss
Loses his university position after the German annexation of Austria because his earlier departure from Nazi Germany is treated as politically suspect.
Escape from Austria
Leaves Austria after the Anschluss and escapes first to Italy before seeking a new academic position elsewhere in Europe.
Return to Oxford
Returns temporarily to Oxford after fleeing Austria and resumes contact with British academic colleagues.
Exile of Sigmund Freud
Germany annexes Austria in the Anschluss followed by violent outbursts of anti-Semitism in Vienna, and Freud and his family receive visits from the Gestapo
Exile of Sigmund Freud
Emigrates from Vienna to London aged 81 to "die in freedom"
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff in the XVII Army Corps after the Anschluss with Germany
Constitution of Brazil
Declaration of the fascist Estado N“vo
Estado Nuevo
Declaration of the fascist Estado Nuevo
One Party Staate
Declaration of the fascist Estado Nuevo
Yangtze Bureau
Leads Communist political and united-front work through the Yangtze Bureau in wartime Wuhan.
Constitution of China
Wins supremacy in the Communist Party after overcoming Wang Ming
Purge
Expelled from the Communist Party
Defection
Defects to the nationalists
Battle of Suchow
Defeats a Japanese force near Suchow
Political Support
The United States extends a $25 million credit to Nationalist China as support for continued resistance to Japan.
Britain tries to get the Czechs to make concessions to Germany
Britain tries to get the Czechs to make concessions to Germany before 12th Sept
Copenhagen Cyclotron Programme
Helps establish a cyclotron programme combining nuclear-physics experiments with isotope production, expanding the institute's experimental capabilities beyond spectroscopy.
Exile Diplomacy
Continues appeals against Italian rule from exile.
La Bete humaine
Directs La Bete humaine.
Port of Shadows
Directs Port of Shadows.
Foreign Secretary of France
Appointed Foreign Minister, 3rd term
Protection of Bayeux Tapestry
Municipal authorities introduced protective measures for the embroidery and other collections before the Second World War.
Minister of Co-ordination
Appointed Minister of Co-ordination
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
Minister of Justice
Appointed Minister of Justice, 2nd term
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France
Resignation of Leon Blum
Resigns because of opposition from the Senate
Treaty of Munich
Signs the Treaty of Munich. Argues France cannot help Austria, Poland or Czech
Partition
"take place without bloodshed in such a way as to save the face of France & England"
The Formation of the Scientific Mind
Bachelard publishes The Formation of the Scientific Mind and develops the concept of epistemological obstacles.
The Psychoanalysis of Fire
Bachelard publishes The Psychoanalysis of Fire, linking his interests in imagination and the philosophy of science.
Nausea
Sartre publishes Nausea, a novel exploring contingency, freedom and existential unease.
Popular Front
Helps form a popular front with the Communist Party & Leon Blums Socialist Party
Radium Institute
Continues nuclear chemistry research at the Radium Institute.
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Colonel
Appointed Colonel
La France et son Armee
Publication of "La France et son Armee"
Linz
Requested by Hitler to rebuild Linz
Munich
Requested by Hitler to rebuild Munich
Anschluss
Sent into Austria to set up Workers Front organisations
Adjutant
Appointed Adjutant of Sachsenhausen concentration camp
Administrator
Appointed Administrator of Dachau concentration camp
Dachau
Appointed Administrator of Dachau concentration camp
Invasion of Czech
Sends an emissary but fails to gain support against Germany if Hitler invades Czech
Plot
Urges Brauchitsch to plot against Hitler, resigns when Brauchitsch informs Hitler
Resignation of Ludwig Beck
Urges Brauchitsch to plot against Hitler, resigns when Brauchitsch informs Hitler
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief of the German General Staff
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff
Conference of Hosbach
Attends the Hossbach conference where Hitler announces his aggressive foreign policy
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Foreign Secretary, without Portfolio
Cabinet
Sets up a Secret Cabinet Council, probably to impress Chamberlain, but it never meets
Crisis
Hitler uses the crisis to appoint himself supreme commander of the armed forces. Dismisses 16 high ranking officers during the Blomberg-Fritsch crisis. Dismsses Blomberg & Fritsch after contrived revelations about their personal lives
Wehrmacht
After von Blomberg resigned following the Blomberg-Fritsch Affair the Armed Forces High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or OKW) under Wilhelm Keitel is created
Wehrmacht
Appointed the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces
Emigration Office
Founds the Jewish Office of Emmigration
Exile of Adolf Eichmann
Expels 150,000 Jews from Austria
Jewish Office of Emmigration
Appointed Head of the Jewish Office of Emmigration
Office of Jewish Emigration
Founds the Office of Jewish Emigration
NSDAP
Appointed Party Treasurer of the NSDAP
Institute for Social Research in New York
Adorno moves to the United States and joins the Institute for Social Research in New York.
