Lieutenant General
Promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General (Generalleutnant)
Historical events in 1943
1,276 historical records
January 194374 historical events
Lieutenant General
Promoted to the rank of Lieutenant General (Generalleutnant)
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Battle of Stalingrad
Rokossovsky sends in a request for the German 6th Army to surrender, this is refused
Sixth Army
Rokossovsky sends in a request for the German 6th Army to surrender, this is refused
Battle of Stalingrad
Rokossovsky sends in a request for the German 6th Army to surrender, this is refused
Result of Surrender of German Sixth Army
Paulus rejects the offered terms, so fighting at Stalingrad continues temporarily.
Sixth Army
Rokossovsky sends in a request for the German 6th Army to surrender, this is refused
Surrender of German Sixth Army
Offers surrender terms but they are rejected by Paulus
Battle of Stalingrad
The 65th Army advances 5 miles in the first day
Equal Treaty with Britain
Nationalist China signs a parallel treaty with Britain ending British extraterritorial privileges in China.
Equal Treaty with United States
Nationalist China signs a treaty with the United States ending American extraterritorial rights and revising the unequal treaty system.
Iskra
Launches Operation "Iskra" with the Leningrad garrison moving south along Lake Ladoga
Conference of Casablanca
The Combined Chiefs of Staff use diplomacy to persuade Turkey to join the Allies. Arrives to discuss the blueprint for military victory with President Roosevelt
Capture of Karpovka
The most westerly of the 7 airfields supplying the German sixth army in Stalingrad
Sixth Army
The most westerly of the 7 airfields supplying the German sixth army in Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad
Put in command of the air supply of Stalingrad by Hitler, Goerings deputy
Conference of Casablanca
Churchill and Roosevelt discuss next phase of war, a decision is made to attack Sicily and Italy in bid to divert German military resources and make good pledge to Stalin for a second front in Europe
Churchill and Roosevelt discuss next phase of war, a decision is made
Churchill and Roosevelt discuss next phase of war, a decision is made to attack Sicily and Italy in bid to divert German military resources and make good pledge to Stalin for a second front in Europe
Churchill and Roosevelt discuss next phase of war, a decision is made
Churchill and Roosevelt discuss next phase of war, a decision is made to attack Sicily and Italy in bid to divert German military resources and make good pledge to Stalin for a second front in Europe
Conference of Casablanca
Churchill and Roosevelt discuss next phase of war, a decision is made to attack Sicily and Italy in bid to divert German military resources and make good pledge to Stalin for a second front in Europe
Battle of Basrat
Rommel tries to halt the Eighth 200 miles east of Tripoli but retreats to Tripoli
Battle of Basrat
Rommel tries to halt the Eighth 200 miles east of Tripoli but retreats to Tripoli
Capture of Pitomnik
The only airfield with a night flying to supply the German 6th army in Stalingrad
Iskra
Links up with the Volkhov front to repel the Germans after their siege of Leningrad
Birth of Janis Joplin
Birth of Janis Joplin
Break with Axis Powers
Breaks diplomatic relations with Germany, Italy and Japan during the Second World War.
Battle of Stalingrad
The last German airfield at Gumrak is captured
Battle of Stalingrad
The last German airfield at Gumrak is captured
Capture of Tripoli
Britain captures Tripoli
Capture of Tripoli
The Eighth Army marches into Tripoli & all of North Africa comes into Allied hands
North Africa Campaign
Enters Tripoli after the Axis retreat from Egypt, removing the immediate landward threat to the Suez Canal.
Tripoli Entered by Eighth Army
Eighth Army enters Tripoli after the long pursuit from El Alamein across Libya.
Battle of Stalingrad
The Russians offer Paulus the chance to surrender but Hitler rejects the offer
Battle of Stalingrad
The Russians offer Paulus the chance to surrender but Hitler rejects the offer
Conference of Casablanca
Agrees to end the war unconditionally, Germany will be defeated then Japan
Invasion of Sicily
The Casablanca Conference agrees Sicily will be invaded in July & in August
Alliance United States and Great Britain
Roosevelt & Churchill demand the unconditional surrender of Germany, Italy & Japan. 2nd meeting of US & UK leaders
Conference of Casablanca
Sicily will be invaded in July & in August. An Allied strategy is agreed to defeat Germany then Britain will fight against Japan. A joint Allied offensive will be launched on the Contentin Peninsula
Invasion of Sicily
The Casablanca Conference agrees Sicily will be invaded in July & in August
Result of Surrender of Germany, Italy and Japan
The Allies adopt unconditional surrender as their declared objective for Germany, Italy and Japan.
Surrender of Germany, Italy and Japan
Roosevelt & Churchill demand the unconditional surrender of Germany, Italy & Japan
Leclerc Joins Eighth Army
Marches 1,500 miles & joins up with Montgomerys Eighth Army
Siege of Stalingrad
The German troops are "liquidated"
Conference of Casablanca
Roosevelt & Churchill agree to supply Stalin war materials & divert German forces
Bombing of Germany
The US airforce bombs Germany for the 1sr time
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the German Navy, directs the U-boat offensive
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the German Navy, directs the U-boat offensive
Battle of Stalingrad
Hitler promotes Paulus to Field Marshal because no Field Marshal has ever surenderred
Battle of Stalingrad
Makes Paulus Field Marshal because a German Field Marshal has never been captured
Retirement
Disagrees with Hitler's strategy of scrapping the surface fleet & retires
Visit to Turkey to get it to join the
Visits Turkey to get it to join the Allies, Turkey refuses because it distrusts Russia
Battle of Stalingrad
The Germans have lost 600,000 & the Russians 400,000. Paulus surrenders the 6th Army at the Battle of Stalingrad
Result of Surrender of German Sixth Army
The German Sixth Army at Stalingrad ceases resistance, marking a major Soviet victory.
Sixth Army
Paulus surrenders the 6th Army at the Battle of Stalingrad
Surrender of German Sixth Army
Paulus surrenders the 6th Army at the Battle of Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad
Paulus, with 25 other generals, surrenders to the Russians
Battle of Stalingrad
The German 6th Army surrenders. Since Zhkovs counter-attack 32 Axis Divisions & 3 Axis Brigades have been destroyed
Sixth Army
The German 6th Army surrenders
Battle of Stalingrad
The Germans under Paulus surrender Stalingrad to Rokossovsky
Battle of Stalingrad
Paulus surrenders the German 6th Army. During the battle the Germans lose 600,000 & the Russians 400,000
Result of Surrender of German Sixth Army
The German Sixth Army is eliminated as an effective field formation at Stalingrad.
Surrender of German Sixth Army
Paulus surrenders the German 6th Army
Reichsvereinigung
Deported to the Theresienstadt concentration camp
Unternehmen Blau
Hitler agrees to withdraw from the Rhzev sector. Germany retains possession of Rhzev
Order of Bath
Made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
Order of Bath
Made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath
Buerat Position Outflanked
Uses manoeuvre and pressure to force Axis troops from the Buerat position during the advance on Tripoli.
Invasion of Sicily
Orders for the invasion of Sicily are given, operation "Huskey"
Operation Husky
A planning staff known as Force 141 is established to plan the invasion of Sicily
Operation Husky
Orders for the invasion of Sicily are given, operation "Huskey"
Y-12 Completion Deadline
Groves presses for the first Y-12 electromagnetic racetrack to be completed by July as detailed plant plans are reviewed.
Invasion of Sicily
Supreme Allied commander for the attack of Sicily & the Axis "underbelly" in Europe
Operation Husky
Supreme Allied commander for the attack of Sicily & the Axis "underbelly" in Europe
February 194331 historical events
Battle of Stalingrad
Personally accepts the surrender of Marshal Paulus & his 6th Army
Result of Surrender of German Sixth Army
The defeat of the German Sixth Army strengthens Soviet control of the Stalingrad battlefield.
Surrender of German Sixth Army
Helps defeat the German 6th Army
Battle of Stalingrad
The remainder of the German forces in Stalingrad lay down their arms
Battle of Stalingrad
The remainder of the German forces in Stalingrad lay down their arms
Ambassador to the Holy See
Leaves the Foreign Ministry and is appointed Italian ambassador to the Holy See.
Battle of Guadalcanal
Forced to evacuate from Guadalcanal
Promotion to Four-Star General
Promoted to temporary full General while commanding Allied forces in North Africa.
Beveridge Debate
Defends government caution over immediate Beveridge implementation.
Beveridge Debate
Presses ministers to act more boldly on Beveridge.
Beveridge Debate
Presses for more ambitious social and health reform.
Military MBE
Is appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for gallant and distinguished military service in the Middle East.
Battle of Pavlograd
Destroys the 3rd Soviet Tank Army
Unternehmen Blau
Model prepares for the withdrawal from Rhzev
Army Group Africa
The Panzer Army Africa, (now called the German-Italian Panzer Army,) is redesignated as the Italian First Army and put under the command of Italian general Giovanni Messe, while Rommel is placed in command of a new Army Group Africa (Heeresgruppe Afrika)
First Army
The Panzer Army Africa, (now called the German-Italian Panzer Army,) is redesignated as the Italian First Army and put under the command of Italian general Giovanni Messe, while Rommel is placed in command of a new Army Group Africa (Heeresgruppe Afrika)
Afrika Korps
The Panzer Army Africa, (now called the German-Italian Panzer Army,) is redesignated as the Italian First Army and put under the command of Italian general Giovanni Messe, while Rommel is placed in command of a new Army Group Africa (Heeresgruppe Afrika)
Army Group Africa
The Panzer Army Africa, (now called the German-Italian Panzer Army,) is redesignated as the Italian First Army and put under the command of Italian general Giovanni Messe, while Rommel is placed in command of a new Army Group Africa (Heeresgruppe Afrika)
First Army
The Panzer Army Africa, (now called the German-Italian Panzer Army,) is redesignated as the Italian First Army and put under the command of Italian general Giovanni Messe, while Rommel is placed in command of a new Army Group Africa (Heeresgruppe Afrika)
Heeresgruppe Afrika
The Panzer Army Africa, (now called the German-Italian Panzer Army,) is redesignated as the Italian First Army and put under the command of Italian general Giovanni Messe, while Rommel is placed in command of a new Army Group Africa (Heeresgruppe Afrika)
Bombing of U-boat Bases
Priority is switched to bombing U-boat bases
Birth of George Harrison
Birth of George Harrison, in Speke
Birth of George Harrison
Birth of George Harrison in Liverpool.
Birth of Carlos Alberto Gomes Parreira
Birth of Carlos Alberto Gomes Parreira
Aperiodic Crystal Concept
Argues in his What Is Life? lectures that hereditary information could be encoded in an aperiodic molecular structure within living cells.
What Is Life Lectures
Delivers the celebrated What Is Life? lectures at Trinity College Dublin under the auspices of the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
Commander of Dachau
Appointed Commander of Dachau Concentration Camp
Commander of Dachau
Appointed Commander of Dachau Concentration Camp
Commander of Dachau
Appointed Commander of Dachau Concentration Camp
Commander of Dachau
Appointed Commander of Dachau Concentration Camp
Enigma Machine
Becomes head of the ISK section responsible for cryptanalysis of German Abwehr Enigma.
March 194321 historical events
Presents Credentials
Presents his diplomatic credentials to Pope Pius XII as Italy's ambassador to the Holy See.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Munchhausen
Directs Munchhausen, a prestige colour fantasy film made for UFA.
Bombing of Essen
Bombs Essen with 442 bombers, 14 fail to return
Medenine Attack Repulsed
Eighth Army defeats Rommel's attack at Medenine and retains the initiative in southern Tunisia.
Republic Declaration
Kerensky participates in republic declaration during his political career.
Hydrocarbons Law
The Hydrocarbons Law unified petroleum rules and increased the state's share of industry revenues.
Mareth Line Assault Opens
Launches attacks against the Mareth Line while preparing an outflanking move through the Tebaga Gap.
Speech
Makes a public broadcast outlining plans for a post-war Britain
Dachau
Announces the creation of Dachau near Munich
Tebaga Gap Outflanking Attack
Shifts strength toward the Tebaga Gap to turn the Axis flank and force abandonment of the Mareth Line.
Birth of Robert Bob Woodward
Birth of Robert "Bob" Woodward
Birth of Christopher Walken
Birth of Christopher Walken
Arrest of Maurice Gustave Gamelin
Held at Buchenwald until May 1945
Commander of LXXXIV Corps
Appointed Commander of the LXXXIV Corps
Atlantic Wall
Visits Hitler to ask for stronger defences for the Atlantic Wall which are ignored
Retreat
Rommel returns to Germany. Retreats to the Mareth Line within the Tunisian border. Persues Montgomerys Eighth Army but loses 52 tanks & is driven back
Commander of LXXXIV Corps
Appointed Commander of the LXXXIV Corps
North Africa Campaign
Leaves North Africa after the Axis withdrawal westward, ending his direct threat to Egypt and Suez.
Capture of Mareth Line
The Eighth Army breaks through the Mareth Line & takes 7,000 German & Italian prisoners
April 194326 historical events
Decatur Barrier Plant Construction
Construction begins on a plant in Decatur, Illinois, intended to manufacture gaseous-diffusion barrier material for K-25.
Oak Ridge Reservation Closed
Fencing of the Oak Ridge reservation is completed and the secret production site is closed to normal public access.
Battle of Rhzev
The Russians lose 42,000 men. Awarded the Swords to the Oak Leaf for the withdrawal from Rhzev
Medal
Awarded the Swords to the Oak Leaf for the withdrawal from Rhzev
Los Alamos Primer Lectures
Serber begins a series of introductory lectures explaining bomb physics and design to the newly arriving Los Alamos scientific staff.
Bombing of U-boat Bases
The bombing of U-boat bases is removed from the priority list
Battle of Wadi Akarit
Defeats Rommel in the Wadu Akarit in Tunisia
Wadi Akarit Position Broken
Eighth Army breaks the Wadi Akarit position and continues north toward the remaining Axis bridgehead.
Mobilization
The British & US forces join up in North Africa
Eighth Army Links with Western Allied Forces
Montgomery's advancing army links with Allied formations approaching from western Tunisia.
Link-Up with Allied Forces in Tunisia
Eighth Army links with Allied forces advancing from the west as the Tunisian campaign closes on the Axis.
Strongly criticized by Truman for Russias behaviour in eastern Europe
Strongly criticized by Truman for Russias behaviour in eastern Europe
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Combined Fleet
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Combined Fleet
Birth of Alan James Beith
Birth of Alan James Beith
University of California Los Alamos Contract
A contract is concluded with the University of California to manage Los Alamos administration, procurement and payroll.
Invasion of Sicily
Withdraws from the battle in Tunisia to make detailed plans for the invasion of Sicily
Operation Husky
Withdraws from the battle in Tunisia to make detailed plans for the invasion of Sicily
Theoretical Division Leadership
Bethe is selected to head the Los Alamos Theoretical Division, which develops calculations needed for fission-weapon design.
Exile of Heinrich Himmler
Surrounds the Hungarian capital with Einsatzgruppen to deport 800,000 Jews
Fascist Party Secretary
Serves as the final secretary of the National Fascist Party during the regime's collapse.
Operation I-Go
Yamamoto directs Operation I-Go, a major Japanese air offensive against Allied positions in the Solomons and New Guinea.
Massacre
Evidence by the Nazis emerges of a massacre of Polish officers & soldiers by Russia
Recognition of the Union of Polish Patriots
Stalin uses the Katyn massacre to sever relations with the Polish Government. Stalin recognizes the "Union of Polish Patriots", the core of a Soviet puppet regime
Recognition of the Union of Polish Patriots
Stalin recognizes the "Union of Polish Patriots", the core of a Soviet puppet regime
Implosion Research Begins
Neddermeyer begins experimental work on implosion as a method of rapidly compressing a hollow fissile assembly.
