Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Historical events in 1945
1,469 historical records
January 194557 historical events
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Parliamentary Election
Leads the government during elections boycotted by the Wafd Party.
Proposes Preliminary Foreign Ministers Meeting
Suggests an advance meeting of the three foreign ministers before the Big Three conference.
Requests Malta Chiefs of Staff Meeting
Emphasizes the importance of Combined Chiefs of Staff discussions at Malta before travelling to Yalta.
Birth of Rod Stewart
Birth of Rod Stewart
Birth of Roderick David Stewart
Birth of Roderick David Stewart, later a major British rock and pop singer.
Proposes Eden-Stettinius Malta Talks
Proposes short talks between Anthony Eden and Edward Stettinius during the Malta preparations.
Birth of Anthony John Selvidge
Birth of Anthony John Selvidge, later known as Tony Kaye, original Yes keyboard player.
Accepts Argonaut Conference Code Name
Accepts the Allied code name Argonaut for the forthcoming Malta and Yalta conference arrangements.
Battle of Oder River
The Soviets launch an attack on the Baranov Bridgehead & cross the River Oder
Battle of Berlin
The Red Army begins the Vistula-Oder offensive across the Narew River and, from Warsaw, a three-day operation on a broad front which incorporated four army Fronts
Red Army
The Red Army begins the Vistula-Oder offensive across the Narew River and, from Warsaw, a three-day operation on a broad front which incorporated four army Fronts
Sends Hopkins Ahead of Conference
Plans for Harry Hopkins to visit Britain before the Malta and Yalta meetings.
Reviews Turkish Straits Passage
Raises practical questions about Allied ships passing through the Turkish Straits on the journey toward Crimea.
Sets Malta and Yalta Arrival Timetable
Confirms expected arrival dates for the preliminary Malta talks and the subsequent Crimea conference.
Evacuation
Hitler evacuates his HQ at Adlershorst
Invasion of Germany
Hitler evacuates his HQ at Adlershorst
Battle of Bulge
Final day of the Battle of the Bulge, gives way to the Allied advance
Nationalization
The Renault company is nationalized after accusations of collaboration during the occupation
Commander of Central Zone
Appointed Commander of the German Central Zone including Berlin
Fuhrerbunker
Hitler's secretaries include Traudl Junge a nurse named Erna Flegel and telephonist Rochus Misch
Fuhrerbunker
Hitler moves into the Fuhrerbunker, he is joined by his senior staff, Martin Bormann, and later, Eva Braun and Joseph Goebbels with Magda and their six children who took residence in the upper Vorbunker
Fuhrerbunker
Hitler's secretaries include Traudl Junge a nurse named Erna Flegel and telephonist Rochus Misch
Fuhrerbunker
Hitler's secretaries include Traudl Junge a nurse named Erna Flegel and telephonist Rochus Misch
Commander of Central Zone
Appointed Commander of the German Central Zone including Berlin
Battle of Berlin
Starting on 16 January 1945, the Red Army breached through the German front as a result of the Vistula-Oder Offensive and rapidly advanced westward as fast as 30-40 kilometres a day
Fuhrerbunker
Hitler moves into the Fuhrerbunker, he is joined by his senior staff, Martin Bormann, and later, Eva Braun and Joseph Goebbels with Magda and their six children who took residence in the upper Vorbunker
Invasion of Germany
Hitler transfer his HQ to Berlin, he stays there
Red Army
Starting on 16 January 1945, the Red Army breached through the German front as a result of the Vistula-Oder Offensive and rapidly advanced westward as fast as 30-40 kilometres a day
Siege of Budapest
Hitler transfers forces from the western front to Budapest
Western Front
Hitler transfers forces from the western front to Budapest
Battle of Berlin
Starting on 16 January 1945, the Red Army breached through the German front as a result of the Vistula-Oder Offensive and rapidly advanced westward as fast as 30-40 kilometres a day
Red Army
Starting on 16 January 1945, the Red Army breached through the German front as a result of the Vistula-Oder Offensive and rapidly advanced westward as fast as 30-40 kilometres a day
Reports Yalta Accommodation Arrangements
Reports arrangements for Roosevelt and the American party to stay in the Yalta area.
Medal
Awarded the swords to the oak leaf by Adolf Hitler
Dragon Prompt Critical Experiment
Frisch's Dragon experiment produces the first assembly made prompt critical by neutrons alone, using uranium hydride at Los Alamos.
President of USA
Inaugurated President of the USA
Invasion of Germany
Russian forces reach Germany for the 1st time
Death of Archibald James Murray
Death of Archibald James Murray
Proposes Press Exclusion at Yalta
Proposes excluding the press from the conference to protect secrecy and reduce logistical pressure.
Agrees to Exclude Conference Press
Agrees with Churchill that journalists should not attend the conference sessions in Crimea.
Requests Eisenhower and Alexander Attendance
Suggests that Generals Eisenhower and Alexander attend Yalta as well as the Malta military discussions.
Siege of Gloggau
Moves his HQ to Gloggau on the Oder to defend it from the Soviet advance
Birth of Jacqueline du Pre
Birth of Jacqueline du Pre
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North
Commander of Army Group North
Appointed Commander of the Army Group North
Siege of River Oder
Rendulic is given the task of holding back the Russians who had advanced as far as the Oder
Government
Heads a new coalition of Christian Democrats, Democratic Socialists & Republicans
Prime Minister of Italy
Appointed Prime Minister of Italy, 2nd term
Completes Malta-to-Yalta Travel Plans
Sends Churchill final travel arrangements for moving from the Malta talks to the Crimea conference.
Invasion of Poland
Russian troops cross the Polish border
Invasion of Poland
Russian troops cross the Polish border
Kolberg
Directs Kolberg, one of the last major Nazi-era productions.
Invasion of Poland
Leads the Russian movement into Poland
Y-12 Two Hundred Grams Daily Output
Y-12 production rises to roughly 204 grams per day of uranium enriched to about eighty percent uranium-235.
Massacre
Reports on the GI massacre by Nazis in "Stars & Stripes"
February 1945126 historical events
Malta Foreign Ministers Preparations
Takes part in pre-Yalta foreign-minister discussions aboard HMS Sirius in Grand Harbor.
Malta Conversation with Eden
Meets Anthony Eden to coordinate diplomatic issues before the delegations continue to Yalta.
US Polish Frontier Proposal
The American delegation proposes using the Curzon Line in northern and central sectors while seeking a southern adjustment that would leave Lwow with Poland.
Eastern Front
The Russians on the eastern front reach the River Oder
Invasion of Germany
The Russians on the eastern front reach the River Oder
Malta Combined Chiefs Session
Reviews Allied military planning with Roosevelt and the Combined Chiefs of Staff before Yalta.
Malta Luncheon with Churchill
Meets Churchill for lunch aboard USS Quincy before both leaders travel to meet Stalin.
Opening of Yalta Conference
Joins Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin as the Yalta Conference opens in Crimea.
Tripartite Dinner on Smaller Powers
Discusses how smaller states should be represented in the postwar international organization during the evening dinner.
Discusses France with Roosevelt
Discusses France's postwar role with Roosevelt during their first bilateral Yalta meeting.
Soviet Position at Yalta
Represents the Soviet Union in the opening Yalta discussions with Roosevelt and Churchill.
Yalta Joint Chiefs Opening Session
Attends the opening American Joint Chiefs meeting at Livadia Palace before the first plenary session.
First Plenary Military Review
Takes part in the first plenary session, which concentrates on the military situation in Europe.
Reviews Yalta Action Agenda
Reviews proposed action on the United Nations, Germany, Poland, Eastern Europe, Iran and China with advisers.
Roosevelt at Yalta Opening
Meets Churchill and Stalin as the Yalta Conference begins at Livadia Palace.
Reviews German Forces in Norway
Participates in tripartite military discussion of German forces in Norway and future Allied operations.
Foreign Ministers Discuss German Treatment
Discusses Germany's postwar treatment and economic questions with Stettinius and Molotov.
Argues for French Role in Germany
Supports a significant French role in postwar German occupation and control arrangements.
Tripartite Offensive Coordination
Takes part in military talks on coordinating Allied offensives, liaison and the expected end of the German war.
Foreign Ministers Economic Discussion on Germany
Reviews economic questions concerning defeated Germany during the foreign ministers' luncheon.
Presses German Reparations Question
Presses the Allies to settle principles for extracting reparations from defeated Germany.
Reviews Soviet Entry against Japan
Joins the American chiefs in examining military implications of possible Soviet participation in the Pacific war.
Reviews German Occupation Zones
Participates in Joint Chiefs discussion of occupation zones in Germany and Soviet participation against Japan.
Second Plenary Germany Debate
Participates in debate over German dismemberment, occupation zones, France and reparations.
Tripartite Bomb-Line Coordination
Discusses bomb-line arrangements and coordination between Western and Soviet forces advancing into Germany.
Dismemberment Referral Discussion
Discusses referring the question of German dismemberment to the European Advisory Commission.
Reaffirms Curzon Support
Churchill states that Britain has consistently supported the Curzon Line, including leaving Lwow to the Soviet Union, while requesting a gesture toward Poland.
Third Plenary Polish Government Debate
Participates in the third plenary debate over Poland's government and future boundaries.
Defends Curzon Line
Stalin argues that the Curzon Line was devised by non-Russian Allied statesmen on ethnographic grounds and says he cannot retreat substantially from it.
Combined Chiefs End-of-War Planning
Joins military planning on occupation zones, strategic bombing liaison and estimates for the end of the German war.
Discusses Air Bases for Eastern Operations
Participates in staff talks on airfields, strategic bombing and operational liaison with Soviet forces.
Luncheon Consultation with Churchill
Meets Churchill privately for lunch as negotiations over Germany, Poland and the United Nations continue.
Supports Curzon Line in General
Roosevelt tells Stalin at Yalta that he generally favours the Curzon Line but asks whether Poland might retain Lwow or nearby oil-producing territory.
Third Plenary United Nations Debate
Leads discussion of the American Security Council voting formula during the third plenary meeting.
Presents Security Council Voting Position
Presents the American position on voting procedure in the proposed United Nations Security Council.
Discusses French German Occupation Zone
Reviews proposals for a French occupation zone and French membership on Germany's control machinery.
Fourth Plenary Poland Discussion
Participates in renewed debate over the composition and frontiers of postwar Poland.
Accepts Secret Staff Talks
Accepts the American proposal for confidential staff discussions concerning the Far Eastern war.
Presents Soviet Reparations Proposal
Advances Soviet proposals on German reparations and an Allied reparations commission.
Requests Soviet UN Assembly Votes
Requests separate United Nations representation for several Soviet republics during the fourth plenary session.
Proposes Secret Soviet Staff Meeting
Requests a secret meeting between American and Soviet chiefs to discuss possible Soviet participation against Japan.
Reviews Prisoner Repatriation Planning
Joins Joint Chiefs discussion of reciprocal arrangements for prisoners liberated by Allied and Soviet armies.
Security Council Voting Formula Accepted
Secures acceptance of the American formula for voting in the future United Nations Security Council.
British Revised Polish Formula
A British revised formula states that Poland's eastern frontier should follow the Curzon Line with local adjustments of five to eight kilometres in Poland's favour.
Discusses Iran at Foreign Ministers Meeting
Reviews Allied troops, oil concessions and diplomatic policy toward Iran with Stettinius and Molotov.
Discusses Periodic Foreign Ministers Meetings
Agrees that the three foreign ministers should meet periodically after the conference.
Operation Veritable Opens Rhineland Offensive
21st Army Group opens Operation Veritable to clear German forces from the northern Rhineland.
Questions American Naval Planning
Raises naval and Far Eastern questions during confidential American-Soviet staff discussions.
Discusses Yugoslav and Balkan Questions
Reviews Yugoslav issues and Allied control arrangements in Bulgaria and Hungary with the other foreign ministers.
Accepts Two Soviet Republic UN Seats
Accepts a compromise under which Ukraine and Byelorussia will be supported for separate United Nations membership.
States Conditions for War against Japan
Discusses political conditions under which the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan.
First American-Soviet Far East Staff Talks
Takes part in secret American-Soviet military talks focused on operational problems in the Far East.
Discusses Trusteeship for Korea
Discusses possible international trusteeship arrangements for Korea during his bilateral meeting with Stalin.
Far Eastern Air Base Talks with Stalin
Discusses air bases, supply routes and strategic cooperation in the Far East with Stalin.
Sets San Francisco Conference Date
Helps settle plans for the United Nations conference to open in the United States on 25 April.
Accepts Curzon Modifications Formula
The United States delegation raises no objection to a Soviet proposal placing Poland's eastern frontier on the Curzon Line with five-to-eight-kilometre adjustments.
Discusses United Nations Conference Site
Discusses membership, timing and location for the conference that will draft the United Nations Charter.
Presents British Proposal on Iran
Advances a British proposal concerning Allied policy toward Iran during the foreign ministers' meeting.
Reviews War Criminals Question
Participates in discussion of how major Axis war criminals should be treated after victory.
Revises Polish Government Proposal
Advances a revised British proposal on the composition of the postwar Polish government.
Discusses Yugoslav Settlement Amendments
Supports British amendments concerning the proposed Yugoslav political settlement.
Answers American Far East Questions
Provides Soviet responses to American military questions during the second secret staff meeting.
Late-Night Polish Formula Negotiation
Joins late-night negotiations that produce an agreed formula on the future Polish government.
Proposes Amendments on Poland
Presents Soviet amendments to the American proposal on the composition of the Polish government.
Second American-Soviet Air Cooperation Talks
Continues staff discussion with Soviet officers on air cooperation, facilities and operational liaison.
Prisoner Repatriation Draft Meeting
Takes part in tripartite work on an agreement for liberated prisoners of war and civilians.
Advances Declaration on Liberated Europe
Supports a declaration committing the Allies to consultation and democratic political processes in liberated Europe.
Discusses Territorial Trusteeships
Reviews proposed trusteeship arrangements for mandates, former enemy territories and territories voluntarily placed under trusteeship.
Reviews Remaining Poland Issues
Reviews unresolved questions concerning Poland, reparations, the United Nations, Iran and Yugoslavia.
Battle of Rhineland
Rundstedt is forbidden to evacuate any city or fortification. Hitler agrees to Rundstedts request to retreat & reconsolidate
Proposes Declaration on Liberated Europe Amendment
Offers a British amendment to the draft Declaration on Liberated Europe.
Raises Austrian-Yugoslav Frontier
Presents a British proposal concerning the future Austrian-Yugoslav frontier.
Raises Venezia Giulia Question
Presents British proposals concerning Venezia Giulia and the Yugoslav-Italian frontier.
Reopens Reparations at Final Dinner
Takes part in an evening reconsideration of German reparations with Roosevelt and Stalin.
Secures French Place on German Control Council
Supports French participation in the Allied Control Council and a French occupation zone in Germany.
Supports Message to Yugoslav Leaders
Agrees to send a joint message to Tito and Subasic concerning the formation of a Yugoslav government.
Discusses Montreux Convention Review
Participates in agreement that the foreign ministers will later consider Soviet proposals on the Turkish Straits convention.
Accepts Polish Government Formula
Agrees to a formula for reorganizing the Soviet-backed Polish provisional government on a broader basis.
Drafts Political Terms for Japan Entry
Drafts conditions concerning Mongolia, Sakhalin, Port Arthur, Dairen and Manchurian railways for Soviet entry against Japan.
Revises Soviet Japan Entry Conditions
Suggests changes to Stalin's draft political conditions for Soviet entry into the Pacific war.
Agrees Polish Frontier Statement
Joins agreement on a statement linking Poland's eastern frontier to the Curzon Line with adjustments.
Approves Declaration on Liberated Europe
Joins Churchill and Stalin in approving the Declaration on Liberated Europe.
Requests Possible Extra US Assembly Votes
Asks Stalin and Churchill to support additional American votes if the United States later seeks them in the General Assembly.
Finalizes UN Conference Arrangements
Works with Eden and Molotov on invitations and preparations for the United Nations conference.
Signs Yalta Protocol of Proceedings
Signs the final Protocol of Proceedings on behalf of the British government.
Approves French German Occupation Role
Approves inviting France to occupy a German zone and join the Allied Control Council.
Signs German Reparations Protocol
Signs the tripartite protocol governing the initial Allied approach to German reparations.
Signs Soviet Japan Entry Agreement
Joins Roosevelt and Stalin in approving the secret Far Eastern agreement on Soviet entry against Japan.
Suggests Final Communique Amendments
Proposes wording changes to the final conference communiqué during the eighth plenary meeting.
Signs Yalta Protocol of Proceedings
Signs the Protocol of Proceedings summarizing the principal conclusions reached by the three governments.
Approves Periodic Foreign Ministers Consultation
Agrees to regular meetings of the three foreign ministers, beginning with a session in London.
Far Eastern Yalta Terms
Secures Allied agreement to Soviet interests in southern Sakhalin, the Kurile Islands, Port Arthur and Manchurian railways.
Raises Iranian Oil at Final Luncheon
Raises the subject of Iranian oil during the final tripartite luncheon.
Signs Agreement to Enter War against Japan
Agrees that the Soviet Union will enter the war against Japan after Germany's defeat under specified Far Eastern conditions.
Signs German Reparations Protocol
Signs the reparations protocol calling for German payments in kind to Allied countries.
Signs Liberated Persons Agreement
Signs the American-Soviet agreement governing the care and repatriation of liberated prisoners and civilians.
Approves San Francisco United Nations Conference
Agrees that the conference to draft the United Nations Charter will open in the United States on 25 April.
Declaration on Liberated Europe
Supports the Declaration on Liberated Europe, which commits the Allies to democratic political processes in liberated states.
Signs German Reparations Protocol
Signs the protocol establishing principles and machinery for German reparations.
Signs Soviet Japan Entry Agreement
Signs the secret agreement setting conditions for Soviet entry into the war against Japan.
Final Foreign Ministers Protocol Review
Reviews final protocol language on the United Nations, Iran, Yugoslavia and the Turkish Straits.
Signs Yalta Protocol of Proceedings
Signs the conference Protocol of Proceedings for the United States.
Records Final Communique Revision
Records final plenary revisions to the communiqué and conference protocol.