Affirmative Character of Culture
Marcuse published On the Affirmative Character of Culture, examining the social functions of bourgeois cultural ideals.
Death of Karl Kautsky
Death of Karl Kautsky
Independence of Germany
Asks for complete autonomy for Sudeten Germans in the Karlsbad Decrees
Independence of Sudetenland
Asks for complete autonomy for Sudeten Germans in the Karlsbad Decrees
Munich Agreement
Appointed Reichskommissar after the Munich agreement
Reichskommissar
Appointed Reichskommissar after the Munich agreement
Reichsvertretung der Deutschen Juden
After the Reichsvertretung is disbanded during the November Pogrom, the Nazis reassemble the councils members under the Government controlled Reichsvereinigung
German Edition of The Realm of the Nebulae
A German-language edition of Hubble's The Realm of the Nebulae is published in Braunschweig, widening European access to his synthesis of extragalactic astronomy and observational cosmology.
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for work on carotenoids and vitamins.
Education
Obtains a doctorate in medicine
Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH)
Appointed Commander in Chief of the OKH
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW)
The OKW coordinates military activities but Keitels sway over the three branches of service (army, air force, and navy) was rather limited, each its own High Command, known as Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH, army), Oberkommando der Marine (OKL). After von Blomberg resigned in the course of the Blomberg-Fritsch Affair the Armed Forces High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or OKW) under Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel is created
Wehrmacht
The OKW coordinates military activities but Keitels sway over the three branches of service (army, air force, and navy) was rather limited, each its own High Command, known as Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH, army), Oberkommando der Marine (OKL). After von Blomberg resigned in the course of the Blomberg-Fritsch Affair the Armed Forces High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or OKW) under Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel is created
Resignation of Ludwig Beck
Urges Brauchitsch to plot against Hitler, resigns when Brauchitsch informs Hitler
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Abwehr
Invasion of Czech
Believes Germany is not strong enough to break through the Czech fortifications
Colonel
Milch commands the Luftflotte V in the Norwegian campaign
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Wehrmacht
Wehrmacht
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Wehrmacht
Resignation of Werner Freiherr Fritsch
Resigns after charges of homosexuality & blackmail after opposition to army reforms
Crisis
Forced into retirement during the Blomberg-Fritsch crisis
Retirement
Forced into retirement during the Blomberg-Fritsch crisis
Commander of Army Group 5
Appointed to command & establish Army Group Five in Austria
Commander of Eighth Company
Appointed Commander of No 8 Company in the 36th Panzer Regiment
Commander of Fighter Wing 53
Appointed Commander of Fighter Wing 53
Commander of Fuhrer Begleit
Appointed Commander of the Fuhrer Begleit Battalion, Hitler's personal security unit
Fuhrer Begleit
Appointed Commander of the Fuhrer Begleit Battalion, Hitler's personal security unit
Commander of Luftflotte 3
Appointed Commander of Luftflotte 3
Commander of Luftflotte 3
Appointed Commander of the Luftwaffengruppe Drei
18th Infantry Division
Manstein assumed command of the 18th Infantry Division at Liegnitz. The posting gave him responsibility for a large infantry formation before the outbreak of the Second World War.