May 194342 historical events
Invasion of Sicily
Attends a conference to discuss the invasion of Sicily
Operation Husky
Attends a conference to discuss the invasion of Sicily
Sicily Assault Planning Conference
Takes part in Allied planning for the invasion of Sicily and argues for a concentrated landing plan.
Battle of Convoy ONS5
Twelve ships are sunk with the loss of two U-boats
Birth of Michael Edward Palin
Birth of Michael Edward Palin
Capture of Tunis
Tunis is captured & entered by the British First Army
Capture of Tunis
Surrenders the Army Group Africa after the fall of Tunis
Conference of Trident
Alan Brooke represents British military planning interests during the Trident Conference
Conference of Trident
Churchill attends the Third Washington Conference, code named Trident, to discuss Allied strategy with Roosevelt
Birth of David Walker
Birth of David Walker
Conference of Trident
Roosevelt opens strategic discussions with Churchill at the Trident Conference in Washington
North Africa Campaign
Surrenders Axis forces in Tunisia after being promoted to Marshal of Italy, ending organized Axis resistance in North Africa.
Birth of Mary Wells
Birth of Mary Wells
Conference of Trident
The Allies agree to the completion of "Roundup" by 1st May 1944
Conference of Trident
The Allies agree to invade Sicily to knock Italy out of the War
Operation Roundup
The Allies agree to the completion of "Roundup" by 1st May 1944
Operation Tube Alloys
The Allies agree to develop the atomic bomb, operation "Tube Alloys"
Invasion of Sicily
The Allies agree at Trident to proceed with the invasion of Sicily as part of the Mediterranean strategy
Bombing of Eder
The Dambusters breach the Eder dam by "bouncing bombs"
Bombing of Mohne
The Dambusters breach the Mohne dam by "bouncing bombs"
Bombing of Sorpe
The Dambusters breach the Sorpe dam by "bouncing bombs"
Bombing of Ruhr
Leads 19 Lancasters from 617 Squadron & breaches the Mohne & Eder dams. Gibson is later awarded the VC
Eighth Army Released for Sicily Training
Withdraws Eighth Army from the closing Tunisian operations to prepare for the Sicily invasion.
Invasion of Sicily
The Eighth Army is released from Tunisia to train for the invasion of Sicily
Addresses Congress regarding the Allied war aims
Addresses Congress regarding the Allied war aims
Return to Interior and Education Portfolio
Al-Rifai returned to ministerial office in Tawfiq Abu al-Huda’s fifth government. He again held the interior and education portfolio, restoring him to a senior role in the emirate’s administration.
Death of William Aberhart
Death of William Aberhart
Bombing of Duesseldorf
Duesseldorf is bombed
Battle of Atlantic
Doenitz withdraws the U-boats from the North Atlantic
Medical Officer
Appointed Medical Officer at Auschwitz-Birkenau, gains the nickname "Angel of Death"
Operation Roundup
The Trident Conference confirms planning for a cross Channel invasion while continuing Mediterranean operations
International Agreement at Washington
Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Washington where they agree a cross-Channel invasion (Operation Overlord) to be provisionally be launched on 1 May 1944
Operation Overlord
Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Washington where they agree a cross-Channel invasion (Operation Overlord) to be provisionally be launched on 1 May 1944
International Agreement at Washington
Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Washington where they agree a cross-Channel invasion (Operation Overlord) to be provisionally be launched on 1 May 1944
Operation Overlord
Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Washington where they agree a cross-Channel invasion (Operation Overlord) to be provisionally be launched on 1 May 1944
Battle of Attu
Yamasaki leads the final Japanese attack on Attu and is killed as organized resistance collapses.
K-25 Surveying Begins
Surveying begins for the massive K-25 gaseous-diffusion uranium-enrichment plant at Oak Ridge.
Committee of National Liberation (CNL)
Appointed Member of Committee of National Liberation
Committee of National Liberation (CNL)
Appointed Member of Committee of National Liberation
Mediterranean Defence after Tunisia Reviewed
Jodl's staff reviews the defence of Italy and the Balkans after the Axis defeat in Tunisia.
Suez Canal
Plans British strategy after the North African victory secures the Suez Canal and frees forces for Mediterranean operations.
Suez Canal
Commands Middle East forces after the North African campaign has secured Egypt and the Suez Canal.
June 194327 historical events
Death of Leslie Howard
Death of Leslie Howard
Independence of Algeria
The Comm of National Liberation allows Algeria to have a say in running their country. Founds Committee of National Liberation in Algeria
Independence of France
The Comm of National Liberation allows Algeria to have a say in running their country. Founds Committee of National Liberation in Algeria
Operation Overlord
The German radio intercept station is bombed & "wiped off the map"
President of Argentina
Appointed de facto President of Argentina after the 1943 coup
President of Argentina
Appointed de facto President of Argentina after Arturo Rawson
Operation Overlord
The RAF bombs a German Air Force base about to bomb the Overlord Channel fleet
Current Tax Payment Act
The Act establishes payroll withholding for federal income-tax payments.
Battle of Bir-Hakeim
Leads the Free French against Rommel for 16 days. Forced to withdraw but has given the British valuable time in which to regroup
Free French
Leads the Free French against Rommel for 16 days
Fall of Pantelleria
Faces another strategic setback when the Italian island fortress of Pantelleria surrenders to the Allies.
Pantelleria Surrender
Surrenders the fortified island of Pantelleria after sustained Allied air and naval bombardment.
Operation Roundup
Expresses displeasure to Churchill & Roosevelt over the postponement of "Round Up"
Stalin sends a message to Churchill asking for a Second Front
Stalin sends a message to Churchill asking for a Second Front
Capture of Pantelleria
Eisenhowers forces capture the Italian island of Pantelleria
Bombing of Kiel
Kiel is bombed by day with the loss of 17 bombers
Naturalization
Becomes a naturalized US citizen
Cyclotron Plutonium Fission Rate
Using cyclotron-produced plutonium, Segre measures a spontaneous-fission rate low enough to keep the plutonium gun concept viable at this stage.
Coup
Overthrown in the Revolution of 43 military coup in the midst of an unpopular attempt to impose Robustiano Patron Costas as his successor
Coup
The military was opposed to Governor Robustiano Patron Costas, Castillos hand-picked successor, the principal landowner in Salta Province, as well as a main stockholder in its sugar industry
Coup
The military was opposed to Governor Robustiano Patron Costas, Castillos hand-picked successor, the principal landowner in Salta Province, as well as a main stockholder in its sugar industry. A June 1943 coup, the Revolution of 43, is led by General Arturo Rawson against conservative President Ramon Castillo, who had been fraudulently elected to office
Coup
A June 1943 coup, the Revolution of 43, is led by General Arturo Rawson against conservative President Ramon Castillo, who had been fraudulently elected to office
President of France
Appointed President of the French Committee of National Liberation
President of France
Appointed President of the French Committee of National Liberation
Invasion of Italy
Ordered by Rundstedt to relieve the Italian 4th Army due to the possible fall of Italy
Invasion of India
Japanese troops cross into India
Los Alamos Ordnance Division
Navy Captain William Parsons arrives at Los Alamos to lead the Ordnance Division and direct gun-assembly development.
July 194398 historical events
Invasion of Italy
Arrives in Malta to find the Eighth Army preparing for the invasion of Sicily
Invasion of Sicily
Arrives in Malta to find the Eighth Army preparing for the invasion of Sicily
Bombing of Sicily
The Allies begin bombing the airfields of Siciliy as a prelude to invasion
Invasion of Italy
The Allies begin bombing the airfields of Siciliy as a prelude to invasion
Invasion of Sicily
The Allies begin bombing the airfields of Siciliy as a prelude to invasion
Death of Wladyslaw Sikorski
Dies in a plane crash at Gibraltar
First Implosion Explosion
Neddermeyer conducts the first explosive experiment in the Los Alamos implosion research programme.
Operation Citadel Southern Offensive
Manstein commanded the southern German army group participating in Operation Citadel, the offensive against the Kursk salient. His forces made advances but failed to secure the strategic breakthrough sought by the German leadership.
Battle of Kursk
Leads the northern arm of the siege of Kursk
Citadel
An offensive is launched to break through Kursk
Citadel
Opening day, carried out by Models 9th Amry & the 4th Panzer of Army Group South. Delayed from the original date in May so Hitler can develop some "super-weapons". 1st day of the Battle of Kursk to repeat the German Summer advavances of 1941 & 1942
Invasion of Sicily
The Allies launch their invasion of Sicily
Capture of Pachino
Pachino Airfield is captured in preparation for the invasion of Sicily
Capture of Ponte Grande
Planes from Tunisia capture Ponte Grande in preparation for the invasion of Sicily
Invasion of Sicily
Pachino Airfield is captured in preparation for the invasion of Sicily
Invasion of Sicily
Planes fly from Tunisia & capture Ponte Grande for the invasion of Sicily
Invasion of Sicily
The Allied invasion of Sicily begins
Commander Appointed
Appointed commander of the National Liberation Army
NLA Formed
National Liberation Army develops as the main partisan military force
National Liberation Army
General Staff of the National Liberation Army is formed
Sicily Invasion Response Coordinated
Jodl participates in high-level responses as Allied forces invade Sicily.
Invasion of Sicily
Commander of German forces in Sicily during the Allied invasion
Invasion of Sicily
Commands the naval operations during the 1st day of the Allied landings on Siciliy
Invasion of Italy
Allied forces land on the Italian mainland at Salerno, almost 400 landing craft and supply ships involved in landings
Invasion of Sicily
Allies land on Sicily (Operation Husky): almost 3,000 landing craft, and supply ships involved in landings
Operation Husky
Allies land on Sicily (Operation Husky): almost 3,000 landing craft, and supply ships involved in landings
Capture of Syracuse
Syracuse is captured by the Eighth Army during the Allied invasion of Siciliy
Invasion of Sicily
Lands ashore at the head of the Eighth Army
Sicily Landings Commanded
Commands Eighth Army as its formations land in south-eastern Sicily during Operation Husky.
Allied Invasion of Sicily
Commands the Italian Sixth Army as Allied forces land in Sicily during Operation Husky.
Allied Invasion of Sicily
Faces the Allied invasion of Sicily, a military crisis that accelerates opposition to his regime.
Sicily Defence
Directs Italian Sixth Army defensive operations as Allied landings open the Sicily campaign.
First Los Alamos Nuclear Physics Experiment
Los Alamos begins its first nuclear-physics experiment, measuring plutonium-239 fission-neutron yield and marking the laboratory's transition into active experimental work.
Invasion of Sicily
Lands ashore at the head of the 7th Army
Invasion of Sicily
Commands the 5th Army during the Allied invasion of Sicily
Invasion of Italy
Allied forces land on the Italian mainland at Salerno, almost 400 landing craft and supply ships involved in landings
Operation Husky
Allies land on Sicily (Operation Husky): almost 3,000 landing craft, and supply ships involved in landings
Invasion of Sicily
Transfers Tactical HQ from Malta to the front at Sicily
Battle of Kursk
Final day of the abortive siege of Kursk as the Russians launch a counter-offensive
Citadel
Hitler cancels Operation Citadel
Concentration Camps
Placed in charge of the concentration camps
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland, in exile
Atlantic Wall
Issues instructions to give priority to defending rocket launching areas
Citadel
The Russians begin an assault & force the Ninth Army on the defensive
Ninth Army
The Russians begin an assault & force the Ninth Army on the defensive
Battle of Kursk
The Germans fail to hold Kursk
Allied Conference
Proposes an Allied Conference. Convinced Italy must be invaded & Rome captured. Concerned the US will turn its attention toward the Pacific at the expense of Europe
Conference of Allies
Proposes an Allied Conference
Bombing of Rome
Receives news of the major Allied bombing of Rome while meeting Adolf Hitler near Feltre.
Feltre Meeting
Meets Adolf Hitler at Feltre as Italy's military position deteriorates and pressure for withdrawal from the war grows.
Citadel
Forbidden by Hitler to make any withdrawals
Palermo Campaign
Faces the loss of Palermo as Allied forces rapidly expand their control of western Sicily.
Capture of Palermo
Caputres the Sicillian capital of Palermo
Window Countermeasure
Bomber Command uses Window during attacks on Hamburg.
Window Countermeasure
Supports use of chaff to confuse German radar.
Grand Fascist Council
Faces the first meeting of the Fascist Grand Council since 1939 as senior Fascists challenge his leadership.
Grand Council Convened
Presses for a Fascist Grand Council meeting as Italy's military and political crisis deepens.
Grand Council Motion
Presents the order of the day that challenges Mussolini's leadership at the Fascist Grand Council.
Order of the Day
Introduces a motion calling for restoration of the King's constitutional military authority.
Prime Minister of Italy
King Victor Emmanuel III appoints Marshal Pietro Badoglio Prime Minister after dismissing Benito Mussolini.
Dismissal of Mussolini
Dismisses Benito Mussolini as head of government after the Fascist Grand Council crisis and orders his arrest.
Grand Council Defeat
Fails to prevent approval of the Grandi motion after a long overnight Grand Council debate.
Removal from Power
Loses power after the Grand Council vote and the King's decision to dismiss and arrest him.
Grand Council Vote Passes
Sees his motion approved by a majority of the Fascist Grand Council, fatally undermining Mussolini.
Grand Council Vote
Votes for Dino Grandi's motion against Mussolini at the Fascist Grand Council.
Grand Council Vote
Votes for the motion challenging Mussolini during the final Grand Council session.
Grand Council Vote
Opposes Dino Grandi's motion and remains committed to the alliance with Germany.
Final Grand Council Session
Participates in the final Fascist Grand Council meeting while serving as party secretary.
Grand Council Vote
Votes for Dino Grandi's motion against Mussolini during the decisive Fascist Grand Council session.
Grand Council Vote
Supports the Grandi motion that restores the King's constitutional authority.
Arrest of Mussolini
Is arrested after leaving his audience with King Victor Emmanuel III following dismissal from office.
Italian Military Crisis
Remains at the centre of military planning as Mussolini falls and Badoglio assumes power.
Birth of Michael Philip Jagger
Birth of Michael Philip Jagger
Birth of Mick Jagger
Birth of Mick Jagger, later lead singer of the Rolling Stones.
Foreign Minister
Joins Badoglio's government as Foreign Minister after the fall of Mussolini.
Aftermath of Mussolini's Fall
Withdraws from public view after the King's removal of Mussolini changes the political situation.
Fascist Party Dissolved
Oversees the dissolution of the National Fascist Party after the fall of Mussolini.
New Cabinet
Completes formation of a non-party cabinet of soldiers, officials and technocrats after Mussolini's dismissal.
National Fascist Party Dissolved
Loses his party office when the Badoglio government dissolves the National Fascist Party.
Evacuation of Kiska
Kimura evacuates the Japanese garrison from Kiska under fog, removing thousands of troops without Allied interception.
Oak
One of four operations orderred by Hitler to meet the Allied invasion of Italy. Calls for the rescue of Mussolini from captivity
Commander of 21st Panzer Division
Appointed Commander of the 21st Panzer Division
Meeting with At Feltre in northern Italy
Hitler persuades Mussolini to place the Italians under German command. Hitler persuades Mussolini not to make a separate peace. Hitler & Mussolini meet at Feltre in northern Italy
Radar Countermeasures
German night defences are disrupted by Allied chaff.
