Polish National Council
Founds the Polish National Council to establish communist rule in Poland
Historical events in 1944
1,752 historical records
January 194485 historical events
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Battle of Kirovograd
Kirovograd is liberated by the Russians
Birth of Syd Barrett
Birth of Syd Barrett, later founder, singer, guitarist and early songwriter of Pink Floyd
Invasion of Poland
The Red Army crosses into Poland
Red Army
The Red Army crosses into Poland
Birth of James Patrick Jimmy Page
Birth of James Patrick "Jimmy" Page
Birth of Jimmy Page
Birth of Jimmy Page, later guitarist, producer and founder of Led Zeppelin.
Urges Polish Reconsideration
Eden urges Polish representatives not to reject the Soviet statement outright and argues that its reference to the Curzon Line leaves some room for adjustment.
Implosion Theory Group
An implosion theory group is established at Los Alamos with Teller as its first head.
Execution
Has Ciano & 4 others executed who betrayed him at the Grand Council of 25th July 1943
Purge
Has Ciano & 4 others executed who betrayed him at the Grand Council of 25th July 1943
Arrest of Ciano
Arrested for corruption, along with other members of the Fascist Grand Council
Death of Ciano
Death of Galeazzo Ciano, executed
Execution
Executed with those who betrayed Mussolini at the Grand Council meeting 25 July 43
Fascist Grand Council
Arrested for corruption, along with other members of the Fascist Grand Council
Arrest of Galeazzo Ciano
Arrested for corruption, along with other members of the Fascist Grand Council
Arrrest
Arrested for corruption, along with other members of the Fascist Grand Council
Death of Galeazzo Ciano
Death of Galeazzo Ciano, executed
Soviet Curzon Line Proposal
The Soviet Government publicly proposes that a future Polish-Soviet boundary follow approximately the Curzon Line with possible adjustments favourable to Poland.
Birth of Joseph William Frazier
Birth of Joseph William Frazier
Polish Reply to Soviet Proposal
Mikolajczyk's government issues a moderated reply to the Soviet declaration but does not accept the Curzon Line as Poland's future eastern frontier.
Siege of Leningrad
Begins the offensive to recapture Leningrad
Atlantic Wall Inspection Report
Jodl reports serious weaknesses after inspecting Atlantic Wall defences along the Channel coast.
Atlantic Wall Weaknesses Reported to Hitler
Jodl reports that major sections of the Atlantic Wall remain incomplete and inadequately prepared.
Normandy Ground Plan Approved
Secures Allied approval for his revised ground plan for the Normandy invasion.
Operation Overlord
Montgomerys plans for D-Day are approved by the Allies
Operation Overlord
The Allies agree the plans for D-Day
Reballion of Rebels in Drvar
Moves his HQ to Drvar
Reballion of Rebels in Jajce
The Germans launch an offensive against Titos partisans & drive them out of their HQ
Siege of Leningrad
Requests permission from Hitler to withdraw to the Panther Line, permission refused
Siege of Monte Cassino
The British X Corps establish bridgeheads across the River Garigliano
Invasion of Poland
Russia rejects a Polish proposal to negotiate a boundary dispute
Health of Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer
Collapses & enters hospital suffering from exhaustion, depression & an inflamed knee
Battle of Novgorod
Novgorod falls to the Russians Kuechler is forced to order a withdrawal from Leningrad
Dismissal
Dismissed by Hitler for withdrawing from Leningrad, replaced by Model
Bombing of Berlin
The RAF drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin
Bombing of Berlin
The RAF drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin
Commander of Twenty First Bomber Command
Appointed Commander of the 21st Bomber Command
Commander of Twenty First Bomber Command
Appointed Commander of the 21st Bomber Command to launch raids on Japan
Marriage
Eva meets Colonel Juan Peron in Buenos Aires during a charity event at the Luna Park Stadium to benefit the victims of an earthquake in San Juan, the two are married the following year
Invasion of Italy
The Allies land in Anzio
Invasion of Italy
The Allied landings in Anzio begin
Battle of Anzio
Lands behind the German lines at Anzio, code named Operation Shingle
Battle of Bulge
Hitler's last powerful reserve, the panzer elite, are lost. Despite initial gains 77,000 Allies & 130,000 Germans are lost
Invasion of Italy
36,000 Allied roops sucessfuly land with the loss of only 13 lives
Battle of Korsun
Orders an immediate counter-attack to releive the "Korsun pocket". 60,000 Germans are caught in a trap
Front
About 60,000 German troops are encircled
Siege of Korsun
The 1st & 2nd Ukranian Fronts attempt to cut off the Germans
Supreme Allied Commander
The directive appointing Eisenhower Supreme Allied Commander for Overlord is issued. Appointed Supreme Allied Commander
Operation Overlord
The directive appointing Eisenhower Supreme Allied Commander for Overlord is issued
Supreme Allied Commander
The directive appointing Eisenhower Supreme Allied Commander for Overlord is issued. Appointed Supreme Allied Commander
Siege of Leningrad
The Germans officially lift the siege of Leningrad
Birth of Nick Mason
Birth of Nick Mason, later drummer and the only member to appear on every Pink Floyd album.
Advises Curzon Line Basis
Churchill tells Polish ministers that Britain considers the Curzon Line a realistic basis for negotiations linked to territorial compensation in the north and west.
Siege of Leningrad
The Soviet Union announces the end of the deadly German siege of Leningrad, which had lasted 880 days with 600,000 killed. 633,000 civilians had died from starvation & a 200,000 from German military action
Execution
Orders the public execution of 33 Polish partisans
Reports Curzon Proposal to Roosevelt
Churchill informs Roosevelt that he has advised the Polish Government to examine the Curzon Line as part of a wider territorial settlement.
Siege of Leningrad
The Germans fall back to the River Luga
Promotion to Generaloberst
Jodl is promoted to Generaloberst while continuing as chief of the OKW Operations Staff.
Shingle
Decides to attack through Cisterna & Camoleone but is pushed back
Death of Theodor August Otto Wilhelm Habicht
Death of Theodor August Otto Wilhelm Habicht
Commander of Army Group B
Appointed Commander of Army Group B
Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North, Jan-March
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North, Jan-March
Commander of Army Group B
Appointed Commander of Army Group B to defend France from Allied invasion
Invasion of France
Responsible for defending occupied France from Allied invasion
Siege of Leningrad
The siege of Leningrad is officially lifted
Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North, Jan-March
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North, Jan-March
Battle of Anzio
Hastily improvises a beachead containment after the Allied landings at Anzio
Channel Islands Defence Inspection
Jodl's inspection identifies shortages and weaknesses in German defensive preparations in the Channel Islands.
Operation Ratweek
In 2000 it is revealed that the operation had been supervised by Edwin Hardy Amies, at the time head of SOEs Belgian Section. Assassination offensive against Nazi security forces in Occupied Europe by the SOE, to create confusion and trepidation at the same time as the Allies increase preparations for the Resistances contribution to the Normandy Landings
Operation Ratweek
In 2000 it is revealed that the operation had been supervised by Edwin Hardy Amies, at the time head of SOEs Belgian Section
Operation Ratweek
Assassination offensive against Nazi security forces in Occupied Europe by the SOE, to create confusion and trepidation at the same time as the Allies increase preparations for the Resistances contribution to the Normandy Landings
Operation Overlord
Succesfully argues the case for more troops & a broader landing area
Overlord Assault Front Broadened
Expands the planned Normandy assault from three to five seaborne divisions with stronger airborne support.
Armia Ludowa
Founds the Peoples Army in Poland, a rival Polish Army to fight the Germans
Victor Street Residence
Marguerite withdrew Lee from the children's home and moved with him to a house on Victor Street in Dallas.
Y-12 Calutron Operations
The first Alpha calutron at Y-12 begins operation as electromagnetic isotope separation moves from construction into production.
K-25 Barrier Redesign
Groves orders a change in the gaseous-diffusion barrier approach after continuing failures to produce a suitable barrier for K-25.
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief of General Staff
Jumbo Test Vessel Authorised
Groves and Oppenheimer decide to plan a full-scale fission-bomb test, and Groves authorises construction of the massive steel vessel called Jumbo.
Operation Overlord
Arrives in England to assume duties as Supreme Allied Commander of Operation Overlord
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief of General Staff
February 194437 historical events
Assassination of Franz Kutschera
Assassinated by Polish partisans
Death of Franz Kutschera
Death of Franz Kutschera, assassinated by Polish partisans
Siege of Korsun
The Korsun pocket is closed
Population Transfer Proposal
Eden explains Soviet assurances that Poles east of the proposed frontier and Ukrainians west of it could transfer across a Curzon-based settlement.
Chequers Frontier Talks
Churchill presses Mikolajczyk at Chequers to recognize that the Riga frontier must change and that the Curzon Line should guide negotiations.
Rejects Immediate Curzon Acceptance
Mikolajczyk argues that Poland cannot immediately accept the Curzon Line and proposes postponing the final frontier until after hostilities.
Medal
Awarded the Oak Leaf to the Knights Cross for sealing Battle lines around the Dneiper
Battle of Riga
The 16th & 18th Armies are ordered back to the Panther Line. Luga is liberated by the Russians
Siege of Luga
Luga is liberated by the Russians after the Battle of Riga
Birth of Mick Avory
Birth of Kinks drummer Mick Avory.
Implosion Leadership Change
Kistiakowsky becomes a full-time Los Alamos staff member and takes leadership of the rapidly expanding implosion effort from Neddermeyer.
Shingle
The Germans drive a wedge between the British & American sectors, Lucas is dismissed
Health White Paper
Criticises cautious coalition health service proposals.
A National Health Service
Presents the coalition White Paper on a national health service.
Free Service Principle
Supports treatment without charge as a planning principle.
Commander of 6th Corps
Appointed Commander of 6th Corps
Commander of 6th Corps
Appointed Commander of 6th Corps
Curzon Demarcation Proposal
Churchill tells Stalin that Poland could accept administration west of a Curzon-based demarcation line while reserving formal rights pending final negotiations.
Riga Frontier Declared Outdated
Churchill reports that the Polish Government is prepared to acknowledge that the 1921 Riga frontier no longer corresponds to wartime realities.
Exile of Joseph Stalin
Orders mass deportation of Caucasian Muslim nations, Chechens & Ingush to Kazakhstan are deported for resisting Soviet rule and abetting the Germans, 475,000 persons are evicted
Exile of Joseph Stalin
Orders mass deportation of Caucasian Muslim nations, Chechens & Ingush to Kazakhstan are deported for resisting Soviet rule and abetting the Germans, 475,000 persons are evicted
President of Argentina
Appointed de facto President of Argentina
French Forces of the Interior
Founds the French Forces of the Interior to control the activities of the Resistance
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
A Wehrmacht attempt on the Eastern Front of World War II to evade encirclement by the Red Army
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
Georgi Zhukov realized the role of the 1st Panzer Army, and began planning to bring about the Wehrmachts Armys destruction that could, and did, result in the collapse of the entire South-Eastern Front.
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The 1st Panzer Army, commanded by Generaloberst Hans-Valentin Hube consisted of four Corps, three of which were Panzerkorps (comprising some 20 panzer or panzer grenadier divisions).
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The Army had just completed operations to rescue the two Corps trapped in the Korsun-Shevchenkovsky Offensive, which had exhausted the armys III Panzerkorps. The 1st Panzer Army found itself defending the line in the north-western Ukraine.
Eastern Front
A Wehrmacht attempt on the Eastern Front of World War II to evade encirclement by the Red Army
Wehrmacht
Georgi Zhukov realized the role of the 1st Panzer Army, and began planning to bring about the Wehrmachts Armys destruction that could, and did, result in the collapse of the entire South-Eastern Front. A Wehrmacht attempt on the Eastern Front of World War II to evade encirclement by the Red Army
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
Georgi Zhukov realized the role of the 1st Panzer Army, and began planning to bring about the Wehrmachts Armys destruction that could, and did, result in the collapse of the entire South-Eastern Front
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The 1st Panzer Army included over 200,000 troops, and was the most powerful formation of Field Marshall Erich von Mansteins Army Group South. The 1st Panzer Army found itself defending the line in the north-western Ukraine.
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The Army had just completed operations to rescue the two Corps trapped in the Korsun-Shevchenkovsky Offensive, which had exhausted the armys III Panzerkorps.
Wehrmacht
Georgi Zhukov realized the role of the 1st Panzer Army, and began planning to bring about the Wehrmachts Armys destruction that could, and did, result in the collapse of the entire South-Eastern Front
OKW Operations Chief as Generaloberst
Jodl continues directing the OKW Operations Staff after his promotion to Generaloberst.
Conscription
Decrees males 16 to 60 & females 18 to 45 are liable for labour conscription
Animal Farm Draft
Completes the political fable Animal Farm.
Ukrainian Government Chairmanship
Becomes chairman of the Ukrainian republican government while retaining senior party responsibilities.
March 194444 historical events
General
Appointed General Feldmarschall, the youngest in German military history
General
Appointed General Feldmarschall, the youngest in German military history
Birth of Roger Daltrey
Birth of Roger Daltrey, the same working class neighbourhood that produced fellow Who members Pete Townshend and John Entwistle
Birth of Roger Daltrey
Birth of Who vocalist Roger Daltrey.
Plan Z
Finalizes Plan Z using Hollandia in New Guinea to launch an attack on the US forces
Operation U-Go
Mutaguchi launches Operation U-Go, sending the Fifteenth Army across the frontier toward Imphal and Kohima.
Bombing of Tokyo
Nearly 17 sqr miles of Tokyo are raised to the ground
Ukranian Front
Konevs units make contact Zhukov threatening the remains of the 1st Panzer Army
Siege of Monte Cassino
An air attack & military bombardment destroys the town of Monte Cassino
Invasion of Hungary
Hitler forces Horthy to agree to German occupation & rule in Hungary
Invasion of Hungary
Hitler forces Horthy to agree to German occupation & rule in Hungary
Rule of Hungary
Hitler forces Horthy to agree to German occupation & rule in Hungary
Arrival in Budapest
Arrives in Budapest after Germany occupies Hungary.
Hungarian Deportation Mission
Personally directs the SS deportation team assigned to Hungarian Jewry.
Invasion of Hungary
German troops enter Hungary unopposed
Invasion of Hungary
The Germans march into Hungary unnoposed
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The 1st Panzer Army was now in a salient, Manstein requested that the position be withdrawn to avoid encirclement, but Hitler refused, persisting with his "no retreat" orders. Following an operational switching movement, five Red Army tank Corps of the 1st Tank Army, 3rd Guards Tank Army and the 4th Tank Army penetrated the extreme northern flank of Hubes position east of Ternopol
Red Army
Following an operational switching movement, five Red Army tank Corps of the 1st Tank Army, 3rd Guards Tank Army and the 4th Tank Army penetrated the extreme northern flank of Hubes position east of Ternopol
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The 1st Panzer Army was now in a salient. Manstein requested that the position be withdrawn to avoid encirclement, but Hitler refused, persisting with his "no retreat" orders
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The entire 1st Panzer Army was now encircled in a pocket centred around the city of Kamenets-Podolsky. Just before the 1st Ukrainian Front had completed the encirclement, Hube had requested from OKH the authority to use mobile defence tactics during the breakout, a request which was quickly turned down
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The entire 1st Panzer Army was now encircled in a pocket centred around the city of Kamenets-Podolsky
Bombing of Tokyo
Nearly 19 sqr miles of Tokyo are raised to the ground
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The northern column quickly captured three bridges over the Zbruch River, while the southern column was battered by a Red Armys 4th Tank Army counterattack which penetrated deep into the pocket, capturing Kamenets-Podolsky. The advance guard of Hubes Army moved west towards the Zbruch river, while the rearguard began a fighting withdrawal, with the rest of the 200,000 troops between them
Invasion of Burma
On a signal from Mountbatten attacks the Japanese & helps the British advance
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
Manstein was informed by OKH that he had been relieved of command
Commander of Army Group Ukraine
Appointed Commander of the Army Group Ukraine
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
Hubes southern advanced guard turned and halted the Red Army assault, severing its supply lines and rendering the T-34s of the 4th Tank Army immobile
Red Army
Hubes southern advanced guard turned and halted the Red Army assault, severing its supply lines and rendering the T-34s of the 4th Tank Army immobile
Commander of Army Group Ukraine
Appointed Commander of the Army Group Ukraine
Death of Mineichi Koga
Death of Mineichi Koga, in an aircrash
Beaver
US D-Day beach landing training exercise (Operation Beaver) at Slapton Sands, Devon, demonstrate a dangerous lack of coordination between units
Operation Overlord
US D-Day beach landing training exercise (Operation Beaver) at Slapton Sands, Devon, demonstrate a dangerous lack of coordination between units
Deportation
Leads a task force which deports 437,000 Jews to Auschwitz from Hungary
Commander of 4th Panzer Army
Appointed Commander of the 4th Panzer Army
Arrest of Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer
Werner von Braun is soon released following the intervention of Albert Speer
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The Red Armys massive concentration in troops and material forced Hube to withdraw his northern flank to south-west until it reached the Dniester river
Arrest of Werner von Braun
Werner von Braun is soon released following the intervention of Albert Speer. Arrested by Himmler on trumped up charges
Commander of 4th Panzer Army
Appointed Commander of the 4th Panzer Army
Offensive
Commands the 4th Panzers after the Red Army had surrounded the 1st Panzer Army
Red Army
Commands the 4th Panzers after the Red Army had surrounded the 1st Panzer Army
Western Mobile Reserve Debate
Jodl participates in arguments over how mobile armoured reserves should support the Atlantic coast defences.
Assistant Director of Military Intelligence
Becomes a full colonel and Assistant Director of Military Intelligence in India, supporting operations connected with the Burma campaign.
Enigma Machine
Serves as Assistant Director of Machines and Mechanical Devices while Bombe operations continue supporting Enigma exploitation.
Finns ask for peace
The Finns ask for peace but Stalins terms are unacceptable
April 194441 historical events
Commander of Army Group Ukraine
Reaches his new HQ with orders to hold the Carpathian Mountains
Commander of Army Group Ukraine
Reaches his new HQ with orders to hold the Carpathian Mountains
Advance on Kohima
Sato's Thirty-First Division reaches the Kohima area and begins operations against the Allied position.
Commander of Twentieth US Air Force
Appointed Commander of the Twentieth US Air Force
Commander of Twentieth US Air Force
Appointed Commander of the Twentieth US Air Force
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
During the two week escape, Hubes men had destroyed 357 tanks, 42 assault guns and 280 artillery pieces, as well as causing severe casualties to the enemys attacking forces
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
In over two weeks of heavy combat, during horrid weather and with few supplies, the 1st Panzer Army had managed to escape encirclement while suffering only moderate casualties.
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The advanced guards of both the northern and southern columns had reached the Strypa River, and on the 6th, near the town of Buczacz, they linked up with the probing reconnaissance elements of Haussers SS Divisions.
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The quick thinking of Manstein, and the operational planning and skill of Hube had resulted in the 200,000 troops of the Army escaping the fate of Stalingrad.
Battle of Kamenets-Podolsky Pocket
The quick thinking of Manstein, and the operational planning and skill of Hube had resulted in the 200,000 troops of the Army escaping the fate of Stalingrad
Army Group South
Appointed Supreme of Commander Army Group South in the Ukraine
Commander of Army Group South
Appointed Supreme of Commander Army Group South in the Ukraine
Commander of Army Group South
Appointed Supreme Commander of Army Group South
Operation Overlord
Montgomery presents his strategy for the invasion at St Pauls School, a ninety day battle, ending when all the forces reach the Seine, pivoting on an Allied-held Caen, with British and Canadian armies forming a shoulder & US armies wheeling right
St Pauls School Overlord Briefing
Explains the intended Normandy battle to senior commanders at his headquarters in St Paul's School.
Operation Overlord
Montgomery presents his strategy for the invasion at St Pauls School, a ninety day battle, ending when all the forces reach the Seine, pivoting on an Allied-held Caen, with British and Canadian armies forming a shoulder & US armies wheeling right
Birth of Robert Calvert
Birth of Robert Calvert
Siege of Odessa
Soviet forces liberate Odessa from Nazis
Siege of Sevastopol
The Germans withdraw into Sevastopol. The Germans withdraw from Sevastopol with 80.000 lost during the siege
October Crisis
Kerensky develops his views through october crisis after 1917.
INA Flag at Moirang
Shaukat Malik's INA unit reaches Moirang, where the INA flag is raised on Indian soil during the Imphal campaign.
Reactor Plutonium High Fission Rate
Measurements of reactor-produced plutonium show a spontaneous-fission rate far above expectations because of plutonium-240 contamination, threatening the gun method.
Death of Hans-Valentin Hube
Death of Hans-Valentin Hub
Death of Hans-Valentin Hube
Death of Hans-Valentin Hub
Death of Anastasi Siouli
Death of Anastasi Siouli, executed by the Nazis
Execution
Executed by the Germans during a raid on Greek parisans
Birth of Anthony Visconti
Birth of Anthony Visconti. Birth of Anthony Edward Visconti
Birth of Anthony Edward Visconti
Birth of Anthony Edward Visconti, later record producer, arranger, musician and major glam rock collaborator.
Commander of 91st Air Land Division
Appointed Commander of the 91st Air Landing Division
Government of National Unity Formed
Papandreou forms a government intended to unite resistance and exile political forces.
Operation Overlord
German torpedo boats nearly discover a mock landing but all 600 soldiers are drowned
Deportation Preparations Intensify
Jewish communities are concentrated in ghettos and transit sites.
Hungarian Ghettoisation Coordination
Coordinates German planning with Hungarian authorities before mass deportations.
Dismissal
Relieved of his command in March 1944 for ordering the Eighth Army to retreat when it was in danger of destruction by the Soviet Red Army, in explicit violation of Adolf Hitler's orders
Red Army
Relieved of his command in March 1944 for ordering the Eighth Army to retreat when it was in danger of destruction by the Soviet Red Army, in explicit violation of Adolf Hitler's orders
Visit to Hitler & is blamed for defeat on
Mussolini visits Hitler & is blamed for defeat on the Russian front
Explosive Lens Proposal
Tuck proposes using explosive lenses to shape detonation waves into the spherical convergence required for implosion.