Blomberg-Fritsch Affair
After von Blomberg resigned following the Blomberg-Fritsch Affair the Armed Forces High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or OKW) under Wilhelm Keitel is created
OKL
The OKW coordinates military activities but Keitels sway over the three branches of service (army, air force, and navy) was rather limited, each its own High Command, known as Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH, army), Oberkommando der Marine (OKL)
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW)
After von Blomberg resigned following the Blomberg-Fritsch Affair the Armed Forces High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or OKW) under Wilhelm Keitel is created
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW)
The OKW coordinates military activities but Keitels sway over the three branches of service (army, air force, and navy) was rather limited, each its own High Command, known as Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH, army), Oberkommando der Marine (OKL). After von Blomberg resigned in the course of the Blomberg-Fritsch Affair the Armed Forces High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or OKW) under Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel is created
Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH)
The OKW coordinates military activities but Keitels sway over the three branches of service (army, air force, and navy) was rather limited, each its own High Command, known as Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH, army), Oberkommando der Marine (OKL)
Wehrmacht
After von Blomberg resigned in the course of the Blomberg-Fritsch Affair the Armed Forces High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or OKW) under Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel is created
Wehrmacht
The OKW coordinates military activities but Keitels sway over the three branches of service (army, air force, and navy) was rather limited, each its own High Command, known as Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH, army), Oberkommando der Marine (OKL). In the reshuffle Hitler becomes the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
Border Settlement
Sent as a spy to check the defensive fortifications along the Sudeten border
SS
Appointed Member of SS
Supreme Commander
Appointed the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces
Invention of VI Rocket
A prototype of the VI is developed
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff, Abwehr, German military intelligence
Colonel
Milch commands the Luftflotte V in the Norwegian campaign
Army Opposition
Witzleben is associated with senior army officers who oppose Hitler and fear the consequences of Nazi military policy
Swiss Miss
Swiss Miss, is a 1938 comedy film directed by John G. Blystone, produced by Hal Roach and starring Laurel and Hardy. Stars in, Block-Heads
The Lady Vanishes
The Lady Vanishes is a 1938 British thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock and adapted by Sidney Gilliat and Frank Launder from the 1936 novel The Wheel Spins by Ethel Lina White
I See Ice
Appears in the film, "I See Ice"
The Lady Vanishes
The Lady Vanishes stars Margaret Lockwood
Marie Antoinette
Plays the part of Louis XVI, for which he received an Academy Award Nomination as Best Supporting Actor in "Marie Antoinette"
The Lady Vanishes
The Lady Vanishes is a 1938 British thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock and adapted by Sidney Gilliat and Frank Launder from the 1936 novel The Wheel Spins by Ethel Lina White
The Lady Vanishes
Directs The Lady Vanishes, one of the best-known British thrillers from his pre-Hollywood career.
Ship of the Line
Publication of "Ship of the Line"
Scoop
Publication of "Scoop"
Review of Mein Kampf
Orwell assessed the political appeal and danger of Hitler's ideology in his journalism.
Brighton Rock
Publication of "Brighton Rock"
World Brain
Publication of "World Brain"
The Black Book
Publication of "The Black Book"
Memory and Other Poems
Publication of "Memory & Other Poems"
Royal Academy
Appointed President of the Royal Academy
Abstention from Munich Vote
Churchill chose to abstain when the Commons voted on the Munich settlement instead of endorsing the government's policy.
Commons Abstention on Munich
Churchill abstained in the House of Commons rather than vote in support of the Munich Agreement.
Munich Agreement
Abstains in the Commons when voting on the Munich Agreement
No Vote of Support for Munich
Churchill did not vote in favour of the Munich settlement and instead abstained in the Commons.
Refusal to Endorse Munich in Commons
Churchill refused to support the Munich Agreement in the Commons and registered his opposition by abstaining.