First and Second Van Acker Governments
Begins the First and Second Van Acker Governments in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Hubert Pierlot Government
The Hubert Pierlot Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Bombing of Dresden
Allied bombing of Dresden leaves 25,000 dead
Bombing of Dresden
Allied bombing of Dresden leaves 25,000 dead
Peace
Fails to persuade Hirohito to make peace
Capture of River Neisse
Reaches the Oder-Neisse line
Capture of River Oder
Reaches the Oder-Neisse line
Cabinet Report on Yalta
Reports to the British Cabinet on the principal agreements reached at the Big Three conference in Crimea.
Tank Defense of Iwo Jima
Nishi commands the Twenty-Sixth Tank Regiment, whose vehicles are largely employed as fortified firing positions on Iwo Jima.
Defense of Iwo Jima
Kuribayashi holds much of his fire until American Marines are ashore, then opens a coordinated defense from concealed positions.
Naval Defense of Iwo Jima
Ichimaru commands the principal Japanese naval contingent defending Iwo Jima alongside Kuribayashi's army forces.
Geneva Convention Denunciation Opposed
Jodl argues that Germany should not renounce the Geneva Convention because doing so would bring greater disadvantages.
Battle of Manila
Suicidally chooses to destroy the Intramuros & loses over 16,000 Japanese dead. Manila is isolated from Yamashita main forces. Ignores Yamashitas orders not to defend the city
Army Group Vistula
The newly created Army Group Vistula, under the command of Reichsfuhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler,attemped a counter-attack but failed by 24 February
Battle of Berlin
The newly created Army Group Vistula, under the command of Reichsfuhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler,attemped a counter-attack but failed by 24 February
Bombing of Tokyo
The USA bombs Tokyo, 200,000 are killed
Commons Debate on Yalta
Defends the Yalta agreements during a House of Commons debate that ends with a vote of confidence.
Final Plutonium Bomb Design Meeting
A senior design meeting fixes the plutonium bomb approach around a solid core, explosive lenses, electric detonators and a modulated neutron initiator.
Epidemic
35,000 die in the 1st 2 months of 1945
Declaration of War
Stalin secretly agrees with Roosevelt & Churchill to fight Japan after German defeat
Neutrality
Japan approaches Russia, as neutrals, to arrange peace but receives no reply
Peace
Japan approaches Russia, as neutrals, to arrange peace but receives no reply
Capture of Japan
The US recapture Corregidor
March 194577 historical events
President Takes Office
Castaneda Castro becomes President after the 1945 election
Government
Forms a pro-Soviet Government
Prime Minister of Romania
Appointed Prime Minister of Romania
Groza Government
Groza forms a Soviet-backed government under intense external pressure.
Capture of Remagen
The Allies capture the Remagen Bridge, still intact, just South of Bonn
Capture of Remagen
Commands Combat Command B of the US 9th Armored Div which captures the Remagen bridge
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, West
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, West
Bombing of Tokyo
2 million have been made homeless in Tokyo
Mobilization
Konevs units join Zhukov near Vinnitsa threatening the remains of the 1st Panzer Army
Warning to Roosevelt over Poland
Writes Roosevelt expressing alarm about Soviet actions in Poland and urging a firm interpretation of the Yalta settlement.
International Agreement
On March 11, Roosevelt responded to Churchill, writing, "I most certainly agree that we must stand firm on a correct interpretation of the Crimean decision.
Roosevelt assured Congress that I come from the Crimea with a firm
Roosevelt assured Congress that "I come from the Crimea with a firm belief that we have made a start on the road to a world of peace." However, the Western Powers soon realized that Stalin would not honour his promise of free elections for Poland.
Reply to Churchill on Poland
Replies that the United States should insist on a genuine implementation of the Yalta agreement concerning Poland.
Independence of Vietnam
Proclaims independence within the Japanese Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of Courland
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of Courland
Death of Friedrich Fromm
Death of Friedrich Fromm, executed
Execution
Executed after being found guilty by a Peoples Court
Trial
Executed after being found guilty by a Peoples Court
K-25 Production Begins
K-25 begins production of enriched uranium using gaseous diffusion.
Birth of Patricia Boyd
Birth of Patricia Boyd
First Premiership
Forms Cambodia's first modern cabinet and serves as Prime Minister
Decree
Hitler announces a scorched earth policy
Commander of Army Group Vistula
Appointed Commander of Army Group Vistula
Army Group Vistula
General Gotthard Heinrici is appointed Commander in Chief of Army Group Vistula replacing Reichsfuhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler
Battle of Berlin
General Gotthard Heinrici is appointed Commander in Chief of Army Group Vistula replacing Reichsfuhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler
Commander of Army Group Vistula
Appointed Commander of Army Group Vistula
Commander of First Panzer Army
Appointed Commander of the 1st Panzer Army
Commander of First Panzer Army
Appointed Commander of the 1st Panzer Army
Invasion of Germany
Nehrings priority is to surrender to the west rather than the Russians
Battle of Rhineland
Patton crosses the Rhine at Oppenheim
Diplomatic Mission
Roosevelts Ambassador to the USSR Averell Harriman cabled Roosevelt that "we must come clearly to realize that the Soviet program is the establishment of totalitarianism, ending personal liberty and democracy as we know it." Two days later, Roosevelt began to admit that his view of Stalin had been excessively optimistic and that "Averell is right."
Arab League
Represents Egypt's government as the Arab League is founded in Cairo.
Arab League
Represents Egypt as the Arab League is formally established in Cairo.
General
Appointed General Secretary of the Arab League
Arab League Founding
Transjordan participated as a founding member of the League of Arab States, placing Abdullah's emirate within a new framework of inter-Arab diplomacy.
Arab League Founded
Represents Saudi diplomacy during the creation of the Arab League.
Arab League Founded
Supports Saudi Arabia becoming a founding member of the Arab League.
Invasion of Germany
US troops in Germany cross the River Rhine at Nierstein & Oppenheim
Invasion of Germany
The 3rd Army crosses the Rhine & establishes its 1st bridgehead
Third Army
The 3rd Army crosses the Rhine & establishes its 1st bridgehead
Battle of Rhineland
Patton crosses the Rhine at Oppenheim
Battle of Rhineland
Patton crosses the Rhine at Oppenheim
Capture of Cologne
The Allies capture Cologne & cross the Rhine
Capture of Cologne
Britsh, American & Canadian troops capture Cologne
Battle of Rhine
The British cross the Rhine at Wesel
Operation Plunder Rhine Crossing Begins
Launches the 21st Army Group assault across the Rhine at Rees and Wesel.
United Nations
A conference on the proposed world organisation will be summoned for 25th April
Plunder
Watches the Allies cross the Rhine
Operation Varsity Airborne Assault
Supports the Rhine crossing with the large British-American airborne assault of Operation Varsity.
Churchill Visits Rhine Bridgehead
Accompanies Churchill during a visit to troops after the successful Rhine crossings.
Final Roosevelt Letter Prepared
Signs a letter drafted by Leo Szilard seeking a presidential meeting on nuclear policy; Roosevelt dies before receiving it.
Final Attack on Iwo Jima
Kuribayashi's remaining troops launch a final attack near the northern end of Iwo Jima before organized resistance ends.
Final Fighting on Iwo Jima
Ichimaru dies during the final phase of organized Japanese resistance on Iwo Jima.
Invasion of Germany
Crosses the Rhine at Worms
Lublin Committee
Churchill argued to Roosevelt that it was "as plain as a pike staff" that Moscows tactics were to drag out the period for holding free elections "while the Lublin Committee consolidate their power."
Lublin Committee
The Soviet Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) arrested 16 Polish opposition political leaders that had been invited to participate in provisional Government negotiations.
Lublin Committee
The arrests were part of a trick employed by the NKVD, which flew the leaders to Moscow for a later show trial followed by sentencing to a gulag.
Arrest of Sixteen Polish Leaders
Soviet security authorities arrest sixteen Polish underground leaders invited to talks on implementing the Yalta political settlement.
Lublin Committee
Churchill argued to Roosevelt that it was "as plain as a pike staff" that Moscows tactics were to drag out the period for holding free elections "while the Lublin Committee consolidate their power."
Lublin Committee
The Soviet Peoples Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) arrested 16 Polish opposition political leaders that had been invited to participate in provisional Government negotiations.
Lublin Committee
The arrests were part of a trick employed by the NKVD, which flew the leaders to Moscow for a later show trial followed by sentencing to a gulag.
Dismissal
Dismissed for failing to check the Red Armys advance on Berlin
Trial of the Sixteen
The Polish Government Delegates, together with most members of the Council of National Unity and the Commander-in-chief of the Armia Krajowa, were invited by Soviet general Ivan Serov with the agreement of Joseph Stalin to a conference on their eventual entry to the Soviet-backed Provisional Government. They are presented with a warrant of safety, but are arrested in Pruszkow by the NKVD on 27 and 28 March
Trial of the Sixteen
The Polish Government Delegates, together with most members of the Council of National Unity and the Commander-in-chief of the Armia Krajowa, were invited by Soviet general Ivan Serov with the agreement of Joseph Stalin to a conference on their eventual entry to the Soviet-backed Provisional Government. They are presented with a warrant of safety, but are arrested in Pruszkow by the NKVD on 27 and 28 March
Death of Eileen Orwell
Eileen Orwell dies during an operation.
Birth of Eric Patrick Clapton
Birth of Eric Patrick Clapton
Occupation
Asks Eisenhower why the Americans are leaving Berlin to the Russians
Exile of Werner von Braun
Surrenders to the Americans & allowed to continue his research in the USA
Death of David Lloyd George
Death of David Lloyd George
Operation Plunder Preparations Completed
Completes the immense artillery, engineering, smoke and logistical preparations for crossing the Rhine.
Rhineland West Bank Secured
Montgomery's armies secure positions west of the Rhine before preparing the major river assault.
INA Burma Campaign
Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon serves as a senior INA officer during the final fighting and withdrawal in Burma.
Diplomatic Negotiations at Washington
Japan & the US begin negotiations to settle their differences
Battle of Okinawa
After 3 months fighting 110,000 Japanese soldiers & 150,000 civilians died
Peace
Decides because the navy & army will fight at Okinawa it is not a good time for peace
April 1945201 historical events
Defense in Depth on Okinawa
Yahara's operational planning emphasizes defense in depth, conservation of forces, and attritional fighting in southern Okinawa.
Defense of Okinawa
Ushijima allows the American landing to proceed largely unopposed while preserving his main forces in fortified southern positions.
Battle of Okinawa
Begins landing forces on the island of Okinawa, involves 550,000
Minister of Interior
Appointed Minister of the Interior
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
Establishes a provisional Government with the aid of the Russian liberation forces
President of Czechoslovakia
Appointed President of Czechoslovakia. After the Prague uprising at the end of World War II, Benes returned home and reassumed his former position as President
Provisional Government
Establishes a provisional Government with the aid of the Russian liberation forces
Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia
Appointed Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia
Bratislava-Brno Operation
Soviet forces capture Bratislava from German control.
Kosice Programme
Approves the programme for the restored state.
Denounces the neutrality pact with Japan signed Thirteenth April
Denounces the neutrality pact with Japan signed Thirteenth April
Neutrality
Denounces the neutrality pact with Japan signed Thirteenth April
Restored Czechoslovakia
Approves the Kosice programme for restored Czechoslovakia.
Battle of Okinawa
The Japanese fortified HQ at Okinawa is discovered
Invasion of Japan
Appointed Commander of the Army forces against Japan
Army Group South
Appointed Commander Army Group South by Hitler in the Fuhrer Bunker
Commander of Army Group South
Appointed Commander Army Group South by Hitler in the Fuhrer Bunker
Army Group South
Appointed Commander Army Group South by Hitler in the Fuhrer Bunker
Commander of Army Group South
Appointed Commander Army Group South by Hitler in the Fuhrer Bunker
Yamato Sortie
Aruga commands battleship Yamato as it sails with the Surface Special Attack Force toward Okinawa.
Yahagi Sortie
Hara commands light cruiser Yahagi as it accompanies Yamato during Operation Ten-Go.
Destroyer Escort in Ten-Go
Komura commands the destroyer screen accompanying Yamato and Yahagi on Operation Ten-Go.
Kikusui No. 1
Ugaki directs massed naval kamikaze operations as the first Kikusui attack strikes American forces off Okinawa.
Operation Ten-Go Departure
Ito leads Yamato and its escorts from Tokuyama on the one-way Operation Ten-Go sortie toward Okinawa.
Loss of Yamato
Aruga orders Yamato abandoned after uncontrollable flooding and remains aboard when the battleship capsizes and explodes.
Loss of Yahagi
Hara survives the sinking of Yahagi after repeated American carrier-aircraft attacks during Operation Ten-Go.
Death of Seiichi Ito
Ito cancels the failed Ten-Go mission after catastrophic air attacks and dies aboard Yamato when the battleship sinks.
Election
Holds Japans 1st post war election
Optimal Implosion Compression
Kistiakowsky reports that sub-scale tests have achieved the desired symmetrical compression for the implosion system.
Uranium Zero Yield Tests
Frisch completes criticality and zero-yield experiments with uranium-235 needed to confirm weapon-core behaviour.
Death of Theodore Roosevelt
Death of Theodore Roosevelt
President of USA
Appointed President of the USA, 33rd President, 1st term
Ohrdruf Concentration Camp Inspection
Visits the liberated Ohrdruf concentration camp and urges extensive documentation of Nazi atrocities.
Provisional Government
Russia establishes a provisional coaltion Government with Renner as Prime Minister
Capture of Vienna
Soviet forces take Vienna
Government
Russia establishes a provisional coaltion Government with Renner as Prime Minister
First Manhattan Project Briefing
Truman learns of the secret atomic-bomb development programme from Secretary of War Henry Stimson shortly after becoming president.
Liberation of Bergen-Belsen
The Allies liberate Bergen-Belsen
Liberation of Bergen-Belsen
The Allies liberate Bergen-Belsen
General
Hodges is promoted to general making him only the second man, behind Walter Krueger, to rise to full General from enlisted private
Siege of Berlin
Ordered to bring his forces to halt, might have reached Berlin before the Soviets
General
Hodges is promoted to general making him only the second man, behind Walter Krueger, to rise to full General from enlisted private
Battle of Berlin
The Red Army start the Battle of Berlin by attacking German front line positions on the rivers Oder and Neisse
Fuhrerbunker
The Red Army start the Battle of Berlin by attacking German front line positions on the rivers Oder and Neisse
Red Army
The Red Army start the Battle of Berlin by attacking German front line positions on the rivers Oder and Neisse
Battle of Seelow Heights
Weidling prepared to take part in the Battle of the Seelow Heights, which was part of the broader Battle of the Oder-Neisse. Weidlings LVI Panzer Corps was in the centre, flanked by the CI Army Corps to his left and the XI SS Panzer Corps to his right. All three corps were part of General Theodor Busses 9th Army, which was defending the heights above the River Oder
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Liberation of Buchenwald
Liberates Buchenwald concentration camp
Liberation of Prague
Enters Czechoslovakia & liberates Prague
Battle of Berlin
Soviet spearheads had break through the German lines and start to encircle Berlin
Fuhrerbunker
Soviet spearheads had break through the German lines and start to encircle Berlin
Battle of Seelow Heights
By 19 April, Schorners Army Group Centre was collapsing, and the position of Army Group Vistula was becoming untenable.
Battle of Seelow Heights
Heinrici was forced to pull back what was left of his forces, including Weidlings LVI Panzer Corps.
Battle of Seelow Heights
The defensive line on the Seelow Heights was the last major defensive line outside of Berlin.
Battle of Seelow Heights
To escape envelopment and total annihilation, Weidling pulled his corps back with the rest of Army Group Vistula.
Battle of Seelow Heights
With the loss of this position, the road to Berlin lay wide open to the Soviet advance.
Battle of Okinawa
Orders a counterattack which fails & loses 1,000 casualties
Battle of Berlin
The German defences are mainly led by Helmuth Weidling and consisted of several depleted, badly equipped, and disorganised Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS divisions, as well as many Volkssturm and Hitler Youth members
Wehrmacht
The German defences are mainly led by Helmuth Weidling and consisted of several depleted, badly equipped, and disorganised Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS divisions, as well as many Volkssturm and Hitler Youth members
Battle of Berlin
On his birthday Hitler makes his last trip to the surface to award Iron Crosses to some boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth
Fuhrerbunker
On his birthday Hitler makes his last trip to the surface to award Iron Crosses to some boy soldiers of the Hitler Youth
Battle of Berlin
The 1st Belorussian Front led by Marshal Georgy Zhukov starts shelling Berlins city centre
Battle of Berlin
Marshal Ivan Konevs 1st Ukrainian Front had pushed in the north through the last formations of Army Group Centre
Death of Ludwig Stumpfegger
Death of Ludwig Stumpfegger, suicide
Suicide
Provides cyanide capsules to Hitler. Kills himself by taking a cyanide capsule in the bunker. Death of Ludwig Stumpfegger, suicide
Exile of Theo Morell
Flees from the bunker & escapes to Bavaria
Burial
Shoots himself in woods near Rattingen, buried where he had shot himself under an oak
Death of Otto Moritz Walter Model
Death of Otto Moritz Walter Model, commits suicide
Suicide
Shoots himself in woods near Rattingen, buried where he had shot himself under an oak. Death of Otto Moritz Walter Model, commits suicide
Capture of Berlin
Russian troops reach the suburbs of Berlin
Soviet Treaty with Polish Provisional Government
Signs a Soviet treaty with the Polish provisional government as disputes continue over implementation of the Yalta settlement.
Battle of Berlin
Declares that the war is lost, he blames the generals and announces that he will stay on in Berlin until the end and then kill himself
Fuhrerbunker
Declares that the war is lost, he blames the generals and announces that he will stay on in Berlin until the end and then kill himself
Battle of Seelow Heights
Hitler ordered that Weidling be executed by firing squad on receiving a report that he had fled in the face of advancing Soviet forces, which was in defiance of standing orders to the contrary. As such, Weidlings actions required a death sentence. Weidling had not fled, and the sentence was called off when he dramatically appeared at the Fuhrerbunker to clear up the misunderstanding
Battle of Berlin
Each sector was commanded by a colonel or a general, but most of the colonels and generals had no combat experience. The forces available to Weidling for the citys defence included roughly 45,000 soldiers in several severely depleted German Army and Waffen-SS divisions.