Subhas Brigade Campaign
Shah Nawaz Khan commands INA troops operating toward India during the Imphal campaign alongside Japanese forces.
Abdication
Promises to retire when the Allies enter Rome
Visit to Hitler & is blamed for defeat on
Mussolini visits Hitler & is blamed for defeat on the Russian front
Polonium Production for Initiators
Monsanto's Dayton project begins supplying polonium for neutron-initiator research at Los Alamos.
May 194442 historical events
Major General
Appointed Major General
Resignation of Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez
Martinez resigns after strikes and military pressure end his rule
Provisional President Returns
Menendez returns as provisional President after Martinez resigns
Capture of Crimea
Russia recaptures Crimea by taking Sevastopol
Siege of Sevastopol
Russia recaptures Crimea by taking Sevastopol
Invasion of Italy
Commands an invasion of Italy to divert the Axis powers from the D-Day landings
Siege of Monte Cassino
In order to try & break the deadlock the area is swamped with Allied troops
Hungarian Mass Deportations Begin
Oversees the start of systematic deportations from Hungary.
Transports to Auschwitz Start
German and Hungarian authorities send mass transports toward Auschwitz.
Operation Overlord
Montgomerry presents Overlord plans to senior commanders, the King, Smuts & Churchill
Final Overlord Commanders Conference
Presents the final ground plan to senior commanders and political leaders before D-Day.
Operation Overlord
The Americans are assigned Utah and Omaha, the British Gold and Sword, and the Canadians Juno Beach.
Operation Overlord
Final conference at Montgomerys HQ in St Pauls School
Operation Overlord
Presents the final plan to senior commanders, the King, Smuts & Churchill at St Pauls. Expresses his belief that that Allied tanks will reach Falaise on D-Day
Operation Overlord
Montgomerry presents the Overlord plan to Commanders, the King, Smuts & Churchill
Siege of Monte Cassino
The Germans begin their withdrawal from the Gustav Line. The French achieve a breakthrough in the Aurunci Mountains
Siege of Monte Cassino
Polish troops capture the monastery of Monte Cassino
Capture of Cassino
Leads an Allied force which captures Cassino
Birth of Joe Cocker
Joe Cocker is born in Sheffield, Yorkshire.
Lebanon Conference Agreement
Greek political and resistance representatives agree to participate in a national government.
Siege of Tito HQ
Orders the XV Gebirg Corps to attack Tito in Bosnia & destroy the Yugoslav Army, YANL
Reballion of Rebels in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The XV Gebirg Corps attack Tito at his HQ in Bosnia & destroys the Yugoslav Army, YANL
Siege of Tito HQ
The XV Gebirg Corps attack Tito at his HQ in Bosnia & destroys the Yugoslav Army, YANL
XV Gebirg Corps
The XV Gebirg Corps attack Tito at his HQ in Bosnia & destroys the Yugoslav Army, YANL
YANL
The XV Gebirg Corps attack Tito at his HQ in Bosnia & destroys the Yugoslav Army, YANL
Operation Unthinkable
In the Spring 1944, Churchill had commissioned a contingency military enforcement operation plan (war on the Soviet Union) to obtain "square deal for Poland" (Operation Unthinkable), which resulted in a May 22 report stating unfavorable success odds. The reports arguments included geostrategic issues (possible Soviet-Japanese alliance resulting in moving of Japanese troops from continent to Home Islands, threat to Iran/Iraq) and uncertainties concerning land battles in Europe
Implosion Instability Analysis
Taylor joins Los Alamos and highlights hydrodynamic instability problems that influence the move toward a more conservative implosion design.
Independence of Iceland
Icelandic voters sever all ties with Denmark
Referendum
Icelandic voters sever all ties with Denmark
Siege of Tito HQ
The attack on Tito fails due to partisan intelligence
Reballion of Rebels in Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Germans launch an attack on Tito at his HQ on his birthday, the attempt fails
Shingle
The forces at Anzio break out & link up with the US 5th Army
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador, 2nd term
Operation Overlord
Subordinate commanders are informed D-Day will be 5th June
Birth of Sondra Locke
Birth of Sondra Locke
Exploding Bridgewire Detonator Test
A successful test of the exploding-bridgewire detonator demonstrates a way to fire many implosion detonators with the required simultaneity.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Withdrawal from Kohima
Sato orders his exhausted division to withdraw from Kohima as food and ammunition shortages become critical.
Operation Barbarossa
From July 1943 to May 1944 the Germans lose 41 Divisions in the East
Employment Policy White Paper
The Government commits itself to maintaining a high and stable level of employment.
Enigma Machine
Sees Oracle, the third specialised Twinn-type Bombe for Abwehr Enigma, installed in May.
LOPO Reactor
Helps bring the LOPO reactor at Los Alamos to criticality, demonstrating an aqueous homogeneous reactor fueled with enriched uranium.
June 1944235 historical events
Operation Overlord
Cables OKW saying the Allies cannot attack without 4 days good weather
Second Army
Orders the Second Army to hold the line between Villers-Bocage & Caen
Siege of Caen
Orders the Second Army to hold the line between Villers-Bocage & Caen
Committee of Algiers
The Algiers Committee declares itself the Provisional Government of France
Constitution of France
The Algiers Committee declares itself the Provisional Government of France
Government
The Algiers Committee declares itself the Provisional Government of France
Provisional Government
The Algiers Committee declares itself the Provisional Government of France
Operation Overlord
The Allied invasion force of 150,000 departs from England on 5,300 ships
Operation Overlord
Arrives home hoping to convince Hitler to defend the Cotentin coast
Enigma Machine
Leads the first U.S. boarding party onto U-505 and secures sensitive cipher material, including Enigma equipment.
Enigma Machine
Commands the hunter-killer group that captures U-505 with Enigma machines and current codebooks intact.
Operation Overlord
The weather in the Channel deteriorates & the Allied invasion force is recalled
Operation Overlord
Postpones Operation Overlord, due 5th June, because of bad weather
Enigma Machine
Leads the salvage effort that keeps U-505 afloat, preserving captured Enigma machines and codebooks for intelligence exploitation.
Operation Overlord
Leaves his HQ & returns to Germany, convinced the Allies are not about to invade
Death of Wilhelm Falley
Death of Wihelm Falley, 1st German General killed during the Normandy invasion
Capture of Horsa Bridge
The attackers pour out of their battered gliders, completely surprising the German defenders, and take Horsa & Pegasus bridges within 10 minutes. A force of 181 men, led by Major John Howard, take off from RAF Tarrant Rushton in Dorset, southern England in six Horsa gliders to capture Pegasus Bridge, and also "Horsa Bridge", a few hundred yards to the east, over the Orne River
Operation Overlord
Commands infantryman who land by glider & capture 2 bridges codenamed Pegasus & Horsa
Bombing of Normandy
The highest tonnage of bombs in one night during the war is dropped by Britain
Capture of Great Britain
Announces the Allied liberation of Rome in the Commons
Capture of Rome
Announces the Allied liberation of Rome in the Commons
Operation Overlord
Announces an imminent Allied assault on the coast of France in the Commons
Operation Overlord
The highest tonnage of bombs in one night during the war is dropped by Britain. Dummy parachutists are dropped just east of the intended landing area. 176,000 men & 20,000 vehicles are to be landed in 2 days. 1,000 British bombers strike 10 German gun batteries, 5,000 tons of bombs are dropped
Abdication
Signs a decree making Umberto "Lieutenant of the Realm"
Operation Overlord
176,000 men & 20,000 vehicles are to be landed in 2 days
Operation Overlord
Gives the go ahead for Operation Overlord for 6th June
Bombing of Bangkok
Railway yards are bombed in Bangkok
Operation Overlord
3 Airbourne Divisions land behind enemy lines at St Mere-Eglise & Caen
D-Day Failure Message
Writes a brief statement accepting personal responsibility in case the Normandy landings fail.
Operation Overlord
Keller commanded the Canadian division landing on Juno Beach and advancing toward the Caen-Bayeux road.
Battle of Caen
Kitching prepared his armoured division for later operations intended to break the German front south of Caen.
Advance on Caen
Foster's brigade pushed inland from Juno Beach toward the western approaches to Caen.
Operation Overlord
Major General Rod Keller, the Canadian commander at Juno Beach, reports to General Crerar in England at 10:30, "Beach-head gained. Well on our way to our immediate objectives"
Resistance Intelligence
Mercader's local Resistance organization helped inform Allied troops that German forces had left Bayeux.
Resistance Activity
Antoine Mercader supported local Resistance intelligence and liaison work around Bayeux.
Operation Overlord
Rommel is informed by General Spiedel 7.30AM that Allied paratroopers have landed
Operation Overlord
Keeps most of his forces at Calais
Operation Overlord
Diverts the 12th SS & Panzer Lehr to meet the invasion. Believes, like Hitler, the landings are a feint for Allied landings at Pas de Calais
Counterattack at Caen
Feuchtinger's division launched the only major German armoured counterattack against the Allied bridgehead on D-Day.
Defence of Caen
Richter's coastal division defended the Caen sector and suffered heavy losses during the Allied landings.
Operation Overlord
Marcks corps stands in the middle of the Allied Normandy landings. Commands the 21st Panzer Division
Operation Overlord
Correcttly predicts the Allies will land near Cherbourg, Hitler does not agree
Operation Overlord
Stays in Herrlingen to celebrate his wifes 50th birthday. Rommel is informed by General Spiedel 7.30AM that Allied paratroopers have landed. Rommel cancels his meeting with Hitler & returns to France
Operation Overlord
Learns of the invasion & returns to his HQ after celebrating his wifes birthday
Operation Overlord
To the east, Rommels nightmare had been realised, a continuous British-Canadian beachhead, 20km (12 miles) across and up to 10km (six miles) deep
Normandy Invasion Crisis Briefings
Jodl briefs Hitler and helps coordinate OKW decisions after Allied forces land in Normandy.
Withdrawal from Bayeux
German forces withdrew from Bayeux to concentrate their defence around Caen.
Defence of Caen
Dollmann coordinated Seventh Army's response to the Allied invasion, including resistance around Caen.
Capture of Pegasus Bridge
One of the members of the 7th Battalion reinforcements is young actor Richard Todd who would, nearly two decades later, play Major Howard in the film The Longest Day
Operation Overlord
Commands 137 warships, 4,000 landing craft & 2,000 support ships
Gold Beach
Commands the British 30th Corps on Gold beach
Operation Overlord
Commands the British 30th Corps on Gold beach
Operation Overlord
Rennie's division landed on Sword Beach with orders to advance rapidly toward Caen.
Operation Overlord
Parachutes behind enemy lines & helps disable gun emplacements at Merville
Siege of Merville
Parachutes behind enemy lines & helps disable gun emplacements at Merville
Operation Tonga
Gale's airborne division secured bridges and high ground east of Caen to protect the invasion flank.
Capture of Pegasus Bridge
Parachutes behind enemy lines & captures Benouville, including Pegasus Bridge
Operation Overlord
Parachutes behind enemy lines & captures Benouville, including Pegasus Bridge
Operation Overlord
At about 9:30 Hermanville is captured
Operation Overlord
Sets up an HQ at Ranville
Siege of Benouville
Parachutes behind enemy lines & captures Benouville, including Pegasus Bridge
Capture of Pegasus Bridge
Parachutes behind enemy lines & helps secure Pegasus Bridge
Operation Overlord
Parachutes behind enemy lines & helps secure Pegasus Bridge
Operation Overlord
Parachutes behind enemy lines disabling gun emplacements threatening Sword Beach
Siege of Merville
Parachutes behind enemy lines disabling gun emplacements threatening Sword Beach
Operation Overlord
Crocker's I Corps directed the British and Canadian assault formations advancing toward Caen.
Operation Overlord
Dempsey commanded the British Second Army landing east of Bayeux and advancing toward Caen.
Operation Overlord
Captures the Islands of St Marcouf off Utah beach
Capture of Pegasus Bridge
Lieutenant Brotheridge is killed crossing the bridge in the first minutes of the assault and thus becomes the first member of the invading Allied armies to die in combat on D-Day. Leads the infantry capture of 2 bridges codenamed Pegasus & Horsa. 1st Allied death in Normandy
Operation Overlord
Leads the infantry capture of 2 bridges codenamed Pegasus & Horsa. 1st Allied death in Normandy
Capture of Pegasus Bridge
Commands infantryman who land by glider & capture 2 bridges codenamed Pegasus & Horsa
Bombing of Caen
1st day of the bombing of Caen
Bombing of Trappes
The marshalling yards of Trappes are bombed to disrupt German suppllies to Normandy
Operation Overlord
1st day of the bombing of Caen
Operation Overlord
To the east, Rommels nightmare had been realised, a continuous British-Canadian beachhead, 20km (12 miles) across and up to 10km (six miles) deep. By midnight neither Bayeux nor Port-en-Bessin had been taken, the depleted American force was several kilometres short of Port-en-Bessin but the French Resistance had taken over Bayeux
Siege of Bayeux
By midnight neither Bayeux nor Port-en-Bessin had been taken, the depleted American force was several kilometres short of Port-en-Bessin but the French Resistance had taken over Bayeux
Allied Ground Forces Command on D-Day
Commands all Allied ground forces during the initial phase of the Normandy invasion.
Caen Remains Uncaptured on D-Day
British forces establish a strong beachhead but do not seize the planned D-Day objective of Caen.
Operation Overlord
Royal Marine Commandos land on Gold Beach & capture Arromanches
Operation Overlord
The British capture Bayeaux
Operation Overlord
Montgomery directed the Allied ground campaign and treated Caen as the principal objective of the British Second Army.
Operation Overlord
The British 3rd Division fails to capture Caen
Operation Overlord
A major objective, was still in German hands by the end of D-Day, and would remain so until the battle for Caen, 8 August
Operation Overlord
Caen. Commander of all ground forces for Operation Overlord. By the end of the day the Allies land 130,000 men & 22,000 parachutists.
Operation Overlord
On Sword Beach the regular British infantry came ashore with light casualties they advance about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) by the end of the day but failed to make some of the deliberately ambitious targets set by Montgomery in particular
Operation Overlord
The Allies lose 9,500 killed or wounded.
Operation Overlord
Commands the ships of the Western Task force which lands forces on Utah & Omaha
Operation Overlord
The Allies land 130,000 men & 22,000 parachutists & lose 9,500 killed or wounded. The Allied landings take place with 487,653 men & 89,728 making it ashore. Plans & commands the Allied capture of Germany from D-Day
Capture of St Marcouf
Captures the Islands of St Marcouf off Utah beach
Operation Overlord
Commands the US 7th Army Corps on Utah beach
Operation Overlord
Commands the US 5th Army Corps on Omaha beach
Operation Overlord
Commands a landing of paratroopers to capture a bridgehead on the Merderet
Operation Overlord
Commands a landing of paratroopers to capture a bridgehead on the Merderet
Operation Overlord
Lands the 2nd British Army from the river Orme to St-Vaast-La-Hogue
Operation Overlord
The US Army succesfully captrures Omah & Utah beaches
Operation Overlord
Lands on Omaha Beach, grandson of the late President
Operation Overlord
Son of the late President, the only General to land with the 1st wave. Leads the 1st assault, Eighth Regimental Combat Team of the 4th Infantry Division
D-Day Order of the Day
Issues his Order of the Day to Allied soldiers, sailors and airmen as the Normandy invasion begins.
Liberation of Bayeux
Guillou resumed municipal responsibilities as British troops secured the town.
Bayeux Resistance
Mercader accompanied Free French representatives and assisted restoration of public authority in Bayeux.
Deployment to Caen
Witt moved the 12th SS Panzer Division toward Caen to oppose the British and Canadian advance.
Counterattack at Caen
Meyer directed counterattacks against Canadian forces north-west of Caen.
Capture of Bayeux
The Germans abandon Bayeux
Operation Perch
Erskine led the 7th Armoured Division through the western bridgehead during the attempt to envelop Caen.
Liberation of Bayeux
Dempsey's Second Army secured Bayeux during the expansion from Gold Beach.
Operation Perch
Dempsey ordered the attempt to encircle Caen from the west through the Villers-Bocage sector.
Operation Perch
Bucknall directed XXX Corps in the western attempt to outflank Caen.
Arrival in Bayeux
Schumann arrived in liberated Bayeux and linked Free French representatives with local residents.
Liberation of Bayeux
Christopherson's Sherwood Rangers supported the infantry entering Bayeux with armoured vehicles.
Liberation of Bayeux
Graham's 50th Division provided formations that entered and secured Bayeux.
Liberation of Bayeux
Bayeux becomes the first major mainland French town liberated after D-Day.
Liberation of Bayeux
Montgomery's forces made Bayeux the first mainland French town liberated after D-Day.
Operation Cobra
Omar Bradleys intention was to take advantage of the German preoccupation with British and Canadian activity around the town of Caen, and punch through the German defenses penning in his troops while his opponent was distracted and unbalanced
Operation Overlord
Arrives at the front in Caen
Battle of Caen
Rommel returned to the Normandy front and reinforced the effort to hold Caen against Allied attacks.
Command of Iwo Jima
Kuribayashi takes command of the Iwo Jima garrison and develops a defense based on caves, tunnels, and mutually supporting positions.
Operation Overlord
Commands paratroopers who land on the eastern side of the Cotentin Peninsular only
Operation Overlord
The US 5th Corps capture Isigny on the way to uniting the Utah & Omaha
Panzer Counterattack
Geyr prepared a concentrated armoured counterattack, but Allied air attacks disrupted his headquarters and planning.
Operation Perch
Bayerlein deployed Panzer Lehr Division to block the British advance west of Caen.
Operation Wild Oats
Montgomery considered an airborne and armoured encirclement intended to isolate Caen.
Operation Overlord
Leads the 9th Div ashore at Utah Beach
Operation Overlord
Manages to land 16 Divisions ashore facing 14 enemy Divisions
Capture of Carentan
Carentan is captured, uniting all the American forces
Death of Erich Marcks
Death of Erich Marcks, fatally wounded during an Allied air attack
Commander of LXXXIV Corps
Appointed Commander of the LXXXIV Corps
Battle of Villers-Bocage
Wittmann attacked British armour at Villers-Bocage during the wider struggle to outflank Caen.
Bombing of London
V-1 missiles 1st land on London
Visit of Charles de Gaulle
Palewski accompanied de Gaulle during the political mission to Bayeux.
Commissioner of Republic
De Gaulle appointed Coulet commissioner responsible for restoring republican administration in liberated Normandy.
Sub-Prefect of Bayeux
Triboulet became the first sub-prefect serving the restored authority of Free France.
Preparations for De Gaulle Visit
D'Argenlieu went ahead to Bayeux to prepare residents for de Gaulle's arrival.
Preparations for De Gaulle Visit
Hettier de Boislambert helped organize de Gaulle's reception and contact with local authorities.
Visit of Charles de Gaulle
Koenig joined the delegation that established Free French authority in Bayeux.
Arrival of Charles de Gaulle
De Gaulle entered Bayeux during his first return to French soil since 1940.
Bayeux Speech
De Gaulle called for continued resistance and asserted French sovereignty over liberated territory.
Departure from Bayeux
De Gaulle left Bayeux for Isigny after establishing visible French political authority.
Procession through Bayeux
De Gaulle walked through Bayeux as growing crowds joined his procession toward the town centre.
Recognition of Provisional Government
The enthusiastic Bayeux reception strengthened de Gaulle's claim to represent liberated France.
Visit to Sub-Prefecture
De Gaulle visited the sub-prefecture before addressing the people of Bayeux.
Visit of Charles de Gaulle
Antoine Mercader appeared with his injured arm during de Gaulle's visit to Bayeux.
Death of Fritz Witt
Witt was killed by naval gunfire near Caen, leaving Kurt Meyer to command the division.
Commander of 12th SS Panzer Division
Meyer assumed divisional command after Fritz Witt was killed near Caen.
Visit of Charles de Gaulle
Schumann accompanied local Resistance leaders during de Gaulle's public appearance in Bayeux.
Siege of Cherbourg
Leads the 9th Div towards Cherbourg
Siege of Caumont
Cannot stop the Americans from capturing Caumont
Defense of Saipan
Saito commands the Japanese army garrison as American forces land on Saipan.
Bombing of Yawata
The 1st B-29 raid on the Japanese mainland
Trial
Draws up a list of 33 top German war criminals
Operation Overlord
Withdrawal from Normandy is turned down by Hitler. Hitler orders a counterattack from Bayeux
Operation Overlord
Rundstedt & Rommel meet Hitler, wanting withdrawal from Normandy but are turned down
D-Day
Crosses over to Normandy in the Arethusa & attends a conference at Montogomerys HQ
Independence of Iceland
Iceland declares full independence from Denmark and becomes a republic
S-50 Construction Contract
Groves orders rapid construction of the S-50 thermal-diffusion plant at Oak Ridge on an exceptionally compressed schedule.
Capture of Barneville
The Cotentin Peninsular is sealed isolating 4 German Divisions & the port of Cherbourg. The Americans capture Barneville
Capture of St Lo
An attack of St Lo is launched but is slowed down by the Normandy countryside, bocage
Battle of the Philippine Sea
Ozawa commits the Mobile Fleet's carrier aircraft against the American Fifth Fleet in the Battle of the Philippine Sea.
Loss of Taiho and Shokaku
Ozawa loses fleet carriers Taiho and Shokaku to American submarines during the first day of the Philippine Sea battle.
Siege of Cherbourg
Launches an attack on Cherbourg
Retreat from Philippine Sea
Ozawa withdraws after devastating aircraft losses and further carrier damage during the Battle of the Philippine Sea.
Birth of Raymond Douglas Davies
Birth of Raymond Douglas Davies
Front-Karelian
Attacks the Finns between Lake Ladoga & Lake Onega
Capture of Cherbourg
The US forces arrive at the hills overlooking Cherbourg
Red Army
The Red Army begins its offensive against Army Group Centre
Red Army
The Red Army begins its offensive against Army Group Centre
GI Bill
The GI Bill provides education, housing and unemployment benefits to returning veterans.