Treaty of Munich
Abstains in the Commons when voting on the Munich Agreement
Publication of A Lexicon to Herodotus
Publishes A Lexicon to Herodotus, a major work of classical scholarship that establishes his academic reputation.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Stafford
Nicholson Museum Curatorship
Serves as curator of the Nicholson Museum while holding the chair of Greek at the University of Sydney.
Junior Minister of Foreign Office
Appointed Junior Minister at the Foreign Office
Secretary
Appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Rab Butler
Lord President
Appointed Lord President of the Council
Governor
Appointed Governor General of Gibraltar
Permanent Under Secretary
Appointed Permanent Under Secretary at the Foreign Office
Under Secretary
Appointed Under Secretary at the Foreign Office
Adviser
Appointed Chief Diplomatic Adviser
Appointed Chief Diplomatic Adviser
Appointed Chief Diplomatic Adviser
Trade Relations
Proposes Hitler partition Africa & equal trade for major powers but this is rejected. Hitler informs Henderson that he favours expansion in Central Europe
Lord Privy Seal
Appointed Lord Privy Seal
Diplomatic Plan at Sudetenland, The
Suggests "Plan Z" to Hitler, a Sudentenland plebiscite for inclusion in the Reich
Plan Z
Suggests "Plan Z" to Hitler, a Sudentenland plebiscite for inclusion in the Reich
Referendum
Suggests "Plan Z" to Hitler, a Sudentenland plebiscite for inclusion in the Reich
Hospital Planning
Faces hospital planning demands as war approaches.
Heads the Commission of Inquiry into Czech
Heads the Commission of Inquiry into Czech
Lord President
Appointed Lord President
Peerage
Created Viscount Stonehaven,1st
Visit to To USA
Makes a state visit to USA, 1st British Sovereign to visit the New World. Makes a state visit to Canada, 1st British Sovereign to visit the New World
Arms and the Covenant Published
Churchill published Arms and the Covenant, assembling warnings about European security and British rearmament.
Marlborough: His Life and Times", 1933-1938
Publication of "Marlborough: His Life & Times", 1933-1938
Marlborough: His Life and Times
Publication of "Marlborough: His Life & Times", 1933-1938
Criticism of the Munich Agreement
Emerges as a Conservative critic of the Munich settlement and argues that concessions must not continue without firm guarantees.
Anti-Appeasement
Becomes a prominent Conservative critic of appeasement after leaving the Foreign Office
Homage to Catalonia
Publication of "Homage to Catalonia"
Evening Standard
Works for Lord Beaverbrook's Evening Standard before becoming its wartime editor.
Anti-Appeasement
Opposes appeasement of fascist dictatorships.
Balliol College
Begins studying philosophy, politics and economics at Balliol College, Oxford.
University College Cardiff
Studies for six months at University College Cardiff before moving to Oxford.
Junior Common Room
Healey serves as President of Balliol College Junior Common Room while active in student politics.
Munich Agreement
Lloyd George votes against the Munich Agreement
Munich Agreement
Votes against the Munich Agreement
The Truth About the Peace Treaty
Publication of "The Truth About the Peace Treaty"
Treaty of Munich
Lloyd George votes against the Munich Agreement
Treaty of Munich
Votes against the Munich Agreement
Beta Transitions Paper
Hoyle submitted research on beta transitions in a Coulomb field for scientific review.
College Green Reach Finally Covered
Covering works extended along Saint Augustine Reach to the foot of College Green. This changed how vessels navigated or goods reached Bristol quays.
GCandCS Consultancy
Begins consulting for the Government Code and Cypher School before the outbreak of the Second World War.
Oracle Machine Concept
Develops the idea of machines that can consult an external oracle when studying relative computability and unsolvable problems.
Ordinal Logic Thesis
Completes doctoral work on systems of logic based on ordinals, extending formal reasoning beyond fixed logical systems.
Princeton PhD
Receives his PhD from Princeton University for research in mathematical logic.