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant, 1st, on board the Wallace
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant, 1st, on board the Wallace
Sicily Axis of Advance Redirected
Redirects Eighth Army's main effort toward the east coast and Messina after heavy resistance inland.
Air Minister
Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of the Air Force.
Corporations Minister
Joins Badoglio's government with responsibility for corporate and economic administration.
Education Minister
Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of National Education.
Finance Minister
Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of Finance.
Justice Minister
Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of Justice.
War Minister
Joins Badoglio's first government as Minister of War.
War Production Minister
Retains responsibility for war production in Badoglio's first post-Fascist government.
Navy Minister
Joins Badoglio's government as Minister of the Navy.
Detention on Ponza
Is held under guard on the island of Ponza after his arrest.
Battle of Kursk
Secures a military victory over the Germans at Orel
Operation Overlord
Morgan & COSSAC advise landong in Normandy within the Bay of the Seine close to Caen
August 194377 historical events
Chairman of National Government
Becomes chairman of the National Government during the wartime period.
Brigadier General
Appointed Brigadier General
Council of Pacific War
Assures the Chinese & Dutch at the Pacific War Council Britain will open the Burma Rd
Capture of Belgorod
The Russians capture Belgorod, threatning Kharkov
Conference of Quebec
Leaves Britain on board the Queen Mary bound for Halifax, Canada
Battle of Orel
Rokossovskys central front captures Orel from the Germans
Invasion of Italy
The invasion of Italy is brought forward to the 1st Sept
Birth of Pervez Musharraf
Pervez Musharraf is born in Delhi on 11 August 1943.
Capture of Gela
Captures Gela during the 1st American landings on Sicily
General
Appointed General of the Infantry
General
Appointed General of the Infantry
Mobilization
Mobilizes Army Group B which then control the north of Italy
Capture of Messina
A joint Anglo-American complete the capture Sicily after taking Messina
Capture of Sicily
A joint Anglo-American force captures Sicily, 24,000 Germans had been killed
Capture of Sicily
The Allies complete the capture of Sicily
Capture of Sicily
The Allies occupy all of Siciliy
Meeting with In Quebec
Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Quebec, Canada to further discuss Overlord timetable, planning
Operation Overlord
Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Quebec, Canada to further discuss Overlord timetable, planning
Baytown
It is decided that the Eighth Army will invade Italy across the Straits of Messina. Baytown is approved, the Eighth Army will invade Italy across the Straits of Messina
Capture of Messina
The Eighth Army arrives at Messina 2 hrs after Patton
Capture of Sicily
Sicily is in Allied hands after a campaign lasting 38 days & costing 31,000 casualties
Invasion of Italy
Baytown is approved, the Eighth Army will invade Italy across the Straits of Messina
Invasion of Sicily
The Eighth Army arrives at Messina 2 hrs after Patton
Messina Reached after Sicily Campaign
Eighth Army reaches Messina as organised Axis resistance in Sicily ends.
Sicily Campaign Ends
Withdraws the remaining Axis forces from Sicily as the Allied campaign reaches Messina.
Sixth Army Campaign
Ends the Sicily campaign after Axis evacuation leaves the island in Allied hands.
Capture of Messina
Arrives at Messina 2 hours ahead of Montgomery
Capture of Sicily
Sicily is in Allied hands after a campaign lasting 38 days & costing 31,000 casualties
Meeting with In Quebec
Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Quebec, Canada to further discuss Overlord timetable, planning
Operation Overlord
Churchill & Roosevelt meet in Quebec, Canada to further discuss Overlord timetable, planning
Manhattan Project
Roosevelt and Winston Churchill sign Quebec Agreement & a team of British scientists join the Manhattan Project as a result, including Klaus Fuchs
Manhattan Project
Roosevelt and Winston Churchill sign Quebec Agreement & a team of British scientists join the Manhattan Project as a result, including Klaus Fuchs
Manhattan Project
Roosevelt and Winston Churchill sign Quebec Agreement & a team of British scientists join the Manhattan Project as a result, including Klaus Fuchs
Battle of Kharkov
Authorized by Hitler to withdraw from Kharkov
Battle of Kharkov
Forced to authorize a withdrawal from Kharkov
V2 Rocket
Proposes to setup a secret underground camp in the Harz Mountains to produce V2s
V2 Rocket
In charge of secret underground camps in the Harz Mountains to produce V2 rockets
Conference of Quebec
Telegrams Churchill & Roosevelt saying he is a "passive observer"
Conference of Tripartite
Roosevelt & Churchill agree to hold a tripartite conference including Russia
Tripartite Conference
Telegrams Churchill & Roosevelt saying he is a "passive observer". Roosevelt & Churchill agree to hold a tripartite conference including Russia
V2 Rocket
100 prisoners from Buchenwald in the Harz Mountains secretly produce V2 rockets
Birth of June Ellen Child
Birth of June Ellen Child
Agreement on Defeat Japan within 12 months of Germany's
Roosevelt & Churchill agree to defeat Japan within 12 months of Germany's defeat
Baytown
Operation Baytown to land on the "toe" of Italy is set for the 2/3 Sept
Invasion of Italy
Operation Baytown to land on the "toe" of Italy is set for the 2/3 Sept. Montgomery requests & gets additional forces for the Eighth Army
Capture of Gothic Line
Breaches the Gothic Line
Assumption of INA Command
Subhas Chandra Bose formally takes command of the reorganized Indian National Army and prepares it for operations toward India.
Scavenius Government
The Scavenius Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Permanent Brigadier General Appointment
Receives a permanent appointment as Brigadier General in the Regular Army.
Permanent Major General Promotion
Promoted permanently to Major General on the same day as his permanent brigadier-general appointment.
Assassination of Boris III
Murdered by the Nazis, his removal leads to a Nazi coup
Coup
Murdered by the Nazis, his removal leads to a Nazi coup
Death of Boris III
Death of Boris III, assassinated
Chief Medical Officer
Appointed Chief Doctor at Birkenau by Henrich Himmler
Chief Medical Officer
Appointed Chief Doctor at Birkenau by Henrich Himmler
Allied Expeditionary Force
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Allied Expeditionary Force
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Allied Expeditionary Force
Hanslope Park Assignment
Moves to Hanslope Park to work on secure voice communications rather than returning to full-time Hut 8 work.
Return from United States
Returns to Britain after his American cryptographic and secure-speech mission.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Allied Expeditionary Force
Conference of Quebec
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Allied Expeditionary Force
Posting to Delhi
Moves to Delhi for senior military-intelligence work connected with India and the South-East Asian theatre.
Conference of Quebec
The initial draft of the COSSAC plan for Operation Overlord is accepted at the Quebec Conference in August 1943, but no supreme commander was appointed for several months
Operation Overlord
The initial draft of the COSSAC plan for Operation Overlord is accepted at the Quebec Conference in August 1943, but no supreme commander was appointed for several months
Armistice Negotiations
Supports the dispatch of military representatives to establish terms for ending Italy's war against the Allies.
Mission to Allied Representatives
Travels on a secret mission to establish direct contact with Allied representatives about an armistice.
Secret Armistice Contacts
Authorizes secret contacts with the Allies while publicly maintaining that Italy remains at war.
Detention at Gran Sasso
Is moved to the Campo Imperatore hotel on the Gran Sasso massif for secret detention.
Detention on La Maddalena
Is transferred from Ponza to guarded detention on La Maddalena.
Armistice Planning
Supports secret military discussions intended to remove Italy from the Axis war.
Axis Evacuation of Sicily
Supervises the Italian side of the Axis withdrawal toward the Strait of Messina.
Lisbon Armistice Mission
Establishes secret contact with Allied representatives to discuss conditions for an Italian armistice.
Steppe
Opens up the Steppe Front
Kursk
Advances to the Kursk Salient
First Alpha Unit Operation
The first Alpha electromagnetic-separation unit at Y-12 begins operation as Oak Ridge expands into full industrial production.
First Army
Commands the US First Army during Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord
Commands the US First Army during Operation Overlord
September 1943127 historical events
Result of Surrender of Italian Government
The Italian government accepts Allied armistice terms and prepares to leave the Axis war effort.
Surrender of Italian Government
The Italian Government agrees to the Allied terms of surrender
Invasion of Italy
The Allies invade Italy, Hitler decides only the north can be held & forms Army Group B
Result of Surrender of Italy
Italy leaves the Axis war effort and enters an armistice with the Allies.
Surrender of Italy
Italy surrenders to the Allies
Result of Surrender of Italy
Italy's surrender removes a major Axis partner from active war against the Allies.
Surrender of Italy
Italy surrenders to the Allies
Baytown
Some of the Eighth Army cross the Straits of Messina & land on the Calabrian Coast
Calabria Landing Directed
Directs Eighth Army's crossing of the Strait of Messina into Calabria during Operation Baytown.
Capture of Reggio
13 Corps capture Reggio during the Allied invasion of Italy
Capture of San Giovanni
13 Corps capture San Giovanni during the Allied invasion of Italy
Invasion of Italy
Some of the Eighth Army cross the Straits of Messina & land on the Calabrian Coast
Invasion of Italy
13 Corps lands on the beaches between Reggio & Villa San Giovanni
Armistice Authority
Receives authority from the Badoglio government to sign the short military armistice terms.
Armistice Approval
Authorizes acceptance of the Allied short armistice terms and empowers Castellano to sign them.
Armistice of Cassibile
Signs the short military armistice with the Allies on behalf of Marshal Badoglio.
Armistice Signed
Authorizes General Giuseppe Castellano to sign the military armistice with the Allies at Cassibile.
Birth of Roger Waters
Birth of Roger Waters, later bassist, lyricist and conceptual leader of Pink Floyd
Award
Receives an honarary degree from Harvard University
Capture of Germany
The Germans capture Rome after the surrender of the Italian Government to the Allies
Capture of Rome
The Germans capture Rome after the surrender of the Italian Government to the Allies
Italian Armistice Crisis Planning
Jodl's operations staff helps coordinate German measures following Italy's armistice with the Allies.
Armistice
Italy announces an armistice
Armistice
Italy signs an armistice with the Allies in secret
Armistice
Italy announces an armistice
Armistice Broadcast
Broadcasts the armistice announcement to the Italian people after the Allied declaration becomes public.
Italian Fleet Armistice Orders
As Navy Minister, transmits orders requiring major Italian naval units to comply with the armistice and sail to Allied-controlled ports.
Armistice Naval Instructions
Orders the Italian fleet to avoid self-destruction and comply with the Allied armistice terms.
Armistice Announced
Broadcasts the announcement that Italy has accepted an armistice with the Allied powers.
Armistice Crisis
Faces the collapse of Italian military authority after the public announcement of the armistice.
Armistice
Italy announces an armistice
Result of Surrender of Italy
Italy's surrender removes the country from the Axis war effort and opens the peninsula to further Allied operations.
Surrender of Italy
Italy surrenders to the Allies
Capture of Salerno
Tries to resist the US landings at Salerno
Royal Government Leaves Rome
Leaves the capital with Badoglio and senior military officials as German forces threaten the royal government.
Defence of Rome
Commands forces involved in the confused defence of Rome as German units move against the capital after the armistice.
German Attack on Rome
Faces German attacks on the capital while commanding the motorized corps responsible for Rome's defence.
Allied Landing at Salerno
Leads the royal government as Allied forces land at Salerno during the opening of the mainland Italian campaign.
Flight from Rome
Leaves Rome with the King and senior officials as German forces move to seize the capital.
Italian Fleet Sails
Leads the main Italian battle fleet from La Spezia after the armistice orders are received.
Sinking of Roma
Dies when the battleship Roma is sunk by German guided bombs while the Italian fleet sails toward Allied control.
Fleet Command after Roma
Assumes senior command responsibilities after the loss of Admiral Bergamini and the battleship Roma.
Departure from La Spezia
Takes the main Italian fleet to sea after receiving orders connected with the armistice.
German Air Attack
Comes under German air attack while leading Italian capital ships away from their bases.
Flight to Brindisi
Leaves Rome with Badoglio and reaches Allied-controlled southern Italy as German forces occupy the capital.
Capture of Salerno
The 5th US Army lands in the Gulf of Salerno as part of an operation to capture Naples
Capture of Salerno
Units of the 5th Army land on the Italian mainland at Salerno
Dora
Approves the "Central Works" or "Dora" for the production of V2 rockets
V2 Rocket
Approves the underground Harz Mountain site to produce V2 Rockets
Invasion of Italy
Pins German forces down to divert them from the US 5th who are moving towards Naples
Siege of Naples
Pins German forces down to divert them from the US 5th who are moving towards Naples
Rome Defence Collapses
Sees organized defence of Rome collapse as German forces take control of the city.
German Occupation of Rome
Loses control of Rome as German forces overcome Italian resistance following the armistice announcement.
Invasion of Italy
Launches the German counterattacks after the Allied landings at Salerno
Capture of Crotone
Capture Crotone to divert the Germans from the US 5th who are moving towards Naples
Arrest of Benito Mussolini
A German commando unit led by Colonel Skorzeny captures Mussolini from the Italians
Invasion of Italy
Drives the British back to Molina Pass after the Allied invasion at Salerno
Arrest of Benito Mussolini
A German commando unit led by Colonel Skorzeny captures Mussolini from the Italians
Gran Sasso Rescue
Is freed from detention at Gran Sasso during a German airborne and commando operation.
Oak
Lands on the Abruzzi Appenines & rescues Mussolini from captivity
Capture of Salerno
Reduces the US bridgehead to less than 2 miles
Invasion of Italy
Requested to push on & threaten the German forces attacking the US 5th Army
Medal
Awarded the Oak Leaf to the Knights Cross by Adolf Hitler
Battle of Convoy HX229
March 15-March 19, 37 U-boats chase 98 merchant ships sinking 21 & losing 1 U-boat
Republican Fascist Party Announced
Announces the re-creation of a Fascist political organization as the Republican Fascist Party.
Party Secretary Appointment
Takes leadership of the Republican Fascist Party as Mussolini rebuilds a Fascist regime under German protection.
Republican Fascist Party Secretary
Is appointed secretary of the newly reconstituted Republican Fascist Party.
Invasion of Italy
The head of the Eighth Army joins with the right flank of the 5th US Army
First Gun Assembly Test Shot
The Los Alamos gun-assembly programme fires its first test shot while concentrating on a high-velocity plutonium gun design.
Republican Fascist Broadcast
Broadcasts a speech announcing his return to political leadership and the restoration of Fascist rule.
Capture of Salerno
Joins up with the US forces at Salerno
Invasion of Italy
Links up with the 5th Army & British 1st Airborne Division
Implosion Compression Insight
Von Neumann visits Los Alamos and emphasises the large compression attainable by implosion, strengthening interest in the method.
Birth of Sani Abacha
Birth of Sani Abacha
Agriculture Ministry Appointment
Joins the Italian Social Republic government with responsibility for agriculture and forests.
Communications Ministry Appointment
Joins the Italian Social Republic cabinet as Minister of Communications.
Corporate Economy Ministry Appointment
Joins the first Italian Social Republic cabinet with responsibility for corporate economy.
Education Ministry Appointment
Joins the Italian Social Republic cabinet as Minister of National Education.
Finance Ministry Appointment
Joins the Italian Social Republic cabinet as Minister of Finance.
Foreign Affairs Appointment
Becomes the senior undersecretary handling foreign affairs under Mussolini.
Foreign Affairs Portfolio
Retains direct control of foreign affairs while heading the Italian Social Republic.
Italian Social Republic Government
Forms a new Fascist government that becomes known as the Italian Social Republic.
Justice Ministry Appointment
Joins the Italian Social Republic cabinet as Minister of Justice.