Operation Overlord
The Allies gain a bridgehead over the River Odon near Caen
Front-Belorussia
Attacks the Minsk highway
Commando Order Reaffirmed after Normandy
Jodl initials an OKW memorandum reaffirming the Commando Order after the Normandy landings.
Operation Martlet
Barker's division attacked toward Rauray to protect the Epsom flank near Caen.
Operation Martlet
Ritchie's corps launched Operation Martlet to secure the flank of the forthcoming Epsom offensive west of Caen.
Operation Epsom
Feuchtinger's division held positions south-east of the British Epsom attack and protected approaches to Caen.
Operation Epsom
Dempsey supervised the Second Army offensive across the Odon west of Caen.
Operation Epsom
O'Connor commanded VIII Corps in the offensive intended to cross the Odon and outflank Caen.
Operation Epsom
Montgomery launched Operation Epsom to draw German armour into battle west of Caen.
Operation Epsom
Montgomery launches Operation Epsom west of Caen to gain ground and draw German armour into battle.
Siege of Caen
Launches an attack on Caen, operation Epson
Capture of Cherbourg
The US Army captures the Fort du Roule, the key to the defences of Cherbourg
Defence of Caen
Dietrich's corps reinforced German positions around Caen during Operation Epsom.
Capture of River Odon
The British establish a bridge-head on the River Odon
Odon Bridgehead Supported during Epsom
Supports the British advance across the Odon as Operation Epsom forces Germany to commit additional armoured reserves.
Capture of Cherbourg
Cherbourg falls to the Allies
Commander of Army Group Centre
Appointed Commander of the Army Group Centre
Dismissal
Dismissed as Commander of the Army Group Centre by Hitler
Commander of Army Group Centre
Appointed Commander of the Army Group Centre
Operation Epsom
Funck directed German armoured formations committed against the Epsom penetration near Caen.
Operation Epsom
Meyer's division resisted British and Canadian pressure north and west of Caen during Epsom.
Operation Epsom
Adair's Guards Armoured Division reinforced the British advance during the fighting west of Caen.
Operation Overlord
Turns down Rundstedt & Rommels request to withdraw from Normandy. Orders defence of Normandy to the last man
Operation Overlord
Juno is the second most heavily defended of the five landing sites chosen by the Allies, General Wilhelm Richter is in charge of the 716th Division guarding the beach, with 11 heavy batteries of 155 mm guns and 9 medium batteries of 75 mm guns
Operation Epsom
Bittrich's newly arrived corps counterattacked the British bridgehead across the Odon.
Operation Epsom
Dietrich coordinated German resistance and counterattacks against the Epsom offensive.
Operation Overlord
The Allies capture Hill 112 but Dempsey withdraws & the Germans recapture it
Colonel
Appointed Colonel
Colonel
Appointed Colonel
Administrative Capital
Coulet established his administration in Bayeux while Paris remained under German occupation.
Hospital Town
Guillou's administration helped organize Bayeux as a hospital and refugee centre during the Normandy fighting.
Restoration of Republican Authority
Triboulet helped replace Vichy structures with the legal authority of the provisional French government.
Operation Overlord
Commander of Army units in South France
Siege of Caen
Fights around Caen during the Normandy invasion where most of his Div is destroyed
Operation Overlord
Commander of Panzer Group West
Atlantic Wall
The number of mines along the French coast increases to 4 million. Completes the construction of "Rommels asparagus", mines set on poles. Adds a 3rd belt of mines 8,000 yds deep
Capture of Germany
Mussolini begs Hitler not to withdraw from Rome without a fight but is ignored
Capture of Rome
Mussolini begs Hitler not to withdraw from Rome without a fight but is ignored
Normandy Reinforcement Decisions Coordinated
Jodl's operations staff coordinates reinforcement and withdrawal decisions during the Normandy campaign.
Adoption of Richard Blair
Adopts Richard Horatio Blair with Eileen.
European War Service
Continues wartime service as Allied forces advance through Western Europe.
Enigma Machine
Supports D-Day intelligence planning that directs 30 Assault Unit to seize German Enigma machines, codebooks and cipher material.
Operation Neptune
Preparations included armoured vehicles specially adapted for the assault, developed under the leadership of Maj. Gen. Percy Hobart (Montgomerys brother-in-law, and an armoured warfare specialist)
Operation Neptune
A total of 12,000 aircraft under Air Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory were to support the landings, including 1,000 transports to fly in the parachute troops; 10,000 tons of bombs would be dropped against the German defenses, and 14,000 attack sorties
Market Garden
Leads an attack whih takes the Nijmegen Bridge
Market Garden
At the Battle of Arnhem makes the comment "I think we might be going a bridge too far"
Operation Overlord
Commands the 1st Airbourne Division during the Normandy landings
Bayeux Bypass
Dempsey's logistical system used the bypass to move supplies and vehicles toward the front.
British Army Base
Dempsey's Second Army used undamaged Bayeux as a supply, communications, and transit centre.
Agreement on A Russian offensive during D-Day
At Churchills request Stalin agrees to a Russian offensive during D-Day
Bombing of Lyon
Marshalling yards are bombed to disrupt German suppllies to Normandy. 717 French are killed
Operation Anvil
A seabourne assault on southern France at the same time as Overlord
Pluto
An oil pipeline is laid beneath the English Channel from Britain toward Normandy as part of Operation PLUTO.
Siege of Caen
Before the Normandy landings it is planned to take Caen within 24 hrs
Bayeux Bypass
British engineers built a bypass so military traffic could avoid Bayeux's narrow medieval streets.
German Armour Drawn toward Caen
Keeps strong British and Canadian pressure around Caen, drawing major German armoured forces into the eastern sector.
Headquarters near Bayeux
Montgomery established his headquarters near Bayeux while directing the Battle of Normandy.
Slow Explosive Lens Component
Von Neumann provides an important design insight for the slower explosive component used to focus an implosion lens.
Capture of Italy
Mussolini begs Hitler not to withdraw from Rome without a fight but is ignored
Capture of Rome
Mussolini begs Hitler not to withdraw from Rome without a fight but is ignored
Invasion of Italy
The Allies reach Rome
Capture of Saipan
The USA captures Saipan & can bomb Japanese cities
Agreement on An offensive during the Normandy landings
Ath Churchills request Stalin agrees to an offensive during the Normandy landings
Invasion of Ukraine
As agreed at Tehran Stalin launches an offensive from Leningrad to the Ukraine
Operation Overlord
Ath Churchills request Stalin agrees to an offensive during the Normandy landings
D-Day Support Organization
While serving with General Thrasher, Shaw helped support organizational and supply work connected with the D-Day invasion.
Operation Overlord
Instructions to construct bogus airfields to be bombed by the Allies are decrypted
Operation Overlord
During Operation Overlord, subordinate to Bradley as Deputy Commander of the First Army
Allied Transit Base
Bayeux became a strategic transit and support centre for Eisenhower's Allied armies.
July 1944269 historical events
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, West, replaces von Rundstedt
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, West
Dismissal
Dismissed after asking the OKW for a free hand in Normandy, a challenge to Hitler
Dismissal
Dismissed after asking the OKW for a free hand in Normandy, a challenge to Hitler
Bretton Woods Conference
Morgenthau chairs negotiations creating the IMF and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Capture of La-Haye
Captures La-Haye-du-Puits
Dismissal
Dismissed by Hitler for suggesting the High Command make peace
Operation Overlord
Rundstedt is dismissed by Hitler for suggesting that the High Command make peace
Operation Dragoon
Churchill asks Eisenhower to cancel Dragoon in order to break the deadllock at Caen
Siege of Caen
Churchill asks Eisenhower to cancel Dragoon in order to break the deadllock at Caen
Operation Dragoon
Churchill asks Eisenhower to cancel Dragoon in order to break the deadllock at Caen
Siege of Caen
Churchill asks Eisenhower to cancel Dragoon in order to break the deadllock at Caen
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North
Army Group North
Dismissed as Commander of the Army Group North by Hitler
Dismissal
Dismissed as Commander of the Army Group North by Hitler
Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North by Hitler
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North by Hitler
Fuhrer Chancellor
Appoints Friesner Commander of Army Group North
Imphal Offensive
Mutaguchi's failed offensive is called off after severe losses, disease, hunger, and collapsing supply lines.
Operation Windsor
Keller directed the Canadian assault on Carpiquet village and airfield west of Caen.
Operation Windsor
Foster's brigade captured Carpiquet village during the battle west of Caen.
Operation Windsor
Simonds oversaw the Canadian effort to capture Carpiquet and improve the approach to Caen.
Birth of Gerhard Schroder
Birth of Gerhard Schroder
Operation Windsor
Meyer committed troops to defend Carpiquet airfield against the Canadian attack.
Plutonium Gun Abandoned
Oppenheimer informs the Los Alamos staff that reactor plutonium's neutron background makes the plutonium gun design impractical and implosion must become the priority.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the German forces in Normandy, replaces Rundstredt
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander of the German forces in Normandy, replaces Rundstredt
Siege of Caen
Churchill criticizes Montgomery at a Chiefs of Staffs meeting for being too catious
Operation Charnwood
Asks for heavy bomber support from Leigh-Mallory
Death of Chuichi Nagumo
Committs suicide during the defence of Saipan
Suicide
Committs suicide during the defence of Saipan
Operation Overlord
Provides panzer support saying the British are "little fish" to be thrown back
Operation Overlord
Prevents the Canadian 9th Brigade from advancing on Le Carpiquet airfield
Capture of Caen
A massive air bombardment commences on Caen which devastates the city
Siege of Caen
The press refer to attempts at capturing Caen a "stalemate"
Death of Yoshitsugu Saito
Saito commits suicide on Saipan as the Japanese defense collapses during the final phase of the battle.
Final Attack on Saipan
Saito orders a final mass attack as organized Japanese resistance on Saipan nears collapse.
Operation Overlord
Patton arrives in Normandy
Operation Charnwood
Keller's division advanced from the west toward the centre of Caen.
Operation Charnwood
Foster's brigade fought through the western approaches during the capture of northern Caen.
Operation Charnwood
Meyer defended the north-western approaches before withdrawing surviving forces across the Orne.
Operation Charnwood
Rennie's division advanced into the eastern districts of Caen during Charnwood.
Operation Charnwood
Crocker's I Corps coordinated three divisions in the direct assault on Caen.
Operation Charnwood
Dempsey directed the British and Canadian corps attacking into northern Caen.
Operation Charnwood
1st day of the operation launched by Montgomery to capture Caen
Siege of Caen
1st day of the operation launched by Montgomery to capture Caen
Operation Charnwood
1st day of the operation launched by Montgomery to capture Caen
Operation Charnwood
Montgomery launched Charnwood to capture northern Caen and force German troops behind the Orne.
Siege of Caen
1st day of the operation launched by Montgomery to capture Caen
Abdication
Members of Hirohitos family secretly agree he should abdicate in favour of Akihito
Budapest Deportations Halted
Mass deportations from Hungary are halted by Regent Horthy.
Horthy Stops Mass Transports
Eichmann's deportation operation loses its main transport programme.
Hundreds of Thousands Deported
Most deportees are sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau.
Hungarian Deportation Campaign
His unit helps deport roughly 440,000 Hungarian Jews.
Liberation of Caen
Guillou remained associated with the municipal administration as Allied troops entered the devastated northern city.
Operation Charnwood
Eberbach organized German armoured reserves south of Caen after the northern city was lost.
Capture of Caen
Dempsey's troops entered northern Caen after German forces withdrew across the Orne.
Capture of Caen
Montgomery's forces occupied northern Caen while German troops retained the southern suburbs.
Northern Caen Taken after Charnwood
British and Canadian troops secure northern Caen after Operation Charnwood.
Stauffenberg Plot
A plot to kill Hitler when Stauffenberg goes to Obersalzberg & report to the Fuhrer
Front-Baltic
Yeremenko strikes at Hansens 16th German Army
HQ
Moves to his HQ in Rastenburg concerned by events in the Eastern Front
Front-Baltic
Yeremenko strikes at Hansens 16th German Army
Capture of Minsk
Army Group Centre loses 28 Divisions, the way to Poland is open to the Red Army
Capture of Minsk
Army Group Centre loses 28 Divisions, the way to Poland is open to the Red Army
Capture of Vilna
Captures Vilna from the Germans
Capture of Vitebsk
Captures Vitebsk from the Germans
Capture of Minsk
The way to Poland is open to the Red Army
United States Citizenship
Becomes a naturalized citizen of the United States together with his wife Laura Fermi.
Army Group North
Konev begins to attack Army Group North Ukraine
Front
Konev begins to attack Army Group North Ukraine
Resignation of Hideki Tojo
Tojo resigna after Hirohito withdraws support from him
Resignation of Hideki Tojo
Tojo is forced to resign by Hirohito who makes him a scapegoat for the war
Stauffenberg Plot
Beck advocates an attempt on Hitler's life by Stauffenberg which takes place Twentieth July
Coup
Rommel agrees to support the plot to overthrow Hitler but not to assassinate him
Plot
Rommel agrees to support the plot to overthrow Hitler but not to assassinate him
Health of Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel
Rommels staff car is attacked by fighter bombers & he is seriously injured
Proposes Tripartite Meeting in Scotland
Proposes meeting Stalin and Churchill in Scotland to coordinate the next stage of Allied strategy.
Operation Atlantic
Foulkes led his division across the Orne through Caen and toward the high ground south of the city.
Operation Atlantic
Keller's division advanced through eastern Caen during the Canadian portion of Goodwood.
Operation Atlantic
Kitching prepared armoured forces to exploit beyond Caen as Canadian troops moved toward Verrieres Ridge.
Operation Atlantic
Simonds directed the Canadian attack through southern Caen toward Verrieres Ridge.
Operation Goodwood
Eberbach organized reserves and counterattacks against the Goodwood penetration south-east of Caen.
Operation Goodwood
Von Luck helped organize the defence near Cagny against British armour advancing from Caen.
Operation Goodwood
Dietrich coordinated German armoured resistance against the British attack east of Caen.
Operation Goodwood
Wunsche's panzer regiment reinforced German positions south of Caen during Goodwood.
Operation Goodwood
Roberts led the 11th Armoured Division toward Cagny and Bourguebus Ridge south-east of Caen.
Operation Goodwood
Adair's division advanced through the narrow armoured corridor east of Caen.
Operation Goodwood
Dempsey directed Goodwood as the principal Second Army offensive east of Caen.
Operation Goodwood
O'Connor commanded the massed armoured assault east of Caen toward Bourguebus Ridge.
Operation Goodwood
Hobart's specialized armoured vehicles supported the crossing and attack east of Caen.
Bombing of Caen
Caen is bombed to obliterate enemy defences but only the southern suburbs are taken
Goodwood Armoured Offensive Begins
Launches a major armoured offensive east of Caen to gain ground and hold German armour in the British sector.
Operation Goodwood
Launched in order to clear Caen but the British lose 5,537 casualties & 400 tanks. Caen is bombed to obliterate enemy defences but only the southern suburbs are taken. 7 out of 8 Panzers in Normandy are engaged in battle
Operation Goodwood
Montgomery intended Goodwood to hold German armour around Caen and gain ground south-east of the city.
Operation Goodwood
The British VIII and I Corps, to the east of Caen, launch Operation Goodwood. The British lose 450 tanks, the Sherman displays serious weaknesses. Launches 3 Divisions east of Caen to gain the Bourguebus Ridge on the road to Falaise.
Operation Goodwood
The offensive began with the largest air bombardment in support of ground forces yet, with more than a thousand aircraft dropping 6,000 short tons (5,400 t) of high explosive and fragmentation bombs from low altitude.
Siege of Caen
The southern suburbs of Caen are captured. Caen is bombed in to obliterate enemy defences but only the southern suburbs are taken
Operation Cobra
To gain good terrain for Operation Cobra, Bradley and Collins conceived a plan to push forward to the Saint-L“-Periers road, along which VII and VIII Corps were securing jumping-off positions. The American 29th and 35th Infantry Divisions managed to gain the vital heights of Saint-Lo, driving back General der Fallschirmtruppen Eugen Meindls II Parachute Corps
Stauffenberg Plot
Summoned by Hitler to report on the Volksgrenadier Divisions in the Eastern Front
Capture of Caen
The Allies capture Caen
Health of Hanskarl von Hasselbach
Treats Hitler after Stauffenbergs bomb explodes at Rastenburg
Stauffenberg Plot
Treats Hitler after Stauffenbergs bomb explodes at Rastenburg
Plenipotentiary
Appointed Plenipotentiary for the Mobilization of Total War
Plot
Generals Gunther Korten, Rudolf Schmundt & Colonel Heinz Brandt are killed
Assassination of Gunther Korten
Killed while trying to assassinate Hitler
Death of Gunther Korten
Killed while trying to assassinate Hitler
Plot
Generals Gunther Korten, Rudolf Schmundt & Colonel Heinz Brandt are killed
Bendlerblock
Quirnheim remains at the Bendlerblock as the conspirators attempt to use the replacement army to seize control
Coup Failure
The coup collapses after news spreads that Hitler survived the assassination attempt
July Plot
Quirnheim supports the conspiracy to overthrow Hitler after the bomb attack at the Wolfs Lair
Operation Walkure
After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften
Operation Walkure
After the bomb explodes Quirnheim urges General Olbricht to activate Operation Walkure even though Hitlers death is not confirmed
Stauffenberg Plot
After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften
Operation Walkure
After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften.
Operation Walkure
Demands Operation Walkure to sieze Berlin believing Hitler had been blown up.
Operation Walkure
Stauffenbergs position as Chief of Staff of Reserve Army gave him access to Hitler for reports and at the same time required his presence at headquarters for implementation of Valkyrie.
Stauffenberg Plot
After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften.
Stauffenberg Plot
Demands Operation Walkure to sieze Berlin believing Hitler had been blown up.
Stauffenberg Plot
Stauffenbergs position as Chief of Staff of Reserve Army gave him access to Hitler for reports and at the same time required his presence at headquarters for implementation of Valkyrie.
Stauffenberg Plot
Conspirators broadcast Hitler's death & order the arrest of leading Nazis
Stauffenberg Plot
Plants a bomb in Hitler's HQ conference room in the Wolfs Lair, East Prussia. Hitler escapes with an injured right arm & some deafness
Plot
Generals Gunther Korten, Rudolf Schmundt & Colonel Heinz Brandt are killed
Stauffenberg Plot
Moves the Stauffenberg briefcase bomb aside & unwittingly saves Hitler
Death of Guenther Hans von Kluge
Becomes involved in the conspiracy to assassinate Hitler
Plot
Becomes involved in the conspiracy to assassinate Hitler
Stauffenberg Plot
Treats Hitler after Stauffenbergs bomb explodes at Rastenburg
Plot
Under interrogation a suspect mentions Rommels name with the attempt on Hitler's life
Bendlerblock
Witzleben appears at the Bendlerblock during the attempted seizure of power
Bendlerblock
Witzleben leaves the Bendlerblock as the coup attempt collapses
Commander in Chief
The conspirators intend Witzleben to act as Commander in Chief of the armed forces after the coup succeeds
Coup Attempt
Witzleben travels to Berlin as the coup attempt begins to unfold
Failed Coup
The conspiracy weakens as reports confirm that Hitler survived the bomb attack
July Plot
The bomb placed by Stauffenberg fails to kill Hitler
Ludwig Beck
Witzleben is connected with Beck in the planned replacement leadership after Hitler is removed
Operation Walkure
After the bombing the conspirators attempt to activate Operation Walkure in Berlin
Rastenburg
The assassination attempt against Hitler takes place at the Wolfs Lair near Rastenburg
Reserve Army Orders
The coup depends on issuing Reserve Army orders to arrest Nazi officials and secure command centres
Stauffenberg Plot
A conspirator in the Stauffenberg plot to assassinate Hitler & sieze Berlin
Stauffenberg Plot
A conspirator in the Stauffenberg plot to assassinate Hitler and seize Berlin for the resistance
Front-Belorussia
The Russians reach the 1939 Polish border, west of Kovel
Operation Walkure
An operation by Hitler's assassins to sieze Berlin
Plot
Hitler escapes with minor injuries. Generals Gunther Korten, Rudolf Schmundt & Colonel Heinz Brandt are killed. After the plots says "More proof that Fate has selected me for my mission". A bomb is planted in Hitler's HQ conference room in the Wolfs Lair, East Prussia
Plot
Participates in the Staufenburg plot to assassinate Hitler
Plot
Participates in the Staufenburg plot to assassinate Hitler
Operation Walkure
After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften
Operation Walkure
After two abortive attempts, Stauffenberg placed the bomb on July 20 and hurried back to Berlin to assume his pivotal role.
Operation Walkure
German Army officers General Friedrich Olbricht and Major General Henning von Tresckow modified the plan with the intention of using it to take control of German cities, disarm the SS, and arrest the Nazi leadership once Hitler had been assassinated.
Operation Walkure
Stauffenberg decided to carry out both the assassination attempt and the Valkyrie operation, which greatly reduced the chance of success. Has troops ready to march on Berlin after Stauffenbergs attempt to blow up Hitler.
Operation Walkure
The original plan, designed to deal with internal disturbances in emergency situations, was designed by General Friedrich Olbrichts staff in his capacity as head of General Army Office and was approved by Hitler.
Stauffenberg Plot
After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften
Stauffenberg Plot
After two abortive attempts, Stauffenberg placed the bomb on July 20 and hurried back to Berlin to assume his pivotal role.
Stauffenberg Plot
German Army officers General Friedrich Olbricht and Major General Henning von Tresckow modified the plan with the intention of using it to take control of German cities, disarm the SS, and arrest the Nazi leadership once Hitler had been assassinated.
Stauffenberg Plot
Stauffenberg decided to carry out both the assassination attempt and the Valkyrie operation, which greatly reduced the chance of success. Has troops ready to march on Berlin after Stauffenbergs attempt to blow up Hitler.
Stauffenberg Plot
The original plan, designed to deal with internal disturbances in emergency situations, was designed by General Friedrich Olbrichts staff in his capacity as head of General Army Office and was approved by Hitler.