Battle of Berlin
These depleted divisions were supplemented by the Berlin police force, boys in the Hitler Youth, and about 40,000 elderly men of the Home Guard (Volkssturm)
Battle of Berlin
Weidling was ordered by Hitler to defend the city of Berlin. Specifically, he was ordered not to surrender, but to fight to the last man. Weidling organised the defences into eight sectors designated "A" through to "H".
Commander of Berlin Defence Area
Hitler appoints Weidling as the Commander of the Berlin Defence Area. Weidling replaces Lieutenant General (Generalleutnant) Helmuth Reymann, Colonel (Oberst) Ernst Kaether, and Hitler himself
Battle of Berlin
Hitler appoints Weidling as the Commander of the Berlin Defence Area. Weidling replaces Lieutenant General (Generalleutnant) Helmuth Reymann, Colonel (Oberst) Ernst Kaether, and Hitler himself
Dismissal
Stripped of all offices by Hitler after asking if he could succeed
Battle of Berlin
1st day of the battle, defends Berlin with 4 Divs, 60,000 men & 50-60 tanks
Siege of Berlin
1st day of the battle, defends Berlin with 4 Divs, 60,000 men & 50-60 tanks
Liberation of Buchenwald
Arranges for photograps of Buchenwald camp victims to be circulated around the Cabinet
Battle of Berlin
1st day of the Battle of Berlin with 1,000,000 plus Russians against 60,000 Germans
Battle of Berlin
Hitler summons Field Marshall Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Goering
Luftwaffe
Hitler summons Field Marshall Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Goering
Luftwaffe
Hitler summons Greim to Berlin to take command of the Luftwaffe from Goering
Battle of Berlin
The Soviets had consolidated their investment of Berlin and leading Soviet units were probing and penetrating the S-Bahn defensive ring. Hitler summons Field Marshall Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Goering
Luftwaffe
Hitler summons Field Marshall Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Goering
Result of Surrender of Heinrich Himmler's Proposed Peace Negotiation
Himmler's approach reveals fragmentation inside the Nazi leadership but does not produce a separate peace.
Surrender of Heinrich Himmler's Proposed Peace Negotiation
Informed Heinrich Himmler wishes to open his own peace negotiations with the Allies
Alliance Soviet and United States forces
Konevs units make contact with Omar Bradleys Twelfth Army
Battle of Berlin
The US & Russian troops meet at the River Elbe
Mobilization
The US & Soviet troops meet Leckwitz & Torgau on the River Elbe
Berlin Defence Area
General der Artillerie Helmuth Weidling is appointed commander of the Berlin Defence Area
Battle of Berlin
I have no intentions of wandering around in the woods. I am staying here and I will fall at the head of my troops. You, for your part, will carry on with your defence.".
Battle of Berlin
In the depths of the Bendlerblock, Weidlings staff did not know whether it was day or nigh. Helmuth Weidling is appointed Commander of the Berlin Defence Area
Battle of Berlin
Weidling chose as his base of operations the old army headquarters on the Bendlerstrasse, the "Bendlerblock." This location had well-equipped air-raid shelters and was close to the Reich Chancellery.
Battle of Berlin
Weidling presented Hitler with a detailed proposal for a breakout from Berlin. When Weidling finished, Hitler shook his head and said: "Your proposal is perfectly all right. But what is the point of it all?
Commander of Berlin Defence Area
Helmuth Weidling is appointed Commander of the Berlin Defence Area
Battle of Berlin
General der Artillerie Helmuth Weidling is appointed commander of the Berlin Defence Area
General der Artillerie
Helmuth Weidling is appointed Commander of the Berlin Defence Area
Invasion of Germany
American & Russian troops link forces at the River Elbe
President of Austria
Appointed President of Austria, 2nd term
Battle of Berlin
By the end of the day on 27 April, Weidling and the forces under his command in Berlin found themselves completely cut off from the rest of Germany
Arrest of Clara Petacci
Captured by Italian partisans, Mussolinis mistress
Arrest of Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini
Captured by Italian partisans
Target Committee First Meeting
The Target Committee holds its first meeting to evaluate potential Japanese targets and the military conditions for atomic-bomb use.
Battle of Berlin
General Hans Krebs makes his last telephone call from the Fuhrerbunker to Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel Chief of OKW (German Armed Forces High Command) in Fuerstenberg, Krebs tells Keitel that if relief does not arrive within 48 hours all would be lost
Arrest of Heinrich Himmler
Hitler orders von Greim and Reitsch to fly to Doenitzs headquarters at Ploen, Field Marshal von Greim is ordered by Hitler to arrest the "traitor" Himmler
Siege of Berlin
Heinrici rejects Hitler's command to hold Berlin at all costs & is relieved of his command
Arrest of Heinrich Himmler
Hitler orders von Greim and Reitsch to fly to Doenitzs headquarters at Ploen, Field Marshal von Greim is ordered by Hitler to arrest the "traitor" Himmler
Battle of Berlin
General Hans Krebs makes his last telephone call from the Fuhrerbunker to Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel Chief of OKW (German Armed Forces High Command) in Fuerstenberg, Krebs tells Keitel that if relief does not arrive within 48 hours all would be lost
Arrest of Heinrich Himmler
Hitler orders von Greim and Reitsch to fly to Doenitzs headquarters at Ploen, Field Marshal von Greim is ordered by Hitler to arrest the "traitor" Himmler
Peace
Himmler asks Count Bernadotte to convey a peace proposal to US General Dwight David Eisenhowerr
Death of Clara Petacci
Executed by Italian partisans, Mussolinis mistress
Execution
Executed by Italian partisans, Mussolinis mistress
Death of Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini
Mussolini, his mistress & members of his entourage are shot by Italian partisans
Death of Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini
Death of Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini, shot by Italian partisans
Execution
Mussolini, his mistress & members of his entourage are shot by Italian partisans. Captured & shot by Italian partisans while attempting to escape to Switzerland
Battle of Berlin
300,000 Russian soldiers are killed
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria by the Soviet forces
Hitler's Will
A witness to the last will and testament of Adolf Hitler
Hitler's Will
It was dictated by Adolf Hitler to his secretary Traudl Junge in his Berlin Fuhrerbunker on 29 April 1945, the day he and Eva Braun married.
Hitler's Will
The last will and testament of Adolf Hitler was prompted by Hitler receiving a telegram from Reichsmarschall Hermann Goring asking for confirmation of Goring's succession.
Hitler's Will
combined with news of Heinrich Himmler's attempted negotiations of surrender with the western Allies, and reports that Red Army troops were within a block or two of the Reich Chancellery.
Hitler's Will
A witness to the last will and testament of Adolf Hitler
Battle of Berlin
On 29 April, the Soviet Information Bureau announced that troops of the 1st Belorussian Front continued to clear the streets of Berlin, occupied the northwest sector of Charlottenburg as far as Bismarck Street, the west half of Moabit, and the east part of Schoeneberg. Russian troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front occupied Friedenau and Grunewald in northwest Berlin
Battle of Berlin
At 04:00 hours, in the Fuhrerbunker, Hitler signs his last will and testament and, shortly afterwards, married Eva Braun
Hitler's Will
It was dictated by Adolf Hitler to his secretary Traudl Junge in his Berlin Fuhrerbunker on 29 April 1945, the day he and Eva Braun married.
Hitler's Will
The last will and testament of Adolf Hitler was prompted by Hitler receiving a telegram from Reichsmarschall Hermann Goring asking for confirmation of Goring's succession.
Hitler's Will
combined with news of Heinrich Himmler's attempted negotiations of surrender with the western Allies, and reports that Red Army troops were within a block or two of the Reich Chancellery.
Liberation of Dachau
The Allies liberate Dachau
Marriage
Marries his mistress Eva Braun in the Bunker
Result of Surrender of German Army in Italy
The German army in Italy ceases resistance, ending the Italian campaign.
Surrender of German Army in Italy
The German Army on the Italian Front surrenders
Churchill appeals to Stalin not to unilaterally impose Russian rule on Yugoslavia
Churchill appeals to Stalin not to unilaterally impose Russian rule on Yugoslavia. Churchill appeals to Stalin not to unilaterally impose Russian rule on Poland
Liberation of Dachau
The Allies liberate Dachau
Death of Benito Amilicare Andrea Mussolini
Mussolinis body is displayed in Milan
Execution
Mussolinis body is displayed in Milan
Churchill appeals to Stalin not to unilaterally impose Russian rule on Yugoslavia
Churchill appeals to Stalin not to unilaterally impose Russian rule on Yugoslavia. Churchill appeals to Stalin not to unilaterally impose Russian rule on Poland
Rule of Poland
Churchill appeals to Stalin not to unilaterally impose Russian rule on Poland
Battle of Berlin
The Soviet 3rd Shock Army crossed the Moltke bridge and started to fan out into the surrounding streets and buildings
Flensburg Government
Doenitz forms what becomes known as the Flensburg Government, which controlled only a tiny area of Germany near the Danish border, including the town of Flensburg
Government
Forms a new Cabinet & orders an unconditional surrender
President of Germany
Doenitz forms what becomes known as the Flensburg Government, which controlled only a tiny area of Germany near the Danish border, including the town of Flensburg
President of Germany
Appointed President of the Reich & Hitler's successor, on the day of Hitler's death
Constitution of Germany
In Hitler's 1945 political testament he appoints Admiral Karl Doenitz to succeed him, but he names Doenitz as President, not Fuhrer, thereby re-establishing a constitutional office which had lain dormant since Hindenburgs death in 1934. Hitler commits suicide and is briefly succeeded as Chancellor by Joseph Goebbels, as dictated in Hitler's Last Will and Testament
Suicide
Hitler commits suicide and is briefly succeeded as Chancellor by Joseph Goebbels, as dictated in Hitler's Last Will and Testament
Constitution of Germany
Hitler commits suicide and is briefly succeeded as Chancellor by Joseph Goebbels, as dictated in Hitler's Last Will and Testament
Suicide
Hitler commits suicide and is briefly succeeded as Chancellor by Joseph Goebbels, as dictated in Hitler's Last Will and Testament
Urchin Initiator Selection
The Initiator Committee selects the Urchin concept as the most promising neutron initiator for the implosion weapon.
Burial
The bodies of Hitler & Eva Braun are taken into the Chancellery garden & burnt
Death of Eva Braun
Death of Eva Braun, commits suicide with Hitler at the Fuhrerbunker
Suicide
Death of Eva Braun, commits suicide with Hitler at the Fuhrerbunker
Battle of Berlin
After Hitler and Brauns suicides, Weidling reached the Fuhrerbunker and was met by Goebbels, Bormann and Krebs. They took him to Hitler's room, where the couple had committed suicide.
Battle of Berlin
Late in the morning of 30 April, with the Soviets less than 500 metres from the bunker, Hitler had a meeting with Weidling, who informed him that the Berlin garrison would probably run out of ammunition that night.
Battle of Berlin
They told him that their bodies had been burned and buried in a shell crater in the Reich Chancellery garden above.
Battle of Berlin
Weidling asked Hitler for permission to break out, a request he had made unsuccessfully before. Hitler did not answer at first, and Weidling went back to his headquarters in the Bendlerblock, where at about 13:00, he received Hitler's permission to try a breakout that night.
Battle of Berlin
Weidling was forced to swear that he would not repeat this news to anybody. The only person in the outside world who was to be informed was Joseph Stalin. An attempt would be made that night to arrange an armistice, and General Krebs would inform the Soviet commander so that he could inform the Kremlin
Battle of Berlin
The Soviets rapidly advance through the city and reach the city centre, conquering the Reichstag on 30 April after fierce fighting
Burial
Hitler & Eva Brauns bodies are taken into the Chancellery garden & burnt
Death of Adolf Hitler
Hitler & Eva Braun shoot themselves
Siege of Berlin
Commits suicide when the Russians reach Potsdamerplatz a block from the Bunker, 3:30PM
Suicide
Hitler & Eva Braun shoot themselves. Commits suicide when the Russians reach Potsdamerplatz a block from the Bunker, 3:30PM
President of Germany
Appointed President of the Reich & Hitler's successor, on the day of Hitler's death
Admiral
Appointed Successor to Adolf Hitler
Battle of Berlin
The Soviets rapidly advance through the city and reach the city centre, conquering the Reichstag on 30 April after fierce fighting
Capture of Berlin
The Red Army hoists the Red Flag over the Reichstag in Berlin
Red Army
The Red Army hoists the Red Flag over the Reichstag in Berlin
Seventh CCP Congress
Participates in the Seventh National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party.
Constitution of Germany
In Hitler's 1945 political testament he appoints Admiral Karl Doenitz to succeed him, but he names Doenitz as President, not Fuhrer, thereby re-establishing a constitutional office which had lain dormant since Hindenburgs death in 1934
President of Germany
In Hitler's 1945 political testament he appoints Admiral Karl Doenitz to succeed him, but he names Doenitz as President, not Fuhrer, thereby re-establishing a constitutional office which had lain dormant since Hindenburgs death in 1934
Health of Ernst Gunther Schenck
Concludes that Hitler will be a cripple within a year
Health of Adolf Hitler
Schenk concludes that Hitler will be a cripple within a year
Hitler's Doctor
Appointed Hitler's Doctor
Arrest of Franz von Papen
Arrested in the Ruhr by the Allies
Peace
After Hitler's suicide Goebbels & Bormann make attempt to negotiate with the Russians
Suicide
After Hitler's suicide Goebbels & Bormann make attempt to negotiate with the Russians
OKW Operations Staff Evacuates toward Flensburg
Jodl and the OKW Operations Staff move north as the German state collapses under Allied advances.
Peace
Peace negotiations fail & Goebbels decides to commit suicide. After Hitler's suicide Goebbels & Bormann attempt to negotiate with the Russians
Suicide
Peace negotiations fail & Goebbels decides to commit suicide. After Hitler's suicide Goebbels & Bormann attempt to negotiate with the Russians
Suicide
Advises Hitler to remain in the bunker & die in a blinding Gotterdammerung
Purge
Expelled from the Nazi party after trying to seize power
Battle of Ruhr
The Allies encircle Models Army. Model holds out for 18 days until handing over 300,000 troops. Hitler refuses to let Army Group B withdraw. Hitler orders the destruction of the Ruhr, Model refuses
Dachau Concentration Camp
Visits Dachau shortly after Allied forces liberate the concentration camp.
Advance across North German Plain
Pushes 21st Army Group rapidly across northern Germany after breaking out from the Rhine bridgehead.
INA Retreat from Burma
Prem Kumar Sahgal serves with INA forces during the retreat from Burma as the Allied advance breaks the Japanese-INA campaign.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Battle of Okinawa
Commands the Japanese defense HQ of 85,000 troops
Capture of Okinawa
US troops land on Okinawa Island
Neutrality
Russia informs Japan it will not renew the Sovietese neutrality pact
Russia informs Japan it will not renew the Sovietese neutrality pact
Russia informs Japan it will not renew the Sovietese neutrality pact
Arrest of Elie Wiesel
Liberated from Buchenwald by the US 3rd Army
Buchenwald
Liberated from Buchenwald by the US 3rd Army
Neutrality
Russia informs Japan it will not renew the Sovietese neutrality pact
Russia informs Japan it will not renew the Sovietese neutrality pact
Russia informs Japan it will not renew the Sovietese neutrality pact
Capture of Munich
Captures Munich
Battle of Elbe
Secures a bridgehead over the Elbe, 60 miles west of Berlin
May 1945134 historical events
Battle of Berlin
The meeting between Krebs, who had been sent by Goebbels, and Soviet general Vasily Chuikov ended with no agreement. According to Hitler's personal secretary Traudl Junge, Krebs returned to the bunker complex looking "worn out, exhausted". The surrender of Berlin was thus delayed until Goebbels committed suicide, after which it was left up to Weidling to negotiate with the Soviets
Result of Surrender of German Forces in Italy, Austria, Holland and Norway
German formations across several European theatres lay down their arms as the Reich collapses.
Surrender of German Forces in Italy, Austria, Holland and Norway
German troops in Italy, Austria, Holland & Norway surrender
Dönitz Government Military Adviser
After Hitler's death, Jodl serves as a senior military adviser to the government headed by Karl Dönitz.
Death of Paul Joseph Goebbels
Administers poison to his 6 children & shoots his wife & himself in Hitler's bunker
Result of Surrender of German Forces in Italy, Austria, Holland and Norway
German forces in multiple western and southern theatres stop fighting and enter Allied custody.
Surrender of German Forces in Italy, Austria, Holland and Norway
German troops in Italy, Austria, Holland & Norway surrender
Battle of Berlin
Chuikov, who commanded his army operating in central Berlin, was the first Allied officer to learn about Adolf Hitler's suicide, being informed by General Hans Krebs who had come to Chuikovs headquarters under a white flag
Battle of Berlin
General Weidling finally surrenders with his staff at 06:00 hours, he was taken to see General Vasily Chuikov at 08:23, Weidling agrees to order the citys defenders to surrender to the Soviets
Arrest of Helmuth Otto Ludwig Weidling
The Soviet forces took Weidling into custody as a prisoner of war and flew him to the Soviet Union
Battle of Berlin
The Soviet forces took Weidling into custody as a prisoner of war and flew him to the Soviet Union. General Weidling had his Chief of Staff, von Dufving, arrange a meeting with General Chuikov. Weidling told the Soviets about the suicides of Hitler and Goebbels, and Chuikov demanded complete capitulation
Result of Surrender of Berlin
Berlin passes into Soviet control after the city's defenders capitulate.