Interior Ministry Appointment
Takes responsibility for the Interior Ministry of the Italian Social Republic.
Popular Culture Ministry Appointment
Joins the Italian Social Republic as Minister of Popular Culture.
Public Works Ministry Appointment
Joins the Italian Social Republic cabinet as Minister of Public Works.
Defence Ministry Appointment
Accepts responsibility for rebuilding armed forces loyal to the Italian Social Republic.
German Recognition of RSI
Heads the new Italian Social Republic as Germany recognizes and supports the regime.
Italian Social Republic
Heads the German-backed Italian Social Republic established in northern and central Italy.
Kistiakowsky Recruitment Proposal
Oppenheimer proposes recruiting explosives expert George Kistiakowsky to strengthen the expanding implosion programme.
Execution on Cephalonia
Is executed by German forces after the Acqui Division's resistance on Cephalonia is crushed.
Italian Peninsula Defence Strategy Reviewed
Jodl advises on German strategy for holding Italy after the collapse of Mussolini's alliance.
Operation Walkure
Colonel Henning von Tresckow found Olbrichts revision inadequate and greatly expanded the Valkyrie plan and drafted new supplementary orders
Invasion of Italy
Commands 8 German Divisions in Italy against the Allied invasion
Invasion of France
The South of France is occupied by the 1Ninth Army & the Italian 4th Army is relieved
Invasion of Italy
Commands German Divisions near Rome
Invasion of Italy
Commands German Divisions in the south of Italy
Republic
Mussolini is answerable to the German plenipotentiary in Italy, Rudolf Rahn
Enigma Machine
Becomes head of Machine Coordination and Development, overseeing mechanised support for Enigma cryptanalysis.
Enigma Machine
Sees the specialised Abwehr-Enigma Bombe Eureka installed as ISK expands mechanised attacks.
Invasion of Italy
Prevents the Germans from separating the American & British forces
Wants operations in the eastern Mediterranean to tempt Turkey into joining the
Wants operations in the eastern Mediterranean to tempt Turkey into joining the Allies
Adriatic Advance toward Foggia
Pushes Eighth Army along the Adriatic side of Italy toward the important Foggia airfields.
Capture of Foggia
The Eighth Army captures the Foggia airfield
Capture of Naples
The Eighth Army captures the Naples airfield
Siege of Bari
Ousts the Germans from Bari
Siege of Belvedere
Ousts the Germans from Belvedere
Siege of Cosenza
Ousts the Germans from Cosenza
Minister of the Interior
Joins the Italian Social Republic as Minister of the Interior.
Presidency Undersecretary
Serves as undersecretary to the presidency of the Italian Social Republic.
Minister of National Defence
Joins Mussolini's Italian Social Republic as Minister of National Defence.
Royal Government Re-established
Re-establishes functioning royal authority from Brindisi in territory controlled by Italian and Allied forces.
Fleet Compliance with Armistice
Works to preserve the Italian fleet by ensuring compliance with Allied armistice instructions.
Committee of National Liberation
Represents liberal anti-fascist politics in the Committee of National Liberation established after the armistice.
Anti-Fascist Political Organization
Works with liberal anti-fascists in the political organizations that emerge after the armistice.
Committee of National Liberation
Participates in anti-fascist liberal activity associated with the Committee of National Liberation after the armistice.
Acqui Division Fights Germans
Leads the Acqui Division in resistance against German forces after attempts at negotiation fail.
Cephalonia Resistance
Commands the Acqui Division during the confrontation with German forces on Cephalonia after the Italian armistice.
German Ultimatum on Cephalonia
Receives German demands concerning the disarmament of the Acqui Division after the armistice.
Arrival in Germany
Travels to Germany after his rescue and meets Hitler before returning to political leadership under German protection.
German-backed Return to Italy
Returns to German-occupied Italy to head the new Fascist state created after his rescue.
German Occupation of Central and Northern Italy
Leads the royal government after German forces rapidly occupy most of central and northern Italy.
Cassibile Negotiations
Negotiates final details before signing the short military armistice on behalf of Badoglio.
Government at Brindisi
Re-establishes the royal Italian government in Allied-controlled southern Italy after leaving Rome.
Siege of Leningrad
Ordered to plan the Russian recapture of Leningrad
Invasion of Rhodes
Allied commanders agree to postpone an invasion of Rhodes in order to hold Italy
Operation Overlord
Ordered by the CCS to take "necessary executive action" to implement Overlord
October 194398 historical events
Invasion of France
Reports the Rhone Valley, Toulon & Marsaille are tempting areas for Allied invasion
Capture of Naples
The Allies capture Naples
Invasion of Italy
Hitler orders the defence of Italy south of Rome
Capture of Naples
British forces enter Naples
Siege of Naples
Leads the Eighth Army into Naples
Allied Entry into Naples
Leads the southern government as Allied forces enter Naples after the German withdrawal and local uprising.
Siege of Naples
Leads the 5th Army into Naples
Bombing of Munich
The RAF launch a 25 minute bombing raid on Munich
Bombing of Munich
The RAF launch a 25 minute bombing raid on Munich
First Sea Lord of the Admiralty
Appointed First Sea Lord
First Sea Lord of the Admiralty
Appointed First Sea Lord
Manhattan Project
Construction begins for the first reactor at the Hanford Site
Commander General of XLI Panzer Corps
Appointed Commanding General of the XLI Panzer Corps
Commander General of XLI Panzer Corps
Appointed Commanding General of the XLI Panzer Corps
Capture of Naples
The Allies capture Naples
Conference of Posen
In Heinrich Himmlers speech at the Posen Conference Himmler, for the first time, clearly elucidated to all assembled leaders of the Reich, in frank and brutal terms, what the "Final Solution" referred to
Final Solution
In Heinrich Himmlers speech at the Posen Conference Himmler, for the first time, clearly elucidated to all assembled leaders of the Reich, in frank and brutal terms, what the "Final Solution" referred to
Bombing of Stuttgart
The RAF bomb Stuttgart
Bombing of Stuttgart
The RAF bomb Stuttgart
Battle of Stalingrad
The disaster at Stalingrad was the end of Case Blue and the territorial gains had been reversed by the end of 1943, except for the Kuban bridgehead on the Taman peninsula, retained for a possible second offensive to the Caucasus, which was held until 9 October 1943
Capture of Crimea
The Axis complete the evacuation of the Crimea
Invasion of Russia
The disaster at Stalingrad was the end of Case Blue and the territorial gains had been reversed by the end of 1943, except for the Kuban bridgehead on the Taman peninsula, retained for a possible second offensive to the Caucasus, which was held until 9 October 1943
Operation Case Blue
The disaster at Stalingrad was the end of Case Blue and the territorial gains had been reversed by the end of 1943, except for the Kuban bridgehead on the Taman peninsula, retained for a possible second offensive to the Caucasus, which was held until 9 October 1943
Capture of Crimea
The Axis complete the evacuation of the Crimea
Capture of Kuban Peninsula
The Russians capture the Kuban Peninsula on the Black Sea
Declaration of War
Italy declares war on Germany
Co-belligerent Policy
Commits the royal government to active military cooperation with the Allies against Germany.
Co-belligerent Italy
Remains head of state as the royal government becomes a recognized co-belligerent against Germany.
Declaration of War on Germany
Announces Italy's declaration of war on Germany, establishing the royal government as an Allied co-belligerent.
Italy Becomes Co-belligerent
Secures Allied acceptance of active Italian cooperation against Germany after declaring war.
Declaration of War on Germany
Authorizes the royal Italian government's declaration of war on Germany.
Invasion of Italy
Defends the Gustav line from Minturno to Cassino
Invasion of Italy
Forced to withdraw 15 miles north of the Volturno Line
Offensive
Launches an offensive to cut off the 1st Panzer Army in the Dnieper Rive
Siege of Kiev
Vatutin launches a 4 day breakout from the Burkin bridgehead south of Kiev
Viceroy
Appointed Viceroy of India, officially installed
United Nations
Allied agreement to set up United Nations Commission on War Crimes
Operation Rankin
Operation Rankin could win the war ahead of Operation Overlord
Trial
Allied agreement to set up United Nations Commission on War Crimes
Siege of Kiev
Vatutins attacks from the Burkin bridgehead are repulsed
Operation Rankin
Operation Rankin could win the war ahead of Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord
The HQ for the 1st US Army opens in England
Government
Subhas Chandra Bose proclaims the Provisional Government of Free India in Singapore on 21 October 1943.
Provisional Government
Bose establishes the Provisional Government of Free India as the political authority aligned with the Indian National Army.
K-25 First Concrete
The first concrete is poured for the K-25 gaseous-diffusion plant building at Oak Ridge.
Plot
Italian plans to kidnap Hitler are published by the Germans
Declaration of War
The Provisional Government led by Subhas Chandra Bose declares war on Britain and the United States.
Capture of Dnepropetrovsk
Malinowsky captures Dnepropetrovsk
Siege of Rome
Cables the Combined Chiefs of Staff calling for extra manpower & landing craft
Atlantic Wall
Completes a report highlighting the deficiences of the Atlantic Wall
Diplomatic Plan
Announces a plan for the post-war rehabilitation & reconstruction of Russia
Capture of Kotor
Partisans capture Kotor in Yugoslavia
Invasion of Italy
Offerred 60 Landing Ship Tanks until 15 Dec
Health of Guenther Hans von Kluge
Invalided from command after a car crash
Strike
Miners go on strike
Four-Nation Declaration
China joins the United States, Britain and Soviet Union in the Four-Nation Declaration supporting a postwar international security organization.
Conference of Moscow
Agrees to the European Advisery Commission to divide Germany into military zones
Declaration of Four Powers
Declaration to create an international organisation for peace & security. Annexation imposed on Austria by Germany on March 15, 1938, is null and void
European Advisery Commission
Agrees to form the European Advisery Commission to divide Germany into military zones
German Military Zones
Agrees to form the European Advisery Commission to divide Germany into military zones
Rule of Germany
Agrees to the European Advisery Commission to divide Germany into military zones
Transfer to Finance Economy and Justice
A cabinet reallocation transferred al-Rifai from interior and education to the ministries of finance, economy and justice. The change placed him in charge of fiscal and judicial portfolios within the same government.
Conference of Moscow
It is agreed after Germany is defeated Austria should regain independence. Agreed to form the European Advisery Commission to divide Germany into military zones
Declaration of Four Powers
Establishes the principle of an international organisation to for international peace
Declaration of Four Powers
Signed by the USA, Russia, China & Britain
Establishes the principle of an international organisation to keep international peace
Establishes the principle of an international organisation to keep international peace
International Peace
Establishes the principle of an international organisation to for international peace
Aage Bohr Wartime Escape
Leaves occupied Denmark with his family through Sweden, interrupting his university studies and beginning several years of wartime scientific work abroad.
Escape from Occupied Denmark
Escapes German-occupied Denmark and reaches Sweden after the worsening danger to Danish Jews makes continued work in Copenhagen untenable.
Battle of Orel
Orel falls to the Russians
Alliance Great Britain and Russia
Meets the Russians & confirms the Allied decision at Quebec to launch Overlord
Invasion of Dodecanese
The British attempt to capture the Dodecanese after the surrender of Italy. The British are driven out of the Dodecanese & lose 5,000
Republican Police Administration
Directs police administration for the Italian Social Republic during the consolidation of the new regime.
Government Headquarters
Conducts much of his government work from Gargnano on Lake Garda under close German supervision.
Interior Administration
Develops the Interior Ministry apparatus used by the Italian Social Republic across German-occupied territory.
Party Organization
Builds local Republican Fascist Party organizations across territory controlled by the Italian Social Republic.
Armed Forces Reconstruction
Begins efforts to recruit and organize armed forces for the Italian Social Republic.
Naval Armistice Administration
Coordinates the reduced Italian Navy's operations and obligations under the armistice.
Government Administration in the South
Reorganizes ministries and administration in southern Italy under Allied supervision.
Opposition to the Monarchy
Argues that responsibility for Fascism and the war requires a political break with Victor Emmanuel III.
RSI Military Recruitment
Promotes recruitment and reconstruction of armed units for the Italian Social Republic.
Republican Fascist Mobilization
Uses the Republican Fascist Party to mobilize political support for the Italian Social Republic.
Salò Government Administration
Oversees a dispersed government whose ministries are based around Salò and other towns near Lake Garda.
RSI Internal Security
Directs the Interior Ministry as the Fascist republic expands its internal-security apparatus.
Italian Cooperation with Allies
Begins providing military and logistical cooperation to Allied forces operating in Italy.
RSI Armed Forces
Works with German authorities to create military formations for Mussolini's new regime.
Alliance Agreement at Moscow
Supports the alliance of Turkey with the Allies during a meeting with the Allies
Alliance Turkey with the Allies
Supports the alliance of Turkey with the Allies during a meeting with the Allies. Meets the Allies to back the invasion of north France
Invasion of France
Supports the use of Swedish airbases to invade north France at a meeting with the Allies
Invasion of Italy
Complains the Allies in Italy cannot prevent Germans moving Divisions to the Eastern Front
Manhattan Project
Project W-47, later called Project Alberta set up to plan delivery of the bomb
Project Alberta
Project W-47, later called Project Alberta set up to plan delivery of the bomb
Project W-47
Project W-47, later called Project Alberta set up to plan delivery of the bomb
Manhattan Project
Project W-47, later called Project Alberta set up to plan delivery of the bomb
Alliance United States and Russia
Meets the Russians & confirms the Allied decision at Quebec to launch Overlord
Operation Overlord
Meets Russian representives & confirms the decision at Quebec to launch Overlord
Operation Overlord
Arrives in England to take command of the First Army
Project Alberta
Project W-47, later called Project Alberta set up to plan delivery of the bomb
November 1943158 historical events
Directive 51 Western Defence Priority Supported
Jodl works within OKW as German planning gives renewed priority to strengthening the West against an Allied invasion.
Fuhrer Directive No. 51
Directive 51, reserves from the West will not be sent to the East or the Mediterranean
Invasion of Western Front
Hitler issues Directive No. 51, a plan to deter or prevent an Allied invasion on Germany's western front
Operation Overlord
Hitler issues Directive No. 51, a plan to deter or prevent an Allied invasion on Germany's western front
X-10 Graphite Reactor Criticality
Supervises startup as the X-10 Graphite Reactor reaches criticality at Clinton Laboratories.
Commander of Senior
Appointed Fuhrer Reserve senior Commander
Commander of Senior
Appointed Fuhrer Reserve senior Commander
Battle of Kiev
The Russians capture Kiev
Gauleiter Speech on Atlantic Wall Labour
Jodl tells Gauleiters that harsh measures are necessary to obtain labour for Atlantic Wall construction in occupied Western Europe.
Speech
Last speech to Nazi party, "we shall go on fighting past 12 oclock"
Capture of Sangro
The Eighth Army captures the heights on the Sangro, 100 miles east of Rome
Birth of Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero
Birth of Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero
Verona Political Programme
Accepts a programme combining republican Fascism, socialization proposals and continued alliance with Germany.
Verona Manifesto
Promotes the Verona Manifesto as the political programme of Republican Fascism.
Verona Party Congress
Leads the Republican Fascist Party congress at Verona.
Verona Manifesto
Backs the Verona Manifesto adopted by the Republican Fascist Party as the political programme of the Italian Social Republic.