Operation Walkure
The refusal of Colonel General Friedrich Fromm, Chief of Reserve Army and the only person who could initiate Operation Valkyrie besides Hitler, to cooperate was a serious obstacle to the conspirators. After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften
Stauffenberg Plot
The refusal of Colonel General Friedrich Fromm, Chief of Reserve Army and the only person who could initiate Operation Valkyrie besides Hitler, to cooperate was a serious obstacle to the conspirators. After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften
Operation Walkure
German Army officers General Friedrich Olbricht and Major General Henning von Tresckow modified the plan with the intention of using it to take control of German cities, disarm the SS, and arrest the Nazi leadership once Hitler had been assassinated
Stauffenberg Plot
A conspirator in the Stauffenberg plot to assassinate Hitler & sieze Berlin
Operation Walkure
Has troops ready to march on Berlin after Stauffenbergs attempt to blow up Hitler
Stauffenberg Plot
Has troops ready to march on Berlin after Stauffenbergs attempt to blow up Hitler
Injured in 20 July Plot
Jodl suffers minor injuries in the bomb explosion during the attempt to kill Hitler.
Operation Walkure
After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften
Stauffenberg Plot
After he had discovered that the bomb had not killed Hitler, Fromm ordered the executions of General Olbricht, his Chief of Staff Colonel Albrecht Ritter Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel von Stauffenberg, and his adjutant Lieutenant Werner von Haeften
Stauffenberg Plot
Treats Hitler after Stauffenbergs bomb explodes at Rastenburg
Plenipotentiary
Appointed Plenipotentiary for the Mobilization of Total War, after the July plot
Arrest of Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg
After the failure of the attempt on Hitler's life on 20 July 1944, arrested and charged with high treason
Coup
In the plans for the overthrow, Friedrich-Werner von der Schulenburg was tentatively foreseen as the new Foreign Minister
Plot
In the plans for the overthrow, Friedrich-Werner von der Schulenburg was tentatively foreseen as the new Foreign Minister. After the failure of the attempt on Hitler's life on 20 July 1944, arrested and charged with high treason
Treason
After the failure of the attempt on Hitler's life on 20 July 1944, arrested and charged with high treason
Visit to Hitler at the Fuhrer HQ in Germany
Visits Hitler at the Fuhrer HQ in Germany after the failure of the Stauffenberg plot
Front-Belorussia
Reaches the River Bug, west of Kovel, 1939 Polish border
Front-Belorussia
The Russians reach the 1939 Polish border, west of Kovel
Operation Cobra
Forced to postpone Operation Cobra due to heavy rainfall
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief-of General Staff
Commander of Eastern Front
Appointed Commander of the Eastern Front
Chief of General Staff
Appointed Chief-of General Staff
Mobilization
Directs the Eastern front
Execution
Quirnheim is arrested with Olbricht Stauffenberg and Haeften and is executed by firing squad in the courtyard of the Bendlerblock
German Resistance
Quirnheim dies as one of the army officers executed for his part in the 20 July plot against Hitler
Arrest of Erwin von Witzleben
Witzleben is arrested after the failure of the July Plot
German Resistance
Witzleben is identified as one of the senior military figures connected to the failed conspiracy
Post Assassination Plot Briefings Resume
Jodl resumes operational duties after receiving minor injuries in the 20 July bomb attack.
Arrest of Friedrich Fromm
Arrested by order of Heinrich Himmler
Defense of Guam
Takashina commands Japanese forces on Guam as American troops land on the island.
Visit to Caen
Dempsey accompanied Churchill during his inspection of troops and bridges in Caen.
Visit to Caen
Churchill visited Caen with Montgomery and Dempsey and inspected Bailey bridges across the Orne basin.
Visit to Caen
Montgomery accompanied Churchill through Caen and explained the current battle situation.
Front
Creates a pocket, 25,000 Germans had been killed & 17,000 captured
Declines Distant Conference Travel
Explains that the military situation prevents him from leaving the Soviet Union for a distant conference.
Normandy Campaign
Commands First Canadian Army during the Normandy campaign.
First Canadian Army
Crerar's First Canadian Army became operational and assumed responsibility for the Allied sector around Caen.
Capture of Lublin
Captures Lublin from the Germans
Capture of Lublin
1st Belorussian front enters Lublin
Army Group South
Appointed Commander of the Army Group South Ukraine
Commander of Army Group South Ukraine
Appointed Commander of the Army Group South Ukraine
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North
Army Group South
Appointed Commander of the Army Group South Ukraine
Commander of Army Group South Ukraine
Appointed Commander of the Army Group South Ukraine
Operation Overlord
The High Command keep forces in Calais beleiving there will be a larger invasion there
Operation Cobra
Operation Cobra is postponed for a 2nd time
Operation Spring
Foulkes commanded the Canadian division making costly attacks south of Caen toward Verrieres Ridge.
Operation Spring
Simonds planned Spring to seize Verrieres Ridge and open the route south from Caen.
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of Army Group North
First Army
Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich
Operation Luttich
Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich
Third Army
Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Supreme Commander Army Group North
First Army
After the United States First and Third Armies broke out from the Normandy beachhead during Operation Cobra on 25 July 1944, Hitler ordered Operation Luttich.
First Army
Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich.
First Army
The operation was intended as an immediate counterattack against Allied forces.
Operation Lutch
Following breakout by the US First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra on July 25, 1944, Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich
Operation Luttich
Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich
Operation Overlord
The Allies begin their breakout from Normandy
Third Army
After the United States First and Third Armies broke out from the Normandy beachhead during Operation Cobra on 25 July 1944, Hitler ordered Operation Luttich.
Third Army
Following breakout by the American First Army and American 3rd Army from the beachhead during the Battle of Normandy during Operation Cobra Adolf Hitler ordered an immediate counterattack against Allied forces in the form of Operation Luttich.
Third Army
The operation was intended as an immediate counterattack against Allied forces.
Operation Spring
Meyer's forces defended Verrieres Ridge against Canadian attacks south of Caen.
Operation Cobra
Operation Cobra commenced on 25 July with a concentrated aerial bombardment from thousands of Allied aircraft
Operation Cobra
To help Patton to break out of Avranches & drive into Brittany. Clearing ports such as Lorient & Brest
Operation Cobra
Clearing ports such as Lorient & Brest
Capture of St Lo
The US advances across St Lo to Periers Road
Operation Cobra
Gives the go ahead for Operation Cobra
Operation Cobra
After the one-day postponement, Cobra got underway at 09:38 on 25 July, when around 600 Allied fighter-bombers attacked strongpoints and enemy artillery along a 300 yd (270 m)-wide strip of ground located in the St. Lo area
Operation Cobra
2,500 bombers from the Eighth & 9th Air Forces open a gap west of St Lo
Operation Lutch
Notified of the counterattack in advance through signals intercepted via Ultra radio intercepts and deciphering and thus prepared his troops and their commanders to defeat this counteroffensive and to encircle as much of the Wehrmacht force as possible
Wehrmacht
Notified of the counterattack in advance through signals intercepted via Ultra radio intercepts and deciphering and thus prepared his troops and their commanders to defeat this counteroffensive and to encircle as much of the Wehrmacht force as possible
Capture of Narva
Captures Narva from the Germans
Operation Cobra
Approves a limited withdrawal of the 7th Army
Capture of Lwow
Captures Lwow
Committee of Lublin
The Lublin Committee to set up a communist infrastructure in Poland meets Stalin. The committee subordinate the Poles fighting with the Russians to Russia
Operation Cobra
By 27 July most organized resistance had been overcome, and VII and VIII Corps were advancing rapidly, isolating the Cotentin peninsula
Operation Cobra
Pushes Patton through a gap in the German defence toward Avranches
Presses for Early Big Three Meeting
Tells Stalin he hopes the three Allied leaders can meet as early as possible.
Birth of Richard Wright
Birth of Richard Wright, later keyboardist and vocalist with Pink Floyd
Commander of Eighth Corps
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Corps
Capture of Countance
Captures Coutance
Operation Cobra
By 28 July, the German defenses across the US front had largely collapsed under the full weight of VII and VIII Corps advance, and resistance was disorganised and patchy
Commander of Eighth Corps
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Corps
Bluecoat Pressure Protects American Flank
Uses British operations toward Vire to maintain pressure and support the left flank of the American breakout.
Bluecoat
Supports Bradleys left flank & engages the Germans south of Caen
Bluecoat
The Canadians & British move into Vire & force a German rereat
Siege of Caen
Supports Bradleys left flank & engages the Germans south of Caen
Capture of Avranches
Avranches is captured by Patton
Arrest of Pierre Laval
Expelled by the Spanish. flees to Austria & arrested by US troops for treason
Exile of Pierre Laval
Expelled by the Spanish. flees to Austria & arrested by US troops for treason
Treason
Expelled by the Spanish. flees to Austria & arrested by US troops for treason
Capture of Kaunas
Captures Kaunas from the Germans
Capture of Avranches
Arrives at Avranches
Capture of Granville
Captures Granville
First Army
By 31 July, XIX Corps had destroyed the last forces opposing the First Army, and Bradleys troops were finally freed from the bocage
Operation Cobra
By 31 July, XIX Corps had destroyed the last forces opposing the First Army, and Bradleys troops were finally freed from the bocage
Civilian Refugees
Guillou coordinated assistance for refugees arriving from towns damaged during the Normandy battles.
Plot
Takes part in the unsuccesful plot against Hitler
Plot
Made aware of the July conspiracy
Stauffenberg Plot
Arrests the Stauffenberg conspriators after he learns of the failure of the plot
Stauffenberg Plot
Orders the arrest & court-martial of von Stauffenberg to cover his own involvement
Bretton Woods Negotiations
Keynes negotiates Britain's position at Bretton Woods and accepts the postwar framework linking fixed exchange rates indirectly to gold through the United States dollar.
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant, 1st, on board HMS Whelp
Free French
Operation Anvil, which is renamed Operation Dragoon, the liberation of south east France by US, Free French and British troops
Operation Anvil
Operation Anvil, which is renamed Operation Dragoon, the liberation of south east France by US, Free French and British troops
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant, 1st, on board the Whelp
Caen Battle Transitions toward Falaise
Shifts emphasis south and east after Caen is secured, preparing further operations toward Falaise.
Visit to His Italian trops on the Russian front
Visits his Italian trops on the Russian front
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Dollar-Gold Reserve Framework
White's negotiating plan helps shape a monetary system in which national currencies are fixed to the dollar and official dollar balances remain convertible into gold.
Bretton Woods Gold-Dollar System
The Bretton Woods agreements establish a fixed-rate system centred on the dollar, with the United States undertaking official gold convertibility at 35 dollars per ounce.
509th Composite Group Organisation
Tibbets begins organising the 509th Composite Group at Wendover Field for the eventual combat delivery of atomic bombs.
Normandy Logistics
Eisenhower's command relied on Bayeux as an undamaged link between the beaches and the fighting front.
August 1944236 historical events
Major General
Appointed Major General
Reballion of Rebels in Warsaw
Responds to Russian requests & orders the Home Army to capture Warsaw
Reballion of Rebels in Warsaw
Responds to Russian requests & orders the Home Army to capture Warsaw
Reballion of Warsaw
Warsaw rebels against the Germans, Stalin encourages it but does not provide support
Reballion of Warsaw
Warsaw rebels against the Germans, Stalin encourages it but does not provide support
Commander of 3rd Army
Appointed Commander of the 3rd Army
Commander of First US Army
Appointed Commander of the US First Army
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army
First Army Group
Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group
First Army
Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group
Twelfth Army
Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group
Capture of Avranches
Patton captures Avranches
First Army
Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group
Twelfth Army Group
Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group
Twelfth Army
Lieutenant General Courtney Hodges assumed command of the First Army and Bradley was promoted to overall command of both armies, named Twelfth Army Group
Commander of 3rd Army
Appointed Commander of the 3rd Army
Operation Overlord
The Germans attack Avranches & gain 20km but are driven back by fighter-bombers. Hitler orders von Kluge to assemble 8 panzer Divisions to cut off Patton. Can only assemble 4 Divisions with a total of 250 tanks to defend Avranches
Siege of Avranches
The Germans attack Avranches & gain 20km but are driven back by fighter-bombers
Operation Overlord
Orders von Kluge to assemble 8 panzer Divisions to cut Pattons lines of communication
Operation Overlord
Orders Patton to clear Brittany with a "minimum forces"
President of Finland
Appointed President of Finland
Resignation of Risto Heikki Ryti
Resigns as President of Finland
Operation Overlord
Wants Eisenhower to transfer "D-Day" from Marsailles to Brest, Eisenhower refuses
Operation Overlord
Endorses Bradleys order for Patton to clear Brittany with "minimum forces"
Capture of Rennes
Patton captures Rennes
Operation Cobra
An attempt to outflank the Germans at Caen
Operation Cobra
Authorised by Bradley to turn into the Orleans gap toward the Seine & Paris
Operation Cobra
Authorizes Patton to outflank the Germans at Caen
Operation Cobra
Authorizes Patton to turn into the Orleans gap toward the Seine & Paris
Battle of Avranches
Begins a German counter-attack at Avranches
Operation Totalize
Commands an encirclement of the German Army Group B in the Caen sector
Operation Totalize
Launches the II Canadian Corps on a renewed offensive towards Falaise
Operation Cobra
Reinforcements were moved west by Marshal Gunther von Kluge and employed in various counterattacks, the largest of which (codenamed Operation Luttich) was launched on 7 August between Mortain and Avranches
Operation Luttich
Reinforcements were moved west by Marshal Gunther von Kluge and employed in various counterattacks, the largest of which (codenamed Operation Luttich) was launched on 7 August between Mortain and Avranches. Operation Luttich had been defeated by concerted, large-scale fighter-bomber air strikes against the German Panzers and trucks
Commonwealth
The town of Falaise becomes a major objective of Commonwealth forces, since its capture would cut off virtually all of Generalfeldmarschall Gunther von Kluges Army Group B
Operation Lutch
The town of Falaise becomes a major objective of Commonwealth forces, since its capture would cut off virtually all of Generalfeldmarschall Gunther von Kluges Army Group B
Siege of Falaise
The town of Falaise becomes a major objective of Commonwealth forces, since its capture would cut off virtually all of Generalfeldmarschall Gunther von Kluges Army Group B
Commonwealth
The town of Falaise becomes a major objective of Commonwealth forces, since its capture would cut off virtually all of Generalfeldmarschall Gunther von Kluges Army Group B
Operation Lutch
The town of Falaise becomes a major objective of Commonwealth forces, since its capture would cut off virtually all of Generalfeldmarschall Gunther von Kluges Army Group B
Operation Luttich
Operation Luttich had been defeated by concerted, large-scale fighter-bomber air strikes against the German Panzers and trucks
Commonwealth
The town of Falaise becomes a major objective of Commonwealth forces, since its capture would cut off virtually all of Generalfeldmarschall Gunther von Kluges Army Group B
Operation Lutch
Operation Luttich had been defeated by concerted, large-scale fighter-bomber air strikes against the German Panzers and trucks & in the process, forces of the German 7th Army became further enveloped by the Allied advance out of Normandy
Operation Lutch
The town of Falaise becomes a major objective of Commonwealth forces, since its capture would cut off virtually all of Generalfeldmarschall Gunther von Kluges Army Group B
Operation Totalize
Orders Patton to Le Mans & the British to Falaise. Launched by Bradley to totally defeat the Germans in Normandy
Wounding of Rod Keller
Keller was wounded when Allied bombers accidentally struck Canadian positions during Operation Totalize.
Operation Totalize
Kitching led his armoured division in the offensive south from Caen.
Operation Totalize
Foster commanded Canadian infantry during the first phases of the attack south of Caen.
Operation Totalize
Simonds planned the night attack using armoured columns and heavy bombing south of Caen.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Operation Totalize
Germany's greatest tank ace of the war is killed in action
Operation Totalize
Eberbach attempted to contain the Allied breakthrough south of Caen.
Death Sentence
Witzleben is sentenced to death for his role in the conspiracy against Hitler
Execution
Witzleben is executed at Plotzensee Prison after conviction by the People's Court
Military Resistance
His death marks the destruction of a senior military branch of the anti Hitler resistance
Plotzensee Prison
Witzleben dies at Plotzensee as one of the first senior officers executed after the July Plot
Stauffenberg Plot
Witzleben is executed for his part in the Stauffenberg plot and the attempted overthrow of Hitler
Operation Totalize
Meyer directed German resistance against the Canadian-led offensive from Caen toward Falaise.
Battle of Caen
A major objective, was still in German hands by the end of D-Day, and would remain so until the battle for Caen, 8 August
Canadian Drive toward Falaise Reinforced
Supports renewed Canadian operations intended to narrow the escape route for German forces.
Operation Totalize
Orders an airborne division to Gace to close the ring around the main German forces
Operation Totalize
Maczek's division joined the armoured exploitation from the Caen sector toward Falaise.
Operation Overlord
Ordered by Bradley to create a "short hook" from Le Mans to Falaise
Operation Cobra
Troops of the newly activated 3rd United States Army captured the city of Le Mans, formerly the German 7th Armys headquarters
Operation Overlord
Orders Patton to create a "short hook" from Le Mans to Falaise to trap the Germans
Third Army
Troops of the newly activated 3rd United States Army captured the city of Le Mans, formerly the German 7th Armys headquarters
Operation Totalize
The Canadian Armys offensive stalled on August 9, with strong Wehrmacht counterattacks resulting in heavy casualties for the Canadian and Polish armoured and infantry divisions
Wehrmacht
The Canadian Armys offensive stalled on August 9, with strong Wehrmacht counterattacks resulting in heavy casualties for the Canadian and Polish armoured and infantry divisions
Battle of Britain
Defeated by the Americans & forced into retreat
Siege of Paris
The Germans begin their withdrawal from Paris
Operation Overlord
Fails to persuade Eisenhower to transfer D-Day from Marsailles to Brest
Free French
Turns the 5th & Free French 2nd northward to Le Mans
Operation Overlord
Turns the 5th & Free French 2nd northward to Le Mans
Operation Totalize
Operation Tractable incorporated lessons learned from Operation Totalize, notably the effectiveness of mechanized infantry units and tactical bombing raids by heavy bombers. By August 10, Canadian troops had reached Hill 195, north of Falaise, they are unable to advance farther immediately and they had been unable to capture Falaise
Operation Tractable
By August 10, Canadian troops had reached Hill 195, north of Falaise
Operation Tractable
By August 10, Canadian troops had reached Hill 195, north of Falaise
Wehrmacht
The Canadian Armys offensive stalled on August 9, with strong Wehrmacht counterattacks resulting in heavy casualties for the Canadian and Polish armoured and infantry divisions
Operation Totalize
Operation Totalize is abandoned after failure to advance along the Caen-Falaise Road
Death of Hideyoshi Obata
Obata dies during the final destruction of organized Japanese resistance on Guam.
Operation Totalize
Reaches Argentan where US & Anglo-Canadians are supposed to meet but are 25 miles away
Siege of Paris
The Paris police force goes on strike & joins force with the Resistance
Operation Overlord
The "Falaise Pocket" forms as a French patrol enters Argentan
Pocket-Falaise
The "Falaise Pocket" forms as a French patrol enters Argentan
Pocket-Falaise
Pattons 3rd Army was at Falaise & Montgomerys 2First Army Group at Argentan. Patton is ordered to halt, Montgomery takes 2 weeks to close the gap
Siege of Argentan
The "Falaise Pocket" forms as a French patrol enters Argentan
Third Army
Pattons 3rd Army was at Falaise & Montgomerys 2First Army Group at Argentan
Operation Tractable
Operation Tractable began at 12:00 on August 14 when 800 Lancaster and Halifax bombers struck German positions along the front. Many of the bombers mistakenly dropped short of their targets, causing 400 Polish and Canadian casualties
Operation Tractable
Many of the bombers mistakenly dropped short of their targets, causing 400 Polish and Canadian casualties.
Operation Tractable
Operation Tractable began at 12:00 on August 14 when 800 Lancaster and Halifax bombers struck German positions along the front.
Operation Tractable
The Canadians attempt to encircle the 5th Panzer, 7th Army & Panzer Gruppe Eberbach.
Operation Tractable
Throughout the day, continual attacks by the 4th Canadian and Polish 1st Armoured Divisions managed to force a crossing of the Laison River.
Operation Tractable
Crerar's army continued the advance from the Caen sector toward Falaise and Trun.
Operation Tractable
Simonds launched Tractable as the next armoured drive from the Caen-Falaise axis.