Return to Kings College
Returns to Kings College after completing his Princeton doctorate.
Riemann Hypothesis Machine
Begins constructing an analogue mechanical device intended to investigate numerical aspects of the Riemann hypothesis.
Von Neumann Job Offer
Declines an opportunity associated with John von Neumann and chooses to return to his fellowship at Cambridge.
Radar Defence Planning
Pushes radar into operational air defence planning.
League Championship
Captain of the Arsenal League Championship winning team
Demonstrations
Asks for a transfer, more than 3,000 fans attend a protest meeting and a further 1,000 demonstrate & Matthews stays
International Caps
1st capped by the England team, capped 23 times for England, scoring 22 goals
1938 League Championship Manager
Guides Arsenal to another First Division championship before the Second World War.
Interwar Brentford League Campaign
Reid represented Brentford during the club's established First Division years, competing against England's leading professional sides.
First Division Title Challenge
Leads the Wolves attack during a season in which the club finishes runner-up in the First Division under Frank Buckley.
Prewar Top Flight Forward
Welsh adds attacking quality to Charlton Athletic's established First Division side during the late 1930s.
Promotion Campaign Goals
Frank Broome helped Aston Villa regain First Division status in 1938, scoring regularly during the club's Second Division championship season.
Second Division Championship
Hogan leads Aston Villa back to the top flight as Second Division champions.
Chain Home Integration
Integrates radar warning with Fighter Command control rooms.
Commander of Middle East
Appointed Commander of the Middle East Forces
Commander of First Division
Appointed Commander 1st Division
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
Combined Operations Landing Exercise
Organises an amphibious combined-operations exercise that demonstrates his emphasis on realistic training.
Commander of Anti-Air Corps
Appointed Commander of the Anti-Aircraft Corps
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
Marriage
Marries Princess Frederica of Brunswick
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary
Invention of Biro
The Biro goes into production
Congress Presidency
Subhas Chandra Bose is elected President of the Indian National Congress at the Haripura session.
Iranian Railway
The Transian Railway is opened
Education
Graduates from the Tehran Military School
Oreah Nata Lalun
Publication of "Oreah Nata Lalun"
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of France
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for demonstrating neutron-induced radioactivity and for discoveries concerning nuclear reactions produced by slow neutrons.
Departure from Fascist Italy
Uses the journey to Stockholm for the Nobel ceremony as the opportunity to leave Fascist Italy permanently with his wife Laura and their children.
Emigration to the United States
Travels from Stockholm to the United States after receiving the Nobel Prize and begins a new phase of his scientific career in America.
Jules Rimet Trophy
Ottorino Barassi, the Italian vice-president of FIFA and president of FIGC, secretly transported the trophy from a bank in Rome and hid it in a shoe-box under his bed to prevent the Nazis from taking it
Juventus Early Career
Begins his senior association with Juventus and develops into a commanding defender whose acrobatic clearances later become an enduring image of Italian football.
Minister of Education
Appointed Minister of Education
Vice Minister of War
Appointed Vice Minister of War
Zen Buddhism and its Influence on Japanese Culture
Publication of "Zen Buddhism & its Influence on Japanese Culture"
Commander of Shanghai
Appointed Commander of the Japanese forces in Shanghai
Major General
Appointed Major General
Rear Admiral
Appointed Rear Admiral
Commission
Yahya Khan is commissioned into the British Indian Army.
Education
Graduates from secondary school
Perforated-Sheet Cryptanalysis
Creates a manual technique that remains useful after German cipher procedures change.
Zygalski Sheets
Develops perforated sheets for identifying Enigma message settings.
Four Goals in World Cup Thriller
Wilimowski scored four times against Brazil in a remarkable 6-5 extra-time defeat, producing one of the earliest great individual World Cup performances.
First Polish World Cup Goal
Scherfke converted a penalty against Brazil in Poland's first World Cup match, beginning a remarkable scoring contest in France.