AEAF HQ
The AEAF HQ takes control of the RAF Tactical Air Force & the Air Defence of Britain
Arctic Convoy
The 1st Arctic convoy since February sets sail
Invasion of Europe
An Allied Expeditionary force is formed for the invasion of Europe
Arrest of Oswald Mosley
Mosley is released for reasons of poor health
Bombing of Berlin
1st day of the "battle of Berlin", 700 tons dropped by the RAF
Bombing of Berlin
1st day of the "battle of Berlin", 700 tons dropped by the RAF
Bombing of Berlin
1st day of the "battle of Berlin", 700 tons dropped by the RAF
Conference of Cairo
Arrives in Cairo with Madame Chiang for meetings with Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Supreme Axis Commander in Italy
Commander in Chief
Appointed Supreme Axis Commander in Italy
Atlantic Wall
Takes over the defence of north France & the construction of the Atlantic Wall
Bombing of Berlin
Worst bombing of Berlin so far, 2,300 tons dropped
Bombing of Berlin
Worst bombing of Berlin so far, 2,300 tons dropped
Conference of Cairo
Opening day of Conference for Allied leaders in Cairo to discuss the war in Asia
Cairo Plenary Meeting
Meets Roosevelt and Churchill in a plenary session at Cairo to discuss Allied operations against Japan and postwar arrangements in Asia.
Bombing of Berlin
Berlin reported as "sea of flames", up to 10,000 dead
BBC Resignation
Resigns from the BBC.
Conference of Cairo
Confirms British committment to Overlord at the Cairo Conference
Conference of Cairo
Japan will lose Pacific Islands seized since the beginning of World War I
Conference of Cairo
Operation Buccaner is agreed at the Cairo Conference
Conference of Cairo
Stalin turns down the invitation to appear at the Cairo Conference
Invasion of Andaman Islands
An attack on the Andaman Islands to coincide with a Chinese attack on Burma is agreed
Invasion of Burma
An attack on the Andaman Islands to coincide with a Chinese attack on Burma is agreed
Operation Buccaneer
Operation Buccaner is agreed at the Cairo Conference. An attack on the Andaman Islands to coincide with a Chinese attack on Burma is agreed
Operation Overlord
Confirms British committment to Overlord at the Cairo Conference
Bombing of Berlin
Berlin reported as "sea of flames", up to 10,000 dead
Conference of Cairo
1st day of bi-lateral talks between Britain & the USA
Conference of Cairo
Japan will lose Pacific Islands seized since the beginning of World War I. It is agreed to restore all territory lost by the Republic of China. 1st day of bi-lateral talks between Britain & the USA
Tehran Strategic Assessment at Cairo
Deane reports Soviet attitudes and likely strategic aims to the United States Joint Chiefs before the Tehran meeting.
Conference of Cairo
British Chiefs of Staff propose guerilla war in Yugoslavia, Greece & Albania
Conference of Cairo
British Chiefs of Staff propose opening the Dardanelles to Russia
Conference of Cairo
British Chiefs of Staff propose pushing the offensive in Italy to the Pisa-Rimini line
Conference of Cairo
Efforts are made to bring Turkey into the war on the side of the Allies & discussions at Tehran with Russia
Tehran Preparations at Cairo
Churchill and the Anglo-American staffs review European strategy at Cairo before the forthcoming meeting with Stalin in Tehran.
Conference of Cairo
Concludes the Cairo Conference with Roosevelt and Churchill; the communiqué sets Allied objectives for the war against Japan and postwar territorial settlements.
British Soviet Preparatory Talks at Tehran
Clark Kerr joins Harriman and Molotov in preparatory talks about conference security and arrangements.
Arrival for Tehran Conference
Churchill arrives in Tehran with the British delegation for the first wartime meeting of the three principal Allied leaders.
Late Night Security Talks with Harriman and Clark Kerr
Molotov discusses security and Roosevelt's accommodation with Harriman and Clark Kerr before the formal conference begins.
Soviet Delegation Preparations at Tehran
Molotov participates in late-night preparatory discussions before the formal Tehran sessions open the following day.
Arrival of Stalin in Tehran
Stalin arrives in Tehran with the Soviet delegation before the conference formally opens on 28 November.
Leahy Joins Roosevelt Tehran Delegation
Leahy accompanies Roosevelt to Tehran as the President's senior military adviser.
Harriman Arrives with American Delegation
Harriman reaches Tehran with Roosevelt's party and prepares for discussions with Soviet and British representatives.
American Military Mission Joins Tehran Delegation
Deane joins the American military delegation bringing recent knowledge of Soviet strategic priorities from Moscow.
Roosevelt Arrives at Gale Morghe Airfield
Roosevelt lands at Gale Morghe airfield and proceeds to the American Legation under tight security.
Roosevelt Flies from Cairo to Tehran
Roosevelt flies from Cairo to Tehran to meet Churchill and Stalin for the first Big Three summit.
Hopkins Joins Roosevelt in Tehran
Hopkins accompanies Roosevelt to Tehran and participates in political and strategic discussions during the summit.
Eden Attends Opening Tehran Deliberations
Eden takes part in British diplomatic discussions during the opening day of the summit.
Eden Joins Roosevelt Hosted Dinner Talks
Eden joins Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin and senior diplomats for evening discussions after the opening plenary.
Churchill Defends Mediterranean Opportunities
Churchill argues that Mediterranean opportunities should not be discarded while the Allies prepare Overlord.
Churchill Joins First Big Three Plenary
Churchill joins Roosevelt and Stalin for their first formal three-power plenary meeting.
First Day Tehran Strategy Discussions Conclude
Churchill completes the first day of discussions with the central issue of future operations in Europe still under debate.
Opening Plenary of Tehran Conference
Churchill joins Roosevelt and Stalin at the first plenary meeting of the Tehran Conference.
Polish Frontier Discussion
Churchill tells Stalin he has no attachment to a precise Polish-Soviet frontier but regards Soviet security and a strong independent Poland as essential.
British Military Delegation at Tehran
Brooke attends the Tehran discussions as Chief of the Imperial General Staff and principal British military adviser.
Molotov Attends Opening Big Three Dinner
Molotov joins the leaders and senior diplomats at Roosevelt's dinner after the first plenary.
Molotov Meets Roosevelt before First Plenary
Molotov meets Roosevelt after Stalin's private discussion with the President and before the opening plenary.
First Roosevelt Stalin Meeting
Stalin meets Roosevelt privately for the first time before joining Churchill at the opening plenary session.
Stalin Calls on Roosevelt at Soviet Embassy
Stalin calls on Roosevelt shortly after the President moves into the Soviet Embassy compound.
Stalin Presses Need for Second Front
Stalin emphasises the importance of a major Anglo-American second front in Western Europe.
Stalin Security Warning over Tehran Travel
Stalin warns that travel between delegations could expose the Allied leaders to danger from Axis sympathisers.
Sword of Lenin
Stalin is handed the Stalingrad sword
Soviet Military Delegation at Tehran
Voroshilov joins the Soviet military delegation during the opening Tehran discussions on Allied operations against Germany.
King Joins Joint Chiefs Tehran Review
King participates in the American Joint Chiefs review before the first Tehran plenary.
Harriman Joins First Evening Conference Talks
Harriman joins the senior Allied leaders for evening talks at the Soviet Embassy.
Security Case for Roosevelt Embassy Move Presented
Harriman relays Soviet security concerns and helps persuade Roosevelt to move into the Soviet Embassy compound.
Marshall Reviews Overlord Position before Plenary
Marshall reviews American support for a cross-Channel invasion before the opening summit discussions.
Arnold Joins Air Strategy Review at Tehran
Arnold participates in American military planning concerning air power and the coming operations in Europe.
Bohlen Interprets Roosevelt Stalin Conversation
Bohlen provides interpretation during the first private meeting between Roosevelt and Stalin.
Roosevelt Interpreter at Tehran
Bohlen interprets for Roosevelt during high-level conversations with Stalin and other Soviet representatives.
Opening Plenary of Tehran Conference
Roosevelt joins Churchill and Stalin at the first plenary meeting of the Tehran Conference.
Roosevelt Meets US Joint Chiefs before Opening Session
Roosevelt meets the Joint Chiefs to review American strategic positions before the first plenary session.
Roosevelt Moves to Soviet Embassy Compound
Roosevelt moves into the Soviet Embassy compound after security concerns are raised about travel through Tehran.
Roosevelt Supports Cross Channel Priority
Roosevelt supports giving the cross-Channel invasion priority in Allied European strategy.
Hopkins Participates in Opening Conference Discussions
Hopkins joins Roosevelt in discussions that shape the political atmosphere of the opening summit.
Eden Joins Second Evening Political Discussions
Eden participates in late discussions covering political questions alongside military strategy.
Churchill Supports Southern France Operation in Principle
Churchill accepts a southern France operation provided available landing craft and wider strategy permit it.
Second Tehran Plenary Continues Strategic Debate
Churchill continues the strategic debate over Overlord, Mediterranean operations and supporting offensives.
Sword of Stalingrad Presented
Churchill presents Stalin with the Sword of Stalingrad on behalf of King George VI and the British people.
Brooke Attends Tripartite Military Meeting
Brooke represents British strategic views during the formal military discussions among the three powers.
Brooke Reviews Mediterranean Resource Demands
Brooke examines how Mediterranean commitments would affect forces and landing craft required for Overlord.
Molotov Joins Stalin Hosted Dinner Talks
Molotov joins Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill and senior advisers for evening discussions after the second plenary.
Mediterranean Diversion Debate
Stalin opposes Mediterranean operations that might weaken Overlord while supporting a complementary landing in southern France.
Overlord Command and Japan Commitment Discussed
Stalin presses for appointment of an Overlord commander and reiterates that the Soviet Union will fight Japan after Germany is defeated.
Second Private Roosevelt Stalin Discussion
Stalin meets Roosevelt privately before the second plenary to continue political and strategic discussions.
Soviet Offensive Timed with Overlord Proposed
Stalin offers to launch a major Soviet offensive around the time of Overlord to pin German forces in the east.
Stalin Calls for Overlord Supreme Commander
Stalin argues that Overlord needs a clearly appointed commander responsible for its execution.
Stalin Demands Firm Overlord Commitment
Stalin presses the Western Allies for a firm commitment to launch Overlord in 1944.
Sword of Stalingrad Accepted
Stalin accepts the Sword of Stalingrad and thanks Britain on behalf of the citizens of Stalingrad.
Voroshilov Represents Stavka in Military Talks
Voroshilov participates in military discussions linking Soviet operations with the Anglo-American invasion of Western Europe.
First Atomic B-29 Modifications
The first B-29 modification work begins at Wright Field to adapt the aircraft for carrying the new atomic weapons.
Harriman Attends Stalin Hosted Conference Dinner
Harriman joins the senior delegations for Stalin's dinner and the discussions that continue afterward.
Marshall Defends Cross Channel Strategy
Marshall supports concentrating Anglo-American strength on the cross-Channel invasion rather than dispersing resources.
Tripartite Military Meeting Opens
Marshall joins British and Soviet military representatives in a morning meeting on coordinated operations.
Bohlen Interprets Second Day Leader Discussions
Bohlen interprets during high-level American-Soviet conversations on the conference's second day.
Roosevelt Inspects Sword of Stalingrad
Roosevelt inspects the Sword of Stalingrad after Churchill formally presents it to Stalin.
Roosevelt Reviews Strategy with American Chiefs
Roosevelt meets the American Chiefs of Staff before the second plenary session.
Second Tehran Plenary Opens
Roosevelt joins Churchill and Stalin for the second full plenary meeting of the conference.
Atlantic Wall
Field Marshal Rommel begins inspection of Atlantic Wall, Germany's coastal defence system stretching from Norway to the Spanish frontier
Atlantic Wall
Field Marshal Rommel begins inspection of Atlantic Wall, Germany's coastal defence system stretching from Norway to the Spanish frontier
Invasion of Western Front
Field Marshal Rommel begins inspection of Atlantic Wall, Germany's coastal defence system stretching from Norway to the Spanish frontier
Operation Overlord
Field Marshal Rommel begins inspection of Atlantic Wall, Germany's coastal defence system stretching from Norway to the Spanish frontier
Churchill Joins Third Plenary
Churchill takes part in the third plenary as the leaders narrow their remaining strategic differences.
Churchill Meets Shah during Tehran Summit
Churchill receives Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi while the Allied leaders are gathered in Tehran.
Churchill Sixty Ninth Birthday Dinner
Churchill celebrates his sixty-ninth birthday at a dinner attended by Roosevelt, Stalin and senior Allied leaders.
Brooke Attends Churchill Birthday Conference Dinner
Brooke attends the dinner where military and political discussions continue among senior Allied leaders.
Molotov Attends Churchill Birthday Dinner
Molotov attends Churchill's birthday dinner with the principal Allied political and military representatives.
Stalin Joins Third Plenary
Stalin participates in the third plenary meeting as agreement on 1944 operations takes shape.
Stalin Meets Shah during Tehran Summit
Stalin meets the Shah of Iran while attending the summit in Tehran.
Stalin Praises American Lend Lease Production
At Churchill's birthday dinner, Stalin praises American industrial output and the importance of Lend-Lease to the Soviet war effort.
King Reviews Naval Requirements for European Operations
King contributes to discussion of naval resources and landing craft needed for forthcoming Allied operations.
Leahy Attends Combined Chiefs Meeting
Leahy joins senior American and British military leaders reviewing the remaining strategic questions.
Marshall Attends Combined Chiefs Review
Marshall participates in the Combined Chiefs review before the third Tehran plenary.
Arnold Reviews Air Support for 1944 Operations
Arnold reviews air requirements connected with the planned Allied offensives in Europe.
Roosevelt Hosts Big Three Luncheon
Roosevelt hosts Churchill and Stalin for luncheon before the third plenary session.
Roosevelt Meets Shah of Iran
Roosevelt meets Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi during the Tehran Conference and discusses relations with Iran.
Roosevelt Presents Churchill Birthday Gift
Roosevelt presents Churchill with a Kashan bowl during the Prime Minister's birthday dinner.
Third Tehran Plenary Opens
Roosevelt joins Churchill and Stalin for the third formal plenary meeting.
Resignation of Henri-Honore Giraud
Resigns because of differences with de Gaulle
Capture of Kiev
The German armies in the Ukraine are thrteatened with encirclement
Invasion of Russia
The German Armies are split at the Pripet Marshes
Invasion of Russia
Kiev is re-captured & German armies in the Ukraine are threatened with encirclement
Operation Adler
Indecisive anti-partisan operation on the north Dalmatian coast, between Karlobag and Zadar, German and Croatian units provide the Axis force
Operation Barbarossa
The German Armies are split at the Pripet Marshes
Siege of Kiev
The German armies in the Ukraine are thrteatened with encirclement. Kiev is re-captured by the Russians
British Mission to Manhattan Project
Chadwick helps lead the British scientific mission that travels to the United States to join Allied atomic-bomb work.
Invasion of France
Agreed to mount Overlord & send a diversionary force to the south of France in May 1944
Operation Overlord
Agrees to mount Overlord & send a diversionary force to the south of France in May 1944
Presents Stalin with a commemorative sword in honour of those
Presents Stalin with a commemorative sword in honour of those who defended Stalingrad
Siege of Stalingrad
Presents Stalin with a commemorative sword in honour of those who defended Stalingrad
Operation Overlord
Given command of the assault phase for Overlord on the ground
Military Reorganization
Begins reorganizing royal Italian forces for active operations alongside the Allies.
Chief of General Staff Appointment
Is appointed Chief of the General Staff of the royal Italian armed forces.
First Motorized Group
Takes command of the First Motorized Group, created for combat alongside Allied forces.
Chief of General Staff
Becomes Chief of the General Staff of the royal Italian armed forces during the co-belligerent phase of the war.
Royal Forces Reorganized
Directs reorganization of armed forces in the south for operations alongside Allied armies.