Capture of Falaise
The Allies capture Falaise & advance towards the Seine
Operation Tractable
Launches another operation against Falaise
Operation Tractable
Although the first days progress was slower than expected, Operation Tractable resumed on August 15; both armoured divisions pushed southeast towards Falaise
Operation Overlord
Watches the D-Day landings & wires Eisenhower saying how succesful they are
Commander of 7th Army
Appointed Commander of the 7th Army
Invasion of France
Commands an invasion of Southern France reaching the Vosges within 4 weeks
Commander of 7th Army
Appointed Commander of the 7th Army
Operation Tractable
The drive for Trun by Polish and Canadian Armoured Divisions began on August 16, with preliminary attacks in preparation for an assault against Trun and Chambois. The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division break into Falaise, encountering minor opposition from Waffen SS units and scattered pockets of German infantry
Operation Tractable
The drive for Trun by Polish and Canadian Armoured Divisions began on August 16, with preliminary attacks in preparation for an assault against Trun and Chambois. The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division break into Falaise, encountering minor opposition from Waffen SS units and scattered pockets of German infantry
Operation Tractable
Refuses to carry out an order from the OKW to counter-attack
Fuhrer Chancellor
Appoints Model Commander of the West at the height of the crisis on the Eastern Front
Medal
Awarded Diamonds to the Knights Cross
Operation Tractable
The drive for Trun by Polish and Canadian Armoured Divisions began on August 16, with preliminary attacks in preparation for an assault against Trun and Chambois. Stanislaw Maczek, the Polish divisional commander, split his forces into three battlegroups each of an armoured regiment and an infantry battalion
Siege of Chambois
The drive for Trun by Polish and Canadian Armoured Divisions began on August 16, with preliminary attacks in preparation for an assault against Trun and Chambois
Siege of Trun
The drive for Trun by Polish and Canadian Armoured Divisions began on August 16, with preliminary attacks in preparation for an assault against Trun and Chambois
Commander of Army Group B
Appointed Commander of Army Group B
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of the West
Dismissal
Dismissed after the loss of Avranches & replaced by Model
Commander of Army Group B
Appointed Commander of Army Group B
Dismissal
Dismisses von Kluge
Operation Tractable
Authorizes a retreat
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of the West
Operation Dragoon
130,000 men and 18,000 vehicles had landed
Operation Totalize
Orders the Canadians to close the gap between the 1st Canadian & 3rd US Army
Operation Tractable
Maczeks second armoured battlegroup manoeuvred southeast, capturing Champeaux and anchoring future attacks against Chambois across a six-mile front
Operation Tractable
Trun is liberated on the morning of August 18. The Polish 1st Armoured Division had outflanked the 12th SS Panzer Division, enabling several Polish formations to both reach the 4th Armoured Divisions objectives and significantly expand the bridgehead northwest of Trun
Siege of Chambois
Maczeks second armoured battlegroup manoeuvred southeast, capturing Champeaux and anchoring future attacks against Chambois across a six-mile front
Siege of Champeaux
Maczeks second armoured battlegroup manoeuvred southeast, capturing Champeaux and anchoring future attacks against Chambois across a six-mile front
Siege of Trun
The Polish 1st Armoured Division had outflanked the 12th SS Panzer Division, enabling several Polish formations to both reach the 4th Armoured Divisions objectives and significantly expand the bridgehead northwest of Trun
Death of Guenther Hans von Kluge
Death of Kluge, suicide
Suicide
Kills himself while on his way back to Germany to explain himself to Hitler. Death of Kluge, suicide
Siege of Trun
Trun is liberated on the morning of August 18
Operation Tractable
Novel tactics by Polish 1st Armoured Division, under the command of Stanislaw Maczek during the drive for Chambois, enabled the Falaise Gap to be partially closed by August 19, 1944, trapping about 150,000 German soldiers in the Falaise Pocket
Death of Guenther Hans von Kluge
Committs suicide by poison at Metz
Suicide
Committs suicide by poison at Metz
Falaise Pocket Closure Coordinated
Coordinates British, Canadian, Polish and American pressure as the Falaise pocket is closed.
Falaise Pocket
Novel tactics by Polish 1st Armoured Division, under the command of Stanislaw Maczek during the drive for Chambois, enabled the Falaise Gap to be partially closed by August 19, 1944, trapping about 150,000 German soldiers in the Falaise Pocket
Operation Tractable
Novel tactics by Polish 1st Armoured Division, under the command of Stanislaw Maczek during the drive for Chambois, enabled the Falaise Gap to be partially closed by August 19, 1944, trapping about 150,000 German soldiers in the Falaise Pocket
Siege of Paris
The FFI occupy the Hotel de Ville, Paris town hall & at noon a truce is agreed
Capture of River Seine
The Allies advance as far as the Seine, Hitler orders a retreat across the Seine
Invasion of Romania
The Ukranian Front advances into Romania
Peace
Organizes a truce in Paris between the Germans & the Resistance
Operation Totalize
General Harry Crerar, commanding the newly formed First Canadian Army and Lieutenant General Guy Simonds of the II Canadian Corps, planned an Anglo-Canadian offensive with the code name of Operation Totalize
Falaise Gap
Surrender and capture of the remaining units of the German 7th Army which were trapped in the Falaise Pocket. Elements of the First Canadian Army relieved the Polish Armys survivors of this Battle and the Canadian Army was finally able to close the Falaise Pocket by linking up with the troops of the American 3rd Army on the other side
Operation Totalize
General Harry Crerar, commanding the newly formed First Canadian Army and Lieutenant General Guy Simonds of the II Canadian Corps, planned an Anglo-Canadian offensive with the code name of Operation Totalize
Operation Tractable
Surrender and capture of the remaining units of the German 7th Army which were trapped in the Falaise Pocket. Elements of the First Canadian Army relieved the Polish Armys survivors of this Battle and the Canadian Army was finally able to close the Falaise Pocket by linking up with the troops of the American 3rd Army on the other side
Seventh Army
Surrender and capture of the remaining units of the German 7th Army which were trapped in the Falaise Pocket
Third Army
Elements of the First Canadian Army relieved the Polish Armys survivors of this Battle and the Canadian Army was finally able to close the Falaise Pocket by linking up with the troops of the American 3rd Army on the other side
Operation Tractable
Surrender and capture of the remaining units of the German 7th Army which were trapped in the Falaise Pocket. Elements of the First Canadian Army relieved the Polish Armys survivors of this Battle and the Canadian Army was finally able to close the Falaise Pocket by linking up with the troops of the American 3rd Army on the other side
Seventh Army
Surrender and capture of the remaining units of the German 7th Army which were trapped in the Falaise Pocket
Third Army
Elements of the First Canadian Army relieved the Polish Armys survivors of this Battle and the Canadian Army was finally able to close the Falaise Pocket by linking up with the troops of the American 3rd Army on the other side
Battle of Falaise Gap
The final pocket of resistance in the Falaise Gap is removed by the Alies
Conference of Dumarton Oaks
The US, Britain, Russia and China open the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, DC, laying the foundation for the establishment of the UN
United Nations
The US, Britain, Russia and China open the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, DC, laying the foundation for the establishment of the UN
Operation Tractable
Elements of the First Canadian Army relieved the Polish Armys survivors of this Battle and the Canadian Army was finally able to close the Falaise Pocket by linking up with the troops of the American 3rd Army on the other side
Third Army
Elements of the First Canadian Army relieved the Polish Armys survivors of this Battle and the Canadian Army was finally able to close the Falaise Pocket by linking up with the troops of the American 3rd Army on the other side
Conference of Dumbarton Oaks
The US, Britain, Russia and China open the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, DC, laying the foundation for the establishment of the UN
United Nations
The US, Britain, Russia and China open the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, DC, laying the foundation for the establishment of the UN
Conference of Dumbarton Oaks
The US, Britain, Russia and China open the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, DC, laying the foundation for the establishment of the UN
United Nations
The US, Britain, Russia and China open the Dumbarton Oaks Conference in Washington, DC, laying the foundation for the establishment of the UN
Capture of Mantes
Mantes is captured & the Seine crossed, Patton hopes to head directly for Germany
Capture of Paris
Ordered to advance on Paris at the head of the 2nd French Armoured Division
Operation Totalize
The Poles & Americans meet & seal the Falaise pocket, ends the Normandy Campaign
Operation Totalize
Poles & Americans seal the Falaise pocket officially ending the Normandy Campaign
Pocket-Falaise
Poles & Americans seal the Falaise pocket officially ending the Normandy Campaign
Siege of Paris
Orders the Allied attack on Paris
Capture of Paris
Ordered to enter Paris via the Port dItalie & head for the Ile de Cite
Capture of Paris
Crosses the Seine at the Pont de Sevres to enter Paris through the Porte de St Cloud. Captures Paris & arrives at the Arc de Triomphe
Capture of Paris
Begins his attack on Paris. A plane drops a message from Leclerc over saying "Tenez bon, nous arrivons"
Alliance Axis
Romanian Prime Minister Ion Antonescu is dismissed by King Michael, paving the way for Romania to abandon the Axis in favor of the Allies
Capture of Paris
Paris "should not fall into the hands of the enemy except as a field of ruins"
Result of Surrender of Paris
Hitler's refusal to permit an orderly surrender leaves Paris exposed to further destruction before liberation.
Siege of Paris
Paris "should not fall into the hands of the enemy except as a field of ruins"
Surrender of Paris
Paris "should not fall into the hands of the enemy except as a field of ruins"
Alliance Axis
Romanian Prime Minister Ion Antonescu is dismissed by King Michael, paving the way for Romania to abandon the Axis in favor of the Allies
Dismissal
Romanian Prime Minister Ion Antonescu is dismissed by King Michael, paving the way for Romania to abandon the Axis in favor of the Allies
Arrest of Ion Antonescu
Antonescu is arrested during King Michael's coup.
Sanatescu Government
Sanatescu forms a government after the removal of Antonescu.
Royal Coup
Michael removes Antonescu and announces Romania's break with the Axis.
Alliance Axis
Romanian Prime Minister Ion Antonescu is dismissed by King Michael, paving the way for Romania to abandon the Axis in favor of the Allies
King Michael Coup
Overthrows Antonescu and switches sides against Germany.
Capture of Versailles
Captures Versailles en-route to Paris
Siege of Paris
The German Commander of the Paris garrison surrenders
Peace
Asks Russia for peace terms
Capture of Paris
Enters Paris after its surrender by the Germans
Capture of Paris
Delivers Leclercs ultimatum to the German Commander Cholitz who agrees to surrender
Capture of Paris
Secures a surrender from the German Commander Cholitz. Enters Paris after breaking down German resistance
Result of Surrender of German Garrison of Paris
German control of Paris ends and the French capital returns to Allied and French authority.
Surrender of German Garrison of Paris
Recieves the formal surrender of Paris
Siege of Paris
Choltiz disobeys Hitler's orders & refuses to burn Paris
Siege of Paris
Choltiz disobeys Hitler's orders & refuses to burn Paris
Peace
Finland asks Russia for peace terms
Capture of River Danube
Malinovsky links up with General Tolbukhins Army in the Danube Delta
Capture of Paris
After the capture of Paris Woodrun estimates that the war will be over by October
Head of Government
Appointed of the Provisional Government
Provisional Government
Appointed of the Provisional Government
Liberation of Paris
Walks in triumph down the Champs Elysees
Declaration of War
Romania declares war on Germany after German troops are defeated in Bucharest
Constitution of France
Announces the Government will run centrally. Announces resistance organisations & Liberation Committee's will have advisery roles
Dissolution
The French Resistance is dissolved
Operation Dragoon
Toulon and Marseille are liberated during Operation Dragoon
Siege of Marseille
Toulon and Marseille are liberated during Operation Dragoon
Siege of Toulon
Toulon and Marseille are liberated during Operation Dragoon
Slovak National Uprising
Orders the Slovak National Uprising to begin.
German Occupation
German forces occupy Slovakia during the uprising.
Capture of Grodno
Captures Grodno from the Germans
Capture of Bucharest
The Soviet Army enters Bucharest capital of Romania
Capture of Bucharest
Russian forces enter Bucharest
Second Canadian Corps
General Harry Crerar, commanding the newly formed First Canadian Army and Lieutenant General Guy Simonds of the II Canadian Corps, planned an Anglo-Canadian offensive with the code name of Operation Totalize
Operation Tractable
And it was a part of the largest encirclement on the German Western Front during World War II.
Operation Tractable
Operation Tractable is the final offensive conducted by Canadian Army and Polish Army troops as part of the Battle of Normandy.
Operation Tractable
The goal of operation Totalize is to capture the strategically important French town of Falaise, and following that, the smaller towns of Trun and Chambois.
Operation Tractable
This operation was undertaken by the Polish 1st Armoured Division and the First Canadian Army against the Wehrmachts Army Group B.
Siege of Chambois
The goal of operation Totalize is to capture the strategically important French town of Falaise, and following that, the smaller towns of Trun and Chambois
Siege of Falaise
The goal of operation Totalize is to capture the strategically important French town of Falaise, and following that, the smaller towns of Trun and Chambois
Siege of Trun
The goal of operation Totalize is to capture the strategically important French town of Falaise, and following that, the smaller towns of Trun and Chambois
Wehrmacht
This operation was undertaken by the Polish 1st Armoured Division and the First Canadian Army against the Wehrmachts Army Group B, and it was a part of the largest encirclement on the German Western Front during World War II
Western Front
This operation was undertaken by the Polish 1st Armoured Division and the First Canadian Army against the Wehrmachts Army Group B, and it was a part of the largest encirclement on the German Western Front during World War II
Collaboration
Laval leaves Paris with the Germans, he joins the other Vichy exiles in Belfort and later in Sigmaringen, Germany
Exile of Pierre Laval
Laval leaves Paris with the Germans, he joins the other Vichy exiles in Belfort and later in Sigmaringen, Germany
Vichy Government
Laval leaves Paris with the Germans, he joins the other Vichy exiles in Belfort and later in Sigmaringen, Germany
Reballion of Rebels in Warsaw
Frank & Himmler are given the responsibility for suppressing the Warsaw insurgents
Commander of XXIV Panzer Corps
Resumes command of the XXIV Panzer Corps
Commander of XXIV Panzer Corps
Resumes command of the XXIV Panzer Corps
Operation Totalize
Defends the Caen-Falaise road forcing the abandonment of Operation Totalize
Western Front Retreat Planning Monitored
Jodl monitors the German retreat from France as Allied armies break out of Normandy.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Air Commander in Chief of South East Asia Command (SEAC)
Commander in Chief
Appointed Air Commander in Chief of South East Asia Command (SEAC)
South East Asia Command
Appointed Air Commander in Chief of South East Asia Command (SEAC)
Falaise Encirclement Strategy Intensified
Presses Allied armies to close around German forces retreating from the Normandy battlefield.
Normandy Campaign Declared Won
Oversees the transition from the Normandy battle to the rapid Allied pursuit across France.
Battle of Florence
The Allies capture Florence
Commander of Ukranian Front
Appointed Commander of the 4th Ukranian Front
Commander of Ukranian Front
Appointed Commander of the 4th Ukranian Front
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Germany
Turkey breaks off diplomatic relations with Germany
Commander of Twelfth Corps
Appointed Commander of XII Corps
Uranium Gun Project Leadership
Birch takes charge of the uranium gun-weapon programme that will produce the Little Boy design.
First Army
Commander of First US Army, succeeds Bradley
Operation Overlord
Commander of First US Army, succeeds Bradley
Operation Cobra
Operation Cobra, together with concurrent offensives by the Second British and First Canadian Armies, was decisive in securing an Allied victory in the Normandy Campaign
Combat B-29 Modification Programme
The Army Air Forces begins modifying seventeen B-29 aircraft at Omaha for combat delivery of atomic weapons.
Operation Totalize
Helps setup a "pocket" to capture Germans escaping from Normandy. Diverted by Patton to link up with the Anglo-Canadians at Argentan
Commander of Twelfth Corps
Appointed Commander of XII Corps
September 1944105 historical events
Operation Ratweek
RAF & Yugoslav partisans attack roads & railways to prevent Germans escape Yugoslavia. A series of coordinated attacks launched on by Yugoslav partisans and the Balkan Air Force against German forces retreating from the Soviets
Promoted Field Marshal after Normandy
Is promoted field marshal as Eisenhower assumes direct command of Allied ground operations.
Direct Command of Allied Ground Forces
Assumes direct operational command of Allied ground forces in northwest Europe as the campaign advances beyond Normandy.
Operation Ratweek
Tito & his Partisans pour into Serbia & attack the Chetniks. RAF & Yugoslav partisans attack roads & railways to prevent Germans escaping. A series of coordinated attacks launched on by Yugoslav partisans and the Balkan Air Force against German forces retreating from the Soviets
Finns give Germany 14 days to evacuate an army of 250,000
The Finns give Germany 14 days to evacuate an army of 250,000
Occupation
Russia demands German withdrawal from Finland
Armistice Agreement
The Finns announce an armistice with Russia & will break off relations with Germany
Capture of Brussels
British troops occupy Brussels
Antwerp Captured by Eleventh Armoured Division
Troops of 21st Army Group capture Antwerp and its docks largely intact during the rapid advance through Belgium.
Ceasefire
A ceasefire is agreed between the Finns & the Soviet Forces on the Finnish front
Peace
A ceasefire is agreed between the Finns & the Soviet Forces on the Finnish front
Commander of Army Group B
Reverts to just Commanding Army Group B
Commander of Army Group B
Reverts to just Commanding Army Group B
Declaration of War
Russia declares war on Bulgaria. Bulgaria declares war on Germany then declares an armistice with Russia
Peace
Bulgaria decides to agree an armistice with Russia & declare war on Germany
Bombing of Britain
Germany fires the first V2 rockets at Britain
Bombing of London
London is hit by V-2 rockets for first time, missiles falling on Epping and Chiswick
Carpathian-Dukla Operation
Begins offensive toward Slovakia through the Carpathians.
Metro
Services on the Parisian metro are resumed
Liberation of Bruges
Allied forces liberate Bruges from German occupation.
Arrest of Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini
Rescued by daring German parachute jump from his place of internment in the Apennines
Battle of Aachen
Despite the attempt to surrender the city, von Schwerin is ordered to counterattack against penetrating American forces southwest of Aachen, and he did so with elements of his panzergrenadier forces
B Reactor Uranium Loading
Participates in startup work at Hanford as uranium loading begins in B Reactor, the first full-scale plutonium-production reactor.
Liberation of Maastricht
Commands the division that liberates Maastricht from German occupation.
Old Hickory Advance
Directs Old Hickory troops advancing across the southern Netherlands.
Death of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Approves a plan to shoot Nazi leaders without trial
Execution
Approves a plan to shoot Nazi leaders without trial
Battle of Arnhem
1st day of the Battle of Arhem
Battle of Arnhem
Lieutenant Jack Grayburn led an attempt to secure the southern end of the bridge but was unsuccessful, and a later attempt using a flame thrower only succeeded in setting the freshly painted girders of the bridge alight. However, the British were able to make good their position and quickly repulsed the 10th SS Reconnaissance Battalion and other German units when they arrived to secure the bridge
Battle of Arnhem
Additionally, Major General Williams-commander of IX Troop Carrier Command-decided that it would only be possible for one air lift per day, meaning it would take three days to deliver the entire Division and Polish Brigade to the area
Battle of Arnhem
However, Urquhart was severely restricted in how he could prepare and deploy his troops.
Battle of Arnhem
Meanwhile, the first lift suffered only light losses as the aircraft and gliders flew from British bases to the target area.
Battle of Arnhem
Required to secure the road, rail and pontoon bridges over the Lower Rhine and hold them for two to three days until relieved by XXX Corps.
Battle of Arnhem
The US IX Troop Carrier Command were limited in their availability; with two more major drops taking place at the same time, there were insufficient carrier aircraft available to fly the entire division to The Netherlands in one lift.
Battle of Arnhem
The first arrivals were the 21st Independent Parachute Company at 12:40, who marked the landing zones for the gliders and parachutists in advance of the main landings.
Battle of Arnhem
The first lift was preceded by intense bombing and strafing raids made by the British Second Tactical Air Force and the American Eighth and 9th Air Forces. These targeted the known flak guns and German garrisons and barracks across the area.
Battle of Arnhem
The task of securing the Rhine Bridgehead fell to the 1st Airborne Division under the command of Major General Roy Urquhar.
Operation Market Garden
In a bid to open the Belgian port of Antwerp to facilitate the shipment of supplies to Allied armies in France and cross the Lower Rhine river, American, British and Polish forces launch Operation Market Garden
Battle of Arnhem
Secures the Nijmegen Bridge & the South Bank of the Lek
Market Garden Airborne Landings Begin
Airborne divisions land along the route to Arnhem as XXX Corps begins the ground advance.
Operation Market Garden
In a bid to open the Belgian port of Antwerp to facilitate the shipment of supplies to Allied armies in France and cross the Lower Rhine river, American, British and Polish forces launch Operation Market Garden
Operation Market Garden
Airborne troops were dropped in The Netherlands to secure key bridges and towns along the Allied axis of advance.
Operation Market Garden
Farthest north, the British 1st Airborne Division, supported by men of the Glider Pilot Regiment and the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade, landed at Arnhem to secure bridges across the Nederrijn.
Operation Market Garden
Initially expecting a walkover, British XXX Corps planned to reach the British airborne forces within two to three days. After sweeping through France and Belgium in the summer of 1944, the Allies were poised to enter The Netherlands.
Operation Market Garden
Montgomery favoured a single thrust north over the Lower Rhine River, allowing the British Second Army to bypass the Siegfried Line and attack the Ruhr. To this end, the Allies launched Operation Market Garden
Second Army
After sweeping through France and Belgium in the summer of 1944, the Allies were poised to enter The Netherlands. Montgomery favoured a single thrust north over the Lower Rhine River, allowing the British Second Army to bypass the Siegfried Line and attack the Ruhr. To this end, the Allies launched Operation Market Garden
Invasion of Germany
The Western Allies reach the German border, which is protected by the extensive Siegfried Line
Siegfried Line
The Western Allies reach the German border, which is protected by the extensive Siegfried Line
Hyde Park Aide-Memoire
Churchill and Roosevelt sign the Hyde Park aide-memoire pledging continued Anglo-American cooperation on atomic technology.
Peace
The Russian offensive on the Karelian Front stops. Mannerheim negotiates Finlands withdrawal from the war
Nijmegen Crossing Opens Route North
The capture of Nijmegen bridges allows the ground advance to continue toward Arnhem.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Battle of Arnhem
Model arranged for units to be sent straight to the units in action in order to avoid long-winded logistics, and rushed in specialist street fighting and machine gun battalions. Each day of the battle, the German military strength increased whilst the British supplies diminished. By 21 September, the fifth day of the battle, German forces outnumbered the British by 3:1 and continued to increase
Battle of Arnhem
Arnhem was a victory for the Germans (albeit tempered by their losses further south) and a major defeat for the British army. The Allies withdrew from the southern bank of the Rhine and the front stabilised on "the island" between the Rhine and Waal rivers
Battle of Arnhem
The Glider Pilots would organise the routes to the river and the whole operation would be covered by an intense artillery barrage from XXX Corps. South of the river the evacuation was organised and staffed by men of the Royal Engineers of 43rd Division and Royal Canadian Engineers, using rafts
Battle of Arnhem
Urquhart formulated his withdrawal plan on the successful method used in the evacuation of Gallipoli during the First World War. The northernmost units would fall back first, moving through the more southerly groups who would then follow behind.
Battle of Arnhem
and storm boats.
Battle of Arnhem
Arnhem was a victory for the Germans (albeit tempered by their losses further south) and a major defeat for the British army. The Allies withdrew from the southern bank of the Rhine and the front stabilised on "the island" between the Rhine and Waal rivers
Arnhem Bridge Objective Fails
Accepts withdrawal of the surviving British airborne force after the Arnhem bridge cannot be held.