Surrender of Berlin
Berlin surrenders to the Soviet Army
Battle of Berlin
General Weidling finally surrenders with his staff at 06:00 hours, he was taken to see General Vasily Chuikov at 08:23, Weidling agrees to order the citys defenders to surrender to the Soviets
Battle of Berlin
The Soviets capture the Reich Chancellery
Battle of Berlin
General Weidling had his Chief of Staff, von Dufving, arrange a meeting with General Chuikov. Weidling told the Soviets about the suicides of Hitler and Goebbels, and Chuikov demanded complete capitulation. Accepts the surrender of Berlins forces from General Helmuth Weidling
Capture of Berlin
With Zhukov shares the honour of capturing Berlin
Capture of Berlin
Berlin surrenders to the Soviet Army
Battle of Berlin
Berlin surrenders, 17 days after the 1st day of the battle
Capture of Berlin
Berlin falls to the Allies
Invasion of Germany
The Red flag is raised over the Reichstag
X-Unit Detonation Testing
A Raytheon Mark II X-Unit arrives for testing as part of the electrical firing system for the implosion bomb.
VE Day
Planned & commanded the capture of Germany until VE-Day
Jackson Appointed U.S. Chief Prosecutor
President Truman appoints Jackson to prepare and prosecute charges against leading European Axis war criminals before an international tribunal.
Promotion to Temporary Brigadier
Reaches the temporary rank of brigadier after beginning the war as a private soldier.
German Surrender Delegation Received
Receives German officers seeking terms for forces facing 21st Army Group in northern Germany and nearby areas.
Death of Fedor von Bock
Death of Fedor von Bock during an Allied raid on Hamburg
Luneburg Heath Surrender Accepted
Accepts the unconditional surrender of German forces in the Netherlands, north-west Germany and Denmark.
Counterattack on Okinawa
Cho supports a major Japanese counteroffensive that leaves the Thirty-Second Army weakened after costly attacks on American lines.
Okinawa Counteroffensive
Ushijima authorizes a broad counterattack that fails to break the American positions and causes severe Japanese losses.
Invasion of Czech
Elements of the 3rd Army reach Czech
Third Army
Elements of the 3rd Army reach Czech
Prague Uprising
Prague uprising begins against German occupation.
Second Buhl Government
Begins the Second Buhl Government in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Result of Surrender of German Forces in Northwest Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands
German forces in northwest Europe surrender to Montgomery, ending organised resistance across a large northern theatre.
Surrender of German Forces in Northwest Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands
In Europe, the 2First Army Group made its way across The Netherlands, Denmark and Northwest Germany, until on 5 May 1945 its commander, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, accepts the German surrender of all German forces
Result of Surrender of Kesselring's German Forces
Kesselring's remaining forces pass into American custody as German resistance collapses.
Surrender of Kesselring's German Forces
Surrenders to the Americans
Reims Surrender Negotiations Begin
Jodl arrives at SHAEF headquarters and seeks terms that would allow more German forces to surrender in the west.
Surrender Delay Request Rejected
Allied commanders reject German attempts to limit or delay the unconditional surrender.
Arrest of Kurt von Schuschnigg
Rescues from a POW camp at Prager Wildsee by the British 5th Army
Result of Surrender of Army Group South
A large German force passes into American rather than Soviet custody at the end of the European war.
Surrender of Army Group South
Surrenders 600,000 troops to the Americans rather than the Russians
Arrest of Horace Greeley Hjalmar Schacht
Rescued from a POW camp at Prager Wildsee by the British 5th Army
Result of Surrender of German Armed Forces
All German armed forces are ordered to cease resistance to the Allies.
Surrender of German Armed Forces
Unconditional surrender of all German forces to the Allies
Result of Surrender of German Armed Forces
Dönitz authorises the general surrender of German forces, ending further organised national resistance.
Surrender of German Armed Forces
Authorizes unconditional surrender of all German fighting forces
Signing of German Military Surrender
Jodl signs Germany's unconditional military surrender at SHAEF headquarters in Reims at 02:41.
Surrender Authority from Dönitz Received
Jodl receives authority from Dönitz to sign the unconditional military surrender.
Suicide
Bodies of Goebbels, his wife & 5 children are found in a shelter near the Reichstag
Result of Surrender of Germany
Krosigk publicly confirms Germany's capitulation to the Allied powers.
Surrender of Germany
Proclaims the capitulation of Germany to the Allies in a national broadcast
Result of Surrender of German Armed Forces
The unconditional capitulation ends organised German military resistance.
Surrender of German Armed Forces
Unconditional surrender of all German forces to the Allies
Battle of Rhine
Montgomery & Rokossovsky join together at Wismar
Result of Surrender of German High Command
The German High Command formally accepts unconditional military surrender.
Surrender of German High Command
The German High Command signs a document of unconditional surrender
Alliance Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky and together at Wismar
Montgomery & Rokossovsky join together at Wismar
Trinity One Hundred Ton Test
The Trinity team detonates about 108 tons of TNT containing reactor fission products to calibrate instruments for the coming nuclear test.
Result of Surrender of Germany
Germany's unconditional surrender ends organised German resistance in Europe.
Surrender of Germany
Accepts the unconditional surrender of the Germans
Result of Surrender of Axis Powers in Europe
The defeat of the Axis in Europe is publicly confirmed in France.
Surrender of Axis Powers in Europe
Makes the official announcement of victory over the Axis powers in Europe at 3 pm
VE Day
Makes the official announcement of victory over the Axis powers in Europe at 3 pm
German Military Surrender Takes Effect
The Reims surrender requires German military operations to cease at 23:01 Central European Time.
Victory Celebrations
Crowds gather in Trafalgar Square at the end of war in Europe.
VE Day
Attends the VE Day celebrations in her ATS uniform
Result of Surrender of Germany
Victory in Europe Day publicly marks the end of the European war.
Surrender of Germany
Announces "Victory in Europe Day"
VE Day
Makes the announcement of Allied victory over the Axis powers in Europe at 3 p.m
Commonwealth
Broadcasts a victory message to the nation & commonwealth at 9.00 p.m
VE Day
Broadcasts a victory message to the nation & commonwealth at 9.00 p.m
Capture of Berlin
Directs the capture of Berlin
Result of Surrender of Germany
German military leaders formally acknowledge defeat in Zhukov's presence.
Surrender of Germany
German military leaders sign documents of surrender in Zhukovs presence
VE Day
The day that marks victory in Europe for the Allies in World War II, the defining events were the Germans unconditional surrender Eisenhower at Rheims, France, and to the Soviets in Berlin on May 7, President Truman announces victory at 9 AM
VE Day
The day that marks victory in Europe for the Allies in World War II, the defining events were the Germans unconditional surrender Eisenhower at Rheims, France, and to the Soviets in Berlin on May 7, President Truman announces victory at 9 AM. Makes the announcement of Allied victory over the Axis powers in Europe at 3 PM
Result of Surrender of Germany
Germany's final surrender instrument confirms the end of organised German resistance in Europe.
Surrender of Germany
Present when Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel signs the final German Instrument of Surrender entering into force at 23:01 Central European Time
Result of Surrender of Germany
Germany accepts the formal military surrender ending the European war.
Result of Surrender of Germany
The Berlin surrender instrument confirms and ratifies Germany's unconditional capitulation.
Surrender of Germany
Signs act of military surrender to the Allies
Surrender of Germany
Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel signs the final German Instrument of Surrender entering into force at 23:01 Central European Time
Result of Surrender of Germany
The Berlin instrument confirms the final military surrender of Germany.
Surrender of Germany
Present when Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel signs the final German Instrument of Surrender entering into force at 23:01 Central European Time
Result of Surrender of German Forces in Prague
German forces in Prague cease resistance and pass under Soviet control.
Surrender of German Forces in Prague
German forces in Prague surrender to the Soviet Army
Result of Surrender of Germany
The final German capitulation ends the European war.
Surrender of Germany
German commanders sign unconditional surrender, ends the war in Europe
Result of Surrender of Germany
Germany's final surrender instrument confirms the termination of organised military resistance.
Surrender of Germany
Present when Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm Keitel signs the final German Instrument of Surrender entering into force at 23:01 Central European Time
Indigenous Congress
Villarroel's government convenes Bolivia's first national Indigenous congress.
Manhattan Project
Second meeting of the Target Committee, at Los Alamos, which works to finalize the list of cities on which atomic bombs may be dropped
Bombing of Japan
Second meeting of the Target Committee, at Los Alamos, which works to finalize the list of cities on which atomic bombs may be dropped
Manhattan Project
Second meeting of the Target Committee, at Los Alamos, which works to finalize the list of cities on which atomic bombs may be dropped
Target Committee
Second meeting of the Target Committee, at Los Alamos, which works to finalize the list of cities on which atomic bombs may be dropped
Birth of Ian McLagan
Birth of Ian McLagan
Birth of Alan James Ball Jr
Birth of Alan James Ball Jr
Government Defence
Kerensky records his position on government defence in exile.
Arrest of Robert Ley
Captured by American paratroopers of the 101st Airborne Division in a shoemaker's house in the village of Schleching
Coalition Government
Asks Attlee and Sinclair to remain in the Coalition until the defeat of Japan; the offer is rejected
Conclusion of First Premiership
The first government headed by al-Rifai came to an end after approximately seven months in office. His premiership had combined executive leadership with responsibility for foreign affairs and defense.
Birth of Peter Dennis Blandford Townshend
Birth of Peter Dennis Blandford Townshend
Birth of Pete Townshend
Birth of Who guitarist Pete Townshend.
Resignation of Clement Richard Attlee
Rejects Churchill's offer to continue the Coalition Government
Independence of Israel
Asks Churchill to proclaim a Jewish State, has to wait for a Peace Conference. Asks Churchill to abandon the White Paper of 1939
Jewish State
Asks Churchill to proclaim a Jewish State, has to wait for a Peace Conference
Flensburg Government
Dissolved by the Allies
Arrest at Flensburg
Allied forces arrest Jodl with members of the Dönitz government at Flensburg.
Resignation of Clement Richard Attlee
The Government resigns
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 2nd term
Arrest of Heinrich Himmler
Arrested by British troops
Death of Heinrich Himmler
Commits suicide
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Kyoto Removed from Atomic Target List
Stimson rules out Kyoto as an atomic-bomb target because of its cultural and historical importance.
American Custody
Falls into American custody after Germany's defeat.
Postwar Detention under False Identity
Uses false identity papers to conceal his senior SS role.
Suez Canal
Rules Egypt as the war ends with the Suez Canal still occupied and defended under British military arrangements.
Elder of the Jews
And after the camp is liberated by the Russians in May 1945, becomes the Jewish figure head as the Elder of the Jews
Reichsvereinigung
And after the camp is liberated by the Russians in May 1945, becomes the Jewish figure head as the Elder of the Jews
Burial
Brauns remains are discovered by the Russians & secretly buried at the SMERSH compound
Notes on Nationalism
Publishes Notes on Nationalism.
Military Rank
Ends wartime service with senior army experience that later shapes his public reputation.
Enigma Machine
Remains in Hut 8 through the end of the European war, continuing work on German Naval Enigma.
Twenty First Army Group Links with Soviet Forces
His forces establish contact with Soviet troops advancing from the east as the European war ends.
Battle of Okinawa
Takes advantage of bad weather to wihdraw to the south & make a last stand
Peace
Stalin reveals Japans request for peace to the USA, issued by Japan in Feb
Alliance Soviet and British forces
Joins up with the British forces at Wittenberg near Lubeck
Military Governor
Appointed Military Govrernor of Bavaria
Military Governor of US Occupation Zone
Becomes Military Governor of the United States occupation zone in Germany after the German surrender.
Battle of Okinawa
Attacks the "Shuri line"
Occupation
Responsible for ordering the occupation of the US controlled part of Germany
Military Governor
Appointed Military Govrernor of Bavaria
June 194564 historical events
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
Homi Bhabha founds the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research to build advanced research in physics and related sciences in India.
Interim Committee Use Recommendation
The Interim Committee recommends using the atomic bomb against Japan as soon as possible, on a military-industrial target and without prior warning.
Defense of Oroku
Ota's naval base force defends the Oroku Peninsula after American Marines begin operations against the position.
Berlin Declaration
The Allied Berlin Declaration abolishes all the institutions of German civil Government, and establishes that the constitution no longer holds any legal force
Constitution of Germany
The Allied Berlin Declaration abolishes all the institutions of German civil Government, and establishes that the constitution no longer holds any legal force
Constitution of Great Britain
Opening day of the Allied Control Commission for German administration
Opening of the Allied Control Commission by Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin
Opening of the Allied Control Commission by Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin
Rule of Germany
USA., Britain, Russia & France declare supreme authority over Germany
Allied Control Commission (ACC)
The Allied Control Commission administers Germany after it's occupation by the Allies
Rule of Germany
USA, Britain, Russia & France declare supreme authority over Germany
USA, Britain, Russia & France declare supreme authority over Germany
USA, Britain, Russia & France declare supreme authority over Germany
Allied Control Commission (ACC)
The Allied Control Commission administers Germany after its occupation by the Allies
Rule of Germany
USA., Britain, Russia & France declare supreme authority over Germany
509th Arrives on Tinian
Aircrews of the 509th Composite Group begin arriving on Tinian with specially modified B-29 aircraft.
Franck Report
Franck's committee issues a report urging international control of atomic energy and recommending a demonstration before combat use.
Armament
Completes the plan for the defense of Britain
Defence
Draws a line from Edinburgh to the Medway & Bristol to London of ditches & "pillboxes"
Death of Minoru Ota
Ota dies by suicide as organized resistance by his naval base force collapses on the Oroku Peninsula.
Atomic Target Selections to Marshall
Groves forwards the Manhattan Project target group's recommendations to General George C. Marshall.
Scientific Panel Use Recommendation
The Interim Committee's Scientific Panel reports that it sees no technical demonstration likely to end the war and no acceptable alternative to direct military use.
Birth of Kenneth Robert Ken Livingstone
Birth of Kenneth Robert "Ken" Livingstone
Battle of Okinawa
The US forces divide the Japanese garrison into 3 encircled pockets
Battle of Okinawa
The US forces divide the Japanese garrison into 3 encircled pockets. Makes a broadcast asking the Japanese at Okinawa to surender
Trial of the Sixteen
The trial takes place between 18 and 21 June 1945 with foreign press and observers from the United Kingdom and USA present. The date was chosen carefully to be at the same time as a conference on the creation of the Soviet-backed Polish puppet Government was organized
Election
Formally elected to his 2nd term as President
President of Czechoslovakia
Formally elected to his 2nd term as President
Farewell Order on Okinawa
Ushijima sends a farewell message and orders remaining Japanese troops to continue resistance as the battle approaches its end.
Death of Stefan Mazurkiewicz
Death of Stefan Mazurkiewicz
Battle of Okinawa
Killed while inspecting the Eighth Marines
Death of Bolivar Buckner
Death of Bolivar Buckner at the Battle of Okinawa while inspecting the Eighth Marines
Final Kikusui Attack
Ugaki's command launches the tenth and final massed Kikusui attack as the Okinawa campaign reaches its conclusion.
Trial of the Sixteen
According to international law the trial should not have taken place.
Trial of the Sixteen
All but one of the defendants were forced to admit to the alleged crimes, and on 21 June the verdict was issued.
Trial of the Sixteen
General Okulickis witnesses were not allowed to enter the court, which was a violation of Soviet law.
Trial of the Sixteen
The Soviet Union kidnapped and sentenced a group of citizens of a foreign country whose alleged crimes were committed on a foreign land.
Trial of the Sixteen
They were deprived of basic human rights and tortured.
Death of Isamu Cho
Cho commits suicide alongside Ushijima at the end of organized Japanese resistance on Okinawa.
Death of Mitsuru Ushijima
Ushijima commits suicide with his chief of staff as organized Japanese resistance on Okinawa ends.
Implosion Core Criticality Confirmation
Frisch confirms through criticality measurements that the planned implosion-core design is satisfactory.
President of Ireland
Takes office as the second President of Ireland.
Battle of Okinawa
Commits ritual suicide
Death of Mitsuru Ushijima
Death of Mitsuru Ushijima, commits ritual suicide during the Battle of Okinawa
Suicide
Death of Mitsuru Ushijima, commits ritual suicide during the Battle of Okinawa. Commits ritual suicide
First Einar Gerhardsen Government
Begins the First Einar Gerhardsen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Johan Nygaardsvold Government
The Johan Nygaardsvold Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
United Nations
Canada signs the United Nations Charter.
United Nations
Signs the charter on behalf of China, the 1st to sign
United Nations
Signs the United Nations Charter on behalf of Britain
United Nations Charter
Signs the United Nations Charter for Saudi Arabia.
United Nations Charter
Supports the Saudi delegation participating in the San Francisco conference.
Charter
Witnesses the signing of the charter of the United Nations
United Nations
Witnesses the signing of the charter of the United Nations. Calls the United Nations "a great instrument for peace & security & human progress in the world"
Charter
Witnesses the signing of the charter of the United Nations
Pacific Atomic Delivery Conference
Parsons meets with Groves and Oppenheimer to finalise arrangements for delivering atomic weapons to the Pacific theatre.
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway, 1st term
Election Manifesto
Promises a comprehensive health service in Labour's programme.
Result of Surrender of Japan
Japan's capitulation ends organised Japanese resistance across the wider Allied command area.
Surrender of Japan
As COS to Mountbatten oversees the surrender of Japan
Invasion of Japan
The Allies prepare for the land invasion of Japan, the plan is scrapped
Operation Downfall
The Allies prepare for the land invasion of Japan, the plan is scrapped
Japan offers Russia concessions for a non-aggression pact
Japan offers Russia concessions for a non-aggression pact
Japan offers Russia concessions for a non-aggression pact
Japan offers Russia concessions for a non-aggression pact
Operation Downfall
The Allies prepare for the land invasion of Japan, the plan is scrapped
London Negotiations Define International Tribunal
Jackson joins British, French and Soviet representatives in negotiations over jurisdiction, procedure, charges and the defendants to face an international trial.
July 194570 historical events
Little Boy Projectile Casting
Casting of the uranium-235 projectile component for Little Boy is completed.
General Election - General Election
Wins the newly created Coventry East constituency at the Labour general election victory.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Richard Howard Stafford Crossman: Wins the newly created Coventry East constituency at the Labour general election victory.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Wins the newly created Coventry East constituency at the Labour general election victory.
General Election
Wins the newly created Coventry East constituency at the Labour general election victory.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament
General Election
Retains Wakefield for Labour in the general election that brings Clement Attlee to power.
General Election
Retains Ebbw Vale as Labour wins nationally.
Solihull
Contests Solihull for Labour at the 1945 general election and is defeated.