Declaration of Cairo
The Allies proclaim that Japan will be stripped of all land gained since 1914
Curzon Line Proposal Discussed
Stalin supports a postwar Polish eastern frontier broadly following the Curzon Line, with Poland compensated in the west.
Return to Liberated Kiev
Returns to Kiev after Soviet forces retake the Ukrainian capital from German occupation.
First Plutonium Metal Sample
The Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory produces the first sample of plutonium in metallic form by chemically reducing plutonium fluoride.
Navy Thermal Diffusion Pilot Approval
The Navy approves Abelson's plan for a liquid thermal-diffusion pilot plant to enrich uranium.
Operation Overlord
Agreed to mount Overlord & send a diversionary force to the south of France in May 1944
Resolution-Connally
The US Senate recognizes the need for an international peacekeeping organisation. Senate voting is 85-5 in favour
December 1943122 historical events
Questions Curzon Comparison
Eden challenges Molotov's claim that the 1939 Soviet frontier and the Curzon Line are identical, noting meaningful differences between them.
British Guarantee of Iranian Sovereignty Signed
Churchill commits Britain to respect Iran's political independence and territorial integrity after wartime cooperation.
Final Tehran Negotiations Continue
Churchill joins prolonged final discussions covering military conclusions and political declarations.
Overlord and Southern France Agreement
Churchill accepts the agreed plan for Overlord in 1944 together with a supporting operation against southern France.
Southern France Supporting Operation Confirmed
Churchill accepts a supporting operation against southern France, subject to the availability of landing craft.
Tehran Conference Concludes with Big Three Unity
Churchill leaves the summit with agreement on coordinated 1944 operations and continued three-power cooperation.
Tehran Declaration Signed
Churchill signs the declaration stating that the Allies have concerted their plans for the destruction of German forces.
Turkey Entry into War Judged Desirable
Churchill joins the conclusion that Allied strategy would benefit if Turkey entered the war before the end of 1943.
Requests Polish Frontier Formula
Churchill asks Stalin for a workable frontier formula that Britain could take back to the Polish Government in London.
Western Compensation for Poland
Churchill proposes shifting Poland westward, compensating eastern territorial losses with German lands including parts of East Prussia and territory toward the Oder.
Allied Cover Plan Coordination Agreed
Brooke's delegation joins the agreement to coordinate deception plans intended to mislead Germany about forthcoming operations.
Compares 1939 Frontier to Curzon Line
Molotov tells the Allied leaders that the Soviet frontier established in 1939 is, in his view, essentially the Curzon Line.
Final Day of Tehran Conference
Stalin joins the final discussions as the three powers complete their military conclusions and political declarations.
Final Soviet Negotiating Session
Stalin participates in the final negotiating sessions as the three governments complete their agreements.
Polish Frontier Discussion at Tehran
Stalin discusses moving Poland's eastern frontier toward the Curzon Line while compensating Poland with territory farther west.
Soviet Guarantee of Iranian Sovereignty Signed
Stalin accepts the tripartite pledge preserving Iran as a sovereign state after the war.
Soviet Response to Bulgarian Attack on Turkey Stated
Stalin states that the Soviet Union would enter war with Bulgaria if Bulgaria attacked Turkey after Turkish entry against Germany.
Soviet Support for Overlord Coordination
Stalin confirms Soviet support for Overlord and promises a major Soviet offensive to help prevent German reinforcement of France.
Soviet Supporting Offensive Commitment Confirmed
Stalin confirms that Soviet forces will attack around the time of Overlord to hinder German troop transfers westward.
Yugoslav Partisan Support Agreement Confirmed
Stalin joins the agreement to provide Yugoslav Partisans with supplies, equipment and commando support.
Accepts Curzon Line in Principle
Stalin says he could accept the Curzon Line as the Soviet-Polish frontier if the Soviet Union receives northern East Prussia including Konigsberg.
Roosevelt, Churchill & Kai-Shek demand Japans unconditional surrender
Roosevelt, Churchill & Kai-Shek demand Japans unconditional surrender. Roosevelt, Churchill & Kai-Shek demand Japans return to its 1894 boundaries
Tripartite Staff Coordination Agreement Completed
The conference concludes that American, British and Soviet military staffs should maintain close contact over forthcoming European operations.
Declaration Regarding Iran Signed
Roosevelt signs the declaration supporting Iran's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Final Leaders Session Begins at Noon
Roosevelt meets Churchill, Stalin and senior advisers for the final day of conference negotiations.
Final Tehran Communique Agreed
Roosevelt agrees the final communiqué with Churchill and Stalin after the last conference discussions.
Overlord May 1944 Timing Confirmed
Roosevelt confirms agreement that Operation Overlord will be launched in May 1944.
Overlord and Southern France Agreement
Roosevelt accepts the coordinated plan for Overlord and a supporting operation against southern France in 1944.
Polish-Soviet Relations
Roosevelt opens the Tehran political discussion by hoping Polish-Soviet relations can be restored before final decisions on disputed frontier questions.
Tehran Declaration Signed
Roosevelt signs the joint declaration confirming Allied agreement on coordinated military operations against Germany.
Conscription
Hitler orders the conscription of youth for active service
Conscription
Bevin announces conscription to coal mines
Conference of Moscow
Final day of the Moscow Conference
Bombing of Leipzig
The RAF bomb Leipzig, 1,500 killed & 40,000 homeless
Bombing of Leipzig
The RAF bomb Leipzig, 1,500 killed & 40,000 homeless
Declaration of War
Bolivia declares war on the Axis powers
Constitution of Yugoslavia
Tito establishes a provisional Government at liberated Jajce, in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Government
Tito establishes a provisional Government at liberated Jajce, in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Provisional Government
Tito establishes a provisional Government at liberated Jajce, in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Independence of Yugoslavia
The Yugoslav Government in Cairo repudiates Titos provisional Government
Provisional Government
The Yugoslav Government in Cairo repudiates Titos provisional Government
Yugoslav Government in Cairo repudiates Titos provisional Government
The Yugoslav Government in Cairo repudiates Titos provisional Government
Conference of Cairo
Churchill & Roosevelt agree Gen Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the planned invasion of Europe, Eisenhowers appointment as Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, publicly announced by Roosevelt
International Agreement at Cairo
Churchill & Roosevelt agree Gen Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the planned invasion of Europe, Eisenhowers appointment as Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, publicly announced by Roosevelt
Operation Overlord
Churchill & Roosevelt agree Gen Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the planned invasion of Europe, Eisenhowers appointment as Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, publicly announced by Roosevelt
Diplomatic Negotiations
Involved in talks with Roosevelt & Churchill
Allied Expeditionary Force
Churchill & Roosevelt agree General Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the invasion of Europe
Operation Overlord
Churchill & Roosevelt agree General Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the invasion of Europe
Supreme Allied Commander
Churchill & Roosevelt agree Gen Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the planned invasion of Europe, Eisenhowers appointment as Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, publicly announced by Roosevelt
Conference of Cairo
Churchill & Roosevelt agree Gen Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the planned invasion of Europe, Eisenhowers appointment as Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, publicly announced by Roosevelt
International Agreement at Cairo
Churchill & Roosevelt agree Gen Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the planned invasion of Europe, Eisenhowers appointment as Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, publicly announced by Roosevelt
Operation Overlord
Churchill & Roosevelt agree Gen Eisenhower will command Allied forces for the planned invasion of Europe, Eisenhowers appointment as Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary Force, publicly announced by Roosevelt
Republican National Guard
Becomes commander of the Republican National Guard created by the Italian Social Republic.
Republican National Guard Formed
Takes command of the new Republican National Guard formed from Fascist and security organizations.
Battle of Montelungo
Leads the First Motorized Group in its first major combat action against German forces at Montelungo.
Birth of James Douglas Jim
Birth of James Douglas "Jim", Melbourne, Florida, son of Admiral George Stephen Morrison
Birth of Jim Morrison
Birth of Doors vocalist Jim Morrison.
Nobel Prize in Medicine
Shares the medicine prize for discovering vitamin K.
Vitamin K Discovery Recognition
Receives recognition for research connecting nutrition with blood coagulation.
Capture of Germany
German troops occupy Rome
Capture of Rome
German troops occupy Rome
Operation Anvil
Directs Commanders to divert as many LCS carriers as possible to Overlord & Anvil
Operation Overlord
Directs Commanders to divert as many LCS carriers as possible to Overlord & Anvil
Retreat
Manstein persuades Hitler to order a retreat behind the River Dnieper
Retreat
Manstein persuades Hitler to order a retreat behind the River Dnieper
Real Madrid Presidency
Becomes president and begins a transformative period in Real Madrid's institutional history.
Capture of Split
Partisans capture Split in Yugoslavia
Second Montelungo Attack
Leads renewed Italian attacks at Montelungo as co-belligerent forces prove their commitment against Germany.
Capture of Split
Partisans capture Split in Yugoslavia
Capture of Bryansk
Stalin announces the Russian capture of Bryansk
Birth of Keith Richards
Birth of Keith Richards, later guitarist and songwriter of the Rolling Stones.
Bombing of Hamburg
The British Air Ministry announces that Hamburg lies in ruins
Bombing of Hamburg
The British Air Ministry announces that Hamburg lies in ruins
Coup
Villarroel joins military and MNR conspirators in overthrowing Penaranda.
President of Bolivia
Villarroel assumes leadership of Bolivia after the December military coup.
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of the Mediterranean
Commander of Army Group Twenty One
Appointed Commander of the 21 Army Group
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of the Mediterranean
Twenty First Army Group Appointment Confirmed
Is appointed to command 21st Army Group for the coming Allied invasion of north-west Europe.
Commander of Army Group Twenty One
Appointed Commander of the 21 Army Group
D-Day
Appointed Commander of the 21 Army Group to open a "2nd front" on D-Day
D-Day
Appointed to open a "2nd front" across the Channel for D-Day
Capture of Smolensk
Russians captue Smolensk
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1st term
Broadcast
Speaks with assurance of, "our coming victory"
Capture of Roslavl
Russians captue Roslavl
Capture of Smolensk
Russians captue Smolensk
Capture of Temyruk
Russians capture Temyruk, the last held German port on the Black Sea
Pact between Germany, Italy and Japan
Germany & Japan recognze Mussolinis Government of the 3rd anniversary of their Pact
Capture of Temyruk
Russians capture Temyruk, the last held German port on the Black Sea
Birth of Peter Quaife
Birth of Kinks bassist Peter Quaife.
Battle of Normandy
47 divisions are committed to the Battle of Normandy: 19 British, 5 Canadian, 21 US & 1 Free French
Free French
Following Eisenhowers and Montgomerys revisions it is expanded to landings by 5 divisions and airborne descents by 3 divisions, in total, 47 divisions would be committed to the Battle of Normandy: 19 British, 5 Canadian, 21 US & 1 Free French
Operation Overlord
47 divisions are committed to the Battle of Normandy: 19 British, 5 Canadian, 21 US & 1 Free French
Operation Overlord
Eisenhower & Montgomerry insist that the scale of the invasion be expanded, to prevent the invaders being restricted to a narrow beachhead, with insufficient room to land follow-up formations, delaying Overlord to June. Eisenhower & Montgomerry both first see the COSSAC plan on 31 December 1943 at Marrakech in Morroco, in a conference with Winston Churchill
Operation Postage Able
In December 1943, Operation Postage Able used an X-craft to collect suitable data for all of the Normandy beaches
Free French
Following Eisenhowers and Montgomerys revisions it is expanded to landings by 5 divisions and airborne descents by 3 divisions, in total, 47 divisions would be committed to the Battle of Normandy: 19 British, 5 Canadian, 21 US & 1 Free French
Operation Overlord
In December 1943, Operation Postage Able used an X-craft to collect suitable data for all of the Normandy beaches. Following Eisenhowers and Montgomerys revisions it is expanded to landings by 5 divisions and airborne descents by 3 divisions, in total, 47 divisions would be committed to the Battle of Normandy: 19 British, 5 Canadian, 21 US & 1 Free French
Operation Postage Able
In December 1943, Operation Postage Able used an X-craft to collect suitable data for all of the Normandy beaches
Manhattan Project Scientific Assistant
Accompanies Niels Bohr to Los Alamos and works as his assistant and secretary while sharing discussions connected with fission physics and the Manhattan Project.
Los Alamos Scientific Consultant
Arrives at Los Alamos with Aage Bohr as a consultant, using the security name Nicholas Baker while advising scientists working on nuclear-fission weapon physics.
Capture of River Dneiper
Soviet forces trap 650,000 German troops in the Crimea
Operation Barbarossa
Soviet forces surround the mouth of the Dneiper
Operation Barbarossa
Soviet forces surrond 650,000 German troops in the Crimea
Operation Overlord
Says that "if they attack int westthat attack will decide the war"
As I Please
Begins the As I Please column for Tribune.
Tribune
Becomes literary editor of Tribune.
Conference of Cairo
Proposes sending 2 Divisions to south France as a diversion to Overlord
Operation Anvil
Proposes sending 2 Divisions to south France as a diversion to Overlord
Operation Buccaneer
Gets some LCTs from Burma against the Japanese for use in Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord
Gets some LCTs from Burma against the Japanese for use in Operation Overlord
Suez Canal
Takes command of the Eighth Army after the North African campaign has protected Egypt and the Suez Canal.
Uranium-235 Spontaneous Fission Measurement
Segre measures a lower-than-expected spontaneous-fission rate for uranium-235, easing design requirements for the uranium gun weapon.
Co-belligerent Army Development
Supports the development of Italian formations intended to fight German forces alongside the Allies.
Independence of Iran
The 3 powers at the Tehran Conference agree to a post-war independent Iran
Independence of Russia
The 3 powers at the Tehran Conference agree to a post-war independent Iran
Rule of Poland
The 3 powers at the Tehran Conference move Polands frontiers westward
X-10 Plutonium Chemical Separation
Chemical separation of reactor-produced plutonium begins using irradiated fuel from the X-10 Graphite Reactor.
Y-12 Racetrack Rebuild
After repeated failures to operate the first Alpha racetrack reliably, Y-12 is shut down for major equipment rebuilding.
Operation Overlord
Appointed Supreme Allied Commander for Operation Overlord
Supreme Allied Commander
Appointed Supreme Allied Commander for Operation Overlord
Supreme Allied Commander
Appointed Supreme Allied Commander for Operation Overlord at the Cairo Conference
Operation Walkure
Quirnheim becomes involved in plans to use Operation Walkure against the Nazi regime
Commander of National Liberation Army
Appointed Commander of the National Liberation Army
Commander of National Liberation Army
Appointed Commander of the National Liberation Army
NLA
Founds the National Liberation Army
Coup
The armed forces take over the Government after it joins the Allies & Peron becomes a populist member of the new Government
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia, 2nd term
Commander of Army Group E
Appointed Commander of Army Group E in Greece & the Aegean
Commander of Western Balkans
Appointed Commander of Western Balkans, quickly crushes Titos partisans
Commander of Army Group E
Appointed Commander of Army Group E in Greece & the Aegean
Commander of Western Balkans
Appointed Commander of Western Balkans, quickly crushes Titos partisans
Invasion of Yugoslavia
Prevents the British Eighth Army from landing on the Adriatic
Greek Deportations
His office organizes deportations of Jews from Greece.
Italian Jewish Deportation Coordination
The transport network sends victims toward killing centres.
Jewish Transports from Greece
Victims are transported primarily to Auschwitz-Birkenau.
Northern Italy Deportations
His aides organize deportations from German-occupied northern Italy.
Coup
Overthrown after a coup
Succession
Succeeds as King of Bulgaria
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Canadian Corps
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Canadian Corps
Return to Yan'an
Returns to Yan'an after years of united-front work in Nationalist-controlled cities.