Rule of Bessarabia
Bessarabia, north Bukovina, south Dobrudja & 1/2 Transylvania are ceded
Rule of Bukovina
Bessarabia, north Bukovina, south Dobrudja & 1/2 Transylvania are ceded
Rule of Dobrudja
Bessarabia, north Bukovina, south Dobrudja & 1/2 Transylvania are ceded
Rule of Transylvania
Half of Transylvania is ceded to surrounding states
Death of Alexandru Averescu
Death of Alexandru Averescu
Alexander Nevsky
Composes, "Romeo & Juliet". Composes, "Alexander Nevsky"
Romeo and Juliet
Composes, "Romeo & Juliet". Composes, "Alexander Nevsky"
Lawyers Plot Detention
Shalamov was detained on allegations of involvement in a supposed camp lawyers plot.
Partizan Gold Mine Labour
Shalamov worked at the Partizan gold mines, later drawing on conditions in Kolyma for his prose.
Death of Aleksey Ivanovich Rykov
Death of Aleksei Ivanovich Rykov, Stalin has Rykov purged & then executed
Execution
Stalin has Rykov purged & then executed
Purge
Stalin has Rykov purged & then executed
Assassination of Lev Sedov
Assassination of Lev Sedov, Trotskys son, by Stalins secret police
Comintern
Trotsky and his supporters founded the 4th International, which was intended to be a revolutionary and internationalist alternative to the Stalinist Comintern
International, 4th
Trotsky and his supporters founded the 4th International, which was intended to be a revolutionary and internationalist alternative to the Stalinist Comintern
Trial
Tried in absentia by Stalin, the secret police, the GPU, are sent to hunt Trotsky down
Assassination of Lev Sedov
Assassination of Lev Sedov, Trotskys son, by Stalins secret police
Adviser
Appointed Adviser to Chiang Kai-shek
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Soviet State Bank
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet, Head of State
Anschluss
Proposes a 4 power conference to discuss the anschluss, turned down by Britain. Delivers a report warning Russia about anshcluss between Germany & Austria
Capital
"with the preservation of the capitalist system a long & enduring peace is impossible"
Government Report
Delivers a report warning Russia about anshcluss between Germany & Austria
Treaty Negotiations at Moscow
States Russia will honour its Treaty to defend Czech if the west does the same
Treaty of Czech Rep
States Russia will honour its Treaty to defend Czech if the west does the same
With the preservation of the capitalist system a long & enduring peace
"with the preservation of the capitalist system a long & enduring peace is impossible"
Commissar
Appointed Commissar for Internal Affairs
Commissar
Appointed Commissar of Internal Affairs
Deputy Prime Minister
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Russia
Purge
The only prominent Azerbaijani official to escape the Stalinist purges
Economy of Russia
The 3rd Five-Year Plan (1938-1941) was not as successful, due to the purging of leading Gosplan members and the outbreak of World War II
Execution
Stalin has Rykov purged & then executed
Five Year Plan
The 3rd Five-Year Plan (1938-1941) was not as successful, due to the purging of leading Gosplan members and the outbreak of World War II
Purge
Stalin has Rykov purged & then executed
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for Russia, 2nd term
Mayor
Appointed Mayor of Leningrad
President of Russia
Appointed President of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the USSR
Regional Party Department Appointment
Takes charge of a department within the Dnepropetrovsk regional Communist Party organization.
European Crisis
Warns that European dictatorship threatens liberal democracy.
The Transitional Program for Socialist Revolution
Writes the Transitional Program, setting out demands and strategy for the movement that establishes the Fourth International.
Massacre
NKVD troops massacre over 10,000 Ukrainians
NKVD
Appointed Head of the NKVD, Secret Police. Appointed Head of the NKVD, during the war it carries out purges & executions
Arrest of Vasily Konstantinovich Blyukher
Arrested & dies from his beatings
Death of Vasily Konstantinovich Blyukher
Death of Vasily Konstantinovich Blyukher, from beatings in prison
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
1938 World Cup Goalscoring Contribution
Nyberg helped Sweden's attack during the World Cup in France, where the national team advanced as far as the semi-finals.