General Election Candidate
Healey contests Pudsey and Otley for Labour, substantially increasing the party vote but failing to win the seat.
Political Support
The United Kingdom and the USA withdrew support for the legitimate Polish Government in exile, and all its agendas in Poland
Rule of Poland
The United Kingdom and the USA withdrew support for the legitimate Polish Government in exile, and all its agendas in Poland
Trial of the Sixteen
The United Kingdom and the USA withdrew support for the legitimate Polish Government in exile, and all its agendas in Poland
Arrest of Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Sentenced in his absence by a three-man tribunal of the Soviet security police (NKGB) to an eight-year term in a labour camp, to be followed by permanent internal exile
KGB (Committee for State Security)
Sentenced in his absence by a three-man tribunal of the Soviet security police (NKGB) to an eight-year term in a labour camp, to be followed by permanent internal exile
Trial
Sentenced in his absence by a three-man tribunal of the Soviet security police (NKGB) to an eight-year term in a labour camp, to be followed by permanent internal exile
Trinity Lens Casting Completed
Casting of the high-explosive lens components intended for the Trinity device is completed.
Gadget Assembly Begins
Assembly of the Trinity device, known as Gadget, begins as components are prepared for transfer to the test tower.
Gadget Raised to Test Tower
Gadget is hoisted to the top of the 100-foot Trinity test tower and its detonators are installed and connected.
Little Boy Components Shipped on Indianapolis
Little Boy bomb units and the uranium projectile leave San Francisco aboard USS Indianapolis for Tinian.
Invention of Atomic Bomb
With Allied leaders in Potsdam when he hears news of the succesful test explosion. Sees the atomic bomb as a means of delivering peace to the world
1st Nuclear Explosion
The first nuclear explosion, the "Trinity" test of an implosion-style plutonium-based nuclear weapon known as "the gadget", near Alamogordo, New Mexico
Manhattan Project
The first nuclear explosion, the "Trinity" test of an implosion-style plutonium-based nuclear weapon known as "the gadget", near Alamogordo, New Mexico
Trinity Test Observation
Observes the Trinity nuclear test and performs a simple paper-drop experiment to make an immediate estimate of the explosion's yield.
Bombing of Japan
General Carl Spaatz is ordered to bomb one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, or Nagasaki as soon as weather permitted, some time after August 3
Manhattan Project
General Carl Spaatz is ordered to bomb one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, or Nagasaki as soon as weather permitted, some time after August 3
Manhattan Project
The joint work of the scientists at Los Alamos resulted in the first artificial nuclear explosion near Alamogordo on July 16, 1945, the site of which Oppenheimer named "Trinity". The first nuclear explosion, the "Trinity" test of an implosion-style plutonium-based nuclear weapon known as "the gadget", near Alamogordo, New Mexico
first Nuclear Explosion
The joint work of the scientists at Los Alamos resulted in the first artificial nuclear explosion near Alamogordo on July 16, 1945, the site of which Oppenheimer named "Trinity". The first nuclear explosion, the "Trinity" test of an implosion-style plutonium-based nuclear weapon known as "the gadget", near Alamogordo, New Mexico
Nuclear Power
Witnesses the test nuclear explosion & says, "the war is over"
Manhattan Project
General Carl Spaatz is ordered to bomb one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, or Nagasaki as soon as weather permitted, some time after August 3
Trinity Nuclear Test
The United States conducts the Trinity test, the first detonation of a nuclear explosive device.
Bombing of Japan
General Carl Spaatz is ordered to bomb one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, or Nagasaki as soon as weather permitted, some time after August 3
Manhattan Project
General Carl Spaatz is ordered to bomb one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, or Nagasaki as soon as weather permitted, some time after August 3
Gadget
The first nuclear explosion, the "Trinity" test of an implosion-style plutonium-based nuclear weapon known as "the gadget", near Alamogordo, New Mexico
Manhattan Project
The first nuclear explosion, the "Trinity" test of an implosion-style plutonium-based nuclear weapon known as "the gadget", near Alamogordo, New Mexico
Trinity
The first nuclear explosion, the "Trinity" test of an implosion-style plutonium-based nuclear weapon known as "the gadget", near Alamogordo, New Mexico
Bombing of Japan
General Carl Spaatz is ordered to bomb one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, or Nagasaki as soon as weather permitted, some time after August 3
Invention of Atomic Bomb
With Allied leaders in Potsdam when he hears news of the succesful test explosion
Manhattan Project
General Carl Spaatz is ordered to bomb one of the targets: Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata, or Nagasaki as soon as weather permitted, some time after August 3
Conference of Potsdam
Soviet power in Eastern Europe is recognized. Polands western frontier will follow the Oder-Neisse line. Germany will divided into 4 zones. Churchill, Stalin & Truman agree the map for post war Europe
Declaration of Potsdam
The US, Britain & Nationalist China calls for unconditional Japanese surrender
first Atomic weapons
President Harry S. Truman discloses to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin that the United States has atomic weapons, Stalin feigns little surprise; he already knows this through espionage
1st Atomic Weapons
President Harry S. Truman discloses to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin that the United States has atomic weapons, Stalin feigns little surprise; he already knows this through espionage
Atomic Attack Directive Drafted
Groves drafts the directive authorising atomic attacks when bomb availability and weather permit, listing Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata and Nagasaki.
first Atomic weapons
President Harry S. Truman discloses to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin that the United States has atomic weapons, Stalin feigns little surprise; he already knows this through espionage
1st Atomic Weapons
President Harry S. Truman discloses to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin that the United States has atomic weapons, Stalin feigns little surprise; he already knows this through espionage
Bombing of Hiroshima
Decides to drop the A-bomb on Hiroshima
Declaration of Potsdam
USA, Britain & Nationalist China calls for unconditional Japanese surrender. The US, Britain & Nationalist China calls for unconditional Japanese surrender
Manhattan Project
President Harry S. Truman discloses to Soviet leader Joseph Stalin that the United States has atomic weapons, Stalin feigns little surprise; he already knows this through espionage
Birth of Helen Mirren
Birth of Helen Mirren, born Ilyena Vasilievna Mironov
Labour Government
Forms a Labour government committed to welfare reform.
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Prime Minister of Great Britain, 1st term
United Nations Charter
Attlee's government inherits Britain's obligations as a founding member of the United Nations after the UN Charter is signed in 1945
Opposition
Leaves office after Labour's general election victory
Election
Leads Labour to a landslide general election victory.
United Nations Charter
Attlee's government inherits Britain's obligations as a founding member of the United Nations after the UN Charter is signed in 1945
Lord Privy Seal
Is appointed Lord Privy Seal in Clement Attlee’s Labour government.
Junior Commander
Appointed Junior Commander in the ATS
Declaration of Potsdam
The US & Britain & Nationalist China threaten Japan with "prompt & utter destruction". The US, Britain & Nationalist China calls for unconditional Japanese surrender. Japan ignores the request for uncondional surrender, unaware of the US the atomic bomb
Ultimatum-Potsdam
The Japanese have to choose "utter devastation or unconditional surrender"
Bretton Woods Agreements Act
Truman signs legislation authorising United States participation in the IMF and World Bank, implementing the institutions supporting the new dollar-gold monetary order.
Little Boy Assembly Completed
Final assembly of Little Boy is completed on Tinian and the weapon is ready for combat use.
Exile of Pierre Laval
Flown to Spain a few days before the German surrender, Franco has Laval arrested and turned over to the Americans in Austria who extradite him to the French authorities in July
Potsdam Conference
Attlee and Truman meet at Potsdam while Allied policy for postwar Germany and war crimes trials is discussed
Celtic Manager Appointment
Becomes Celtic manager and begins a long tenure in charge of the club.
Peace Mediation
Japan askes Russia to mediate peace without unconditional surrender, Stalin refuses
Declaration of Potsdam
USA & Britain demand Japans unconditional surrender or "prompt & utter destruction"
Peace Mediation
Japan askes Russia to mediate peace without unconditional surrender, Stalin refuses
Constitution of Spain
Issues the Fuero de los Espanoles, a charter of rights
Conference of Potsdam
The British will take the south & Chinese nationalists the north of Vietnam. The Allied leaders divide Vietnam at the 16th parallel
August 1945133 historical events
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Fat Man Assembly Begins on Tinian
Fat Man bomb cases arrive on Tinian and assembly of the plutonium implosion weapon begins.
Minister of Health Appointment
Appointed Minister of Health in Attlee's government.
Housing Responsibility
Takes responsibility for housing as Minister of Health.
Minister of Health Appointment
Becomes Minister of Health in Attlee's government.
Enola Gay Named
Tibbets names B-29 number 82 Enola Gay and receives final confirmation for the Hiroshima mission scheduled for the next day.
Bombing of Hiroshima
"Little Boy" is loaded onto the Enola Gay
Bombing of Hiroshima
Dies when the uranium bomb destroys Hiroshima.
Hiroshima Measurement
Measures effects from the uranium bomb mission.
Bombing of Hiroshima
"Little Boy", a gun-type uranium-235 weapon, is used against the city of Hiroshima, Japan
Hiroshima Atomic Bombing
The United States drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, the first wartime use of a nuclear weapon.
Bombing of Hiroshima
Flies the "Enola Gay" which drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima
Bombing of Hiroshima
A co-pilot on the Enola gay which drops the "little boy" a-bomb on Hiroshima
Bombing of Hiroshima
"Little Boy", a gun-type uranium-235 weapon, is used against the city of Hiroshima, Japan
Little Boy
"Little Boy", a gun-type uranium-235 weapon, is used against the city of Hiroshima, Japan
Manhattan Project
"Little Boy", a gun-type uranium-235 weapon, is used against the city of Hiroshima, Japan
Bombing of Hiroshima
Commands US strategic air forces using the uranium weapon.
Little Boy
Arms the uranium weapon used at Hiroshima.
Bombing of Hiroshima
"Little Boy", a gun-type uranium-235 weapon, is used against the city of Hiroshima, Japan
Bombing of Hiroshima
Authorises the use of atomic weapons against Japan.
Manhattan Project
"Little Boy", a gun-type uranium-235 weapon, is used against the city of Hiroshima, Japan
Bombing of Hiroshima
Pilots Enola Gay during the uranium bomb attack.
Defence Rights Written into Tribunal Charter
The Charter requires a fair hearing and allows defendants to present evidence, call witnesses and challenge the prosecution case.
Charter
The international military tribunal charter lists 24 suspected war criminals
Trial
The international military tribunal charter is drawn up with 24 suspect war criminals
IMT Charter Establishes Four Categories of Liability
The Charter gives the Tribunal jurisdiction over conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Official Position Denied Complete Immunity
The Tribunal's Charter states that official rank, including head-of-state status, does not free a defendant from responsibility or automatically reduce punishment.
Declaration of War
Russia declares war on Japan. Rusiia declares war on Japan
Invasion of Manchuria
Russia invades Manchuria
Superior Orders Limited as Defence
The Charter provides that acting under orders does not automatically remove responsibility, although obedience may be considered when punishment is determined.
London Agreement Establishes International Military Tribunal
Jackson signs the London Agreement for the United States, creating the International Military Tribunal and defining its jurisdiction over major Axis war crimes.
Charter Establishes Individual Criminal Responsibility
The Charter makes individuals answerable under international law rather than allowing state office alone to shield responsibility for charged crimes.
London Agreement Signed for Major War Criminals
Jackson signs the agreement establishing an international tribunal to prosecute major European Axis war criminals whose offences lacked a single geographic location.
Prosecutors Committee Assigned Joint Indictment
The four Allied chief prosecutors receive responsibility for agreeing the defendants, preparing the indictment and coordinating presentation of the case.
Opposition to Immediate Surrender
Anami resists immediate acceptance of Allied terms and supports additional conditions before Japan ends the war.
Proposal to Accept Potsdam Terms
Togo proposes accepting the Potsdam Declaration while seeking preservation of the imperial institution.
Support for Surrender
Yonai joins Suzuki and Togo in supporting an end to the war during the leadership crisis after the Soviet attack and Nagasaki bombing.
Result of Surrender of Japan
Hirohito's intervention breaks the leadership deadlock and commits Japan to surrender.
Supreme Council Deadlock
Suzuki supports ending the war while the Supreme Council remains divided over acceptance of the Potsdam terms.
Surrender of Japan
The Supreme Council is deadlocked on the question of surrender. Suzuki approaches Hirohito who tells him Japan should surrender
Bombing of Nagasaki
The USA drops the atomic bomb on Nagasaki
Bombing of Hiroshima
The USA drops a plutonium bomb on Hiroshima. More than 10 sqr miles are obliterated & 137,000 killed
Bombing of Nagasaki
The USA drops the atomic bomb on Nagasaki, over 73,000 are killed
Fat Man
"Fat Man", an implosion-type plutonium-239 weapon, is used against the city of Nagasaki, Japan
Manhattan Project
"Fat Man", an implosion-type plutonium-239 weapon, is used against the city of Nagasaki, Japan
Nagasaki Atomic Bombing
The United States drops a second atomic bomb on Nagasaki three days after Hiroshima.
Bombing of Nagasaki
"Fat Man", an implosion-type plutonium-239 weapon, is used against the city of Nagasaki, Japan
Fat Man
"Fat Man", an implosion-type plutonium-239 weapon, is used against the city of Nagasaki, Japan
Manhattan Project
"Fat Man", an implosion-type plutonium-239 weapon, is used against the city of Nagasaki, Japan
Bombing of Nagasaki
The USA drops the atomic bomb on Nagasaki
Further Atomic Bombing Halted
Truman orders that no additional atomic bombs be used without further presidential authority.
Manhattan Project
The Smyth Report was the common name given to an administrative history written by physicist Henry DeWolf Smyth about the Allied World War II effort to develop the atomic bomb, the Manhattan Project
Smyth Report
The Smyth Report was the common name given to an administrative history written by physicist Henry DeWolf Smyth about the Allied World War II effort to develop the atomic bomb, the Manhattan Project
Smyth Report
The Smyth Report is released to the public, giving the first technical history of the development of the first atomic bombs
Manhattan Project
The Smyth Report was the common name given to an administrative history written by physicist Henry DeWolf Smyth about the Allied World War II effort to develop the atomic bomb, the Manhattan Project
Smyth Report
The Smyth Report was the common name given to an administrative history written by physicist Henry DeWolf Smyth about the Allied World War II effort to develop the atomic bomb, the Manhattan Project
Smyth Report
The Smyth Report was the common name given to an administrative history written by physicist Henry DeWolf Smyth about the Allied World War II effort to develop the atomic bomb, the Manhattan Project. The Smyth Report is released to the public, giving the first technical history of the development of the first atomic bombs
Manhattan Project
General Leslie Groves had commissioned Smyth to write the Report at Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project
Smyth Report
General Leslie Groves had commissioned Smyth to write the Report at Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project
Manhattan Project
General Leslie Groves had commissioned Smyth to write the Report at Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project
Smyth Report
General Leslie Groves had commissioned Smyth to write the Report at Los Alamos during the Manhattan Project
Manhattan Project
The Smyth Report is released to the public, giving the first technical history of the development of the first atomic bombs
Smyth Report
The Smyth Report is released to the public, giving the first technical history of the development of the first atomic bombs
Japanese Defeat
Sihanouk's wartime government ends after Japan's defeat and the French return
Treaty of Friendship
The Nationalist government signs the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance in Moscow.
Declaration of War
Issues "Directive no 1" to march the PLA into former Japanese territory
Declaration of War
With the Peoples Liberation Army declares war against Chiang Kaishek
Result of Surrender of Japan
Japan's decision to surrender brings the Pacific War toward its conclusion.
Surrender of Japan
Hirohito announces the surrender of Japan
Decision to Accept Surrender
Hirohito announces his decision to accept the Allied terms, breaking the continuing deadlock within Japan's leadership.
Result of Surrender of Japan
The emperor publicly announces Japan's decision to surrender.
Surrender of Japan
Hirohito announces the surrender of Japan
Victory Broadcast
Broadcasts news of Japan’s surrender and calls for restraint, humane treatment of Japanese civilians and prisoners, and a durable peace.
VJ Day
Celebrates the end of war with Japan at a dinner party in Buckingham Palace
Result of Surrender of Japan
VJ Day celebrations mark the practical end of the war against Japan.
Surrender of Japan
The Allies celebrate 15th August as VJ Day
Death of Korechika Anami
Anami commits suicide before Hirohito's surrender broadcast is transmitted to the Japanese public.
Resignation after Surrender
Suzuki resigns as prime minister after the imperial broadcast announces Japan's acceptance of surrender.
Final Kamikaze Sortie
Ugaki flies on a final special-attack mission after the imperial surrender broadcast and is killed.
Broadcast
Hirohito broadcasts a radio message telling the people that Japan will surrender
Result of Surrender of Japan
The imperial broadcast informs the Japanese population that the war will end through surrender.
Surrender of Japan
Hirohito broadcasts a radio message telling the people that Japan will surrender
Result of Surrender of Japan
The United States announces Japan's unconditional surrender and the end of major Pacific hostilities.
Surrender of Japan
Announces the unconditional surrender of Japan
Result of Surrender of Japan
MacArthur begins implementing procedures for Japan's cessation of hostilities and formal surrender.
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander for Allied Powers
Surrender of Japan
Inititiates action with Japan for the cessation of hostilities
Result of Surrender of Japan
Japan's surrender creates a political vacuum in Vietnam that the Viet Minh moves rapidly to fill.
Surrender of Japan
Japan surrenders to the Allies, creates a power vacuum filled by the Viet Minh
Death of Takijiro Onishi
Onishi commits suicide after Japan's surrender, following his central role in organizing naval special-attack operations.
Result of Surrender of Japanese Armed Forces
Japanese military commands receive imperial authority to cease fighting and surrender.
Surrender of Japanese Armed Forces
Issues an Imperial Order directing Japanese forces to surrender
Polish-Soviet Frontier Treaty
Molotov signs the Polish-Soviet state frontier treaty establishing the boundary broadly along the Curzon Line with specified deviations in favour of Poland.
NLC
Summons 60 comrades to Tran Ho to form the National Liberation Committee
President of Vietnam
Appointed President of the National Liberation Committee
NLC
Summons 60 comrades to Tran Ho to form the National Liberation Committee
Thai Nguyen Uprising
Commands Viet Minh forces during the August Revolution
Capture of Hanoi
The first Vietminh troops enter Hanoi
Animal Farm
Publishes Animal Farm.
Independence of Indonesia
Proclaims Indonesian Independence
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Secretary of State for Agriculture
Appointed Minister of Agriculture
Post-Surrender Government
Higashikuni becomes prime minister and leads the first Japanese government formed after the surrender announcement.
Postwar Nuclear Arms Warning
Oppenheimer warns Stimson that atomic weapons will improve, defenses will remain inadequate, and the United States cannot expect a permanent nuclear monopoly.
Result of Surrender of Japan
Japanese representatives receive the detailed Allied procedures for implementing surrender.
Surrender of Japan
Japanese emissaries receive terms for Japans surrender from the US
Capture of Harbin
The Russians occupy Harbin in Manchuria
Capture of Mukden
The Russians occupy Mukden in Manchuria
Independence of Vietnam
Enter Hanoi & declares independence. Arrives in a Vietminh dominated Hanoi
Abdication
The Japanese transfer power to the Vietminh & the Emperor is forced to abdicate
Abdication
The Emperor abdicate giving Ho Chi Minh the "mandate of heaven"
Constitution of Vietnam
The Emperor abdicate giving Ho Chi Minh the "mandate of heaven"
Constitution of Vietnam
The Democratic Republic of Vietnam is proclaimed. Hue reads a declaration handing over "sovereign power" to the Vietminh
Abdication
Hue reads a declaration handing over "sovereign power" to the Vietminh
Peace
Meets Mao Zedong in Chongqing for negotiations intended to avert renewed civil war after Japan’s surrender.
Chongqing Peace Talks
Travels with Mao Zedong to Chongqing for negotiations with Chiang Kai-shek after Japan's surrender.
Peace
Attends peace talks with Chiang Kaishek in Chongqing
Constitution of Vietnam
Accepts the post of supreme political adviser in the provisional Government
Government
Accepts the post of supreme political adviser in the provisional Government
Provisional Government
Accepts the post of supreme political adviser in the provisional Government
Abdication
Accepts the post of supreme political adviser in the provisional Government
Provisional Government
Accepts the post of supreme political adviser in the provisional Government
Result of Surrender of Japan
MacArthur's arrival establishes the Allied command presence that will oversee Japan's formal surrender and occupation.
Surrender of Japan
Arrives by plane at Atsugi airodrome to take the formal surrender of Japan
Return to Copenhagen Institute
Returns to Denmark after the war and resumes work at the Institute for Theoretical Physics, rebuilding its international research programme.
NHS Policy
Takes responsibility for creating the National Health Service.
Bombing of Hiroshima
The Us drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima
Declaration of War
Russia declares war on Japan
Invasion of Manchuria
Russia invades Manchuria
Declaration of War
Russia declares war on Japan
Provisional Government
Forced to abicate in favour of a provisional Government under Ho Chi Minh
Revolution of Vietnam
Forced to abicate in favour of a provisional Government under Ho Chi Minh
September 194542 historical events
Result of Surrender of Japan
The signed surrender document formally ends Japan's war with the Allied powers.
Surrender of Japan
The surrender of Japan is signed
Result of Surrender of Yamashita's Japanese Forces
Yamashita's forces enter American custody, ending his command's resistance in the Philippines.
Surrender of Yamashita's Japanese Forces
Surrenders to the Americans after belated news of the Emperors death reaches him
Surrender Delegation
Shigemitsu leads the Japanese delegation aboard USS Missouri and signs for the Japanese government.
Result of Surrender of Japanese Empire
The Japanese government and armed forces accept the formal Allied surrender terms.
Surrender of Japanese Empire
Signs the surrender on behalf of the Emperor & Japanese Government on USS Missouri
Signing of Japanese Surrender
Umezu signs the Instrument of Surrender on behalf of the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters aboard USS Missouri.
Result of Surrender of Japanese Empire
The Japanese Empire formally accepts Allied terms aboard USS Missouri.
Surrender of Japanese Empire
Formal surrender of the Japanese Empire aboard the USS Missouri
Result of Surrender of Japan
The formal ceremony aboard USS Missouri legally records Japan's capitulation.
Surrender of Japan
Japan formally surrenders aboard the USS Missouri
Minister of Interior
Joins the first revolutionary government as Minister of Interior
Constitution of Vietnam
Proclaims the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Independence of Vietnam
Proclaims the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Independence of Vietnam
Japan surrenders to the Allies & Ho declares independence
Result of Surrender of Japanese Forces in the Philippines
Japanese forces in the Philippines formally cease organised resistance.
Surrender of Japanese Forces in the Philippines
Signs the surrender of the Japanese forces in the Philippines
Result of Surrender of Japan
MacArthur formally receives Japan's capitulation on behalf of the Allied powers.
Surrender of Japan
Formally accepts the surrender of Japan on the aircraft-carrier Missouri
Result of Surrender of Japan
Chinese representatives formally receive Japan's capitulation, ending Japanese military authority in China.
Surrender of Japan
Formally accepts the surrender of Japan
Japanese Surrender in China
Nationalist China formally receives the surrender of Japanese forces in the China theater at Nanjing.
Invasion of Vietnam
Chinese troops move down to the 16th parallel, as agreed with the Allies
Courtroom 600 Reconstruction Prepared for IMT
Work enlarges the principal courtroom, adds galleries and creates space for judges, prosecutors, defendants, interpreters and international press.
Result of Surrender of Japanese Eighth Army
The Japanese Eighth Army ceases resistance with only a fraction of its original strength remaining.
Surrender of Japanese Eighth Army
Surrenders the 8th Army with only 13,500 from an original 65,000
Result of Surrender of Japan
Japan accepts Allied authority and ends national military resistance.
Surrender of Japan
Japan surrenders to the Allies
Independence of Great Britain
Promises India independence
Independence of India
Promises India independence
Return to Korea
Returns to Korea after Japanese surrender.
Martial Law
Exceeds his authority & declares martial law in Vietnam
Martial Law
Appeals in vain for calm as French paratroopers go on the rampage in Saigon
Trial
Instructs the creation of an international war tribunal to try Japanese war criminals
Strike
In response to French violence in Saigon the Vietminh abandon their policy of pacifism
Death of Bela Viktor Janos Bartok
Death of Bela Viktor Janos Bartok
Death of Peter Dewey
Death of Peter Dewey, 1st American to die in Vietnam
Treaty of Surrender
Signs the Italian Treaty of unconditional surrender to the Allies
Education
John Lennon starts at Doverdale Primary School
Arrest of Masaharu Homma
Arrested by the Americans & tried for war crimes
Trial
Tried for atrocities during the Bataan "Death March". Arrested by the Americans & tried for war crimes
October 194557 historical events
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Smethwick in a by-election after Labour's Alfred Dobbs was killed in a car accident one day after winning the seat at the 1945 general election
Birth of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva
Birth of Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva
Treason
The Prime Minister of France is sentenced to death for high treason
Trial
The Prime Minister of France is sentenced to death for high treason
Double Tenth Agreement
The Nationalists and Communists conclude the Double Tenth Agreement after negotiations between Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong in Chongqing.
Double Tenth Agreement
Participates in negotiations culminating in the Double Tenth Agreement between Communist and Nationalist representatives.
National Insurance Industrial Injuries Bill
Speaks during debate on the National Insurance Industrial Injuries Bill in the new Labour Parliament.
Peace
Leaves the peace talks saying "difficulties remained which could be overcome"
Lao Issara Government
Leads the Lao Issara movement declaring Lao independence
Lao Issara Movement
Joins the Lao Issara movement after returning from Vietnam
Lao Issara Cabinet
Joins the Lao Issara government after the declaration of independence
Death of Joseph MacRory
MacRory dies in Armagh after seventeen years as primate and is buried in St Patrick's Cathedral Cemetery.
Death of Pierre Laval
Death of Pierre Laval, executed
Execution
Shot by a firing squad for high treason
Treason
Shot by a firing squad for high treason
Manhattan Project
Oppenheimer resigns as director of Los Alamos, and is succeeded by Norris Bradbury
Manhattan Project
Oppenheimer resigns as director of Los Alamos, and is succeeded by Norris Bradbury
Manhattan Project
Oppenheimer resigns as director of Los Alamos, and is succeeded by Norris Bradbury
Manhattan Project
Oppenheimer resigns as director of Los Alamos, and is succeeded by Norris Bradbury
Maiden Parliamentary Contributions
Begins contributing to Commons debates, including discussion of British policy toward Greece.
Berlin Session Formally Receives Indictment
The Tribunal holds its first official session in Berlin, where the Allied prosecutors formally present the indictment before proceedings shift to Nuremberg.
IMT Indictment Presented against Major War Criminals
Jackson joins the Allied chief prosecutors in presenting the indictment against leading Nazi officials on four categories of international crimes.
October Revolution
A military and civilian alliance overthrew President Isaias Medina Angarita during the October Revolution.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Indictment Served at Nuremberg
The International Military Tribunal served the indictment, Charter and notice of rights on him at Nuremberg.
Goering Served with IMT Indictment
Goering was personally served in German with the IMT indictment, the Tribunal Charter, procedural notice and information concerning his right to legal counsel.
You and the Atomic Bomb
Publishes You and the Atomic Bomb.
President of Venezuela
Appointed President of the Revolutionary Government Junta of Venezuela
Revolutionary Government Junta
Romulo Betancourt became chairman of the Revolutionary Government Junta after the October Revolution.
Deposition by Lao Issara
Deposed by Lao Issara nationalists after refusing to endorse their full program
National Assembly
Unanimously confirmed as the president of the republic by the National Assembly
President of Czechoslovakia
Unanimously confirmed as the president of the republic by the National Assembly
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
President of Brazil
Appointed provisional President of Brazil after the deposition of Getulio Vargas
Benbrook First Grade Admission
Lee entered first grade in the Benbrook Common School on October 31, 1945, with school records showing an incorrect birth date.
Exile of Syngman Rhee
Returns to Korea after 33 yrs in exile
Commander of 15th Army
Appointed Commander of the 15th Army
Commander of 15th Army
Appointed Commander of the 15th Army
Simultaneous Interpretation System Prepared
Technical teams equip the courtroom for simultaneous English, French, German and Russian interpretation so participants can follow proceedings in real time.
November 194556 historical events
First Einar Gerhardsen Government
The First Einar Gerhardsen Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Second Einar Gerhardsen Government
Begins the Second Einar Gerhardsen Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Second Fierlinger Government
Begins the Second Fierlinger Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Nuclear Power
The USSR announces that it will make its own atomic bomb
Kristensen Government
Begins the Kristensen Government in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Second Buhl Government
The Second Buhl Government ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Death of August von Mackensen
Death of August von Mackensen
Birth of Neil Percival Young
Birth of Neil Percival Young, later singer songwriter, guitarist and major Canadian rock figure.
Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Josip Broz Tito: Secures an overwhelming Majority in the General Election
Election Government
Government context for this general election: Secures an overwhelming Majority in the General Election
Election
Secures an overwhelming Majority in the General Election
General Election - Election
Secures an overwhelming Majority in the General Election
Army Chief of Staff Designation
Designated Chief of Staff of the United States Army.
Coogan Certifies Evidence Handling Procedures
Coogan signs an affidavit describing how captured records were collected, screened, transported, translated, photographed and preserved for courtroom use.
Speer Appears as IMT Trial Opens
Speer appeared in the defendants' dock when the International Military Tribunal opened proceedings against the principal surviving leaders of Nazi Germany.
Ribbentrop Appears at Opening of IMT
Ribbentrop appeared in the defendants' dock when the International Military Tribunal opened proceedings against the principal surviving leaders of Nazi Germany.
Indictment Places Goering on All Four Counts
The indictment before the Tribunal charged Goering under all four counts: conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity.
International Military Tribunal Opens at Nuremberg
Lawrence presides as the trial of the major German war criminals formally opens in the Palace of Justice.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
He entered a plea of not guilty before the International Military Tribunal.
Speer Pleads Not Guilty before IMT
When called upon individually by the Tribunal, Speer entered a plea of not guilty to the charges contained in the international indictment.
Ribbentrop Pleads Not Guilty before Tribunal
When called upon to answer the indictment, Ribbentrop entered a plea of not guilty to the charges brought against him before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Enters Plea before International Military Tribunal
Goering appears with the other defendants as the Tribunal records pleas to the indictment at the beginning of the proceedings.
Goering Pleads Not Guilty before IMT
Goering entered a plea of not guilty when the defendants were individually called upon to answer the charges set out in the indictment.
Jackson Opening Places Goering among Principal Leaders
In the American opening case, Robert Jackson presented Goering as one of the central surviving leaders whose offices and authority connected him to the alleged Nazi conspiracy.
Truman appoints General Marshall special representitive to China
Truman appoints General Marshall special representitive to China
Jackson Delivers United States Opening Statement
Jackson delivers the principal American opening address, explaining the prosecution's documentary case against the Nazi leadership.
Trial Purpose Framed as Lawful Accountability
Jackson presents the prosecution as a legal process intended to punish proven crimes through evidence and judgment rather than summary retaliation.
Storey Explains Documentary Authentication
Storey explains how American investigators captured and authenticated German records before prosecutors introduced them as evidence.
Industrial Mobilization Evidence Links Goering to Rearmament
The prosecution connected Goering with meetings and administrative measures that mobilized industrial resources, finance and production for the expansion of German military power.
Prosecution Presents Four Year Plan Evidence against Goering
American prosecutors introduced evidence that Goering directed the Four Year Plan and exercised broad economic powers used to accelerate German rearmament and war preparation.
Death of Vidkun Quisling
Death of Vidkun Quisling, executed
Execution
Surrenders to the newly restored Norwegian Government then tried & executed
Lahousen Gives Early Prosecution Testimony
Lahousen becomes an important early witness, describing criminal orders and discussions within the German military intelligence leadership.
Alliance Chiang Kai-Shek and prevent immediate Communist occupation
US Marines deploy to northern Chinese ports to accept Japanese surrender and help prevent immediate Communist occupation before Nationalist troops arrive.
Death of Joseph Kramer
Death of Joseph Kramer, executed
Execution
Execution of Joseph Kramer
International Press Facilities Prepared
Courtroom alterations include a large press gallery so correspondents from many countries can report the unprecedented international proceeding.
Document Case Chosen as Core Prosecution Method
Jackson's team relies heavily on captured German records so the prosecution can demonstrate policy and command responsibility from the regime's own documentation.
December 194518 historical events
Nationalization
Major deposit banks and the Banque de France are brought into public ownership
Execution
Executed for war crimes, 4th anniversary of Pearl Harbour
Not Guilty Plea at Nuremberg
Kaltenbrunner entered his not guilty plea after illness delayed his appearance before the Tribunal.
Eastern Economic Planning Evidence Names Goering
Prosecutors presented records showing that Goering was informed of plans for operations in the East and held senior responsibility for economic preparations connected with the invasion.
President of Austria
Appointed President of the National Council
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria
Federal Vice Chancellor
Appointed Federal Vice Chancellor
Gestapo Formation Evidence Cites Goering
The prosecution introduced laws and statements identifying Goering as the official who created and organized the Prussian Secret State Police before its later national expansion.
Control Council Law Ten Creates Wider War Crimes Basis
Control Council Law No. 10 establishes a common legal basis for further occupation-zone prosecutions of war crimes, crimes against peace and crimes against humanity.
Marriage
Healey marries Edna May Edmunds, whom he had met at Oxford before the war.
Oxford University
Healey’s marriage to fellow Oxford graduate Edna Edmunds begins a partnership lasting until her death.
Death of George Smith Patton
Death of George Smith Patton
Birth of Ian Fraser Lemmy Kilmister
Birth of Ian Fraser "Lemmy" Kilmister
Birth of Nawaz Sharif
Birth of Nawaz Sharif
Birth of Nawaz Sharif
Birth of Nawaz Sharif
Ministry of Interior
The Ministry of the Interior is abolished
Reform of Land Ownership
First Land Reform Act
Burial
Buried among the soldiers who died in the Battle of the Bulger
Provisional President
Appointed Provisional President of Panama
Bombing of Nagasaki
"Fat Man", an implosion-type plutonium-239 weapon, is used against the city of Nagasaki, Japan
Fat Man
"Fat Man", an implosion-type plutonium-239 weapon, is used against the city of Nagasaki, Japan
Manhattan Project
"Fat Man", an implosion-type plutonium-239 weapon, is used against the city of Nagasaki, Japan
Marriage
Marries Juan Domingo Peron
Earthquake
An earthquake occurred in the town of San Juan, Argentina, killing six thousand people, in response, Peron, who was then the Secretary of Labour, established a fund to raise money to aid the victims
Minister of Labour
Appointed Minister of Labour
Minister of War
Appointed Minister of War
Secretary of State for Health
Appointed Minister of Health
Marriage
Marries Maria Eva Duarte Peron
Rule of Falkland Islands
Upon signing the United Nations Charter, Argentina states that it reserves its right to sovereignty of the islands, as well as its right to recover them
Vice President
Appointed Vice President of Argentina
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Labor Party
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery and therapeutic development of penicillin as an effective treatment for bacterial infection.
Foreign Secretary of Austria
Appointed Foreign Minister
The Open Society and Its Enemies
Publication of "The Open Society & Its Enemies"
Exile of Bruno Kreisky
Kreisky returns to Austria from Sweden
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the SPO
Postwar Dublin Research
Continues leading theoretical research in Dublin after the Second World War while working on quantum foundations and unified-field ideas.
Exile of Adolf Eichmann
Uses a Vatican passport in the name of Ricardo Klement to escape to Argentina
Cell Fractionation
Uses differential centrifugation to separate components of animal cells.
Microsome Research
Identifies microsomal fractions and advances experimental cell biology.
Cell Fractionation Establishes New Laboratory Technique
Albert Claude's centrifugation methods helped distinguish biological structures by separating cellular components. It helped establish the city as a centre of technical research.
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for Bulgaria
Invasion of Germany
Crerar commands Canadian & Allied forces into southern Germany
Election to Senate
Wins election to the Senate and begins a long national parliamentary career.
Arrest of Pu-i
Captured by the Soviet Army
Chairman
Appointed Party Central Committee Chairman
PLA
Renames the Red Army the Peoples Liberation Army
Red Army
Renames the Red Army the Peoples Liberation Army
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Military Council
Politburo
Appointed Chairman of the Politburo
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief at the 7th Congress of the Communist Party
Deputy Chairman
Appointed Deputy Chairman of the Communist Party
Declaration of Potsdam
Nationalist China joins the United States and Britain in the Potsdam Declaration demanding Japan’s unconditional surrender.
Rule of China
Japan’s surrender ends China’s eight-year full-scale war against Japan, after immense military and civilian losses.
Partido Social Democrata
Helps found the Partido Social Democrata
Partido Social Democrata
Helps found the Partido Social Democrata
Minister of National Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Benes Decrees
Issues decrees reshaping citizenship, property and postwar settlement.
Benes Decrees
The Benes decrees Decrees of the President of the Republic expropriated citizens of German and Hungarian ethnicity, and paved the way for the eventual expulsion of the majority of Germans to West and East Germany
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
Benes presided over a coalition Government involving Democrats and Communists, with the Communist leader Klement Gottwald as Prime Minister
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
The Benes decrees Decrees of the President of the Republic expropriated citizens of German and Hungarian ethnicity, and paved the way for the eventual expulsion of the majority of Germans to West and East Germany.
Capture of Brno
Helps liberate Brno
Capture of Prague
Helps liberate Prague
Foreign Secretary of Denmark
Appointed Foreign Minister of Denmark
Foreign Secretary of Denmark
Appointed Foreign Minister of Denmark
Foreign Secretary of Denmark
Appointed Foreign Minister of Denmark
Prime Minister of Denmark
Appointed Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Denmark
Appointed Prime Minister of Denmark
Death of Otto Neurath
Death of Otto Neurath
Children of Paradise
Directs Children of Paradise, a major French production completed during the wartime occupation.
War Correspondent
Reports from liberated Europe for The Observer.
Independence of France
September, rejects the Vietminhs demands for sovereignty
Independence of Vietnam
September, rejects the Vietminhs demands for sovereignty
Election
Elected Deputy for the Pas-de-Calais
Deputy
Appointed Deputy
Mayor
Appointed Mayor of Arras
Minister of State
Appointed Minister of State
High Commissioner
Appointed High Commissioner for Indo China to regain French control
Reform of Electoral System
Women are given the vote
Rule of Saarland
The Saar is occupied by French troops & economically incorporated into France
French Ambassador to the Holy See
Maritain begins serving as French ambassador to the Holy See after the liberation of France.
Les Temps Modernes
Sartre helps establish Les Temps Modernes as a journal of engaged literature and politics.
Les Temps Modernes
Merleau-Ponty becomes a founding editor of Les Temps Modernes with Sartre and other postwar intellectuals.
Les Temps Modernes
Beauvoir becomes a founding editor of Les Temps Modernes.
Phenomenology of Perception
Merleau-Ponty publishes Phenomenology of Perception, his major analysis of embodiment and perceptual experience.
Being and Nothingness
Publication of "Roads to Freedom". Publication of "Being & Nothingness"
Roads to Freedom
Publication of "Roads to Freedom". Publication of "Being & Nothingness"
Allied Control Commission
Initial Member of Allied Control Commission over Germany
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Foreign Minister
Death of Robert Ley
Death of Robert Ley, suicide
Suicide
Death of Robert Ley, suicide
Marriage
Acts as a witness to the wedding ceremony of Hitler & Eva Braun
Return to Heidelberg University
Jaspers returns to teaching at Heidelberg after the end of the Second World War.
Analysis of Nazi Political Order
Marcuse contributed to wartime and postwar research on German political structures and the defeat of National Socialism.
Christian Social Union
Founds the Christian Social Union & allies with Adenauers Christian Democrats
Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Co-founder of the CDU, in the Soviet occupation zone
Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Rather than revive the Centre Party Adenauer creates the CDU. Founds & leads the Christian Democratic Union
Communist Party
In East Germany, the KPD (led by Walter Ulbricht) absorbs some elements of the eastern SPD and is renamed the Socialist Unity Party (SED), which becomes the ruling party in East Germany until 1990
Death of Dietrich Bonhoeffer
Death of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, executed
Execution
Execution of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, executed
Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH)
Appointed Commander in Chief of the OKH
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the OKW
Commander in Chief
Given command of the German troops in The Netherlands
Commander of First SS Panzer
Appointed Commander of the 1st SS Panzer Corps
General
Appointed General Field Marshal during the last days of the Fuehrenbunker
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW)
Appointed Head of the OKW
Reichsfuhrer
Appointed Reichsfuhrer-SS
Manhattan Project
Convinced no single country should possess nuclear weapons so passes secrets to Russia
Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH)
Appointed Commander in Chief of the OKH
Arrest of Franz Ritter von Epp
Imprisoned by the Americans and die in a prison camp in 1946
Death of Georg Elser
Death of Elser Elser, executed by the Nazis
Execution
Executedby the Nazis, made to appear as the result of an Allied bombing raid
Arrest of Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
Kleist is captured by United States forces, he ie was sent to communist Yugoslavia to face alleged war crimes charges in 1946
Trial
Sent to communist Yugoslavia to face alleged war crimes charges
Arrest of Walter von Brauchitsch
Brauchitsch is arrested by the Americans but later dies while awaiting trial
Arrest of Werner von Braun
Surrenders to the Americans & allowed to continue his research in the USA
Death of Hermann Fegelein
Death of Hermann Fegelein
Execution
Himmler signs an armistice, Hitler executes Fegelein because of his links with Himmler
Arrest of Heinz Guderian
Arrested but released after not being charged with any war crimes
Chief of Staff
Appointed Chief of Staff of the OKW
Memo
The original is lost but a copy demonstrates, "conspiracy to wage agressive war"
Commander in Chief
Given command of the German troops in The Netherlands
Arrest of Fritz Erich von Manstein
Arrested by the British & held until 1953
Arrest of Walter Kurt Josef Nehring
Imprisoned for 2 years
Result of Surrender of First Panzer Army
The First Panzer Army passes into American custody near Tabor.
Surrender of First Panzer Army
Surrenders to the Americans in Tabor
Commander of First SS Panzer
Appointed Commander of the 1st SS Panzer Corps
Trial
Tried for war crimes but acquited & released in 1948
Legacy
After the collapse of Nazi Germany Witzleben is remembered as a senior army officer executed for opposing Hitler
Battle of Ruhr
The Allies encircle Models Army Group in the Ruhr. Hitler refuses to let Army Group B withdraw. Hitler orders the destruction of the Ruhr but Model refuses
Arrest of Ferdinand Schoerner
Imprisoned by the Russians for 10 years for war crimes
General
Appointed General Field Marshal during the last days of the Fuehrenbunker
Hitler's Will
Hitler orders Bormann to send his last will & testament to Doenitz & Schoerner
Death of Hans Krebs
Committs suicide during peace negotiations he is conducting with the Russians
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW)
Appointed Head of the OKW
Suicide
Committs suicide during peace negotiations he is conducting with the Russians
Succession
Named as Hitler's successor during the final days of in the bunker
Reichsfuhrer
Appointed Reichsfuhrer-SS
Arrest of Krosigk
Imprisoned for 10 years for war crimes
Golden Globe
Appears in The Picture of Dorian Gray, wins a Golden Globe for best supporting actress
The Picture of Dorian Gray
Appears in The Picture of Dorian Gray, wins a Golden Globe for best supporting actress
The Way to the Stars
Appears in The Way to the Stars
The Wicked Lady
Stars in The Wicked Lady
Brief Encounter
Directs Brief Encounter, adapting Noel Coward's Still Life into a landmark British romantic drama.
Peter Grimes
1st performance of, "Peter Grimes"
Brideshead Revisited
Publication of "Brideshead Revisited"
Freedom of the Press Preface
Orwell drafted a proposed preface to Animal Farm addressing the suppression of unpopular opinions.
Funny But Not Vulgar Essay
Orwell considered comic performance and popular entertainment in Funny But Not Vulgar.
Good Bad Books Essay
Orwell defended the continuing pleasure and cultural importance of popular fiction in Good Bad Books.
Revenge Is Sour Essay
Orwell reflected on the dangers of vindictiveness toward defeated enemies in Revenge Is Sour.
Mind at the End of its Tether
Publication of "Mind at the End of its Tether"
The Burning Glass
Publication of "The Burning Glass"
Family Allowances Act
Family Allowances Act 1945 provides cash allowances for families with children after the first child
Under Secretary
Appointed Under Secretary at the Foreign Office
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer, 2nd term
First Lord of Admiralty
Appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, 3rd term
Lieutenant Colonel
Appointed Lieutenant Colonel
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Monmouth
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Woodford & Wanstead
Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat
Begins post-war political work in the Conservative Parliamentary Secretariat after deciding not to return to a full academic career.
Election
The Conservative Party wins 39.6% of votes cast & 210 MPs, Labour win 393 seats. Forms a "caretaker Government" until the election. Churchill broadcasts from Chequers denouncing Socialism as "some form of Gestapo"
Government
Forms a "caretaker Government" until the election
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Conservative Research Department
Minister of Labour
Appointed Minister of Labour, during Churchills "caretaker Government"
Minister of Social Insurance
Appointed Minister of Social Insurance
Election
Loses seat at the general election
Member of Parliament
Loses seat at the general election
Governor
Appointed Governor General of Australia
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry
Is appointed to the Anglo-American Committee investigating European Jewry and Palestine.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs
Member of Parliament
First elected Member of Parliament for Leeds South
New Deal for Coal
Publication of "New Deal for Coal"
New Deal
Publication of "New Deal for Coal"
Maiden Speech
Begins his Commons career after winning Plymouth Devonport for Labour.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Plymouth, Devonport
NHS Policy
Begins to found the NHS
Minister of National Insurance
Appointed Minister of National Insurance
Parliamentary Private Secretary
Appointed as Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to Herbert Morrison, the Leader of the House of Commons
Supplies and Services Transitional Powers Act
Supplies and Services Transitional Powers Act 1945 continues wartime controls during postwar reconstruction
International Department of the Labour Party
Healey directs Labour’s International Department and develops relationships with democratic socialist parties across Europe.
Secretary of International Department of the Labour Party
Healey is appointed secretary of Labour’s International Department and becomes a foreign-policy adviser to party leaders.
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Deputy Prime Minister
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister
Leader of House of Commons
Appointed Leader of the House of Commons
Lord President
Appointed Lord President of the Council
Finance No 2 Act
Finance No 2 Act 1945 sets postwar taxation and revenue measures for the Labour government
Party Leader
Continues as Leader of the Labour Party
Election
The Labour Party wins 48% of votes cast and 393 MPs
Emergency Laws Transitional Provisions Act
Emergency Laws Transitional Provisions Act 1945 continues selected emergency powers after the war
Education Scotland Act
Education Scotland Act 1945 amends and consolidates Scottish education provisions after the war
Building Materials and Housing Act
Building Materials and Housing Act 1945 helps control building materials and housing reconstruction
Housing Temporary Accommodation Act
Housing Temporary Accommodation Act 1945 supports temporary housing for people affected by wartime shortages
Water Act
Water Act 1945 reorganises water supply powers and supports public planning of water resources
Public Works Loans Act
Public Works Loans Act 1945 authorises public lending for local and public works purposes
Cabinet Planning
Helps coordinate Cabinet work on Labour's reform programme.
Hospital Policy
Moves toward national control of hospitals.
Housing Programme
Begins postwar housing reconstruction work.
Local Authority Debate
Rejects full local authority control of hospitals.
Medical Profession Talks
Begins difficult negotiations with doctors and consultants.
NHS Cabinet Planning
Shapes Cabinet plans for a national health service.
Universalism
Insists the service should cover the whole population.
Welfare State Planning
Works on social insurance alongside health service reform.
Scottish NHS Planning
Prepares Scottish legislation for the new health service.
Distribution of Industry Act
Distribution of Industry Act 1945 supports development areas and directs industrial reconstruction after the war
Exile of Edward VIII
Spends the rest of his life in exile in France
The Dawn of Liberation Published
Churchill published The Dawn of Liberation, collecting speeches associated with the liberation of occupied Europe.
History of Western Philosophy
Publication of "History of Western Philosophy"
Military Officer Training
Begins officer training during national service before serving with the Royal Corps of Signals.
European Commitment
Leaves wartime service strongly committed to European unity and international cooperation.
Member of Parliament
First elected to Parliament as Member of Parliament for Ormskirk
Animal Farm
Publication of "Animal Farm"
Election
As a TGWU official, Brown is an attractive candidate to Labour constituencies seeking a candidate, as the TGWU would sponsor him and pay election expenses, selected for Belper, a mixed constituency near Derby which was one of the top Labour target seats, Brown wins the seat with a majority of nearly 9,000
Daily Herald
Joins the Daily Herald as a columnist, jointly owned by the TUC and Odhams Press, and was effectively an official Labour Party paper
Industrial and Commercial Finance Corporation
Works for the Industrial and Commercial Finance Corporation before entering Parliament.
Plymouth Devonport
Acts as Foot's election agent in the successful Plymouth Devonport campaign.
Evening Standard
Leaves the Evening Standard and moves toward the Daily Herald and parliamentary politics.
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Lanark, defeating Lord Dunglass (Alec Douglas-Home)
International Secretary
Healey becomes secretary of Labour’s International Department and advises party leaders on foreign affairs.
Foreign Policy
Healey becomes an important Labour foreign policy adviser after the wartime coalition ends.
Pudsey
Healey narrowly fails to win the Conservative-held seat of Pudsey and Otley, doubling the Labour vote but losing by 1,651 votes.
Election
Elected Member of Parliament for Blackburn, Lancashire
Election
Labour win 393 seats, the Conservatives win 210 seats. 259 new Labour MPs are elected
Election
The SNP first wins a Parliamentary seat at the Motherwell by-election but Dr Robert McIntyre Member of Parliament loses the seat at the general election three months later
Election
1st SNP Member of Parliament is elected to Parliament, in a Motherwell by-election
Cambridge Assistant Lectureship
Hoyle returned to Cambridge as an assistant lecturer in mathematics.
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine, for the discovery of penicillin
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work that isolated, purified and helped establish the therapeutic effectiveness of penicillin.
Nuclear Emulsion Research
Powell develops particle physics research at the University of Bristol.
Automatic Computing Engine Project
Takes responsibility for developing the concept that becomes the Automatic Computing Engine project.
Electronic Stored Program Vision
Applies his universal-machine ideas to the practical design of an electronic stored-program computer.
National Physical Laboratory
Joins the National Physical Laboratory to work on the design of a new electronic computer.
Writes one of the first footballing autobiographies, entitled
Writes one of the first footballing autobiographies, entitled Football Ambassador
Transfer
Joins Chelsea for 11,500 pounds
Chief of Staff
Appointed in Washington
Nuremberg Charter Establishes Tribunal
The Allied powers agreed on the London Charter creating the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
Nuremberg Trials Begin
The International Military Tribunal opened proceedings against leading Nazi defendants in November.
United Nations Charter Upholds Justice
The newly adopted United Nations Charter established an international framework for cooperation including respect for human rights.
Earlier League Failures Inform United Nations
The breakdown of collective security in crises such as that managed by Hoare became part of the historical background to the United Nations.
History of Hut 8
Writes a historical and technical account of Hut 8 Naval Enigma work through December 1941.
OBE
Turing is awarded the OBE by King George VI for his wartime services, but his work remains secret for many years
War Service Ends
Completes his military and intelligence service at the end of the Second World War.
Dismissal
Dismissed due to a personality clash with Mountbatten
Veritable
Helps clear the approaches to the Rhine
Newmanry
Works under John Herivel in the Newmanry section in Block H.
Order of British Empire
Receives the OBE for his wartime service in psychological warfare.
Germany Mission
Enters Germany with Allied psychological warfare staff during the final months of the war.
Radar Legacy
Radar development is recognised as central to British air defence.
German Concentration Camps Factual Survey
Co-writes material for a British documentary recording evidence from liberated concentration camps.
Demobilisation
Healey leaves the British Army with the rank of major after service in North Africa and Italy.
MBE
Healey is awarded the MBE.
Member of the British Empire
Healey receives appointment as a Member of the Order of the British Empire for wartime service.
Military Rank
Healey leaves the army with the rank of major after wartime service.
Peerage
Created Baron Brooke, 1st
Allied Control Commission
Initial Member of Allied Control Commission over Germany
Constitution of Guatemala
Appointed President of Guatemala, ends 14 years of military rule
President of Guatemala
Appointed President of Guatemala, ends 14 years of military rule
Stalinization
Presides over the Stalinization of Hungary, 1945-1949
Arrest of Bethlen
Arrested by the Russians
Death of Bethlen
Death of Stephen Bethlen, while in Russian captivity
Indian National Congress
The committee declares the formation of the Congress defence team for the INA and includes famous lawyers of the time, including Bhulabhai Desai, Asaf Ali, Jawaharlal Nehru. INA Defence Committee, later INA Defence and Relief Committee, is established by the Indian National Congress to defend those officers of the Indian National Army who were to be charged during the INA trials
Indian National Congress
The committee declares the formation of the Congress defence team for the INA and includes famous lawyers of the time, including Bhulabhai Desai, Asaf Ali, Jawaharlal Nehru. INA Defence Committee, later INA Defence and Relief Committee, is established by the Indian National Congress to defend those officers of the Indian National Army who were to be charged during the INA trials
Indian National Congress
The committee declares the formation of the Congress defence team for the INA and includes famous lawyers of the time, including Bhulabhai Desai, Asaf Ali, Jawaharlal Nehru. INA Defence Committee, later INA Defence and Relief Committee, is established by the Indian National Congress to defend those officers of the Indian National Army who were to be charged during the INA trials
President of Indonesia
Appointed President of Indonesia
Constitution of Indonesia
Appointed Prime Minister of Indonesia, favours constitutional democracy for Indonesia
Prime Minister of Indonesia
Appointed Prime Minister of Indonesia, favours constitutional democracy for Indonesia
Manifesto
The pamphlet "Perdjuangan Kita" gains the support of the militant Nationalists
Arab League
Iraq becomes a charter member of the Arab League
Tmol Shilshom
Publication of "Tmol Shilshom"
Christian Democratic Party
Takes the lead in forming the Italian CDP
The Men Who Tread On the Tigers Tail
Kurosawas The Men Who Tread On the Tigers Tail. Kurosawas Judo Saga 2
Reform of Land Ownership
First Land Reform Act. Trade Union Law, guarantees right to organize, bargain collectively & strike
Shinto
Disestablishment of Shinto
Foreign Secretary of Japan
Appointed Foreign Minister
Bombing of Sakai
Last day of the war destroys a US aircraft, completing 62 personal air victories. Destroys a US aircraft, completing 62 personal air victories
Bombing of Endo
A night fighter pilot who managed to destroy 7 B-29s
Arrest of Shigeru Yoshida
Arrested for advocating peace with the Allies
Alliance Hitler and Japan
Hitler asks Japan to attack Russia, Japan agrees if Germany subdues Russia
Constitution of Japan
Ceases claming to be a god
Diplomatic Negotiations
The US freezes all Japanese assets in the US. Negotiations to settle the difference between Japan & the US breakdown. Japan keeps its neutrality with Russia
Invasion of Russia
Hitler asks Japan to attack Russia, Japan agrees if Germany subdues Russia
Neutrality
Japan keeps its neutrality with Russia
Rule of Formosa
Formosa is returned to China
Rule of Manchuria
Manchuria is returned to China
Kratie Governorship
Serves as provincial governor as Japanese power collapses in Indochina
Mayoral Term
Concludes service as Mayor of Amsterdam after the 1941-1945 municipal term.
Mayor of Amsterdam
Begins serving as Mayor of Amsterdam during the 1945-1946 municipal term.
Deputy Prime Minister
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister
Minister of Annexed Territories
Appointed Minister of territories annexed from Germany
President of Poland
Appointed President of Poland
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Communist Socialist Party
Communist Party
Appointed Member of Communist Party
Minister of National Economy
Appointed Minister of the National Economy
Dismissal
Dismissed by Russia for attempting to counter the influence of communists
Exile of Nicolae Radescu
Goes into exile after being dismissed from Government
Cindarella
Composes, "Cindarella"
Arrest of Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Arrested for writing a derogatory comment in a letter to a friend, ND Utkevich, about the conduct of the war by Josef Stalin, whom he called "the whiskered one". Accused of anti-Soviet propaganda under Article 58 of the Soviet criminal code, paragraph 10, and of "founding a hostile organisation" under paragraph 11
Arrest of Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Solzhenitsyn is taken to the Lubyanka prison in Moscow, where he is beaten and interrogated
Hospital Cultural Worker
After serious illness, Shalamov temporarily assisted at a camp hospital as a cultural worker.
Alliance Joseph Stalin and Government of Chiang Kai-Shek
Signs the Treaty of Friendship & Alliance with the Government of Chiang Kai-Shek
Partition
The USA & Russia partition Korea
Rule of Korea
The USA & Russia partition Korea
Treaty of Friendship & Alliance with the Government
Signs the Treaty of Friendship & Alliance with the Government of Chiang Kai-Shek
Treaty of Friendship
Signs the Treaty of Friendship & Alliance with the Government of Chiang Kai-Shek
Western Ukrainian Consolidation
Oversees restoration of Soviet administration and party control across western Ukraine after the war.
Postwar Russia
Argues victory over Germany should not legitimise dictatorship.
Commandant
Appointed Commandant of Berlin
Commander of Tank Battalion
Appointed Commander of a tank battalion
Deputy Commander
Appointed Deputy Commander of the Soviet forces of occupation in East Germany
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal of the Soviet Union, highest rank below Stalin
Military Training
Appointed Head of the Military Training Administration
Dyatlov Norilsk Technical School Entry
Enters the electrical engineering department of the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Technical School after completing seven years of schooling.
Moscow Sends Charter Delegation
Stalin's government sent Soviet representatives to negotiate the United Nations Charter.
Soviet Delegates Defend Permanent Members
The Soviet delegation supported special Security Council responsibilities for the principal Allied powers.
Soviet Ratification Advances United Nations
Stalin's government ratified the Charter, allowing the Soviet Union to become a founding member.
Soviet Union Signs UN Charter
The Soviet Union signed the United Nations Charter at San Francisco on 26 June.
Soviets Negotiate Charter Language
Representatives of Stalin's government participated in drafting and revising provisions of the United Nations Charter.
Stalin Negotiates Security Council Voting
Stalin participated in the Yalta compromise establishing the general formula for permanent member voting.
Stalin Requests Republic Memberships
At Yalta, Stalin sought separate international representation for Soviet constituent republics.
Stalin Supports San Francisco Conference
Stalin joined the decision to convene a United Nations founding conference in San Francisco in April.
UN Charter Enters Into Force
The United Nations formally began on 24 October with the Soviet Union among its original members.
Ukraine And Belarus Membership Agreed
The Yalta leaders agreed to support original United Nations membership for Ukraine and Byelorussia.
Yalta Conference Discusses United Nations
Stalin met Roosevelt and Churchill at Yalta to settle key issues concerning the proposed world organization.
Anti-Fascist Parties
The anti-fascist parties are used for the spread of communism. Orders the creation of anti-fascist parties & trades unions in the German Soviet Zone
German Soviet Zone
Orders the creation of anti-fascist parties & trades unions in the German Soviet Zone
Commandant
Appointed Commandant of Berlin
Capture of Berlin
1st of the Russian commanders to lead his troops into Berlin
Battle of Berlin
Takes part in the battle for Berlin
Commander of Tank Battalion
Appointed Commander of a tank battalion on the 4th Ukrainian front
Capture of Danzig
Commands the Army Group of the Byelorussian Front & captures Danzig, April
Rule of Kurile Islands
Russia will gain the Kurile Islands & Sakhalin if it holds Japan on the Asian mainland
Rule of Sakhalin
Russia will gain the Kurile Islands & Sakhalin if it holds Japan on the Asian mainland
Wartime Political Service
Ends the European war as a senior political officer with the rank of major general.
Allied Control Commission
Initial Member of Allied Control Commission over Germany
Conference of San Francisco
Entrusted with the task of drawing up the Preamble to the United Nations Charter
Conference of San Francisco
Entrusted with the task of drawing up the Preamble to the United Nations Charter
United Nations
Entrusted with the task of drawing up the Preamble to the United Nations Charter
Prime Minister of South Korea
Appointed Prime Minister of North Korea by Russia
Nuremberg Recommended as Trial Location
Allied delegations support using the Palace of Justice because its courtrooms and adjoining prison survived and could support a large international proceeding.
Barcelona League Championship
Helps Barcelona win their first Spanish league championship since 1929.
The Bells of St. Marys
Stars in The Bells of St. Marys. Stars in Spellbound
Democratic Party
Helps found the Democratic Party
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Democratic Party
Picture of Dorian Gray
Directs The Picture of Dorian Gray
Marriage
Marries Artie Shaw
Modeling
Signs up to the Blue Book Model Agency
The Mule Serialized
Asimov serialized The Mule, introducing a disruptive figure into his Foundation future history.
Glory For Me
Publication of "Glory For Me"
Glory
Publication of "Glory For Me"
Ambassador of China
Appointed US Ambassador of China
Ambassadorial Appointment
Appointed US Ambassador of China
Associate Justice
Appointed Associate Justice in the US Supreme Court
Invasion of Korea
By the end of the yr 50,000 marines are in Korea
Mobilization
By the end of the yr 50,000 marines are in Korea
Naval Base
The US establishes a naval base at Tsingtao
Tsingtao
The US establishes a naval base at Tsingtao
Secretary of State for Commerce
Appointed Secretary of State for Commerce
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State
Bronze Star Award
Shaw received the Bronze Star for his service in the United States Army during the Second World War.
Croix de Guerre Award
France awarded Shaw the Croix de Guerre for his wartime military service.
Legion of Merit Award
Shaw received the Legion of Merit for his United States Army service during the Second World War.
Promotion to Major
Before the end of the Second World War, Shaw was promoted to the rank of major.
Singapore Supper Club Financing
Ruby contributed $1,100 toward the lease of the Singapore Supper Club, the Dallas nightclub his sister Eva Grant was preparing to operate.
Report
Urges international control of atomic power
Under Secretary
Appointed Under Secretary of State
Piedmont High School
Attends Piedmont High School before later transferring to Oakland Technical High School.
Constitution of USA
Granted extraordinary powers in Japan which he uses as a benevolent dictator. Draws up a new constitution for Japan
The Exploration of Space in The Scientists Speak
Hubble contributes an essay on the exploration of space to The Scientists Speak, explaining how astronomical observations were progressively enlarging the empirically accessible universe.
Curium
Helps identify curium among transuranium elements.
Generalization of Relativistic Gravitation
Publishes a generalization of the relativistic theory of gravitation, continuing his attempt to construct a unified classical field theory extending general relativity.
Interim Committee Scientific Panel
Serves on the scientific panel advising the Interim Committee on issues concerning the wartime use and postwar implications of atomic energy.
Radar Research Legacy
MIT Radiation Laboratory radar work becomes a major wartime scientific achievement.
Electron Synchrotron Principle
Introduces phase stability for cyclic accelerators, making high-energy electron synchrotrons practical.
Allied Control Commission
Appointed Member of Allied Control Commission
Dismissal
Dismissed for disagreeing with Allied occupation policies
General
Appointed General
Commander of 4th Armoured Division
Appointed Commander of the US 4th Armoured Division
Postwar Atomic Weapons Advocacy
After the atomic bombings, speaks publicly about the political and ethical dangers of nuclear weapons.
Conference of San Francisco
Dulles participated in the San Francisco Conference as an adviser to Arthur H. Vandenberg and helped draft the preamble to the United Nations Charter
Casablanca Decisions Become Wartime Legacy
The Casablanca meeting became an important precedent for major Allied conferences that preceded the founding of the United Nations.
San Francisco Uses Dumbarton Blueprint
Delegates at the founding conference used the Dumbarton Oaks proposals as an initial working text.
United Nations Charter Replaces Proposals
The signed United Nations Charter developed and superseded the institutional blueprint negotiated at Dumbarton Oaks.
Yalta Resolves Voting Formula
The Yalta negotiations addressed voting arrangements that had remained unresolved after Dumbarton Oaks.
Capture of Remagen
Captures the Bridge across the Rhine at Remagen
Allied Control Commission
Appointed Member of Allied Control Commission
Invasion of Germany
Decides to leave Berlin to the Russians
Invasion of Germany
Stops at the Elbe & turns to the Alps where he beleives Hitler is forming a redoubt
Bombing of Hiroshima
President Truman cables Stimson authorizing the bombing of Hiroshima. Argues that by dropping the bomb 100,000 American lives will be saved
Result of Surrender of Japanese Forces in the Ryukyu Islands
Japanese forces in the Ryukyu Islands cease organised resistance and pass into Allied control.
Siege of Ledo Road
Reopens the Ledo Road into China, it is renamed the Stilwell Road
Surrender of Japanese Forces in the Ryukyu Islands
Receives the surrender of the Japanese in the Rikuyu Islands
General
Appointed General
Capture of Remagen
Combat Command B of the US 9th Armored Division captures the bridge at Remagen. 1st Allied bridgehead over the Rhine
Commander of 4th Armoured Division
Appointed Commander of the US 4th Armoured Division
First Army
The First Army is the first unit to cross the Rhine River, by using the still standing Ludendorff bridge at Remagen, and to meet with the Soviet Red Army near Torgau, on the river Elbe
Invasion of Germany
The First Army is the first unit to cross the Rhine River, by using the still standing Ludendorff bridge at Remagen, and to meet with the Soviet Red Army near Torgau, on the river Elbe
Red Army
The First Army is the first unit to cross the Rhine River, by using the still standing Ludendorff bridge at Remagen, and to meet with the Soviet Red Army near Torgau, on the river Elbe
Allied Control Commission
Initial Member of Allied Control Commission over Germany
U.S. War Crimes Prosecution Office Organized
Jackson's office assembles lawyers, investigators, translators and support staff to build the American case from captured German records.
Captured German Records Screened for Evidence
Coogan's document teams screen large collections of captured German files and forward material with evidentiary value to Nuremberg.
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence, serves under General Romulo Betancourt
Prime Minister of Vietnam
Appointed Prime Minister of Vietnam by the Japanese
Famine
In North Vietnam 2 out of 10 million people starve to death
Supreme Adiviser
Appointed "supreme adviser" to the Democratic Government of Vietnam by Ho Chi Minh
2 million Vietnamese die of famine in the North
2 million Vietnamese die of famine in the North because Japan orders more peanuts & jute
AMS
Dissolves the Indochinese Communist Party & forms the Association for Marxist Studies
Indochinese Communist Party
Dissolves the Indochinese Communist Party & forms the Association for Marxist Studies
The Bridge on the Drina
Publication of "The Bridge on the Drina"
Constitution of Yugoslavia
Proclaims the Yugoslav Federal Republic after the expulsion of the German forces
Rule of Kosovo
Kosovo becomes a province of Serbia, the largest republic of the new, Communist Yugoslav federation
European Reporting
West wrote about European political and social upheaval in the aftermath of the war.
Churchill Arrives in Crimea
Churchill travels to the Crimean resort for high level discussions with Roosevelt and Stalin about the final stages of war.
Churchill Debates Polish Government
Churchill argues for a broadly representative Polish government able to command confidence beyond Soviet backed factions.
Churchill Examines Polish Western Frontier
Churchill considers the territorial settlement that would shift Poland westward after Germany's defeat.
Churchill Discusses Liberated Europe
Churchill negotiates language on the right of liberated European peoples to choose their own governments.
Churchill Negotiates German Occupation Arrangements
Churchill participates in discussions of the postwar occupation and administration of defeated Germany.
Churchill Considers German Reparations
Churchill assesses proposals for obtaining reparations from Germany while preserving conditions for European recovery.
Churchill Supports International Security Organisation
Churchill joins discussions aimed at ensuring the planned United Nations can begin operating after the war.
Churchill Discusses Security Council Voting
Churchill participates in discussions over voting arrangements for the proposed United Nations Security Council.
Churchill Examines Yugoslav Political Settlement
Churchill supports Allied efforts to encourage cooperation between Yugoslav political factions ahead of postwar reconstruction.
Churchill Meets Stalin on European Security
Churchill seeks practical understandings with Stalin about political conditions in liberated and occupied Europe.
Churchill Supports France on Control Council
Churchill welcomes French participation in the Allied machinery governing Germany after its surrender.
Churchill Returns From Crimea Conference
Churchill returns to Britain facing the task of explaining the agreements and the unresolved questions to his government.
Churchill Addresses Polish Sovereignty Concerns
Churchill faces domestic criticism and diplomatic difficulties over the practical meaning of the agreements on Poland.
Churchill Reviews Yalta Implementation
Churchill's government works to interpret and implement the European political agreements reached in Crimea.
Eden Consults Allies Before Crimea
Eden takes part in diplomatic preparations for the coming Big Three meeting in Crimea.
Eden Examines Polish Frontier Dispute
Eden works on British proposals addressing Poland's eastern boundary and the Curzon Line.
Eden Negotiates Polish Government Language
Eden pursues wording on the reconstruction of the provisional Polish government and future elections.
Eden Discusses Liberated Europe Declaration
Eden contributes to diplomatic negotiations over Allied responsibilities in European countries freed from Nazi rule.
Eden Reviews German Occupation Questions
Eden participates in British discussions of Germany's postwar political and administrative arrangements.
Eden Considers French Participation
Eden supports arrangements to give France an acknowledged role in the occupation of defeated Germany.
Eden Works on Conference Conclusions
Eden and the diplomatic delegations help prepare formal language recording the principal agreements.
Eden Reports Diplomatic Implications
Eden returns to British policy discussions about the interpretation and execution of the Yalta agreements.
Brooke Attends Malta Military Discussions
Brooke participates in Allied military planning ahead of the political summit in Crimea.
Brooke Reviews Western Front Priorities
Brooke and the Allied chiefs discuss military priorities as Germany's defeat approaches.
Brooke Examines Combined Strategic Planning
The British chief of the imperial general staff contributes to discussions about coordinated final operations in Europe.
Brooke Supports British Military Delegation
Brooke provides senior professional military advice during consultations surrounding the Big Three conference.
Portal Joins Allied Chiefs Talks
Portal joins senior military discussions on the conduct of the air war before the Yalta summit.
Portal Reviews Allied Air Strategy
Portal represents Royal Air Force strategic concerns during discussions among the Combined Chiefs of Staff.
Portal Discusses Final European Campaign
Portal contributes to military planning as Allied forces prepare for the defeat of Germany.
Cunningham Reviews Naval Priorities at Malta
Cunningham takes part in Combined Chiefs talks on naval strategy and support for continuing Allied operations.
Cunningham Discusses Maritime War Plans
Cunningham represents British naval leadership during the military consultations immediately preceding Yalta.
Cunningham Coordinates Allied Naval Strategy
Cunningham considers shipping and naval operations as the Allies plan the closing stages of the European war.
Clark Kerr Advises on Soviet Relations
The British ambassador to the Soviet Union assists British diplomacy in dealing with Stalin's government.
Clark Kerr Supports Crimea Negotiations
Clark Kerr contributes his knowledge of Soviet policy and officials to British consultations.
Clark Kerr Examines Polish Settlement
Clark Kerr advises British policymakers as negotiations expose differing views about Poland's postwar government.
Cadogan Advises British Delegation
Cadogan provides senior Foreign Office advice on diplomatic issues discussed at the Crimean conference.
Cadogan Reviews Conference Drafts
Cadogan helps scrutinise the diplomatic wording of statements and arrangements being negotiated by the Allies.
Cadogan Supports Postwar Security Planning
Cadogan assists British deliberations about the international security organisation planned for the postwar world.
Cadogan Monitors European Settlement Issues
Cadogan helps the British delegation follow negotiations on the political future of liberated European states.
Cadogan Helps Coordinate British Positions
Cadogan contributes to internal discussions intended to keep Britain's diplomatic positions coherent throughout the summit.