Execution
Operation Anthropoid results in brutal German reprisals such as the execution of thousands of Czechs and the eradication of two villages of Lidice and Lezaky
Operation Anthropoid results in brutal German reprisals such as the execution of
Operation Anthropoid results in brutal German reprisals such as the execution of thousands of Czechs and the eradication of two villages of Lidice and Lezaky
Commander of Czech Army Corps
Appointed to command the Czechoslovak Army Corps attached to the Red Army
Commander of Czech Army Corps
Appointed to command the Czechoslovak Army Corps attached to the Red Army
British Atomic Project Adviser
Travels from Sweden to Britain and becomes a scientific adviser connected with the Anglo-American atomic project while continuing to consider its international consequences.
Count of Monte Cristo
Directs The Count of Monte Cristo.
Le Corbeau
Directs Le Corbeau.
Being and Nothingness
Sartre publishes Being and Nothingness, his major work of existential phenomenology.
She Came to Stay
Beauvoir publishes She Came to Stay, exploring freedom, jealousy and relations with others.
Free French
Establishes a provisional French Government in Algeria
Commander in Chief
Appointedommander-in-Chief of the Free French. Appointed Commander in Chief of the Free French
Free French
Appointedommander-in-Chief of the Free French. Appointed Commander in Chief of the Free French
President of France
Appointed President of the Foreign Affairs Committee in Algeria
Collaboration
Laval institutes the Service du Travail Obligatoire (conscription for forced labor) and unleashes la Milice to enforce it
Milice, La
Laval institutes the Service du Travail Obligatoire (conscription for forced labor) and unleashes la Milice to enforce it
Service du Travail Obligatoire
Laval institutes the Service du Travail Obligatoire (conscription for forced labor) and unleashes la Milice to enforce it
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Free French
Free French
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Free French
Free French
Establishes a provisional French Government in Algeria
Exile of Vincent Auriol
Escapes to Algeria
President of France
Appointed President of the Foreign Affairs Committee in Algeria
Strategic Services Research
Marcuse worked for the Office of Strategic Services, undertaking analysis of Nazi Germany for American wartime intelligence.
Birth of Andreas Baader
Birth of Andreas Baader
Arrest of Kurt Schumacher
Released from Dachau
Arrest of Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Arrest of Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Arrest of Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Arrest of Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Assault Leader
Appointed Assault Leader for England
Brigadier General
Appointed Liaison Officer between Hitler & Himmler, working under Himmler
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief of General Staff, Luftwaffe
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Luftflotte One in Russia
Colonel
Appointed Commander of the Army Group Africa
Commander of Army Group B
Appointed Commander of Army Group B to defend Northern Italy from Allied landings
Commander of Army Group South
Appointed Commander Army Group South
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Head of Police
Appointed Head of the Police on Himmler's staff
Inspector
Appointed Inspector of Armoured Troops & Works
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War Production
SS
Appointed Obergruppenfuehrer in the SS
V2 Rocket
Placed in charge of the technical team of the V-2 underground concentration camp. Hitler orders the production of the Vergeltungswaffe V-2 rocket based on the A-4
Assault Leader
Appointed Assault Leader for England
Brigadier General
Appointed Liaison Officer between Hitler & Himmler, working under Himmler
Marriage
Marries Gretl Braun, Eva Brauns sister
Chief Inspector
Appointed Chief Inspector of the concentration camps
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief of General Staff, Luftwaffe
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Luftflotte I in Russia
Colonel
Appointed Commander of the Army Group Africa
Army General Office
Quirnheim succeeds Stauffenberg as Chief of Staff at the Army General Office in Berlin
Claus von Stauffenberg
Quirnheim cooperates with Claus von Stauffenberg in the military resistance against Hitler
Friedrich Olbricht
Quirnheim works with General Friedrich Olbricht in the planning of the anti Hitler military coup
Hilde Baier
Quirnheim marries Hilde Baier while continuing his army career and resistance contacts
Promotion
Quirnheim is promoted to colonel during the war
Resistance Circle
By 1943 Quirnheim is drawn into the circle of officers planning action against Hitler
V2 Rocket
Heads the team of the secret underground concentration camp to produce V2 rockets
Atlantic Wall
In late 1943, the obvious Allied buildup in Britain prompted the German Commander in Chief in the west, Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, to request reinforcements. In addition to fresh units, von Rundstedt also received a new subordinate, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel
Operation Overlord
Prepares a report saying the German Army is not prepared to face an Allied attack
Battle of Atlantic
Redeploys the U-Boats to attack more Eastbound convoys. During the 1st 3 weeks of May 31 U-boats are sunk, a reversal in the North Atlantic
Sinking of U-954 - Dönitz Family Loss
U-954 was sunk with all hands on 19 May 1943 while operating against convoy SC 130; Karl Dönitz's son Peter was among those killed.
Sinking of U-954
During the 1st 3 weeks of May 31 U-boats are sunk, a reversal in the North Atlantic
Atlantic Wall
Given the Allied air supremacy (12,000 Allied aircraft against 300 Luftwaffe fighters booby-trapped stakes known as Rommelspargel (Rommels asparagus) are set up on likely landing grounds to deter airborne landings
Atlantic Wall
In addition to fresh units, von Rundstedt also received a new subordinate, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel.
Atlantic Wall
Revitalises the defenders, who laboured to improve the defences of the entire coastline, steel obstacles are laid at the high-water mark on the beaches, concrete bunkers and pillboxes constructed, and low-lying areas flooded.
Atlantic Wall
Rommel had recognized that for all their propaganda value, the Atlantic Wall fortifications covered only the ports themselves, the beaches between were barely defended, and the Allies could land there and capture the ports from inland.
Atlantic Wall
Rommel originally intended only to make a tour of inspection of the Atlantic Wall, after reporting to Hitler, Rommel requested command of the defenders of northern France, Belgium and The Netherlands.
Commander of Army Group B
Appointed Commander of Army Group B to defend Northern Italy from Allied landings
Luftwaffe
Given the Allied air supremacy (12,000 Allied aircraft against 300 Luftwaffe fighters booby-trapped stakes known as Rommelspargel (Rommels asparagus) are set up on likely landing grounds to deter airborne landings
Rommelspargel
Given the Allied air supremacy (12,000 Allied aircraft against 300 Luftwaffe fighters booby-trapped stakes known as Rommelspargel (Rommels asparagus) are set up on likely landing grounds to deter airborne landings
Citadel
Hitler postpones Opertation Citadel to July
Citadel
Model opposes the operation. Hitler plans a summer offensive to take the Russian salient around Kursk
Citadel
Gets Hitler to rescind his no wothdrawal command & withdraws from the Orel. A Russian thrust breaks through & threatens the Ninth Armys main supply depot at Orel
Commander of Army Group South
Appointed Commander Army Group South
Atlantic Wall
Lays down 2 belts of mines 1000 yds deep along the Atlantic coast, 2 million mines
Carl Goerdeler
Witzleben is associated with civilian and military opponents of the Nazi regime including Carl Goerdeler
Future Commander
The conspirators expect Witzleben to serve as a senior military leader in a post Hitler government
German Resistance
Witzleben is considered by conspirators as a possible senior commander after Hitler is overthrown
Ludwig Beck
Witzleben is linked with Ludwig Beck and other senior figures in the anti Hitler opposition
Operation Walkure
Witzleben is included in plans to use Operation Walkure after the assassination of Hitler
Reserve Army
The conspirators plan to use Reserve Army orders to seize control after Hitler is killed
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Army Group B
The Allies invade Italy, Hitler decides only the north can be held & forms Army Group B
Atlantic Wall
Plans to install Vergeltungs weapons at the Pas-de-Calai, long range rockets. In late 1943, the obvious Allied buildup in Britain prompted the German Commander in Chief in the west, Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, to request reinforcements
Believes Mussolini is losing control & diverts forces from Russia to Italy
Believes Mussolini is losing control & diverts forces from Russia to Italy
Belsen
Bergen-Belsen becomes an internment camp
Invasion of Russia
Believes Mussolini is losing control & diverts forces from Russia to Italy
V2 Rocket
Hitler orders the production of the Vergeltungswaffe V-2 rocket based on the A-4
Execution
Orders the execution of 4,300 Poles
Massacre
Orders the execution of 4,300 Poles
Head of Police
Appointed Head of the Police on Himmlers staff
Massacre
Becomes responsible for the massacre of a million Jews
Inspector
Appointed Inspector of Armoured Troops & Works increase tank production
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
Bombing of Peeneminde
Rocket factories at Peenemunde are destroyed by Allied bombs
V2 Rocket
Placed in charge of financing the secret underground camps to produce V2 rockets
Dachau
Tells the press Dachau will hold 5,000 because the judicial system cannot cope
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War Production
SS
Appointed SS Obergruppenfuehrer
Lassie Come Home
MGM cast Taylor in Lassie Come Home
The Man in Grey
Masons first commercial success came in 1943 with The Man in Grey, a swashbuckling Regency romance
We Dive at Dawn
Appears in We Dive at Dawn
Literature and the Left
Orwell wrote about tensions between political allegiance and literary independence.
Poetry and the Microphone
Orwell's essay Poetry and the Microphone considered how broadcasting might connect poets with audiences.
A Private Country
Publication of "A Private Country"
Royal Navy
Serves in the Royal Navy during the Second World War period before pursuing formal music training.
High-Denomination Banknote Issue Suspended
Montagu Norman serves as Governor as the Bank of England temporarily stops issuing banknotes above five pounds to counter sophisticated wartime forgeries.
Lord Privy Seal
Appointed Lord Privy Seal
Secretary of State for Dominions
Appointed Dominions Secretary, 2nd term
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Northern Ireland
Speaker of House of Commons
Appointed Speaker of the House of Commons
Lord Privy Seal
Appointed Lord Privy Seal
Minister of Planning
Appointed Minister of Planning
Alliance Agreement with A Balkan bloc
Tries to get Turkish alliance with a Balkan bloc, Russia disapproves & Eden withdraws
Alliance Turkey and the Balkan bloc
Tries to get Turkish alliance with a Balkan bloc, Russia disapproves & Eden withdraws
Lord President
Appointed Lord President of the Council
Health White Paper Preparation
Prepares coalition proposals for a national health service.
The End of the Beginning Published
Churchill published The End of the Beginning, continuing the documentary record of his wartime speeches.
Election as Labour Party Treasurer
Wins election as Treasurer of the Labour Party, defeating Herbert Morrison.
Labour Party Conference
Speaks at the annual Labour Party Conference for the 1st time
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Westminster
Manhattan Project
Moves from Birmingham nuclear research into Allied atomic bomb work.
Chief of Naval Staff
Appointed Chief of Naval Staff
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Navy for Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord
Appointed Commander in Chief, Navy for Operation Overlord
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief in India
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of Air forces in South East Asia
Commander of Eighth Army
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Army, succeeds Montgomery
First Lord of Admiralty
Appointed First Sea Lord of the Admiralty
Commander in Chief
Commands forces in the middle east
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
General
Appointed General
Allies Establish War Crimes Commission
Seventeen Allied governments established the United Nations War Crimes Commission in October to document Axis atrocities.
Cecil Hurst Leads Commission
British jurist Cecil Hurst became the first chairman of the United Nations War Crimes Commission.
Commission Begins Evidence Collection
The United Nations War Crimes Commission began gathering information about suspected wartime offenses from Allied governments.
Bell Labs Secure Speech
Studies secure voice communications at Bell Laboratories while in the United States.
Delilah Project
Begins work with Donald Bayley on the portable secure-speech system code-named Delilah.
Delilah Voice Encoder Design
Designs a system intended to encipher speech for transmission by telephone line or short-distance radio.
Donald Bayley Collaboration
Works closely with engineer Donald Bayley on electronics, experiments and circuitry for Delilah.
US Navy Bombe Consultation
Works with American cryptographic specialists on high-speed Bombe technology for attacking Enigma traffic.
Enigma Machine
Heads Hut 6 Research and supports increasingly systematic attacks on German Army and Luftwaffe Enigma.
Chief of Naval Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Navy
Result of Surrender of Italian Fleet
The Italian fleet passes under Allied control rather than continuing the war against them.
Surrender of Italian Fleet
Cunninghams ships, Warspite & Valiant, accept the surrender of the Italian Fleet
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Navy for Operation Overlord
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of Operation Neptune
Neptune
Commands Operation Neptune which provides naval support for Operation Overlord
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief in India
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of Air forces in South East Asia
Operation Overlord
Appointed to plan British & US tactical air forces for Operation Overlord
Capture of Gothic Line
Leads the Eighth Armys persuit of the German Tenth Army as far as the Gothic Line
Commander of Eighth Army
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Army, succeeds Montgomery
Tenth Army
Leads the Eighth Armys persuit of the German Tenth Army as far as the Gothic Line
H2S Radar
H2S radar supports navigation and target finding in Bomber Command.
First Lord of Admiralty
Appointed First Sea Lord of the Admiralty
Capture of London
Captured after the SAS has destroyed 250 enemy aircraft, sent to Colditz
Joint Intelligence Committee India
Serves as secretary to the Joint Intelligence Committee for India and contributes to planning within South-East Asia Command.
Conference of Casablanca
A joint offensive will be launched on the Contentin Peninsula. A joint Allied staff COSSAC is set up for invasion of Europe in the Summer of 1944
Declaration of Moscow
The future of Austria as an independent state is assured. Promises retribution for the Nazis "abominal deeds" against the Jews
Invasion of Europe
A joint Allied staff COSSAC is set up for invasion of Europe in the Summer of 1944
Invasion of Italy
Wants Eisenhower to follow up the invasion of Sicily with an invasion of Italy
Invasion of Sicily
Wants Eisenhower to follow up the invasion of Sicily with an invasion of Italy
German Morale
Studies German civilian and military morale to improve Allied psychological warfare.
Italian Campaign
Healey continues active service during the long Allied campaign in Italy.
Italian Landings
Healey continues his wartime service as Allied forces advance into mainland Italy.
Operation Husky
Healey takes part in the Allied invasion of Sicily during Operation Husky.
Sicily Campaign
Healey serves during the Allied invasion of Sicily.
Commander in Chief
Commands forces in the middle east
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Peerage
Created Earl Wavell, 1st
Invasion of Italy
The Allies are drawn north by the Germans & by Dec halt their advance at the Gustav Line
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
General
Appointed General
Conference of Casablanca
Eienhower is appointed The Supreme Allied Commander for Overlord instead of Brooke
Capture of Samos
Samos is captured by the Germans
Rule of Samos
Samos is captured by the Germans
Concerto for Orchestra
Composition of "Concerto for Orchestra"
Exile of Miklos Horthy de Nagybanya
Forced to agree to the deportation of Hungarian Jews to camps in the Eastern Front
Provisional Government of Free India
Subhas Chandra Bose proclaims the Provisional Government of Free India in Singapore.
Commander of National Army
Subhas Chandra Bose assumes leadership of the Indian National Army and reorganizes its command.
Commander of National Army
Subhas Chandra Bose takes command of the Indian National Army and directs its campaign against British rule.
Dail Eireann
Elected a Fine Gael deputy to Dail Eireann, the Irish Parliament
Election
Elected a Fine Gael deputy to Dail Eireann, the Irish Parliament
Trans-Neptunian Comet Reservoir
Edgeworth suggests that a reservoir of small icy bodies may exist beyond the known planets and supply comets.
Independence of Israel
Leads sabotage before the creation of the State of Israel
Irgun Zvai Leumi
Appointed Member of IZL
Chief of Police
Serves as chief of police in the Italian Social Republic.
Committee of National Liberation Support
Supports the anti-fascist coalition that coordinates political resistance to German occupation and Fascist restoration.
Liberal Party Revival
Helps revive organized liberal politics after the collapse of Fascist rule.
Liberal Political Activity
Returns to open political activity after Mussolini's fall and supports the revival of liberal anti-fascist politics.
Argonne Reactor Programme
Continues reactor research after Chicago Pile-1 by participating in the development of improved experimental piles at the Argonne site.
X-10 Reactor Consultation
Contributes scientific expertise to the reactor programme that leads to the X-10 Graphite Reactor used for plutonium-production development and training.
Piola Ends Wartime Lazio Spell
Silvio Piola concludes his Lazio years after becoming the club's record league goalscorer, leaving a landmark standard for later generations of attackers.
Chief of General Staff
Serves as Chief of the Italian Supreme General Staff during the crisis that leads to the armistice.
Bustamante Industrial Trade Union
Bustamente forms the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union and the Jamaica Labour Party
Jamaica Labour Party
Bustamente forms the Bustamante Industrial Trade Union and the Jamaica Labour Party
Judo Saga
Kurosawas Judo Saga
Assassination of Isoruku Yamamoto
The US decodes inspection details of Yamamoto & intercepts his plane
Death of Isoruku Yamamoto
Death of Isoruku Yamamoto, killed by the Americans
Foreign Secretary of Myanmar
Appointed Foreign Minister
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Brigadier General
Appointed Brigadier
Burmese Army
Brigadier in the newly founded Burmese Army
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
Assassination of Mohammed Ali Jinnah
Jinnah is stabbed and wounded by a member of the extremist Khaksars in an attempted assassination
Assassination of Mohammed Ali Jinnah
Jinnah is stabbed and wounded by a member of the extremist Khaksars in an attempted assassination
Death of Wladyslaw Sikorski
Death of Wladyslaw Sikorski, killed in an aircrash
Secretary General of Polish Workers Party
Appointed Secretary General of the Polish Workers Party
Polish Workers
Helps establish the Polish Workers Party
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Home Army
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Home Army
Anti Soviet Propaganda Sentence
Shalamov received an additional ten-year camp sentence after allegations of anti-Soviet speech.
Belichia Hospital Recovery
Shalamov was treated at the Belichia camp hospital after severe physical deterioration in captivity.
Deputy Commissar
Appointed Deputy Commissar of Foreign Affairs
While in office follows a policy of advocating co-operation with the west
While in office follows a policy of advocating co-operation with the west
Comintern
In order to allay the misgivings of its allies in World War II, the Soviet Union dissolves the Comintern
CP
Appointed Member of Communist Party
American Lecture Tours
Gives lectures across America about the Russian Revolution, democracy and his experiences leading the Provisional Government.
American Lectures
Lectures in America on revolution dictatorship and war.
Commander of Bryansk Front
Appointed Commander at the Bryansk Front
Commander of Eighth Guards Army
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Guards Army
Commander of South Western Front
Appointed Commander of the Southwestern Front
Moscow Declaration Supports International Organization
The Soviet Union joined the Moscow Declaration calling for a general international organization to maintain peace.
Soviet Diplomats Explore Postwar Institutions
Stalin's government instructed representatives to examine designs for a new international peace and security body.
Stalin Considers Great Power Cooperation
Stalin explored how the leading Allied powers could coordinate the postwar international order.
Stalin Discusses Postwar Security
Stalin took part in inter Allied planning about the international security order to follow the war.
Tehran Talks Address Future Peace
At Tehran, Stalin discussed postwar arrangements with Roosevelt and Churchill, including international cooperation.
Stalin Cannot Attend Casablanca
Joseph Stalin did not attend the conference because major operations were under way on the Eastern Front.
Capture of Kerch
Captures the Kerch Peninsular from the Germans, September-October
Capture of Taman
Captures the Taman Peninsular from the Germans, September-October
Commander of Bryansk Front
Appointed Commander at the Bryansk Front
Commander of South Western Front
Appointed Commander of the Southwestern Front
Capture of Brest Litovsk
Commands the Army Group of the Byelorussian Front & captures Brest Litovsk
Capture of Lublin
Commands the Army Group of the Byelorussian Front & captures Lublin
Casablance Conference
Rejects Roosevelts offer to attend the Casablance Conference
Comintern
In order to allay the misgivings of its allies in World War II, the Soviet Union dissolves the Comintern. Dissolves the Comintern
Conference of Casablanca
Stalin refuses an invitation to attend the Casablanca Conference
Conference of Casablanca
Rejects Roosevelts offer to attend the Casablance Conference. Refuses an offer from Roosevelt to attend the Conference, plays injured party
Declaration of Moscow
The future of Austria as an independent state is assured
Recognition of the Union of Polish Patriots
Stalin recognizes the "Union of Polish Patriots", a Soviet puppet regime
Union of Polish Patriots
Stalin recognizes the "Union of Polish Patriots", a Soviet puppet regime
Capture of Kharkov
Helps capture Kharkhov from the Germans
Capture of Kiev
Helps capture Kiev
Capture of Ukraine
Helps liberate the Ukraine
Promotion to Lieutenant General
Receives promotion to lieutenant general while serving in senior wartime political roles.
Promotion to Major General
Is promoted to major general while serving as a political officer during the Second World War.
Wartime Front Political Service
Continues senior political work with Soviet field armies during the Red Army's 1943 counteroffensives.
Eighteenth Army Political Work
Carries out senior political work with formations of the Eighteenth Army during wartime operations.
Kranskop
Publication of "Kranskop"
Election
Wins the election with 110 seats, a triumph for the United Party & pro-war coalition
Legislation
Asiatic Trading & Occupation of Land Restriction Act
Prime Minister of South Africa
Appointed Prime Minister of South Africa, 3rd term
Legal Studies Begin
Studies law while becoming increasingly active politically.
Wits LLB Enrollment
Enrolls for an LLB degree at Wits University.
ANC
Helps fond the activist ANC Youth League
ANC
Appointed Treasurer of the ANC Youth League
For Whom the Bell Tolls
Stars in For Whom the Bell Tolls
Independence of Syria
1st President of the independent Syrian republic
President of Syria
Appointed President of Syria, 1st term
For Whom the Bell Tolls
Stars in, "For Whom the Bell Tolls"
Marriage
Oron Welles marries Rita Hayworth
Marriage
Oron Welles marries Rita Hayworth
For Whom the Bell Tolls
Directs For Whom the Bell Tolls
Governor
Appointed Governor of California
Under Secretary
Appointed Under Secretary of State
Promotion to Second Lieutenant
The Army promoted Shaw to second lieutenant in 1943 after his wartime enlistment.
Detailed Study of Spiral-Nebula Rotation
Hubble publishes a fuller Astrophysical Journal treatment of the direction of rotation in spiral nebulae, extending the earlier work with Nicholas Mayall into a detailed analysis.
Manhattan Project
Appointed head of the Manhattan Project by Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb
Invention of Atomic Bomb
Roosevelt decides to test Einsteins theory & develop the atomic bomb
Invention of Atomic Bomb
Appointed head of the Manhattan Project by Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Russia
Brigadier General
Appointed Army Brigadier General
Supreme Allied Commander
Appointed Supreme Allied Commander for western Europe. Appointed Supreme Allied Commander for the western Mediterranean. Appointed Supreme Allied Commander for North Africa
Commander of 2nd Corps
Appointed Commander of II US Corps
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant General
Commander of 2nd Corps
Appointed Commander of the II Corps in Tunisia
Commander of 2nd Corps
Appointed Commander of the II Corps in Sicily
Third Army
Appointed Commanding General 3rd Army
Camp Detrick Biological Warfare Centre
Camp Detrick becomes the principal centre for the United States wartime biological warfare research programme.
Thin Man
Development efforts were directed to a plutonium gun-type fission weapon called "Thin Man"
K-25 Plant
Gaseous diffusion plant development advances uranium enrichment.
Oak Ridge
Oversees uranium-enrichment work at Oak Ridge.
Y-12 Plant
Calutrons at Y-12 enrich uranium by electromagnetic separation.
Air Offensive Against Germany Expands
The Allied leaders supported intensifying bombing operations against German industry and military capability.
Allied Coalition Signals Resolve
The Casablanca announcement demonstrated the Allied powers' intention to continue until Axis defeat.
Allied Leaders Review Torch Campaign
Roosevelt and Churchill assessed the campaign in North Africa following the Allied landings of November 1942.
Allied Strategy Prioritizes Germany
The conference maintained the Allied emphasis on defeating Germany while continuing operations against Japan.
Allies Agree On Sicily Operation
Roosevelt and Churchill approved preparations for an Allied invasion of Sicily after the North African campaign.
Allies Discuss Postwar Enemy Surrender
The conference considered how the Axis powers should be compelled to end hostilities.
Atlantic Convoy Security Is Reviewed
The conference considered protecting Atlantic shipping from German submarines.
Axis Powers Are Named In Policy
The declaration applied to Germany Italy and Japan while distinguishing their people from their regimes.
British Chiefs Favor Mediterranean Campaign
British military leaders argued for continued offensive operations in the Mediterranean theater.
Burma Campaign Plans Are Reviewed
Allied planners considered possible operations in Burma and their implications for aiding China.
Casablanca Conference Opens
Franklin D Roosevelt and Winston Churchill began the Casablanca Conference on 14 January to coordinate the Allied coalition.
Casablanca Press Conference Convenes
Roosevelt and Churchill discussed the meeting's conclusions with journalists at its closing press conference.
China Supply Requirements Are Discussed
The conference examined the problem of maintaining support and supply for China in the war against Japan.
Churchill Confers With De Gaulle
Churchill held consultations with Charles de Gaulle in connection with French political disputes.
Churchill Supports Surrender Declaration
Churchill stood alongside Roosevelt when the unconditional surrender policy was announced at Casablanca.
Combined Bomber Offensive Takes Shape
Casablanca planning led to guidance for coordinating British and American strategic bombing.
Combined Chiefs Begin Strategy Talks
American and British military chiefs began discussions at Casablanca on the next stages of the war.
Combined Command Cooperation Deepens
Casablanca reinforced the practice of joint British American military planning within the wartime coalition.
Conference Ends On January Twenty Four
The principal Casablanca discussions concluded on 24 January after ten days of Allied planning.
Cross Channel Invasion Is Discussed
The Allied staffs considered the timing and feasibility of a future cross Channel invasion of France.
French Generals Appear Together
Charles de Gaulle and Henri Giraud appeared together at Casablanca as the Allies encouraged French unity.
French Leadership Divisions Surface
The conference exposed tensions between competing French leaders seeking influence in liberated North Africa.
French Unity Becomes Diplomatic Goal
Roosevelt and Churchill sought to ease rivalries among French forces aligned against the Axis powers.
Landing Craft Limits Affect Strategy
Planners considered how shortages of amphibious equipment constrained possible operations.
Leaders Discuss Soviet Aid
The Allied participants reviewed the importance of material support for the Soviet war effort.
Mediterranean Strategy Enters Debate
British and American delegations debated how Mediterranean operations could advance their common war effort.
North African Offensive Gets Attention
The Allied chiefs considered how to complete the campaign against Axis forces in North Africa.
Pacific Theater Receives Attention
Allied commanders discussed military priorities in the Pacific while addressing the war against Germany.
Roosevelt Meets Churchill At Anfa
Roosevelt met Churchill at the Anfa Hotel to review Allied plans for defeating the Axis powers.
Roosevelt Meets Henri Giraud
Roosevelt met French general Henri Giraud during the Casablanca gathering.
Second Front Pressures Are Considered
Roosevelt and Churchill considered Soviet requests for a second European front while planning Allied operations.
Shipping Allocation Becomes Central
British and American chiefs negotiated the distribution of scarce transport and landing craft.
Sicily Decision Leads To Husky
The operational choice made at Casablanca provided the strategic basis for Operation Husky later that year.
Sicily Planning Sets Allied Priorities
The conference gave Mediterranean operations a leading place in the Allied strategy for 1943.
Solomon Islands Operations Are Considered
The military delegations discussed the Pacific campaign in the Solomon Islands.
U Boat Threat Shapes Planning
Military leaders evaluated the danger posed by German submarines to Allied supply routes.
Unconditional Surrender Policy Announced
Roosevelt publicly announced that the Allies sought unconditional surrender of the Axis powers.
Marshall Argues For French Landing
American general George Marshall supported an early invasion of France during Casablanca planning discussions.
Moscow Declaration Calls For Organization
The four power Moscow Declaration called for a general international organization based on sovereign equality.
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Russia
Persuades Churchill of the wisdom of a meeting between Roosevelt & Stalin
Persuades Churchill of the wisdom of a meeting between Roosevelt & Stalin
Conference of Quebec
Assures to the Russians that a second front will open in 1944
Declaration of Four Nations
Announces the removal of alliances & defines spheres of influence in post-war Europe
Brigadier General
Appointed Brigadier General
Operation Roundup
The invasion of France is called off because of the cost of Operation Torch in Africa
Supreme Allied Commander
Appointed Supreme Allied Commander in western Europe. Appointed Supreme Allied Commander in the western Mediterranean. Appointed Supreme Allied Commander for North Africa
Casablanca Conference
Invites Russia to attend the Casablanca Conference but Stalin refuses
Conference of Casablanca
Announces the Allies will only accept the unconditional surrender of the Axis powers. A joint Allied staff COSSAC is set up for invasion of Europe in the Summer of 1944
Conference of Quebec
Plans a 4 power declaration to establish peace before the peace treaties are signed
Invasion of Europe
A million Americans are shipped to Britain for the Allied invasion of Europe
Invasion of Europe
A joint Allied staff COSSAC is set up for invasion of Europe in the Summer of 1944
Invasion of France
Churchill refuses to participate in an Allied invasion of France
Invention of Atomic Bomb
Roosevelt decides to test Einsteins theory & develop the atomic bomb
Operation Bolero
A million Americans are shipped to Britain for the Allied invasion of Europe
Operation Torch
Roosevelt agrees to the British request to invade North Africa, Operation Torch
Commander of 2nd Corps
Appointed Commander of II US Corps
Invasion of Sicily
Suspended during the invasion of Siciliy for assaulting a shell-shocked soldier
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
Opposes Churchills efforts to divide Europe into spheres of influence
Opposes Churchills efforts to divide Europe into spheres of influence
Appointed Go-between between Roosevelt & Stalin & preserve the Atlantic Charter
Appointed Go-between between Roosevelt & Stalin & preserve the Atlantic Charter
Enigma Machine
Completes a working prototype U.S. Navy four-rotor Bombe capable of attacking German Naval Enigma at high speed.
Invention of Atomic Bomb
Appointed head of the Manhattan Project by Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb
Manhattan Project
Appointed head of the Manhattan Project by Roosevelt to develop the atomic bomb
Battle of Tunisia
Commander of US troops at the Battle of Tunisia
Commander of 2nd Corps
Appointed Commander of the II Corps in Tunisia
Commander of 2nd Corps
Appointed Commander of the II Corps in Sicily
Microwave Early Warning
Develops microwave radar systems for wartime detection and control.
Marshal
Appointed Marshal, had organized the National Liberation Army
Marshal
Appointed Marshal, had organized the National Liberation Army
Reballion of Rebels in Vis
Tito flees from Yugoslavia & forms a partisan base on the Island of Vis
Frontline Writing and Correspondence
Solzhenitsyn continued reading and writing while serving with Soviet forces.
We Refugees
Arendt published We Refugees, a powerful reflection on displacement and identity.