Battle of Arnhem
Montgomery orders a retreat, the British lose 1,130 killed & 6,000 taken prisoner
Battle of Arnhem
Halts the Allied advance
Battle of Arnhem
The 1st airborne retreats, 2,200 are evacuated, 7,000 are captured, killed or wounded
Caserta Agreement
Greek armed formations are placed under a unified command before liberation.
Battle of Arnhem
Orders are given to join up with the Second Army on the south bank of the Rhine
Second Army
Orders are given to join up with the Second Army on the south bank of the Rhine
Independence of India
Talks break down with Jinnah over a Hindu-Moslem settlement
Conference of Dumbarton Oaks
Chinese representatives join the Dumbarton Oaks discussions on plans for the future United Nations organization.
Capture of Calais
Calais is liberated by the Canadian 3rd Division
Reballion of Rebels in Warsaw
Captured by the Germans
Reballion of Home Armys
The Home Armys rebellion in Warsaw is crushed by an SS massacre of the insurgents. Captured by the Germans
Xenon-135 Reactor Poisoning
The cause of B Reactor's unexpected shutdown is identified as xenon-135, a powerful neutron absorber produced during fission.
Solid Core Implosion Design
Christy proposes a solid plutonium core compressed to supercritical density, simplifying the implosion concept and reducing instability problems.
Battle of Hurtgen Forest
Hurtgen Forest is defended by the German 275th and 353rd Infantry Divisions, understrength but well prepared - 5,000 men (1,000 in reserve) - and commanded by General Hans Schmidt
Battle of Hurtgen Forest
The Germans fiercely defended the area for two reasons: it served as a staging area for the Ardennes Offensive (what became the Battle of the Bulge) that was already in preparation, and the mountains commanded access to the Schwammenauel Dam.
Battle of Hurtgen Forest
The Germans were able to hold the region until they launched their final major, last-ditch offensive on the Western Front, into the Ardennes.
Western Front
The Germans were able to hold the region until they launched their final major, last-ditch offensive on the Western Front, into the Ardennes
Battle of Arnhem
Arnhem was a victory for the Germans (albeit tempered by their losses further south) and a major defeat for the British army.
Battle of Arnhem
Model moved his headquarters to Arnhem and was re-establishing defences in the area and co-ordinating the reorganisation of the scattered units so that by the time the Allies launched Market Garden there would be several units opposing them.
Battle of Arnhem
The Allies withdrew from the southern bank of the Rhine and the front stabilised on "the island" between the Rhine and Waal rivers.
Operation Market Garden
Model moved his headquarters to Arnhem and was re-establishing defences in the area and co-ordinating the reorganisation of the scattered units so that by the time the Allies launched Market Garden there would be several units opposing them
Siegfried Line
German defenses along the Siegfried Line continued to increase, and were able to establish a defensive depth of an average of 4.8 kilometers (3.0 miles). During September, Wehrmacht high command reinforced the Siegfried Line and brought total troop strength to an estimated 230,000 soldiers, including 100,000 fresh personnel
Wehrmacht
During September, Wehrmacht high command reinforced the Siegfried Line and brought total troop strength to an estimated 230,000 soldiers, including 100,000 fresh personnel
Battle of Aachen
The city of Aachen was defended by the 116th Panzer Division, under the command of General Gerhard von Schwerin
Operation Market Garden
The failure of Operation Market Garden and an acute supply problem brought about by the long distances involved in the quick Allied advance through France brought to an end the advance towards the city of Berlin
Market Garden Plan Approved
Secures approval for the airborne and ground operation intended to cross major Dutch rivers rapidly.
Operation Comet
Proposes a bold plan to head north through the Dutch Gelderland, bypassing the German Siegfried Line defences and opening a route into the German industrial heartland of the Ruhr. Initially proposed as a British and Polish operation codenamed Operation Comet, the plan was soon expanded to involve most of the First Allied Airborne Army and a set piece ground advance into The Netherlands, codenamed Market Garden
Operation Market Garden
The failure of Operation Market Garden and an acute supply problem brought about by the long distances involved in the quick Allied advance through France brought to an end the advance towards the city of Berlin
Operation Market Garden
Proposes a bold plan to head north through the Dutch Gelderland, bypassing the German Siegfried Line defences and opening a route into the German industrial heartland of the Ruhr. Initially proposed as a British and Polish operation codenamed Operation Comet, the plan was soon expanded to involve most of the First Allied Airborne Army and a set piece ground advance into The Netherlands, codenamed Market Garden
Single Thrust to Ruhr Proposed
Advocates concentrating Allied supplies on a northern thrust through the Netherlands toward the Ruhr.
Commander of 34th Army
Appointed Commander of the 34th Army
Commander of 34th Army
Appointed Commander of the 34th Army
Invasion of Bulgaria
Russia invades Bulgaria
Battle of Aachen
General Hodgess First Army is ordered to breakthrough the front near the German city of Aachen
Battle of Hurtgen Forest
The Germans are able to hold the region until they launched their final major, last-ditch offensive on the Western Front, into the Ardennes
First Army
General Hodgess First Army is ordered to breakthrough the front near the German city of Aachen
Invasion of Germany
General Hodgess First Army is ordered to breakthrough the front near the German city of Aachen
Siegfried Line
Breaches the Siegfred Line
Western Front
The Germans are able to hold the region until they launched their final major, last-ditch offensive on the Western Front, into the Ardennes
First Army
Pattons 3rd Army is given the task of occupying the French region of Lorraine, General Hodgess First Army is ordered to breakthrough the front near the German city of Aachen
Invasion of Germany
Pattons 3rd Army is given the task of occupying the French region of Lorraine, General Hodgess First Army is ordered to breakthrough the front near the German city of Aachen. Decides the next target would be the occupation of the Ruhr, the heartland of Germany's industrial capabilities
Third Army
Pattons 3rd Army is given the task of occupying the French region of Lorraine, General Hodgess First Army is ordered to breakthrough the front near the German city of Aachen
Invasion of Germany
Pattons 3rd Army is given the task of occupying the French region of Lorraine
Third Army
Pattons 3rd Army is given the task of occupying the French region of Lorraine
Operation Overlord
Arrives in England to organize a US tactical air force in the United Kingdom
October 1944145 historical events
Siege of Metz
Closes in on Metz
Battle of Aachen
Joins up with Hodges First Army
Dukla Pass Operation
Soviet and Czechoslovak forces cross the Dukla Pass into Slovakia.
Prime Minister of Egypt
Is appointed Prime Minister of Egypt after Nahas Pasha's dismissal.
Prime Minister of Egypt
Forms a government after King Farouk dismisses Mostafa el-Nahas.
Stilwell Recall Request
Formally insists that President Roosevelt replace General Joseph Stilwell after their command relationship deteriorates beyond repair.
Birth of John Entwistle
Birth of Who bassist John Entwistle.
Birth of John Alec Entwistle
Birth of John Alec Entwistle
Assumption of Fourteenth Area Army Command
Yamashita assumes command of the Fourteenth Area Army and responsibility for the defence of the Philippines.
Battle of Aachen
The US First Army enters the outskirts of Aachen
First Army
The US First Army enters the outskirts of Aachen
Links Curzon Line to Western Gains
Churchill links acceptance of the Curzon Line to Allied support for Polish territorial gains in East Prussia and toward the Oder.
Supports Curzon Settlement
Churchill unequivocally supports using the Curzon Line as the basis of the Polish-Soviet territorial settlement during talks with Stalin and Mikolajczyk.
Opposes Curzon Cession
Mikolajczyk refuses authority to cede eastern territories on the Curzon basis and argues that any territorial concession must be decided by the Polish people.
Claims Allied Support at Tehran
Molotov claims the Curzon Line had support from all three major Allies at Tehran, prompting concern about Roosevelt's actual position.
Curzon Line as Settlement Condition
Stalin tells Mikolajczyk that acceptance of the Curzon Line as the Soviet-Polish boundary is essential before a broader political settlement can proceed.
Minor Curzon Line Adjustments
Stalin says the Curzon Line must remain the basis of settlement but allows that final demarcation could shift seven or eight kilometres in places.
Assassination of Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel
The Gestapo give Rommel the choice of a trial or suicide disguised as a heart attack. Rommel decides to poison himself
Death of Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel
Death of Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel, forced to take poison
Suicide
The Gestapo give Rommel the choice of a trial or suicide disguised as a heart attack
Supports Polish Western Claims
Churchill confirms with Stalin that they will support Polish claims to compensating territory in the north and west if the eastern frontier follows the Curzon basis.
End of Pre-Premiership Finance Portfolio
Al-Rifai completed his term overseeing finance, economy and justice under Abu al-Huda. The following day he would take office as head of a new government.
Accepts Curzon Line
Bierut accepts the Curzon Line as the proper basis for the Soviet-Polish frontier and seeks Allied support for Polish gains in the west.
Formation of First Rifai Government
Al-Rifai formed his first government in the Emirate of Transjordan and became prime minister. He concurrently held the foreign affairs and defense portfolios during a period when the region was approaching the end of the Second World War.
Rejects Major Lwow Adjustment
Stalin tells Churchill that final demarcation may allow small local changes but not a major alteration transferring Lwow west of the Curzon-based frontier.
Capture of Woensdrecht
The German 15th army is encircled in the Beveland peninsula. Liberated by the Canadian 2nd Division
Siege of Beveland
Seals the German 15th army in the Beveland Peninsula
Questions Tehran Curzon Claim
Mikolajczyk protests Molotov's assertion that Roosevelt had accepted the Curzon Line at Tehran and seeks clarification of the American position.
Government Returns to Athens
Papandreou and the national government return after German withdrawal.
Activation of Sho-1
Toyoda activates the Sho-1 plan as Japanese naval forces prepare to contest the Allied landing at Leyte.
Invasion of Czech
Soviet troops invade Czechoslovakia during World War II
Special Attack Planning
Inoguchi serves on Onishi's staff during the organization of the first naval special-attack units in the Philippines.
Formation of Special Attack Unit
Tamai helps organize the first special-attack unit at Mabalacat and selects Seki to lead the Shikishima squadron.
Suggests Black Sea Conference Area
Suggests that the next Big Three meeting take place in the Black Sea area.
Southern Force Recommendation
Kusaka recommends detaching part of Kurita's force to approach Leyte Gulf through Surigao Strait.
Leyte Landings
Krueger commands the Sixth Army as American ground forces land on Leyte and begin the campaign to retake the central Philippines.
Return to Leyte
MacArthur lands on Leyte after the initial assault and publicly marks the return of Allied forces to the Philippines.
Stilwell Recalled
Secures the recall of General Joseph Stilwell from his China commands after prolonged disputes over strategy, authority and military reform.
Deposed in Coup
Menendez is overthrown by Osmín Aguirre y Salinas
Provisional President Takes Office
Osmín Aguirre becomes provisional President after removing Menendez
Battle of Aachen
Attempts to hold the German line to the Swiss border
Capture of Aachen
The Allies liberate Aachen
Bjorn Thordarson Government
The Bjorn Thordarson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Second Olafur Thors Government
Begins the Second Olafur Thors Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Battle of Aachen
Hodges First Army captures Aachen, the 1st breach of the Siegfried Line
First Army
Hodges First Army captures Aachen, the 1st breach of the Siegfried Line
Capture of Aachen
The US 1st & 30th divisions of infantry capture Aachen
Prime Minister of Albania
Appointed Prime Minister of Albania
Prime Minister Appointed
Communist-led provisional government appoints Hoxha Prime Minister
Provisional Government
Communist partisans establish a provisional government under Hoxha
Accepts Black Sea Meeting Proposal
Agrees with Roosevelt that Stalin's proposed Black Sea area can serve as the conference location.
Second Striking Force Departure
Shima leads the Second Striking Force from the Pescadores toward the southern approaches to Leyte Gulf.
Departure for Leyte Gulf
Kurita leads the Center Force from Brunei toward the central Philippines and Leyte Gulf.
Trial
The Volksgerichtshof ("Peoples Court") sentences him to death
Battle of the Palawan Passage
American submarines attack Kurita's Center Force, sinking Atago and Maya and badly damaging Takao.
Battle of Phillipines
1st day of the Battle of the Phillipines
Loss of Atago
Kurita survives the sinking of his flagship Atago by an American submarine while approaching the Philippines.
Invasion of Hungary
The Soviet army invades Hungary
USS Dace Attack
Claggett commands USS Dace when the submarine torpedoes and sinks the Japanese heavy cruiser Maya.
USS Darter Attack
McClintock commands USS Darter when the submarine sinks Atago and severely damages Takao in the Palawan Passage.
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea
Carrier aircraft repeatedly attack the Center Force and sink Musashi while Toyoda continues the Sho-1 operation.
Battle of Leyte Gulf
Koiso's government treats the struggle for the Philippines as strategically decisive, but Japan suffers a major naval defeat at Leyte Gulf.
Yamato in the Sibuyan Sea
Morishita commands Yamato as the battleship survives American carrier strikes against Kurita's Center Force.
Loss of Musashi
Inoguchi commands Musashi through repeated bomb and torpedo attacks and goes down with the battleship after ordering the crew to abandon ship.
Northern Decoy Force
Ozawa leads the carrier force intended to draw the American Third Fleet north and away from Leyte Gulf.
Air Support for Sho-1
Fukudome directs Second Air Fleet operations intended to support the Japanese Sho-1 naval counteroffensive.
Approach to Surigao Strait
Nishimura continues toward Surigao Strait after American carrier aircraft attack his Southern Force in the Sulu Sea.
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea
Kurita leads the Center Force through repeated American carrier attacks in the Sibuyan Sea, where Musashi is sunk.
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea
Kurita's Center Force endures repeated American carrier strikes while attempting to reach San Bernardino Strait.
Air Strikes off Luzon
Onishi sends land-based naval aircraft against American carriers operating east of Luzon during the Leyte operations.
Sho-1 Operations
Hirohito receives reports as Imperial General Headquarters commits major Japanese naval forces to the Sho-1 operation around Leyte.
Offers Mediterranean Conference Alternatives
Suggests Malta, Athens or Cyprus as alternatives to a meeting on the Soviet Black Sea coast.
Third Fleet Moves North
Halsey takes the Third Fleet north toward Ozawa's carrier force, leaving San Bernardino Strait uncovered.
Birth of John Roy Anderson
Birth of John Roy Anderson, later Yes vocalist, lyricist and founding member.
Loss of Chiyoda
Jyo commands the light carrier Chiyoda, which is crippled by air attack and later sunk by American surface ships.
Oyodo at Cape Engano
Mutaguchi commands the light cruiser Oyodo as it operates with Ozawa's Northern Force off Cape Engano.
Destroyer Division Four at Surigao
Takahashi commands Destroyer Division Four within Nishimura's Southern Force during the advance through Surigao Strait.
Loss of Zuiho
Sugiura commands the light carrier Zuiho when she is sunk by American carrier aircraft during the battle off Cape Engano.
Destroyer Division Sixty-One
Amano commands Destroyer Division Sixty-One in the screen of Ozawa's Northern Force during the Cape Engano battle.
Loss of Chitose
Kishi commands the light carrier Chitose when American carrier aircraft sink her off Cape Engano.
Battle of Phillipines
Defeated by superior US naval forces
Last Fight of Hatsuzuki
Hashimoto commands Hatsuzuki during her final action against American surface ships while covering the retreat of Ozawa's force.
Loss of Akizuki
Ogata commands Akizuki when the destroyer is sunk during American attacks on Ozawa's Northern Force.
Kamikaze Attack off Samar
Seki leads a special-attack flight against American escort carriers and is killed during the mission.
Carrier Division Four at Cape Engano
Matsuda commands Carrier Division Four, built around the hybrid battleships Ise and Hyuga, in Ozawa's decoy force.
Northern Force Screen
Edo commands the screening force protecting elements of Ozawa's Northern Force during the battle off Cape Engano.
Destroyer Squadron One at Surigao
Kimura commands Destroyer Squadron One within Shima's Second Striking Force during the Surigao operation.
Destroyer Squadron Two at Samar
Hayakawa commands Destroyer Squadron Two during the Center Force action against American escort carriers off Samar.
Ise at Cape Engano
Nakase commands the hybrid battleship Ise, which survives repeated American air attacks during the Cape Engano action.
Yamato off Samar
Morishita commands Yamato when the battleship engages American escort-carrier forces during the Battle off Samar.
Destroyer Squadron Ten Attack
Kimura commands Destroyer Squadron Ten during the late Japanese destroyer attack against Taffy 3 off Samar.
Loss of Zuikaku
Kaizuka commands the carrier Zuikaku when American carrier aircraft sink her during the battle off Cape Engano.
Battle off Cape Engano
Ozawa's carrier force functions as the decoy and suffers severe losses to American carrier aircraft off Cape Engano.
Loss of Zuikaku
Ozawa loses his flagship Zuikaku and other carriers to American air attacks off Cape Engano.
Cruiser Division Seven at Samar
Shiraishi commands Cruiser Division Seven as its cruisers engage American forces off Samar.
Entry into Surigao Strait
Shima enters Surigao Strait after Nishimura's force has already been shattered and soon orders a withdrawal.
Entry into Surigao Strait
Shima enters Surigao Strait behind Nishimura, encounters wreckage and resistance, and withdraws his surviving force.
Battleship Division One at Samar
Ugaki commands Battleship Division One, including Yamato and Nagato, during the Battle off Samar.
Cruiser Division Five at Samar
Hashimoto commands Cruiser Division Five, including Haguro, during the Center Force attack off Samar.
Battle of Surigao Strait
Nishimura leads the Southern Force through Surigao Strait, where most of his ships are destroyed by the American Seventh Fleet.
Battle of Surigao Strait
Nishimura presses into Surigao Strait, where his force is shattered by the waiting Allied battle line.
Death of Shoji Nishimura
Nishimura is killed during the destruction of his force in the Battle of Surigao Strait.
Battle off Samar
Kurita's Center Force attacks American escort carriers off Samar before he orders the force to withdraw.
Battle off Samar
Kurita's battleships and cruisers surprise American escort carriers off Samar after passing through San Bernardino Strait.
Withdrawal from Samar
Kurita breaks off the attack off Samar and withdraws instead of continuing toward the Leyte transport anchorage.
First Organized Kamikaze Attacks
Onishi's special-attack units carry out the first successful organized kamikaze strikes against American naval forces during the Leyte campaign.
Battleship Division Three at Samar
Suzuki commands Battleship Division Three, including Kongo and Haruna, during the Battle off Samar.
Kikusui Special Attack Mission
Miyagawa flies with a special-attack unit during the opening wave of organized kamikaze operations in the Philippines.
Shikishima Special Attack
Seki leads the Shikishima unit in the first successful organized kamikaze attack against American escort carriers.
Battle off Cape Engano
Halsey's Third Fleet attacks Ozawa's Northern Force and destroys all four Japanese carriers in the decoy force.
USS Johnston Torpedo Attack
Evans takes USS Johnston into a torpedo attack against the Japanese Center Force and continues fighting until the destroyer is sunk.
USS Samuel B. Roberts at Samar
Copeland commands USS Samuel B. Roberts in a close-range attack on Japanese cruisers before the destroyer escort is sunk.
Taffy One at Samar
Sprague commands Taffy 1, one of the Seventh Fleet escort-carrier groups supporting the Leyte operation.
Taffy Two at Samar
Stump commands Taffy 2, whose aircraft repeatedly attack Kurita's Center Force during the Battle off Samar.
Battle off Samar
Sprague commands Taffy 3 as its escort carriers and screen resist Kurita's much stronger Center Force.
Battle of Surigao Strait
Oldendorf deploys the Seventh Fleet battle line that crosses Nishimura's advance and destroys most of the Japanese Southern Force.
Seventh Fleet at Leyte Gulf
Kinkaid commands the Seventh Fleet as its forces fight at Surigao Strait and off Samar while protecting the Leyte landings.
Task Force Thirty-Eight at Cape Engano
Mitscher directs Task Force Thirty-Eight's carrier attacks against Ozawa's Northern Force off Cape Engano.
International Conference at Paris
At a press conference criticizes the Allies for failing to supply France with arms
Second Air Fleet Special Attacks
Fukudome's Second Air Fleet joins the expanding special-attack effort after the opening kamikaze operations around Leyte.
Appeals to Roosevelt on Curzon Line
Mikolajczyk appeals to Roosevelt as pressure grows for the Polish Government to accept the Curzon Line without reservations before the war ends.
Trinity Test Site Approval
Oppenheimer approves plans to conduct the first full-scale bomb test in the Jornada del Muerto area of the Alamogordo Bombing Range.
Wedemeyer Appointment
Appoints Albert Wedemeyer as chief of staff for the China Theater after the United States reorganizes the former China-Burma-India command.
Northern Norway Evacuation Order Transmitted
Jodl transmits an order for evacuation and destruction in northern Norway as German forces withdraw.
Scorched Earth Measures in Northern Norway Ordered
The order transmitted by Jodl directs destruction intended to deny shelter and resources to advancing Soviet forces.
Invasion of Germany
Orders destruction of German forces west of the Rhine to establish bridgeheads
November Offensive
Orders destruction of German forces west of the Rhine to establish bridgeheads
Offensive
Orders the November Offensive which destroys all German forces west of the River Rhine
Hatsuzakura Special Attack Mission
Nonami leads the Hatsuzakura squadron on a special-attack mission from the Manila area during the continuing Leyte campaign.
Insists on Soviet Black Sea Site
States that a location on the Soviet Black Sea coast would be the most suitable conference site.
Liberation
Reoccupies all the Albanian towns after the German withdrawal
Disagrees with Churchill about de Gaulles policy for avoiding creating a western
Disagrees with Churchill about de Gaulles policy for avoiding creating a western bloc
Rule of Rhineland, The
Despite appeals from Churchill the Rhine becomes a French sphre of interest
Battle of Arnhem
Although the Germans counterattacked in October they were repulsed and subsequently the front line in The Netherlands would not move until after the winter
Battle of Arnhem
Although the Germans counterattacked in October they were repulsed and subsequently the front line in The Netherlands would not move until after the winter
Leyte Defensive Preparations
Makino prepares the Sixteenth Division's defensive positions on Leyte before the American landings.
Defence of Leyte
Suzuki directs the Thirty-Fifth Army's effort to reinforce and defend Leyte after the American landings.
Thirty-Fifth Army Staff Operations
Tomochika serves as chief of staff while the Thirty-Fifth Army organizes the defence and reinforcement of Leyte.
President of Philippines
Takes office on the death of Quezon
Exile of Sergio Osmenia
Returns from Washington where he had served under Quezon in the Government in exile
President of Philippines
Takes office on the death of Quezon
Invasion of Ruthenia
Leads the Russian movement into Ruthenia
Insurgent Command
Takes command of the insurgent army.
Air Support for Leyte
Kenney directs Fifth Air Force operations supporting the Allied return to the Philippines and the ground campaign on Leyte.
Capture of Belgrade
Belgrade is liberated
November 194435 historical events
Proposes Piraeus Salonica or Constantinople
Offers Piraeus, Salonica or Constantinople as alternatives to the difficult Black Sea conference route.
The Woman in the Window
Directs The Woman in the Window.
Independence of Israel
Meets Churchill & agrees to the partition of Palestine & support a Jewish State
Jewish State
Meets Churchill & agrees to the partition of Palestine & support a Jewish State
Rule of Palestine
Meets Churchill & agrees to the partition of Palestine & support a Jewish State
Assassination of Moyne
A senior official in Palestine is gunned down by Jewish terrorists in Cairo
Death of Moyne
A senior official in Palestine is gunned down by Jewish terrorists in Cairo
Suggests Jerusalem or Alexandria
Suggests Jerusalem or Alexandria after raising objections to several other possible conference sites.
Election
Wins 21.9 million to Roosevelts 25.6 million votes & loses his own state of New York
Battle of Schmidt
The US 28th Div of V Corps is repulsed at Schmidt
Constitution of USA
Discusses a democratic post-war China & to reconcile the Communists & Kuomingtang
Peace Mediation at Yenan
Discusses a democratic post-war China & to reconcile the Communists & Kuomingtang
Death of Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg
Death of Friedrich-Werner Graf von der Schulenburg, hanged at Plotzensee Prison in Berlin
Death of Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg
Hanged after the failed assassination attempt of Hitler
Execution
Hanged at Plotzensee Prison in Berlin
President of France
Appointed President of the 4th Republic of France
Proposes Post-Inauguration Conference
Suggests postponing the Big Three meeting until after his January presidential inauguration.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Suggests Late January Conference
Proposes a late January or early February meeting while continuing to prefer a Mediterranean location.
Requests Soviet Port City Venue
Again asks that the conference be held in one of the Soviet Union's Black Sea port cities.
Resignation over Frontier Settlement
Mikolajczyk resigns after failing to win cabinet support for a territorial compromise with the Soviet Union involving the Curzon Line.
Capture of Strasburg
The Allies capture Strasburg
Bombing of Tokyo
Leads the 73rd Wing against the Musashimo engine plant at Tokyo
Questions Winter Black Sea Conditions
Warns Roosevelt that Black Sea ports may be unsuitable for a major conference during winter.
Free State
Partisans consolidate power after German withdrawal from Albania
Liberation
Partisan forces enter Tirana and complete liberation of Albania
Government Established
Hoxha's government takes control after liberation from German occupation
Health of Carl von Ecken
Operates on Hitler to remove a vocal chord. Discovers Hitler's eardrums were ruptured by the bomb blast of 20 July
Ardennes Offensive Planning Briefings
Jodl participates in high-level planning for Hitler's offensive through the Ardennes.
Army Reorganisation Committee
Serves on a headquarters committee considering the reorganisation of the Army in India as the war moves toward its final phase.
First Division Reinforcement
Kataoka commands the First Division after it is committed as a major reinforcement to the Japanese defence of Leyte.
Result of Surrender of Hungary
Hungary accepts an armistice with the Allies, weakening the remaining Axis position in eastern Europe.
Surrender of Hungary
Signs the Armistice with Hungary for the Allies
Suez Canal
Relies on secured Middle Eastern routes, including the Suez Canal, for Allied logistics and communications.
December 194494 historical events
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Birth of John Densmore
Birth of John Densmore
Battle of Bulge
At a conference Model presses for the "small solution", Hitler refuses
Death of Philip
Death of Andrew, Prince Philips father
Death of Andrew
Death of Andrew, Prince Philips father
Maastricht Conference
Presents his assessment of the northern Allied front at Maastricht.
Northern Offensive Proposal
Argues for concentrating resources on a powerful northern offensive.
Radescu Government
Radescu becomes prime minister and resists expanding communist control.
Conference of Maastricht
Insists that the advance into the Rhine be on a broad front
Maastricht Conference
Represents the principal American army group during the strategy meeting.
Western Front Strategy
Supports continued operations by American armies across a broad front.
Maastricht Conference
Reports on Allied operations advancing from southern France toward Germany.
Southern Front Coordination
Coordinates the southern army group's role in the wider Allied strategy.
Broad Front Strategy
Maintains his broad-front approach for the continuing Allied advance.
Maastricht Conference
Meets senior Allied commanders to review operations toward the Rhine.
Manhattan Project Resignation
Rotblat leaves the Manhattan Project after concluding that Germany is no longer developing an atomic bomb threat requiring his participation.
Raises Batum or Yalta as Venues
Identifies Batum or Yalta as possible locations for the forthcoming meeting with Churchill and Stalin.
Capture of Metz
Captures Metz
Capture of Schmidt Dam
Launches an offensive for the Schmidt Dam to stop the Germans flooding the Roer Valley
Defense of Luzon
Yamashita organizes a prolonged defense of Luzon after concluding that the main American invasion will strike the island.
Attempts Mediterranean Venue Compromise
Attempts to persuade Stalin to travel to a Mediterranean location rather than remain on the Soviet Black Sea coast.
Public Support for Curzon Line
Churchill publicly defends the Curzon Line as the basis for Poland's eastern frontier while arguing that Poland should receive substantial compensation from Germany.
Death of Glenn Miller
Death of Glenn Miller, disappears over the Channel
Coordinates Polish Question with Churchill
Seeks British coordination before asking Stalin to delay action on recognition of the Lublin Committee.
Battle of Bulge
The Germans advance 50 miles, the Bulge. 16 Dec-28 Jan, a final offensive in the Ardennes 3 German armies attack 4 US divisions
Battle of Bulge
First day of operations to split the Allies & cut off from their supplies
Battle of Bulge
1st day of operations to split the Allies & cut off their supplies
Battle of Bulge
1st day of operations to split the Allies & cut off their supplies
Battle of Bulge
An offensive orderred by Hitler to split the British & Americans & drive for Antwerp. 16 Dec-28 Jan, Hitler's "watch on the Rhine"
Ardennes Offensive Launch Monitored
Jodl's OKW staff monitors the opening of the German offensive in the Ardennes.
Battle of Bulge
The closest the Germans get to Antwerp is Dinant, well to the east of the Maas. Ordered by Hitler, Model prefers just to take out the US salient at Aachen
Siege of Antwerp
The closest the Germans get to Antwerp is Dinant, well to the east of the Maas
Supports Delay on Polish Recognition
Supports Roosevelt's proposal that Stalin postpone a decision on Poland until the three leaders meet.
Battle of Bulge
16 Dec-28 Jan, leads the 3rd Army across France & into Germany
Third Army
16 Dec-28 Jan, leads the 3rd Army across France & into Germany
Hanford D Reactor Criticality
Hanford's D Reactor reaches criticality with sufficient excess reactivity to overcome fission-product poisoning.
Massacre
The killing of 80 US GIs by the SS leads Roosevelt to demand an international trial
Battle of Bastogne
Holds Bastogne when it is besieged by the Germans
Battle of Bulge
Commands US 101 Airborne Div & Combat Command B US 10th Armoured Division at Bastogne
Battle of Bulge
Arrives with the 101st Airborne Division at Bastogne to check the 5th Panzer Army
Battle of Bulge
The Allies are take by surprise, Eisenhower commits the 82nd & 101st Airborne Divs
Battle of Bulge
Turns 90 degrees north to attack the German southern flank. Halts the 3rd Armys advance into the Saar
Battle of Bulge
Sent as a reinforcement to bolster the northern flank
US First and Ninth Armies Placed under Montgomery
Temporarily receives operational control of US First and Ninth Armies during the Ardennes crisis.
Promotion to General of the Army
Promoted to the five-star rank of General of the Army.
Death of Arthur Stanley Eddington
Death of Arthur Eddington
Government
Forms a Provisional Government based at Debrecen
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary
Provisional Government
Forms a Provisional Government based at Debrecen
First Fat Man Assembly
The first full Fat Man bomb assembly is completed for handling and airdrop practice, before nuclear material and final explosive lenses are available.
Battle of Bulge
Launches an attack on Bastogne
Viet Minh Army
Creates the armed nucleus that becomes the Vietnam People's Army
Vietnam Propaganda Unit
Forms the Vietnam Propaganda Unit of Liberation Army
Restores Greek confidence in Britain
Restores Greek confidence in Britain after demonstrations by the Nat Libreration Front
Birth of Jairzinho
Birth of Jairzinho
Battle of Bastogne
The defences are breached but the Germans are later repulsed the following day
Battle of Bulge
The Germans breach the defences of Bastogne
Khai Phat Attack
Leads attack on Khai Phat soon after forming the armed propaganda unit
Battle of Bulge
The Allies pound German trains west of St-Vith. Patton breaks through Manteuffels forces & reaches Bastogne
Battle of Bastogne
Insists upon the capture of Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge
Battle of Budapest
The encirclement of Budapest is completed by the Russians
Exile of Joseph Stalin
Stalin deports 250,000 Tatars from Crimea to Uzbekistan, they do not return home until the fall of the Soviet Union leading supporters, from Kamenev down, were expelled in December 1927 by the XVth Party Congress, which paved the way for mass expulsio
Rule of Crimea
Stalin deports 250,000 Tatars from Crimea to Uzbekistan, they do not return home until the fall of the Soviet Union
Siege of Budapest
Advancing Soviet troops surround Budapest
Battle of Bulge
The US 4th Armored Division turns the Germans back at Bastogne
Battle of Bulge
The 3rd Army break through Manteufells troops & reach Baston
Third Army
The 3rd Army break through Manteufells troops & reach Baston
Na Ngan Attack
Leads attack on Na Ngan as the new Viet Minh force wins early victories
Battle of Bulge
Orders the "small solution", but the battle is lost & the Germans retreat into Germany
Battle of Bulge
Hitler orders the "small solution", the battle is lost & Germans retreat into Germany
Opposes Delay on Lublin Recognition
Opposes postponing recognition of the Soviet-backed Lublin Committee until the Big Three conference.
Rejects Part of UN Voting Proposal
Rejects part of the American formula for Security Council voting before the Yalta negotiations.
Insists Polish Recognition Wait for Conference
Asks Stalin to leave the question of recognizing the Lublin Committee unresolved until the tripartite meeting.
Ministry of Fear
Directs Ministry of Fear.
Nordwind Offensive
Launched in support of the offensive in the Ardennes, the Battle of the Bulge
Franco-Soviet Pact
France & Russia agree to a Franco-Soviet Pact
Pact between France and Soviet Union
France & Russia agree to a Franco-Soviet Pact
Political Support at River Rhine
Supports Russias border at the Oder-Niesse for the left bank of the Rhine
Visit to Moscow
Visits Moscow to raise arms for the French Army
Mobilization
Visits Moscow to raise arms for the French Army
Belsen
Bergen-Belsen becomes a full-scale concentration camp
Commander of Bergen-Belsen
Appointed Commander of the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, the "Beast of Belsen"
Belsen
Bergen-Belsen becomes a full-scale concentration camp
Ardennes Offensive Failure Assessed
Jodl evaluates the deteriorating situation as the Ardennes offensive fails to achieve its strategic objectives.
National Velvet
National Velvet, which costarred fellow young actor Mickey Rooney and English newcomer Angela Lansbury, became a great success upon its release. First film appearance in Gaslight as a conniving maid, for which she received an Academy Award nomination
National Velvet
National Velvet, which costarred fellow young actor Mickey Rooney and English newcomer Angela Lansbury, became a great success upon its release
Northern Ardennes Front Reorganised
Reorganises the northern shoulder of the Allied line and prepares forces for renewed offensive action.
ANC
Appointed Member of ANC Youth League
Implosion Initiator Development Begins
Work begins on a precisely timed neutron initiator for the solid-core implosion weapon.
First Neutron Powder Diffraction
Obtains early neutron powder diffraction measurements using the X-10 Graphite Reactor.
Neutron Diffraction Measurements
Works with Ernest Wollan on early reactor-based neutron diffraction measurements.
Manhattan Project
Successful test of explosive lens for Fat Man
Fat Man
Successful test of explosive lens for Fat Man
Manhattan Project
Successful test of explosive lens for Fat Man
Constitution of Albania
Communist partisans led by Hoxha establish a European Communist Soviet free state
Free State
Communist partisans led by Hoxha establish a European Communist Soviet free state
Constitution of Albania
Communist partisans led by Hoxha establish a European Communist Soviet free state
Free State
Communist partisans led by Hoxha establish a European Communist Soviet free state
Prime Minister of Albania
Appointed Prme Minister of Albania
Liberal Party
Founs the Liberal Party
What Is Life?
Publication of "What Is Life?"
Autistic Psychopathy Description
Publishes a clinical description of children with distinctive social and behavioral patterns.
Childhood Social Development Study
Documents a developmental profile later associated with the autism spectrum.
Negative Entropy Discussion
Explains biological organization using the language of thermodynamics and describes living systems as sustaining order through exchanges with their environment.
Order from Order Concept
Develops the idea that living organisms maintain ordered structure by exploiting highly organized molecular processes in his book What Is Life?.
Commander of Twentieth Gebirgs Army
Appointed Commander of the Twentieth Gebirgs Army in the Arctic Circle
Commander of Twentieth Gebirgs Army
Appointed Commander of the Twentieth Gebirgs Army in the Arctic Circle
Northern Lights
Evacuates Finland in 14 days, required by the armistice between Finland & Russia
Occupation
Evacuates Finland in 14 days, required by the armistice between Finland & Russia
Charter
Helps draft the Charter of Benelux to later establish the Benelux countries
Chicago Reactor Neutron Diffraction
Observes neutron diffraction using reactor neutrons during early Manhattan Project scattering experiments.
Creation of ENDESA
Supports creation of the national electricity company ENDESA as part of state-led industrial development.
Dixie Mission Contacts
Meets members of the United States Army Observer Group and discusses Communist military and political conditions.
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Chinese Delegates Review Proposals
China participated in examining the draft structure of the international organization.
Wellington Koo Leads Chinese Delegation
Wellington Koo headed the Chinese delegation during the second phase of the conference.
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
President of Costa Rica
Appointed President of Costa Rica
Partido Accion Democrata
Helps found the Partido Accion Democrata
Partido Accion Democrata
Helps found the Partido Accion Democrata
President of Cuba
Appointed President of Cuba, 2nd term
Constitution of Cuba
Establishes a dictatorship
President of Cuba
Appointed President of Cuba, 2nd term
Capture of Kosice
Helps liberate Kosice
Death of Thorvald Stauning
Death of Thorvald Stauning
Atomic Initiator Design Advice
Participates actively in discussions and design work concerning the neutron initiator intended to begin the rapid chain reaction in an implosion weapon.
Atomic Openness Campaign
Urges British and American leaders to consider international openness about atomic weapons, believing scientific cooperation could reduce postwar mistrust and an uncontrolled arms race.
Los Alamos Fission Research Guidance
Stimulates renewed theoretical and experimental work on the fission process, including neutron capture and energy-dependent nuclear behaviour, during extended visits to Los Alamos.
Execution
Executed by the Nazis, death sparks off riots
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Russia
Ambassadorial Appointment
Appointed Ambassador of Russia
Continuation War
Negotiates a peace Treaty with Russia that ends the "continuation war"
Peace Treaty
Negotiates a peace Treaty with Russia that ends the "continuation war"
Peace
Plays a key role in armistice negotiations to end the Soviet-Finnish
Foreign Secretary of France
Only member of the CNR in the French Government appointed by de Gaulle. Appointed Foreign Minister
Constitution of France
President of the Provisional Government prior to the establishment of the 4th Republic
Provisional Government
President of the Provisional Government prior to the establishment of the 4th Republic
Constitution of France
The Government of National Unanimity is formed
Government of National Unanimity
The Government of National Unanimity is formed
Provisional Government
A fortnight after the liberation the Provisional Government in Algiers moves to Paris
Minister of Economics
Appointed Minister of Economic Affairs
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
Secretary of State for Health
Appointed Minister of Health
Pyrrhus and Cineas
Beauvoir publishes Pyrrhus and Cineas, examining freedom, action and ethical relations.
Manifesto
A socialist & New Deal programme is published by the National Resistance Council
Mouvement Republican Populaire (MRP)
Helps found the Mouvement Republican Populaire
Vice President
Appointed Vice President of the Supreme Council of War
Capital
The French resistance force Laval to move his Government to Belfort & into Germany
Vice President
Appointed Vice President of the Supreme Council of War
Arrest of Konrad Adenauer
Arrested because of his opposition to Hitler
Arrest of Kurt Schumacher
Arrested after the July plot to kill Hitler
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering the fission of heavy atomic nuclei.
Invention of Messerschmitt
The Me-262 becomes the 1st mass-produced jet fighter
Commander of Army Group Narva
Appointed Commander of Army Group Narva
Commander of Army group G
Appointed Commander of Army group G under Gerd von Rundstedt
Commander of First Panzer Army
Appointed Commander of the 1st Panzer Army
Commander of First Panzer Army
Appointed Commander of the 1st Panzer Army
Commander of Fourteenth Army
Appointed Commander of Fourteenth Army
Commander of Paris Garrison
Appointed Commander of the Paris
Commander of Second Fighter Corps
Appointed Commander of II Fighter Corps responsible for units in France & Belgium
Commander of Twenty First Panzer Division
Appointed Commander of the 21st Panzer Division in Normandy
General
Appointed General of the Infantry
Marriage
Gretl Braun marries a member of Hitler's entourage, Hermann Fegelein, Himmlers liaison
Medal
Awarded the Knights Cross with Oakleaves
Bombing of Britain
Over 1,400 V-2s are launched against Britain
Captain
Appointed Captain
Execution
An SS report, a true pioneer in this area because of his new ideas
Trial
Member of "court of honour" sentencing officers to death
Army General Office
From his Berlin position Quirnheim is placed close to the command machinery needed for Operation Walkure
Operation Walkure
Quirnheim helps prepare the use of reserve army orders for the coup against the Nazi leadership
Execution
Executes about 400,000 Hungarian Jews alone at Auschwitz in the summer of 1944
Battle of Bulge
The last important counter-attack of the war against the Allies. Fails to halt the Allied advance into Germany
Siege of Paris
Commander of German Army Corps in Paris
Army Group Narva
Creates Army Group Narva out of Army Group North. Created to prevent the Soviet breakthrough into the Baltic
Commander of Army Group Narva
Appointed Commander of Army Group Narva
Dismissal
Dismissed by Hitler
Commander of Army group G
Appointed Commander of Army group G under Gerd von Rundstedt
Commander of First Panzer Army
Appointed Commander of the 1st Panzer Army
Commander of First Panzer Army
Appointed Commander of the 1st Panzer Army
Offensive
Commands the 1st Panzers during Mansteins resistance to the Soviet Winter Offensive
Commander of Fourteenth Army
Appointed Commander of Fourteenth Army
Dismissal
Dismissed after failing to provide 100 sorties during D-Day
Commander of Paris Garrison
Appointed Commander of the Paris garrison by Hitler
Siege of Paris
Ordered by Hitler to blow up all the bridges across the Seine & destroy much of Paris. Ignores Hitler's order to destroy much of Paris
Commander of Twenty First Panzer Division
Appointed Commander of the 21st Panzer Division in Normandy
Siege of Monte Cassino
Defends Monte Cassino on the west of the Gustav Line which guards the route to Rome
Death of Friedrich Olbricht
Involved in the failed attempt on Hitler's life in the July bomb plot
Execution
Involved in the failed attempt on Hitler's life in the July bomb plot
Aftermath
The Nazi regime uses the failed plot to purge the army and punish suspected opponents
Bendlerblock
The Bendlerblock becomes the centre of the military coup plans against Hitler
Claus von Stauffenberg
Witzleben is connected with the circle that relies on Stauffenberg to carry out the assassination attempt
Family Punishment
After the failed plot relatives of conspirators face intimidation arrest and collective punishment
Friedrich Olbricht
Witzleben is linked to Olbricht and other officers preparing the coup in Berlin
German Resistance
Witzleben becomes associated with the conservative military resistance to Hitler
July Plot
Witzleben is remembered as one of the highest ranking German officers involved in the July Plot
Officer Corps
The execution of Witzleben demonstrates Hitler's determination to crush dissent within the officer corps
Operation Walkure
Operation Walkure is prepared as the mechanism for seizing control of the state after Hitler is killed
People's Court
Witzleben is brought before the People's Court after his arrest
Roland Freisler
Witzleben is tried before Roland Freisler in the Nazi People's Court
Show Trial
The trial of Witzleben is staged as a public humiliation of the military resistance
Stauffenberg Plot
Witzleben supports the conspiracy centred on Stauffenberg and the planned use of Operation Walkure
Execution
Stauffenburg & 200 others are executed for trying to assassinate Hitler
Operation Overlord
Plans to counter the Allied invasion of Normandy are made at Margival
Operation Overlord
Directive 51 is issued the strengthen the westeern defences
Operation Overlord
Mistakenly believes the Allies will land near the Somme & the Schelde
Stauffenburg Plot
Stauffenburg & 200 others are executed for trying to assassinate Hitler
General
Appointed General of the Infantry
Siege of Paris
German Commandant in Paris
Operation Walkure
General Helmuth Stieff, Chief of Organisation in Army High Command, volunteered to be the assassin but later backed away
Death of Ludwig Beck
Death of Ludwig Beck, after a failure to assassinate Hitler
Arrest of Herman Goering
Surrenders to the US forces
Fortitude
Fooled by Operation Fortitude into believing the Allies will attack the Pas de Calais
Operation Overlord
Responsible for western intelligence for the OKW
A Canterbury Tale
First film role in A Canterbury Tale
National Velvet
Appears in National Velvet, alongside fellow young actor Mickey Rooney and Angela Lansbury
Candlelight in Algeria
Stars in Candlelight in Algeria
Waterloo Road
Appears in Waterloo Road. Appears in This Happy Breed
Birth of John Tavener
Birth of John Tavener
The Road To Serfdom
Publication of "The Road To Serfdom"
Benefit of Clergy Essay
Orwell examined Salvador Dali's autobiography in Benefit of Clergy, separating artistic accomplishment from morality.
The English People Manuscript
Orwell prepared The English People, a short book on national character and English society.
Birth of Jeff Beck
Birth of Jeff Beck
Royal Academy
Appointed President of the Royal Academy
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of France, liaises with the Free French
Free French
Appointed Ambassador of France, liaises with the Free French
French Committee of Liberation
Appointed British Representitive to the French Committee of Liberation
Governor
Appointed Governor General of Australia, 1st term
Birth of Glenys Kinnock
Birth of Glenys Kinnock
Voluntary Hospitals Debate
Proposes reform while preserving more voluntary hospital independence.
Scottish Health Planning
Works on Scottish arrangements for a national health service.
Counsellor of State
Appointed Counsellor of State, exercises functions of the throne for 1st time
Onwards to Victory Published
Churchill published Onwards to Victory, preserving his speeches as Allied military fortunes improved.
1922 Committee
Appointed Chairman of the 1922 Committee
NHS Vision
Advocates a comprehensive and publicly planned health service.
Serious Illness
Continues reading, writing and correspondence during a serious three-month illness.
Archbishop of Canterbury
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Wartime Scientific Collaboration
Hoyle worked alongside Hermann Bondi and Thomas Gold during wartime scientific service.
Brigadier General
Appointed Brigadier General
Commander in Chief
Appointed Air Commander in Chief of South East Asia Command (SEAC). Appointed Allied Air Commander in Chief, South East Asia
Commander of Allied Land Forces
Appointed Commander of the Allied Land Forces of South East Asia
Commander of Eighth Army
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Army
Commander of XXX Corps
Appointed Commander of XXX Corps in Normandy
Supreme Allied Commander
Appointed Field Marshal. Appointed Commander of the Allied forces in the Mediterranean
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
High Commissioner
Appointed High Commissioner of Palestine & Trans
Allied Governments Prepare Charge Files
Member governments supplied materials intended to support future national war crimes proceedings.
Commission Reviews Suspect Cases
The wartime commission examined case files submitted by national authorities regarding alleged Axis war criminals.
Far Eastern Cases Receive Attention
The commission developed arrangements to address alleged Japanese war crimes as well as offenses in Europe.
War Crimes Lists Are Compiled
The United Nations War Crimes Commission began developing lists of individuals accused of atrocities.
Alexander Cadogan Leads British Delegation
Sir Alexander Cadogan led the United Kingdom delegation in the talks.
Delilah Prototype
Completes experimental work leading to a functioning prototype of the Delilah secure voice encoder.
Voice Radio Encryption
Tests Delilah concepts for secure speech transmission over telephone lines and VHF radio links.
Psychological Warfare Division
Becomes an assistant chief in the psychological warfare organisation serving Allied headquarters.
Brigadier General
Appointed Brigadier General
Military Rank
Holds the rank of captain during his wartime intelligence service.
German Ciphers
Decodes German communications while serving at Bletchley Park.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Air Commander in Chief of South East Asia Command (SEAC). Appointed Allied Air Commander in Chief, South East Asia
Operation Overlord
Commander in Chief of the Allied airforces for Operation Overlord
Commander of Allied Land Forces
Appointed Commander of the Allied Land Forces of South East Asia
Commander of Eighth Army
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Army
Siege of Monte Cassino
Approaches Monte Cassino on the west of the Gustav Line which guards the route to Rome
Battle of Coriano, 1st
Commander of First Armoured Division during the first Battle of Coriano
Battle of Coriano, 2nd
Commander of First Armoured Division during the second Battle of Coriano
Commander of Second Army
Appointed Commander of the British Second Army
Operation Overlord
Commands the British Second Army during Operation Overlord
Second Army
Commands the British Second Army during Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord
Appointed Commander of the 2nd Tactical Airforce
Operation Overlord
Commands the Tactical Forces East during Operation Overlord
Commander of XXX Corps
Appointed Commander of XXX Corps in Normandy
Market Garden
Fails to relieve the 1st Airborne Division at Arnhem
Battle of Imphal
The 33rd Corps join at Imphal & the Japanese supply lines are cut. Concentrates 17th, Twentieth & 23rd Indian divisions around Imphal
Battle of Imphal
The Japanese are forced back to the Chindwin River
Fortitude
Leads the fictitious British 4th Army to distract Germans from Operation Overlord
Operation Overlord
Given the responsibility of developing ampibious armoured support, "Hobarts funnies"
Jewish State
The Cabinet agrees to partition Palestine & create a Jewish state after the war
Partition of Palestine
The Cabinet agrees to partition Palestine & create a Jewish state after the war
Rule of Palestine
The Cabinet agrees to partition Palestine & create a Jewish state after the war
German Re-education
Contributes to Allied planning for political information and re-education in defeated Germany.
Electronic Intelligence
Analyses enemy radar and guides British countermeasures.
Anzio
Healey serves as a beach master during the British assault at Anzio.
Beach Master
Healey works as a beach master during the difficult Allied landings at Anzio.
Supreme Allied Commander
Appointed Field Marshal. Appointed Commander of the Allied forces in the Mediterranean
Vanguard
Launches the HMS Vanguard
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
High Commissioner
Appointed High Commissioner of Palestine & Trans
Prime Minister of Greece
George Papandreou begins a term as Prime Minister of Greece in 1944.
Declaration of War
Civil war breaks out between the royalists & communists
Party Secretary
Appointed Party Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party
Alliance Ferenc Szalasi and new regime
The Nazis wish to remove the Magyars from the Danube. Germany backs the new regime, even though they want a Carpatho-Danubian homeland
Arrest of Miklos Horthy de Nagybanya
Abducted by the Nazis & imprisoned
Exile of Nicholas Horthy de Nagybanya
Fails to negotiate a surrender with the USSR, the Nazis overrun Hungary
Invasion of Hungary
Fails to negotiate a surrender with the USSR, the Nazis overrun Hungary
Rani of Jhansi Regiment
Lakshmi Sahgal leads the INA's Rani of Jhansi Regiment as its personnel deploy into Burma during the war.
Death of Pahlavi
Death of Rezah Shah Pahlavi
President of Israel
Appointed President of the General Council for Palestine
assassination of Lord Moyne changes Churchills pro-Zionism
The assassination of Lord Moyne changes Churchills pro-Zionism. Promises Churchill the Jewish Agency will remove terrorism
Deputy Commander
Appointed Deputy Battalion Commander
Pope
Appointed Nuncio to France, 1944-1953
Plutonium-240 Spontaneous Fission
Finds reactor-produced plutonium has a high spontaneous-fission neutron background because of plutonium-240.
Capture of Alto Adige
Forced to recognize the capture of Alto Adige by Germany
Capture of Trieste
Forced to recognize the capture of Trieste by Germany
Death of Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini
Forms a new regime & is forced to have his son-in-law executed
Execution
Forms a new regime & is forced to have his son-in-law executed
Peace
Calls for an armistice with the Allies
Arrest of Ciano
Tricked by Ribbentrop into traveling to Munich & blamed for Mussolinis downfall
Arrest of Galeazzo Ciano
Tricked by Ribbentrop into traveling to Munich & blamed for Mussolinis downfall
Succession
Relinquishes all his power to his son Umberto II
Election
The first general election under Universal Adult Suffrage, the JLP wins 22 of the 32 seats
Suffrage
The first general election under Universal Adult Suffrage, the JLP wins 22 of the 32 seats
The Most Beautiful
Kurosawas The Most Beautiful
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshalnn
Vice Chief-NGS
Appointed Vice Chief of Naval General Staff
Evacuation
Evacuates 14,000 from the Huon Peninsular early 1944
Defence of the Philippines
As Fourteenth Area Army commander, Yamashita oversees the wider defence of the Philippines while the Thirty-Fifth Army fights on Leyte.
Siege of Luzon
Defends Luzon against the Americans
Vice Chief-NGS
Appointed Vice Chief of Naval General Staff
Anti-Fascist Peoples Freedom League
Forms the Anti-Fascist Peoples Freedom League, used to fight against the Japanese
PFL
Forms the Anti-Fascist Peoples Freedom League, used to fight against the Japanese
President of Philippines
Appointed President of the Philippines
General
Appointed General in the US Army
A Scientific theory of Culture
Publication of "A Scientific theory of Culture"
Committee of Lublin
The Lublin Committee is established for Polish Liberation
Independence of Poland
The Lublin Committee is established for Polish Liberation
Foreign Secretary of Romania
Appointed Foreign Minister
Prime Minister of Romania
Appointed Prime Minister of Romania
Coup
Leads a coup which joins Romania with the Allies
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Romanian Army
Arrest of Elie Wiesel
Arrested & taken to Auschwitz
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Romanian Army
Ivan the Terrible
Composes, "Symphony No 5". Composes, "Ivan the Terrible"
Symphony No 5
Composes, "Symphony No 5". Composes, "Ivan the Terrible"
Accepts Chiang Kai-sheks China as a big 5 member of the United
Accepts Chiang Kai-sheks China as a "big 5" member of the United Nations Security Council
Minister of Armaments
Appointed Minister for Armaments
Minister of Building Materials
Appointed Minister of the Building Materials Department
Postwar Reconstruction Planning
Directs early planning for reconstruction of war-damaged Ukrainian cities, industry and agriculture.
Soviet Alliance Critique
Warns against ignoring Soviet authoritarianism during wartime alliance politics.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
Observes resonant absorption associated with unpaired electron spins in a magnetic field, founding electron paramagnetic resonance.
Commander of Batlic Front
Appointed Commander of the Second Baltic Front
Commander of Belorussian Front
Appointed Commander of the 2nd Belorussian Front
Commander of Ukranian Front
Appointed Commander of the 2nd Ukranian Front
Death of Nikolai Fyodorovich Vatutin
Death of Nikolai Fyodorovich Vatutin
Marshal
Appointed Marshal
Marshal
Appointed Marshal
Moscow Favors Great Power Authority
Stalin's government favored a prominent security role for the major powers in the proposed world organization.
Soviet Delegation Arrives Dumbarton Oaks
The Soviet Union sent a delegation headed by Andrei Gromyko to the Dumbarton Oaks talks.
Soviets Negotiate Security Council Design
Soviet negotiators helped shape proposals for a Security Council with permanent major power representation.
Soviets Prepare Security Proposals
Stalin's government developed positions for the negotiations that would establish the future United Nations.
Soviets Review Dumbarton Proposals
Stalin's government considered the proposed institutional structure emerging from the Washington talks.
Stalin Government Seeks Republic Representation
The Soviet side pursued separate representation for Soviet republics in the prospective international organization.
Veto Debate Remains Unsettled
Dumbarton Oaks participants did not resolve the Security Council voting formula, a question central to Stalin's interests.
Gromyko Represents Soviet Government
Andrei Gromyko headed the Soviet delegation to Dumbarton Oaks.
Battle of Riga
Fails to take Riga & is replaced by Yeremenko
Commander of Batlic Front
Appointed Commander of the Second Baltic Front
Commander of Belorussian Front
Appointed Commander of the 2nd Belorussian Front
Commander of Eighth Guards Army
Appointed Commander of the Eighth Guards Army
Invasion of Poland
After the victory at Stalingrad, the 62nd Army was redesignated the Soviet Eighth Guards Army. Chuikov then commanded the Eighth Guards as part of 1st Belorussian Front and led its advance through Poland
Commander of Ukranian Front
Appointed Commander of the 2nd Ukranian Front
Capture of Tuva
The Soviet Union annexes Tuva and closes the region to the outside world
Churchill flies to Moscow & discusses postwar Europe with Stalin
Churchill flies to Moscow & discusses postwar Europe with Stalin
Deportation
Russian security forces deport the entire Ingush nation of 100,000. Russian security forces deport the entire Chechen nation of 400,000. Russian security forces deport 100,000 from the north Caucasus
Rule of Bulgaria
Stalin suggests to Churchill that Bulgaria should be 75% Russian 25% British-American
Rule of Romania
Stalin suggests to Churchill that Romania should be 90% Russian 10% British
Rule of Tuva
The Soviet Union annexes Tuva and closes the region to the outside world
Siege of Warsaw
Stalin allows the Nazis to crush the Warsaw rebellion so he can occupy a weaker Poland
Fourth Ukrainian Front Political Work
Serves in senior political administration as Soviet forces advance through Eastern Europe.
Marshal
Appointed Marshal
Marshal
Appointed Marshal
Demonstrations
20,000 protest against the Pass Laws
Reform of Political System
The Lansdown Commission reports its findings, the AMWU helped establish the Commission
Mandela Family Begins
Begins a family while expanding his political involvement.
Marriage to Evelyn Mase
Marries Evelyn Ntoko Mase.
ANC Youth League Co-Founded
Helps establish the African National Congress Youth League.
Youth League Organisation
Supports a more militant programme for African political mobilisation.
ANC
Appointed Member of ANC
Birth of Bobby Fischer
Birth of Bobby Fischer
Academy Award
Wins the Academy Award for Best Actress for Gaslight
Gaslight
Stars in Gaslight
Death of Abdulmecid II
Death of Abdulmecid II
First Motion Picture Unit
Marilyn Monroe meets photographer David Conover, who had been sent by the U.S. Army Air Forces First Motion Picture Unit (FMPU) to the factory to shoot morale-boosting pictures of female workers
Jane Eyre
Stars in, "Jane Eyre"
First Motion Picture Unit
Marilyn Monroe meets photographer David Conover, who had been sent by the U.S. Army Air Forces First Motion Picture Unit (FMPU) to the factory to shoot morale-boosting pictures of female workers
Modeling
While working in a factory as part of the war effort meets a photographer and begins a successful pin-up modeling career
Naturalization
Becomes a naturalized US Citizen
Catch That Rabbit
Asimov published Catch That Rabbit, a robot mystery involving malfunctioning mining machines.
The Big and the Little
Asimov published The Big and the Little, a Foundation story later incorporated into Foundation and Empire.
musical On the Town
Versatile composer, conductor, pianist, Leonard Bernstein composes musical On the Town
President of USA
Appointed President of the USA, 32nd President, 3rd term
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State
Aide-de-Camp to Charles Thrasher
Shaw served as aide-de-camp to General Charles Thrasher during the Second World War.
Curium
Helps discover curium, later named for Pierre and Marie Curie.
Actinide Concept
Proposes that the heavy elements beginning with actinium form a separate actinide series analogous to the lanthanides, reshaping the lower part of the periodic table.
Discovery of Americium
Co-discovers americium and places it within the newly proposed actinide series of the periodic table.
Discovery of Curium
Co-discovers curium and helps establish the systematic extension of the actinide series beyond plutonium.
Curium
Participates in the discovery of curium.
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine, for work on nerve fibres
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for the resonance method used to measure magnetic properties of atomic nuclei.
Los Alamos F Division Leadership
Leads a Los Alamos division concerned with advanced theoretical and experimental problems related to neutron physics and weapon development.
Move to Los Alamos
Moves to Los Alamos and joins the laboratory effort to solve scientific problems associated with designing the first atomic weapons.
Neutron Diffraction Proposal
Proposes using reactor neutrons and a modified diffraction instrument to study crystal structure.
Tenth Army
Appointed Commander of the US Tenth Army in the Pacific
Twelfth Army
Appointed Commander of the Twelfth Army Group
Commander of Army Group Twelve
Appointed Commander of the Twelfth Army Group
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the US First Army
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army
Commander of Ninth Army
Appointed Commander of the Ninth Army
Commander of Tenth Army
Appointed Commander of the US Tenth Army in the Pacific
Secretary of Navy
Appointed Secretary of the Navy
K-25 Plant
Leads major engineering work for gaseous-diffusion enrichment.
S-50 Plant
Liquid thermal diffusion supports enriched-uranium production.
Allies Prepare Washington Conversations
American British Soviet and Chinese governments prepared negotiations on a future organization for peace and security.
American Delegation Meets Allies
United States representatives participated in negotiations on the proposed postwar security organization.
British Delegation Presents Proposals
The British delegation contributed its government's planning for the structure of a world organization.
China Joins Separate Negotiating Phase
Chinese representatives later met American and British delegations after the Soviet phase ended.
Chinese Phase Opens In September
Talks with Chinese representatives began on 29 September following the Soviet phase.
Collective Enforcement Powers Proposed
The delegates considered measures that the proposed organization could take against threats to peace.
Delegates Plan General Assembly
Negotiators proposed a general assembly in which member states would participate.
Delegates Plan Security Council
The talks produced a proposal for a Security Council with primary responsibility for international peace.
Dumbarton Oaks Conversations Conclude
The full series of Washington conversations concluded on 7 October.
Dumbarton Oaks Site Is Selected
Diplomats arranged to hold the international security talks at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington.
Economic And Social Council Proposed
The conference proposed a council for coordinating international economic and social cooperation.
Economic Cooperation Structures Discussed
Delegates envisaged mechanisms for cooperation on economic and social questions.
Edward Stettinius Leads American Delegation
Edward Stettinius headed the United States delegation at Dumbarton Oaks.
International Court Is Envisaged
The Dumbarton Oaks proposals contemplated an international court of justice.
Membership Criteria Enter Discussions
Delegations debated which states should be eligible for membership in the international organization.
Military Assistance Arrangements Considered
The proposals envisaged agreements to make armed forces available to support Security Council decisions.
Military Staff Committee Is Proposed
Delegates outlined a military staff committee to advise and assist the Security Council.
Nonpermanent Council Seats Proposed
Delegates developed plans for additional Security Council seats filled by elected members.
Obligations To Settle Disputes Considered
The proposed principles required members to seek peaceful solutions to international disputes.
Organization Proposals Are Published
The participating governments released the Dumbarton Oaks proposals on 9 October.
Peaceful Settlement Procedures Debated
Negotiators discussed procedures for resolving international disputes without armed conflict.
Permanent Membership Takes Shape
The proposals contemplated permanent Security Council seats for the major Allied powers.
Regional Security Arrangements Examined
The negotiators examined the relationship between regional arrangements and the proposed world body.
Restriction On Force Is Proposed
Negotiators considered principles limiting threats or the use of force in international relations.
Roosevelt Praises Conference Results
President Franklin D Roosevelt publicly welcomed the progress represented by the Dumbarton Oaks proposals.
Secretariat Structure Is Drafted
Delegates outlined a permanent secretariat and a senior administrative officer for the organization.
Security Council Voting Remains Disputed
The participating governments failed to settle the precise voting arrangements for the proposed Security Council.
Sovereign Equality Becomes Foundational Principle
The emerging proposals placed sovereign equality among the principles governing membership.
Soviet Delegation Joins First Phase
Soviet representatives participated in the first phase of the Dumbarton Oaks conversations.
Soviet Phase Ends In September
The United States British and Soviet phase of discussions ended on 28 September.
Trusteeship Questions Remain Open
Questions about colonial territories and trusteeship remained unresolved at Dumbarton Oaks.
Washington Security Conference Opens
Delegates opened the Dumbarton Oaks conversations on 21 August.
Capture of Liege
Captures Liege & liberates it from the Germans
Deputy Commander
Appointed Deputy Commander of the US First Army under General Bradley
First Army
General Hodgess First Army is ordered to breakthrough the front near the German city of Aachen. Commander of First US Army, succeeds Bradley. Appointed Deputy Commander of the US First Army under General Bradley
First Army
Hodgess troops are the first to reach Paris, France
Siege of Paris
Hodgess troops are the first to reach Paris, France
Bombing of Normandy
Carries out a plan to bomb the French railway system, despite Churchills opposition
Operation Overlord
Arrives in England to assume duties as Supreme Allied Commander of Operation Overlord. Carries out a plan to bomb the French railway system, despite Churchills opposition
Capture of Morlaix
Captures Morlaix
Capture of Nantes
Captures Nantes
Capture of Quimper
Captures Quimper
Capture of St Brieuc
Captures St Brieuc
Incident-Knutsford
Says it the US & British destiny to rule the post-war world
Operation Overlord
Helps convince the Germans he will be leading an Allied landing in the Pas de Calais
Visit to China to discuss American military support
Visits China to discuss American military support
Burma Road
Re-opens the Burma Road into China
Tenth Army
Appointed Commander of the US Tenth Army in the Pacific
Operation Overlord
Arrives in England to organize a US tactical air force in the United Kingdom. Commands the 9th US Airforce for Operation Overlord
Siege of Monte Cassino
Approaches Monte Cassino on the west of the Gustav Line which guards the route to Rome
Twelfth Army
Appointed Commander of the Twelfth Army Group
Ardennes
Leads the American attack on the Ardennes, serves under Montgomery
Siegfried Line
Leads the American attack on the Siegfried Line
Naval Radar
American naval radar helps carrier forces fight Japanese air attacks.
Commander of Army Group Twelve
Appointed Commander of the Twelfth Army Group
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the US First Army
Commander of First Army
Appointed Commander of the First Army
Commander of Ninth US Air Force
Appointed Commander of the 9th US Airforce
Commander of Tenth Army
Appointed Commander of the US Tenth Army in the Pacific
Radar Combat Information
Uses radar-directed tactics in night destroyer actions.
Secretary of Navy
Appointed Secretary of the Navy
Stellar Populations Resolved in Andromeda
Resolves different stellar populations in Andromeda and distinguishes young Population I stars from older Population II stars in galactic studies.
Gold Medal for Fiction
Cather received a gold medal from the National Institute of Arts and Letters.
The Happy Turning
Wells published The Happy Turning, a late work examining possible futures.
Develops Wartime Literary Plans
Solzhenitsyn formulated literary ideas while witnessing the Eastern Front.
Research on European Antisemitism
Arendt investigated antisemitism and imperialism while developing her work on totalitarianism.