Hat-Trick Against Cuba
Wetterström scored three times as Sweden overwhelmed Cuba 8-0 in the 1938 World Cup quarter-finals.
Goals in Cuba Quarter-Final
Andersson scored three goals against Cuba in the 1938 World Cup quarter-final as Sweden recorded an emphatic 8-0 victory.
Discovery of Supernova
Zwickys colleague Walter Baade proposed using supernovae as standard candles to estimate distances in deep space
Hubbles Law
When Edwin Hubble discovered a linear relationship between the distance to a galaxy and its redshift expressed as a velocity, Zwicky speculated that the effect was due not to motions of the galaxy, but to the slowing down of photons
Germany Replay Breakthrough
Bickel was part of the Swiss side that defeated Germany 4-2 in a replay after their opening World Cup encounter had ended level.
Germany Replay Two-Goal Contribution
Abegglen scored twice in the replay against Germany and helped secure Switzerland's place in the 1938 World Cup quarter-finals.
World Cup Replay Equaliser
Walachek scored during Switzerland's remarkable comeback against Germany as the Swiss recovered from a two-goal deficit to win 4-2.
Prime Minister of Thailand
Appointed Prime Minister of Thailand, 1st term
Stagecoach
Stagecoach is a 1939 American Western film directed by John Ford, starring Claire Trevor and John Wayne in his breakthrough role
Swiss Miss
Swiss Miss, is a 1938 comedy film directed by John G. Blystone, produced by Hal Roach and starring Laurel and Hardy
Stagecoach
Stagecoach is a 1939 American Western film directed by John Ford, starring Claire Trevor and John Wayne in his breakthrough role
Stagecoach
Stagecoach is a 1939 American Western film directed by John Ford, starring Claire Trevor and John Wayne in his breakthrough role
Academy Award
Winner of the Oscar for Best Actor, "Boys Town" as Father Flanagan
Academy Award
Winner of Best Supporting Actor for Kentucky
Persons in Hiding
Publication of "Persons in Hiding"
Secretary
Appointed Secretary of State for Commerce
Partition
Declines a request from Czech to attend a conference hosted by Russia
Emigration
Enters the USA
Exile of Henry Alfred Kissinger
Leaves Germany with his parents for the United States
Adventures in Cosmology
Hubble publishes Adventures in Cosmology for the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, presenting the challenges and discoveries involved in extending observation to the largest accessible scales.
Catherine Wolfe Bruce Gold Medal
The Astronomical Society of the Pacific awards Edwin Hubble the Catherine Wolfe Bruce Gold Medal for outstanding lifetime achievement and major contributions to astronomical research.
Explorations in the Realm of the Nebulae
Hubble contributes Explorations in the Realm of the Nebulae to a Carnegie Institution volume on research cooperation, describing the observational programme used to investigate distant galaxies.
The Nature of the Nebulae
Hubble publishes The Nature of the Nebulae in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, reviewing the physical and observational character of nebulae and external galaxies.
EIH Method Derives Gravitational Motion
With Leopold Infeld and Banesh Hoffmann, Einstein developed an approximation in which the motion of gravitating bodies follows from the relativistic field equations rather than from a separately imposed force law.
Einstein-Infeld-Hoffmann Equations
Publishes work deriving approximate equations of motion for gravitating bodies from general relativity.
Evolution of Physics Published
Publishes The Evolution of Physics with Leopold Infeld for a broad readership.
The Evolution of Physics Relativity Exposition
With Leopold Infeld, publishes The Evolution of Physics, explaining the conceptual transition from classical mechanics and fields to relativity and modern physics.
World Record
Cuts Lindberghs New York to Paris record in half, & finishes the world trip in 3 days 19 hrs
Army Infantry School
Appoinred Assistant Commandant of the United States Army Infantry School
American Academy of Arts and Letters
Cather was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters.