Constitution of Japan
Issues an Imperial Rescript rejecting Japanese racial superiority. Issues an Imperial Rescript denying his divinity
Historical events in 1946
918 historical records
January 194654 historical events
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Ohlendorf Testifies about Einsatzgruppen Killings
Ohlendorf testifies about Einsatzgruppe operations and acknowledges that mobile killing units carried out systematic mass executions in occupied Soviet territory.
Birth of John Paul Jones
Birth of John Paul Jones, later Led Zeppelin bassist, keyboard player and arranger.
Hoellriegel Testifies on Mauthausen Gas Chamber
Hoellriegel provides evidence concerning killing facilities and procedures at Mauthausen concentration camp.
Recognition of Outer Mongolia
The National Government formally recognises the independence of Outer Mongolia under the Sino-Soviet Treaty framework
Ceasefire Breakdown
Fighting around Hankou shows the fragility of local ceasefire arrangements
Peace Breakdown
Local clashes around Hankou illustrate the breakdown of peace efforts
Birth of Roger Keith Syd Barrett
Birth of Roger Keith "Syd" Barrett
Constitution of Austria
The Austrian Government has sovereignty & there must be no restoration of the monarchy
Diplomatic relations are restored between Austria & the rest of the world
Diplomatic relations are restored between Austria & the rest of the world
House
The Austrian Government has sovereignty & there must be no restoration of the monarchy
Independence of Austria
The Austrian Government has sovereignty & there must be no restoration of the monarchy. Russia, the USA, France & Britain agree to the restoration of the 1937 borders
Rule of Tyrol
The Allies cede the southern Tyrol to Italy, despite its German speaking population
Bach-Zelewski Testifies on Anti-Partisan Killings
Bach-Zelewski gives evidence about SS anti-partisan operations, mass shootings and the relationship between police formations and military authorities.
Recognition of Austria
Russia, Britain, the USA and France recognise Austria with its 1937 boundaries
Independence of Russia
Russia, Britain, the USA & France recognize Austria with its 1937 boundaries
Rule of Austria
Russia, Britain, the USA & France recognize Austria with its 1937 boundaries
Russia, Britain, the USA & France recognize Austria with its 1937 boundaries
Russia, Britain, the USA & France recognize Austria with its 1937 boundaries
Forced Labour Case Connects Goering to Four Year Plan
Evidence on forced labour emphasized that Sauckel operated within the Four Year Plan structure for which Goering held overarching authority as its plenipotentiary.
Soviet Labour Directives Presented against Goering
The prosecution cited wartime directives attributed to Goering concerning the use of Soviet civilians and prisoners of war as labour within the German war economy.
Birth of Robby Krieger
Birth of Doors guitarist Robby Krieger.
Political Consultative Conference
The Political Consultative Conference opens with Nationalist, Communist and other political representatives seeking agreement on government reconstruction and constitutional issues.
Coalition Government
Mao backs Communist participation in negotiations for a coalition government
Political Consultative Conference
Shen Junru represents Democratic League opinion during the coalition government talks
Political Consultative Conference
Zhang Junmai participates in constitutional discussions at the Political Consultative Conference
Political Consultative Conference
Chiang's government opens the Political Consultative Conference with Communist and third-party delegates
Ceasefire
A ceasefire agreement is arranged under George Marshall's mediation
Marshall Truce
General Marshall helps arrange a truce between Nationalist and Communist forces
Peace Negotiations
Marshall's mediation produces a ceasefire while political negotiations continue
Nationalist Communist Ceasefire
A ceasefire agreement temporarily halts major Nationalist-Communist fighting while American mediation attempts to create a political settlement.
Moon Radar Echo
Project Diana receives radar echoes from the Moon.
People's Republic Proclaimed
People's Republic of Albania proclaimed and Hoxha consolidates power
Abdication
Deposed in absentia
Deposed in Absentia
Monarchy abolished and Zog deposed in absentia
Blaha Testifies on Dachau Camp Conditions
Blaha recounts conditions at Dachau, including deaths, medical abuse and his work around the camp's pathological facilities.
A Nice Cup of Tea
Publishes A Nice Cup of Tea.
Heisig Testifies on Naval Conduct
Heisig gives testimony used during the prosecution's examination of German naval operations and wartime orders.
Moehle Testifies on U-Boat Orders
Moehle explains how U-boat commanders received operational orders and describes instructions relevant to the prosecution of German naval warfare.
Debut
Makes England international debut in a 20 win over Belgium in a (post-war) Victory International
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Sets up a Central Intelligence Group under National Intelligence Authority. Says that "needed intelligence information was not coordinated at any one place"
Central Intelligence Group
Sets up a Central Intelligence Group under National Intelligence Authority
Birth of Malcolm McLaren
Birth of Malcolm McLaren
Lampe Testifies on Concentration Camp Treatment
Lampe gives evidence about detention and mistreatment in the concentration-camp system during the French prosecution case.
Veith Testifies on Mauthausen
Veith recounts his imprisonment at Mauthausen and describes conditions experienced by prisoners under the concentration-camp regime.
Vaillant-Couturier Testifies on Auschwitz and Ravensbrueck
Vaillant-Couturier recounts deportation, imprisonment and conditions she witnessed at Auschwitz and Ravensbrueck concentration camps.
Dupont Testifies in French Prosecution Case
Dupont gives evidence during the French presentation concerning persecution and conditions imposed under German occupation.
Boix Testifies with Mauthausen Photographs
Boix identifies photographs connected with Mauthausen and explains how images documenting camp personnel and conditions were preserved.
Balachowsky Testifies on Camp Experiments
Balachowsky recounts imprisonment and discusses medical experimentation conducted on concentration-camp inmates.
Cappelen Testifies on Occupied Norway
Cappelen provides evidence concerning German occupation policies and conditions experienced in Norway under wartime rule.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
PCC Agreements
Chiang accepts conference resolutions but later disputes over implementation undermine the settlement
Civil Service
Works briefly in the Civil Service before concentrating on a parliamentary career.
Conservatives
Many prewar conservative politicians are barred from holding public office
February 194621 historical events
Vorrink Testifies on German Occupation of Netherlands
Vorrink provides evidence about German occupation policy, political repression and treatment of Dutch civilians.
General
Appointed General Secretary of the United Nations
Van der Essen Testifies on Occupation Policy
Van der Essen gives evidence concerning German occupation practices and the historical record of policies applied in western Europe.
Provisional People's Committee
Becomes chairman of the provisional northern government.
Harris Hospital Mastoidectomy
Lee entered Harris Hospital with acute mastoiditis and underwent an uncomplicated mastoidectomy before leaving four days later.
Paulus Testifies on Planning against Soviet Union
Paulus gives evidence about German military planning for the attack on the Soviet Union and the role of senior commanders in preparations.
Buschenhagen Testifies on Invasion Planning
Buschenhagen answers Soviet prosecution questions about German military planning and cooperation connected with operations against the Soviet Union.
Prime Minister of Egypt
Returns as Prime Minister and opens negotiations with Britain.
ACE
Works on the design of the ACE (Automatic Computing Engine) at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL)presents a paper which was the first detailed design of a stored-program computer
Employment Act
The Act declares federal responsibility for promoting maximum employment, production and purchasing power.
Employment Act of 1946
Truman signs the Employment Act of 1946, establishing a federal commitment to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power that becomes an important part of the postwar policy setting in which the Federal Reserve operates.
Orbeli Testifies on Cultural Destruction
Orbeli describes damage and destruction affecting cultural institutions and historic property during the German invasion of the Soviet Union.
Rajzman Testifies on Treblinka
Rajzman recounts deportation and mass killing at Treblinka, giving direct evidence about the operation of the extermination camp.
Lomakin Testifies on Leningrad Destruction
Lomakin gives Soviet evidence concerning destruction, bombardment and civilian suffering connected with the siege of Leningrad.
Birth of Robin Finlayson Cook
Birth of Robin Finlayson Cook
Treaty of Sino-French
A Sino-French Treaty provides for the return of French troops from South East Asia
Moon Radar Echo
Receives radar echoes from the Moon in independent experiments.
Speech
Makes an "electoral speech" attacking leading intellectuals
Independence of Korea
Organizes the National Asociation for the Acceleration of Korean independence. Appointed President of the South Korean Democratic Council of the Republic of Korea
Independence of South Korea
Organizes the National Asociation for the Acceleration of Korean independence. Appointed President of the South Korean Democratic Council of the Republic of Korea
President of South Korea
Appointed President of the South Korean Democratic Council of the Republic of Korea
March 1946111 historical events
Birth of John Paul Jones
Birth of John Paul Jones
Bank of England Nationalisation
The Bank of England transfers from private shareholders into public ownership.
Nationalization
The Bank of England is brought into public ownership under the Bank of England Act
Commander in Chief Appointed
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Vietnamese armed forces
Speech
Makes his famous "iron curtain" speech at Fulton, Missouri, USA
Land Reform Law
Promotes radical land reform in northern Korea.
Birth of David Gilmour
Birth of David Gilmour, later guitarist and vocalist with Pink Floyd
Free State
France recognizes the Republic of Vietnam as a Free State within the French Union
Independence of Vietnam
France recognizes the Republic of Vietnam as a Free State within the French Union. Accepts the stationing of French troops in the nth
Occupation
French troops enter Hanoi
Bodenschatz Testifies on Goering Headquarters
Bodenschatz gives evidence about Goering's headquarters, Luftwaffe leadership and contacts among senior figures of the Nazi regime.
Bodenschatz Describes Goering Peace Contacts
Karl Bodenschatz testified about Goering's pre-war contacts and statements, presenting the defence argument that Goering had attempted to preserve peaceful relations with Britain.
Bodenschatz Explains Goering Four Year Plan Position
Bodenschatz described Goering's explanation that the Four Year Plan was intended to secure strategic raw materials and reduce Germany's dependence on foreign imports.
Goering Defence Presentation Begins
Goering's defence case began with testimony from witnesses chosen to address his political intentions, Luftwaffe leadership, economic authority and relationship with Hitler.
Milch Begins Evidence for Goering Defence
Erhard Milch began evidence for Goering's defence, addressing Luftwaffe administration, wartime decision-making and the internal relationship between Goering and Hitler.
Birth of Randy Meisner
Birth of Randy Meisner, later founding bassist and harmony vocalist of Eagles.
Transfer of Power
Monje Gutierrez transfers presidential authority to the elected Enrique Hertzog.
Milch Discusses Goering Opposition to Soviet War
During continued testimony, Milch described conversations indicating that Goering had reservations about attacking the Soviet Union and understood the danger of a prolonged eastern war.
Kesselring Testifies on Luftwaffe Command
Kesselring answers questions about Luftwaffe operations, command responsibility and the military decision-making process.
Brauchitsch Gives Evidence on Goering Luftwaffe Headquarters
Bernd von Brauchitsch testified about his service around Goering's Luftwaffe headquarters and provided evidence concerning command routines and senior military communications.
Kesselring Begins Luftwaffe Evidence for Goering
Albert Kesselring gave evidence about Luftwaffe development and command, supporting parts of Goering's defence concerning air-force policy before and during the war.
Koerner Testifies on Goering Economic Authority
Paul Koerner described Goering's position within the Four Year Plan organization and the administrative machinery through which economic directives were transmitted.
Koerner Testifies on Four Year Plan
Koerner gives evidence about the Four Year Plan organization, Goering's authority and economic preparations connected with the war.
First and Second Van Acker Governments
The First and Second Van Acker Governments ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Second Paul-Henri Spaak Government
Begins the Second Paul-Henri Spaak Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Explains Early Nazi Leadership Role
His testimony described his early position in the Nazi movement and sought to explain how his political authority developed before the party entered government.
Goering Recounts Early Career and Political Rise
Goering opened his evidence with an account of his upbringing, military career, First World War service and eventual entry into Hitler's political movement.
Goering Sworn as Defence Witness
Goering took the witness stand, gave his name and repeated the oath before beginning the lengthy personal testimony presented in his own defence.
Kesselring Cross Examination Raises Goering Gestapo Role
During Kesselring's cross-examination, prosecutors drew attention to Goering's responsibility for establishing the Prussian Gestapo and questioned claims about limited knowledge of persecution.
Kesselring Identifies Goering as Luftwaffe Channel to Hitler
Kesselring stated that Goering was the principal channel through which Luftwaffe information and views could reach Hitler at the highest level of command.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Addresses Nazi Party Programme
Goering discussed the Nazi Party programme, his acceptance of its broad aims and the methods by which the movement intended to obtain and exercise political power.
Goering Addresses Police and Security Powers
Goering described the early security structure under his control and defended measures taken against political opponents during the establishment of the Nazi state.
Goering Discusses German Rearmament Policy
His evidence addressed German rearmament and the rebuilding of military strength, presenting these policies as responses to Germany's strategic and political position.
Goering Explains Consolidation of Nazi Power
The defence examination moved through the consolidation of Nazi rule, with Goering explaining governmental changes and his own expanding authority after Hitler became chancellor.
Battle of Siping
Li Tianyou helps command Communist forces during the first 1946 battle for Siping
Battle of Siping
Wan Yi participates in Communist operations during the March fighting at Siping
Battle of Siping
Liu Handong's Nationalist troops fight Communist forces for control of Siping
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Addresses Neutrality of Belgium and Netherlands
He argued that German leaders doubted whether Belgian and Dutch neutrality would remain effective during a major war in western Europe.
Goering Discusses Western Offensive Decisions
Goering testified about the military reasoning used to justify operations against the Netherlands and Belgium during the western campaign of 1940.
Goering Explains Luftwaffe Strategic Decisions
Goering described Luftwaffe planning and operational considerations while defending his conduct as commander-in-chief during the opening campaigns of the war.
Birth of Lynda La Plante (born Lynda Titchmarsh
Birth of Lynda La Plante (born Lynda Titchmarsh)
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Addresses Responsibility for Austrian Entry
Goering acknowledged that the decision to send German forces into Austria rested with Hitler and himself, irrespective of subsequent political telegrams from Vienna.
Goering Describes Reich Defence Council Role
Goering addressed his formal position connected with the Reich Defence Council and asserted that the body described in the relevant law had not functioned as alleged.
Goering Discusses Military Obedience under Hitler
Goering explained his view that senior officers could express disagreement in peacetime but were expected to obey once Hitler had made a final decision.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Admits Four Year Plan War Readiness Language
Under cross-examination, Goering acknowledged using language that described his task as placing the German economy in a state of readiness for war within four years.
Jackson Begins Cross Examination of Goering
Robert Jackson began a sustained cross-examination intended to test Goering's account of Nazi policy, rearmament, aggression and his personal responsibility within the regime.
Jackson Challenges Goering on Soviet Attack Preparations
Jackson questioned Goering about advance knowledge of plans against the Soviet Union and the economic and military preparations made before Operation Barbarossa.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Dahlerus Evidence Examines Goering Peace Diplomacy
Birger Dahlerus gave evidence about his contacts with Goering during the 1939 crisis and the unsuccessful efforts to facilitate communication between Germany and Britain.
Jackson Questions Goering on Secret Mobilization Measures
Jackson pressed Goering on military preparations and secrecy, challenging attempts to characterize German mobilization measures as ordinary precautions rather than preparations for aggressive war.
Tribunal Directs Goering to Answer Cross Examination Responsively
After disputes over lengthy explanations, the Tribunal reminded Goering that he was required to answer prosecution questions directly before adding explanations through proper examination.
Hospital Nationalisation
Proposes transferring hospitals to national ownership.
National Health Service Bill
Introduces the National Health Service Bill.
Dahlerus Testifies on 1939 Peace Contacts
Dahlerus describes his efforts to mediate between British and German leaders during the final days before the outbreak of war.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Confronted with Prisoner Labour Conference Record
The prosecution confronted Goering with conference records concerning the employment of prisoners of war and foreign labour, testing his explanations of responsibility and authorship.
Goering Questioned on Kristallnacht Economic Measures
Cross-examination examined Goering's participation in the post-Kristallnacht economic conference, including measures affecting Jewish property, insurance claims and the imposed collective fine.
Jackson Examines Goering Occupation Economic Directives
Jackson questioned Goering about economic directives applied in occupied territories and the authority exercised through officials responsible for carrying out Four Year Plan policies.
Jackson Questions Goering on Nuremberg Laws
Jackson questioned Goering about his role as Reichstag president when the Nuremberg racial laws were proclaimed and about the legal persecution that followed.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Maxwell-Fyfe Questions Goering on Great Escape Investigation
British prosecutor David Maxwell-Fyfe questioned Goering about Luftwaffe knowledge of investigations following the escape and subsequent killing of Allied airmen from Stalag Luft III.
Maxwell-Fyfe Tests Goering Account of Dahlerus Contacts
Maxwell-Fyfe challenged Goering's interpretation of Dahlerus's 1939 missions and questioned discrepancies concerning the purpose and handling of the Swedish intermediary's flights.
Rudenko Challenges Goering on Eastern Exploitation Policy
The Soviet cross-examination addressed Goering's economic directives for occupied eastern territories and disputed his attempts to soften the meaning of recorded extraction policies.
Rudenko Examines Goering Role in Barbarossa Preparations
Rudenko pressed Goering on Luftwaffe preparations for the attack on the Soviet Union and on his knowledge of strategic and territorial objectives in the East.
Rudenko Questions Goering on Position beside Hitler
Soviet chief prosecutor Roman Rudenko questioned Goering about his proximity to Hitler and his influence over Luftwaffe, economic and high-level political decisions.
National Health Service Bill
Introduces the National Health Service Bill to Parliament.
Battle near Thakhek
Wounded during fighting against French forces near Thakhek
Death of Werner von Blomberg
Death of Werner von Blomber, while awaiting trial
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Goering testified in his own defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Goering Testimony Phase Concludes
Goering's multi-day appearance as the first defendant witness concluded after defence examination and questioning by American, British and Soviet prosecutors.
Tribunal Notes Breadth of Goering Evidence
The Tribunal observed that Goering had been permitted to give extensive evidence covering the development of the Nazi regime from its rise through Germany's defeat.
Treaty of London
Abdullah's government concluded the Treaty of London with Britain, providing the diplomatic basis for the termination of the mandate and the recognition of Transjordan's independence.
Transjordan Mandate
Britain and Abdullah concluded the Treaty of London recognizing Transjordan as an independent state. The agreement ended the basic mandate-era constitutional relationship while establishing a new alliance between the two governments.
Birth of Alan Bleasdale
Birth of Alan Bleasdale
Bohle Testifies on Nazi Foreign Organization
Bohle describes the Nazi Party's Foreign Organization and answers questions about its structure, functions and dealings with Germans abroad.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Housing Subsidies Act
Secures housing subsidies to support local authority building.
Paul Schmidt Testifies on Foreign Policy Meetings
Schmidt describes diplomatic conferences and conversations he interpreted for senior German leaders before and during the war.
Defence Witnesses Address Ribbentrop British Policy
Ribbentrop's defence presented witnesses who discussed his attempts to cultivate Anglo-German relations and his conduct while serving as ambassador in London.
Paul Schmidt Evidence Examines Ribbentrop Foreign Office Role
Interpreter Paul Schmidt gave evidence about Ribbentrop's work in the Foreign Office, his diplomatic style and his relationship with senior officials and Hitler.
Ribbentrop Defence Evidence Turns to Anglo German Diplomacy
The defence used testimony concerning the 1935 Naval Agreement and later diplomatic contacts to present Ribbentrop as an advocate of accommodation with Britain.
Ribbentrop Addresses Austrian Crisis of 1938
His testimony examined the Austrian crisis, including meetings with Chancellor Schuschnigg and Ribbentrop's claim that closer political union should be achieved through agreement.
Ribbentrop Addresses Secret Protocol Negotiations
His evidence addressed the confidential arrangements negotiated with the Soviet Union concerning spheres of interest in eastern Europe alongside the public non-aggression agreement.
Ribbentrop Describes Final August 1939 British Contacts
Ribbentrop described the final diplomatic contacts with British ambassador Nevile Henderson and the unsuccessful effort to resolve the German-Polish confrontation before hostilities began.
Ribbentrop Describes Polish Crisis Diplomatic Exchanges
Ribbentrop recounted the worsening German-Polish crisis of 1939 and presented his version of the proposals exchanged among Berlin, Warsaw and London before war began.
Ribbentrop Discusses German Soviet Non Aggression Pact
Ribbentrop testified about his mission to Moscow and the negotiations that produced the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact shortly before the invasion of Poland.
Ribbentrop Discusses Sudeten and Czechoslovak Questions
Ribbentrop described German policy toward Czechoslovakia and the Sudeten dispute while defending his role in the diplomatic steps that preceded the Munich settlement.
Ribbentrop Explains Danzig and Corridor Negotiations
The defence questioned Ribbentrop about negotiations with Poland over Danzig, minority issues and a transport connection across the Polish Corridor.
Ribbentrop Testifies on Appointment as Foreign Minister
Ribbentrop described his appointment as Foreign Minister in February 1938 and explained how he assumed control of the ministry after serving as ambassador in London.
Ribbentrop Addresses Policy toward France after 1940
His testimony reviewed German diplomatic policy toward defeated France and the limited efforts made to obtain closer political collaboration with the Vichy government.
Ribbentrop Addresses War Declaration on United States
His defence testimony examined Germany's declaration of war on the United States and Ribbentrop's account of the legal and strategic considerations discussed after Pearl Harbor.
Ribbentrop Discusses Balkan Neutrality Policy
Ribbentrop stated that German diplomacy sought to keep the Balkans out of the wider war while monitoring British and French military activity in southeastern Europe.
Ribbentrop Explains Second Moscow Mission
He described his September 1939 return to Moscow, where German and Soviet representatives negotiated a new boundary arrangement following the defeat of Poland.
Ribbentrop Responds to Foreign Office Jewish Policy Document
Ribbentrop was questioned about a Foreign Office circular concerning the Jewish question and denied treating the document as an important statement of his own policy.
Ribbentrop Testifies on Memel Settlement
Ribbentrop gave evidence about the return of Memel to Germany and portrayed the settlement with Lithuania as a negotiated solution to a longstanding territorial dispute.
Ribbentrop Testifies on Tripartite Pact Purpose
Ribbentrop characterized the Tripartite Pact with Italy and Japan as a diplomatic measure intended to strengthen Germany's position and discourage United States intervention.
Third Van Acker Government
Begins the Third Van Acker Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Second Paul-Henri Spaak Government
The Second Paul-Henri Spaak Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Postwar Parliamentary Election
The People's Party wins the first national election after liberation.
Manchuria Campaign
Lin Biao organises Communist forces in Manchuria after Japanese defeat and Soviet withdrawal
Manchuria Campaign
Du Yuming leads Nationalist operations as fighting for Manchuria intensifies after the Soviet withdrawal
Free State
France recognizes Vietnam as a free state within the Indochina federation
Independence of Vietnam
France recognizes Vietnam as a free state within the Indochina federation
Exile of Bao Dai
Goes into exile after the restoration of French colonial rule
International Accord
France & the Vietminh then reach an accord
April 194650 historical events
Cross Examination Tests Ribbentrop Soviet Pact Account
Questions from defence counsel for other defendants and prosecutors tested Ribbentrop's description of the German-Soviet agreements and his part in negotiating their secret provisions.
Maxwell Fyfe Begins Cross Examination of Ribbentrop
British prosecutor David Maxwell-Fyfe began cross-examining Ribbentrop about his diplomatic career, relations with Britain and knowledge of German plans for expansion and war.
Maxwell Fyfe Challenges Ribbentrop on British Intentions
Maxwell-Fyfe challenged Ribbentrop's account of Anglo-German relations and questioned whether he had understood before the war that Britain would resist further German expansion.
Amen Questions Ribbentrop Loyalty to Hitler
American prosecutor John Amen questioned Ribbentrop about his pledge not to create difficulties for Hitler and his willingness to carry out decisions even after voicing disagreement.
French Prosecution Questions Ribbentrop on Occupied Europe
French prosecutor Edgar Faure questioned Ribbentrop about Foreign Office involvement in occupied European territories and the diplomatic administration of German control.
Ribbentrop Cross Examination Concludes
After questioning by British, French, American and Soviet prosecutors, Ribbentrop's extended appearance as a defendant witness came to an end.
Rudenko Questions Ribbentrop on Soviet Invasion Policy
Soviet chief prosecutor Roman Rudenko challenged Ribbentrop over the attack on the Soviet Union and his claim that the invasion should be regarded as preventive rather than aggressive.
Death of Masaharu Homma
Death of Masaharu Homma, executed
Execution
Executed for war crimes, held responsible for the "Bataan Death March"
Nationalization
Electricity and gas undertakings are nationalized, creating EDF and GDF
Lammers Testifies on Hitler Government Machinery
Lammers explains the Reich Chancellery's role, Hitler's working methods and the transmission of decisions through the Nazi government.
Lammers Returns for Extended Defence Testimony
Lammers continues detailed evidence about cabinet procedure, Hitler's decrees and the functioning of central government under the Nazi dictatorship.
Wielen Testifies on Stalag Luft III Murders
Wielen testifies about the investigation and aftermath of the killing of escaped Allied airmen from Stalag Luft III.
Permanent General of the Army Rank
His wartime five-star rank of General of the Army is made permanent.
Riecke Testifies on Eastern Food Policy
Riecke answers questions about food administration and agricultural policy in territories occupied by Germany in eastern Europe.
Hoess Testifies about Auschwitz Extermination Operations
Former Auschwitz commandant Rudolf Hoess testifies about mass killing procedures, deportations and the operation of the extermination camp.
Second Battle of Siping
Lin Biao defends Siping against Nationalist attacks in a major Manchurian battle
Second Battle of Siping
Bai Chongxi advises and supports Nationalist operations in Manchuria during the Siping fighting
Second Battle of Siping
Du Yuming commands Nationalist forces in the second major battle for Siping
Second Battle of Siping
Liao Yaoxiang commands Nationalist units during the Siping campaign
Second Battle of Siping
Sun Li-jen's New First Army participates in the Nationalist pressure on Siping
Siping Strategy
Mao urges Communist forces to hold Siping as a strategic position in Manchuria
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Frank testified before the Tribunal about his rule in occupied Poland.
General
Appointed General Secretary of the SED, Socialist Unity Party
General
Appointed General Secretary of the SED, Socialist Unity Party
Buehler Testifies on General Government
Buehler gives evidence about administration in occupied Poland and the authority exercised within Hans Frank's General Government.
Restoration
Restored by French forces after the defeat of the Lao Issara government
Witness Testimony at Nuremberg
Gisevius testified as a defence witness about opposition circles and the Nazi leadership.
Witness Testimony at Nuremberg
Gisevius testified as a defence witness about opposition circles and the Nazi leadership.
Witness Testimony at Nuremberg
Gisevius testified as a defence witness about opposition circles and the Nazi leadership.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Streicher testified before the Tribunal about his propaganda activities and political career.
FA Cup Final Defensive Contribution
Jack Howe represents Derby County in the 1946 FA Cup final, contributing to the back line in a historic 4-1 victory over Charlton Athletic.
FA Cup Final Defensive Assignment
Jack Nicholas plays in Derby County’s defence during the 1946 FA Cup final and helps resist Charlton Athletic before Derby pull clear in extra time.
FA Cup Final Extra-Time Double
Jack Stamps scores twice in extra time against Charlton Athletic, turning a close FA Cup final into a 4-1 victory for Derby County.
FA Cup Final Captain
Raich Carter captains Derby County against Charlton Athletic and contributes the attacking experience that helps the club secure its first FA Cup trophy.
1946 Wembley Goalkeeping Duty
Vic Woodley keeps goal for Derby County as they overcome Charlton Athletic after extra time to win the 1946 FA Cup final.
FA Cup Final Half-Back Role
Walter Chick Musson helps anchor Derby County’s half-back line in the 1946 FA Cup final as the club earns its first victory in the competition.
1946 FA Cup Final Midfield Work
Jimmy Bullions starts for Derby County at Wembley and works through a demanding midfield contest before his side wins in extra time.
FA Cup Final Holding Role
Leon Leuty plays as part of Derby County’s 1946 cup-winning side, providing defensive support during the final against Charlton Athletic.
Cup Final Wing Play
Dally Duncan features in Derby County’s attack as the Rams beat Charlton Athletic 4-1 in the 1946 FA Cup final.
FA Cup Final Wide Attacking Role
Reg Harrison appears on Derby County’s wing against Charlton Athletic, stretching play during the club’s extra-time FA Cup final success.
FA Cup Winning Forward
Northern Ireland international Peter Doherty starts Derby County’s FA Cup final win, providing movement and creativity alongside the other forwards.
Capture of Harbin
Communist forces consolidate control of Harbin after the Soviet withdrawal from Manchuria
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Streicher testified before the Tribunal about his propaganda activities and political career.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schacht testified in his defence about economic policy, rearmament and his break with the Nazi leadership.
Wurzbacher Testifies during Schacht Defence
Wurzbacher appears during Schacht's case and gives evidence concerning economic and financial matters examined by the defence.
NHS Second Reading
Defends the National Health Service Bill at second reading.
Birth of Charles XVI
Birth of Charles XVI
Politics and the English Language
Publishes Politics and the English Language.
Some Thoughts on the Common Toad
Publishes Some Thoughts on the Common Toad.
May 194651 historical events
Japanese Surrender Administration
Zhu De is associated with Communist efforts to receive and administer former Japanese-held areas in North China
People's Liberation Army
Zhu De is identified with the Communist armed forces as they adopt the People's Liberation Army title
PLA Command
Zhu De commands Communist forces against the Nationalists as the civil war intensifies
People's Liberation Army
Zhu De is identified as commander in chief of the Communist armed forces using the PLA title
PLA Command
Zhu De commands Communist forces as they prepare for renewed war against the Nationalists
People's Liberation Army
Communist forces adopt the title People's Liberation Army
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schacht testified in his defence about economic policy, rearmament and his break with the Nazi leadership.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schacht testified in his defence about economic policy, rearmament and his break with the Nazi leadership.
Land Reform
Mao supports the shift from rent reduction toward more radical land reform in Communist-held areas
May Fourth Directive
Liu Shaoqi is associated with the land policy directive encouraging redistribution in Communist areas
Hayler Testifies on Wartime Economic Administration
Hayler answers questions about wartime economic administration and the responsibilities of officials working under the Reich Economics Ministry.
Birth of Bill Legend
Birth of Bill Legend, William Arthur Fifield
Prime Minister of Afghanistan
Shah Mahmud Khan replaces Mohammad Hashim Khan as prime minister.
Succession
Succeeds as King of Italy
Abdication
Victor Emmanuel III abdicates
Birth of Graham Keith Gouldman
Birth of Graham Keith Gouldman
Defence Minister Appointed
Appointed Minister of National Defence in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Gerhard Wagner Testifies on Naval Command
Wagner gives evidence about German naval command relationships, operational planning and issues raised in the defence of senior admirals.
Godt Testifies on U-Boat Operations
Godt gives evidence about U-boat command, operational orders and naval practices considered during the defence of Doenitz.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Raeder continued his testimony in defence of his conduct and naval command.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Raeder continued his testimony in defence of his conduct and naval command.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Raeder continued his testimony in defence of his conduct and naval command.
Communist Withdrawal from Siping
Lin Biao withdraws Communist forces from Siping after heavy fighting
Nationalist Capture of Siping
Nationalist forces take Siping after Communist defenders withdraw
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Raeder continued his testimony in defence of his conduct and naval command.
Los Alamos Criticality Accident
Slotin receives a lethal radiation dose when a plutonium-core criticality experiment becomes briefly supercritical.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Raeder continued his testimony in defence of his conduct and naval command.
Severing Testifies on Pre-Nazi Politics
Severing provides evidence about German political conditions before 1933 and the destruction of democratic institutions under National Socialism.
Birth of George Best
Birth of George Best
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 1st term
Advance on Changchun
Sun Li-jen's forces participate in the Nationalist advance into Changchun
Capture of Changchun
Nationalist forces capture Changchun during the struggle for Manchuria
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schirach testified before the Tribunal concerning his political and wartime activities.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schirach testified before the Tribunal concerning his political and wartime activities.
Naujocks Testifies on Security Service Operations
Naujocks gives evidence concerning covert Security Service operations and activities carried out by special units before and during the war.
Transjordan Mandate
Transjordan formally celebrated independence and Abdullah’s accession as king on 25 May 1946. This milestone marked the conclusion of the mandate-era emirate and the emergence of a sovereign Hashemite kingdom.
Slovak Election
Democratic Party wins the Slovak vote in elections.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Schirach testified before the Tribunal concerning his political and wartime activities.
Lauterbacher Testifies on Nazi Party Leadership
Lauterbacher answers questions concerning Party leadership structures and responsibilities within the Nazi political organization.
Hoepken Testifies during Schirach Defence
Hoepken gives evidence concerning youth administration and political responsibilities examined during Baldur von Schirach's defence.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Sauckel testified about his responsibilities for labour mobilisation during the war.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Sauckel testified about his responsibilities for labour mobilisation during the war.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Sauckel testified about his responsibilities for labour mobilisation during the war.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Sauckel testified about his responsibilities for labour mobilisation during the war.
Timm Testifies in Sauckel Defence
Timm appears for Sauckel's defence and addresses labour administration, recruitment practices and the operation of wartime manpower offices.
Return to Nanjing
The National Government formally returns its capital from Chongqing to Nanjing
Confessions of a Book Reviewer
Publishes Confessions of a Book Reviewer.
Barnhill
Moves to Barnhill on the Isle of Jura.
Transjordan Mandate
The transition from British mandatory supervision to sovereign government culminated in the establishment of an independent monarchy. Institutions developed during the emirate period provided much of the administrative foundation for the new state.
Visit to Moscow
Marshal Tito is personally received by Stalin during his visit to Moscow
Visit to Moscow
Returns from Russia with a promise of arms & munitions credits. Marshal Tito is personally received by Stalin during his visit to Moscow
June 194669 historical events
Hildebrandt Testifies in Sauckel Case
Hildebrandt appears during Sauckel's defence and addresses the organization and operation of wartime labour administration.
Death of Ion Antonescu
Former pro-German head of State executed for War crimes
Execution
Former pro-German head of State executed for War crimes
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Jodl testified in his own defence regarding German military planning and operations.
Election
Elected to power as President but rules through military force
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina, 1st term
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Jodl testified in his own defence regarding German military planning and operations.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Jodl testified in his own defence regarding German military planning and operations.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Jodl testified in his own defence regarding German military planning and operations.
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Jodl testified in his own defence regarding German military planning and operations.
Winter Testifies for High Command Defence
Winter gives evidence concerning staff procedures and command relationships relied upon by the defence of the German High Command.
Assassination of Rama VIII
Assassination of Rama VIII in his bed in the Grand Palace of Bangkok
Death of Rama VIII
Death of Rama VIII, assassinated
Defence Testimony at Nuremberg
Seyss-Inquart began testimony concerning his political roles in Austria and the occupied Netherlands.
Rainer Testifies on Austrian Nazi Administration
Rainer gives evidence concerning Austrian Nazi politics, regional administration and issues raised in the defence of Seyss-Inquart.
Glaise-Horstenau Testifies on Austrian Politics
Glaise-Horstenau gives evidence concerning Austrian political developments, the Anschluss period and figures connected with Seyss-Inquart.
Wimmer Testifies on Netherlands Administration
Wimmer discusses civil administration under German occupation and matters connected with Seyss-Inquart's government in the Netherlands.
Guido Schmidt Testifies on Austrian Diplomacy
Schmidt gives evidence about Austrian foreign policy and relations with Germany during the political crisis preceding the Anschluss.
Skubl Testifies on Vienna Police during Anschluss
Skubl answers questions about Austrian police activity and public order during the German takeover of Austria.
Anti-Bolshevik Activity
Kerensky continues political activity connected with anti-bolshevik activity.
Baruch Plan Presented
Presents the Baruch Plan to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission proposing international control of atomic energy.
Bayeux Speech
De Gaulle returned to Bayeux and outlined constitutional principles for post-war France.
Executive Power
De Gaulle argued in Bayeux for an executive authority strong enough to remain above party conflict.
Head of State
Appointed Head of State, acting in a provsional Government
Abdication
Abdication of Umberto II, the monarchy is abolished by a referendum
House
The monarchy is abolished by a referendum
Referendum
The monarchy is abolished by a referendum. Abdication of Umberto II, the monarchy is abolished by a referendum
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, 1st term
Speer Acknowledges Knowledge of Involuntary Foreign Labour
Speer acknowledged that he knew foreign workers were being used in Germany against their will while his ministry continued to demand manpower for war production.
Speer Addresses Central Planning Responsibilities
Speer discussed his role in central economic planning and the relationship between his armaments responsibilities, industrial production and requests for labour.
Speer Addresses Subterranean Armaments Factories
The defence questioned Speer about underground armaments plants, and he described their scale, technical requirements and the composition of the labour force used there.
Speer Denies Using Terror to Increase Factory Output
He denied that his ministry had promoted terror as a normal method for increasing output and argued that sustained industrial production depended on effective working conditions.
Speer Describes Appointment as Armaments Minister
Speer described how he moved from architecture into wartime administration and succeeded Fritz Todt as Reich Minister responsible for armaments and munitions in 1942.
Speer Describes Mauthausen Inspection
Speer described a wartime visit to Mauthausen undertaken while inspecting industrial projects and explained what he said he knew about work and construction around the camp.
Speer Discusses Concentration Camp Labour in Industry
Speer testified about the employment of concentration-camp prisoners in armaments factories and described the conditions he claimed to have observed during industrial inspections.
Speer Discusses Labour Allocation Demands
The defence examined how Speer's offices submitted labour requirements for armaments production while the actual recruitment and allocation machinery operated through other agencies.
Speer Explains Armaments Production Organization
Speer outlined the industrial committees, ministry offices and production controls through which his administration attempted to increase armaments output during the later war years.
Speer Explains Expansion of Armaments Authority
His testimony traced the enlargement of his ministry's authority over armaments production and explained the administrative structure used to coordinate German war industry.
Speer Rejects Extermination by Work as Industrial Policy
Speer rejected the suggestion that deliberate exhaustion or destruction of workers could serve armaments industry, arguing that such turnover would undermine production itself.
Speer Takes Oath for Defence Testimony
Speer took the witness stand, stated his full name and swore the Tribunal's oath before beginning his evidence in his own defence.
Speer Accepts Responsibility for Orders He Carried Out
He stated that he accepted responsibility for directives issued within his own sphere and for Hitler's orders that he personally implemented, while distinguishing actions he did not execute.
Speer Accepts Share of Reich Leadership Responsibility
Speer told the Tribunal that, as an important member of the Reich leadership from 1942, he accepted a share of responsibility for the catastrophe produced by the war.
Speer Calls Final Months of Fighting Senseless
Speer told the Tribunal that the sacrifices made after January 1945 were senseless and argued that continued fighting only increased deaths and destruction after defeat had become inevitable.
Speer Dates Full Armaments Commitment to January 1945
Speer testified that he devoted his full efforts to maximizing German armaments production until the middle of January 1945, when his conduct began to change.
Speer Describes Attempts to Shorten the War
His testimony described measures taken during the final months of the conflict that he said were intended to reduce destruction and bring an already lost war to an earlier end.
Speer Describes Efforts to Preserve Bridges and Transport
Speer explained efforts to limit demolition of bridges and communications infrastructure, including discussions with military commanders as Allied forces advanced into Germany.
Speer Describes Opposition to Industrial Destruction in the West
Speer described intervening against proposed destruction of industrial facilities in western occupied territories and said he accepted personal responsibility for preventing some demolitions.
Speer Describes Resistance to Scorched Earth Orders
Speer testified that he opposed Hitler's scorched-earth policy because destruction of factories, utilities and transport systems would leave the German population without a viable economic base.
Speer Explains Measures to Protect Mines and Industry
He recounted issuing unauthorized instructions intended to preserve coal mines, ore facilities and other productive assets as German forces withdrew from western areas.
Speer Presents March Memorandum Opposing Destruction
The defence introduced Speer's March 1945 memorandum warning Hitler that systematic destruction of industry, transport and supply facilities would make post-war survival and reconstruction far more difficult.
Jackson Cross Examines Speer on Wartime Responsibility
Robert Jackson cross-examined Speer about the reach of his authority, his knowledge of labour conditions and the extent to which ministerial responsibility followed from wartime decisions.
Soviet Prosecution Questions Speer on Economic Plunder
Soviet prosecutor Mikhail Raginsky questioned Speer about exploitation of occupied territories and sought to connect his economic administration with wartime plunder and removal of resources.
Speer Clarifies Historical and Criminal Responsibility
On redirect examination, Speer explained that his acceptance of common responsibility referred to leadership responsibility before Germany and history, while leaving criminal liability for the Tribunal to decide.
Speer Defence Evidence Concludes
After final questions and submission of supporting documents, Speer's counsel closed the evidentiary presentation of his defence before the International Military Tribunal.
Birth of Mary Louise Streep
Birth of Mary Louise Streep
Grothmann Gives Commission Evidence
Grothmann provides evidence for the defence concerning SS administration and his service within Heinrich Himmler's personal staff.
Central Plains Campaign
Deng Xiaoping works with Liu Bocheng in Communist political and military command during the renewed war
Central Plains Breakout
Li Xiannian leads Communist forces during the Central Plains breakout after Nationalist attacks begin
Central Plains Campaign
Liu Bocheng commands Communist forces resisting Nationalist pressure in central China
General Offensive
Nationalist forces launch major attacks against Communist-held areas as full-scale civil war resumes
Trial
Dutch Nazi collaborator Arnold Meijer sentenced to 5 yrs
President of Chile
First assumes acting presidential duties after the death of Juan Antonio Rios.
Independence of South Korea
Calls for the establishment of a Government in South Korea
Resignation of Luang Pridi
Resigns after the death of King Ananda
Succession
Succeeds as King of Thailand
Joins Oak Ridge Neutron Program
Joins Ernest Wollan at Oak Ridge to develop neutron diffraction into a quantitative research technique.
Independence of Vietnam
France supports the establishment of a separate republic of Cochin China
Rule of Cochin China
France supports the establishment of a separate republic of Cochin China
July 194636 historical events
Ahrens Testifies on Katyn Issue
Ahrens gives evidence during proceedings addressing competing allegations concerning the killings of Polish officers at Katyn.
Head of State
Appointed Head of State
Operation Crossroads Able
Operation Crossroads begins with the Able airburst, testing a plutonium weapon against a fleet of target ships.
First Gottwald Government
Begins the First Gottwald Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Second Fierlinger Government
The Second Fierlinger Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Prime Minister
Becomes prime minister after Communist election gains.
Birth of Paul Fenton
Birth of Paul Fenton
Defence Final Arguments Enter Closing Phase
The Tribunal begins the final phase of defence argument after months of evidence from defendants, witnesses and documentary exhibits.
Inauguration
Inaugurated President of the Philippines
Conference of Fontainbleau
Walks out of the Conference of Fontainbleau
Horn Opens Final Defence Plea for Ribbentrop
Defence counsel Martin Horn began his final plea for Ribbentrop, arguing that the former Foreign Minister's diplomatic activities did not establish criminal responsibility for aggressive war.
President of Mexico
Appointed President of Mexico
Horn Continues Final Argument on Ribbentrop Responsibility
Horn continued the final defence argument, addressing Ribbentrop's relationship with Hitler, the limits of Foreign Office authority and allegations concerning war crimes and persecution.
Paymaster General
Is appointed Paymaster General while continuing to serve as Lord Privy Seal.
Birth of Hassanal Bolkiah
Birth of Hassanal Bolkiah
Wahl Gives Commission Testimony on Party Leadership
Wahl gives evidence concerning Gauleiter responsibilities and the structure of the Nazi Party leadership organization.
Aid
Signs the Bill of Credit for $3.75 billion to Great Britain
Signs the Bill of Credit for $3
Signs the Bill of Credit for $3.75 billion to Great Britain
President of Bolivia
Guillen Olmos becomes interim president after Villarroel's death.
Lynching
Villarroel is killed after crowds storm the presidential palace in La Paz.
Speer Defence Final Argument Presented
Defence counsel Hans Flachsner delivered the final argument for Speer, disputing charges of aggressive-war responsibility and addressing forced labour, concentration camps and Speer's late-war opposition to destruction.
US Secretary of State Burns protests about how Russia has stripped assets
US Secretary of State Burns protests about how Russia has stripped assets from Hungary
Rule of Hungary
Burns protests to Russia about how it has stripped assets from Hungary
Burns protests to Russia about how it has stripped assets from Hungary
Burns protests to Russia about how it has stripped assets from Hungary
Jackson Delivers Final Prosecution Argument
Jackson delivers a final prosecution address summarising the American case for individual responsibility and judgment on the charged crimes.
US Arms Suspension
The United States suspends arms sales to the National Government during Marshall's mediation effort
US Arms Suspension
The truce breaks down and the United States suspends arms sales to the Nationalists
French Prosecution Gives Final Address
Champetier de Ribes presents France's concluding argument on the evidence and responsibility of the defendants.
Soviet Prosecution Concludes Final Argument
Rudenko completes the Soviet closing case, asking the Tribunal to convict the principal defendants and criminal organizations.
Nationalization
Parliament passes an act nationalizing industries seized by Russia in Austria
Shandong Operations
Chen Yi commands Communist forces in East China as the civil war expands
Jiangsu Campaigns
Su Yu leads Communist field operations against Nationalist advances in Jiangsu
Northwest Pressure
Hu Zongnan prepares Nationalist pressure against Communist bases in the northwest
East China Operations
Xue Yue directs Nationalist operations as fighting spreads in eastern China
Northern Offensive
Chiang orders an offensive to capture Communist-held areas in northern China
Allied Control Commission
Walks out of the Allied Control Commission
August 194637 historical events
Hoeppner Testifies on Security Administration
Hoeppner appears during the organizational defence and gives evidence about Security Service administration and responsibilities.
Atomic Energy Act
Legislation places uranium and atomic energy under civilian control.
Atomic Energy Commission
The new commission controls uranium production and nuclear materials.
Atomic Energy Act Signed
Truman signs the Atomic Energy Act establishing civilian control through the new Atomic Energy Commission.
Atomic Energy Commission
Signs the McMahon/Atomic Energy Act transferring the control of atomic energy from military to civilian hands, effective from January 1, 1947
Schlegelberger Testifies on Justice Ministry
Schlegelberger explains Justice Ministry administration and legal policy during the Nazi period in testimony before the Tribunal.
Third Van Acker Government
The Third Van Acker Government ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Camille Huysmans Government
Begins the Camille Huysmans Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Eberstein Testifies on SS and Police Structure
Eberstein gives evidence concerning the organization of SS and police commands during the defence case on alleged criminal organizations.
Hausser Testifies on Waffen-SS
Hausser describes the Waffen-SS command structure and argues distinctions between military formations and other branches of the SS.
Morgen Testifies on SS Camp Investigations
Morgen describes investigations he conducted into corruption and killings within concentration camps while serving as an SS judicial officer.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey
Roessner Testifies in SS Organization Case
Roessner appears during defence evidence concerning the SS and answers questions about institutional structure and individual functions.
Manstein Testifies for German High Command
Manstein appears for the defence of the General Staff and High Command, describing senior command structure and military decision-making.
Council of Economic Advisers
Nourse becomes the first chairman of the new Council of Economic Advisers.
President of Chile
Returns briefly to acting presidential authority during the 1946 succession.
Juettner Testifies on SS Main Office
Juettner gives evidence concerning the SS Main Office, Waffen-SS administration and issues raised in the organizational case.
Gruss Testifies in Organizations Case
Gruss appears during the defence evidence concerning indicted organizations and answers questions about membership and institutional responsibility.
Demonstrations
Calls for the Direct Action Day, in Calcutta there are 20,000 casualties
Independence of India
Calls for the Direct Action Day, in Calcutta there are 20,000 casualties
Independence of Pakistan
Calls for the Direct Action Day, in Calcutta there are 20,000 casualties
Independence of Pakistan
Jinnah issues a call for all Muslims to launch "Direct Action" to "achieve Pakistan", strikes and protests are planned, but violence breaks out all over India, especially in Calcutta and the district of Noakhali in Bengal
Independence of Pakistan
Jinnah issues a call for all Muslims to launch "Direct Action" to "achieve Pakistan", strikes and protests are planned, but violence breaks out all over India, especially in Calcutta and the district of Noakhali in Bengal
Interim Presidency
Monje Gutierrez becomes interim president and prepares new national elections.
Birth of Bill Clinton
Birth of Bill Clinton in Hope south west Arkansas
Birth of Laurent Fabius
Birth of Laurent Fabius
Birth of Ralf Hutter
Birth of Ralf Hutter, later co-founder, keyboard player and principal voice of Kraftwerk.
Speech
Makes his maiden speech in Parliament
Birth of Keith Moon
Birth of Who drummer Keith Moon.
Schreiber Testifies on Military Medical Research
Schreiber gives evidence about German military medical administration and research discussed during the late stages of the IMT.
North Korean Workers Party
Helps form the North Korean Workers Party.
Seyss-Inquart Gives Final Statement
Seyss-Inquart addresses the judges for the last time before deliberations begin.
Speer Gives Final Statement before Judgment
Speer addresses the Tribunal in his last statement before the judges retire to consider the final judgment.
Schacht Gives Final Statement before Deliberations
Schacht makes his final courtroom statement before the Tribunal adjourns for judgment.
Ribbentrop Delivers Final Statement to Tribunal
Ribbentrop used his final statement to reject the prosecution's interpretation of German foreign policy and to deny that he had knowingly planned a war of aggression.
Goering Gives Final Statement to Tribunal
Goering uses his final opportunity to address the judges after the close of evidence and argument.
Strike
Mineworkers decide to strike
September 194618 historical events
Tribunal Adjourns to Prepare Judgment
Lawrence adjourns the court after final statements so the judges can complete deliberations on guilt, organizations and sentences.
Referendum
A Plebiscite favours the monarchy & George II returns to Greece
Restoration
A Plebiscite favours the monarchy & George II returns to Greece
First Elections
Presides as Cambodia holds its first parliamentary elections under French reforms
Interim Government
Jawaharlal Nehru becomes Vice President of the Viceroy's Executive Council and leads the Interim Government.
Interim Government
Nehru leads the interim government of India as Britain moves toward transfer of power and partition negotiations continue.
Speech
Gives a speech at the University of Zurich calling for a "United States of Europe", similar to the United States of America
United States of Europe
Gives a speech at the University of Zurich calling for a "United States of Europe", similar to the United States of America
United States of Europe Speech
Calls for a United States of Europe and helps shape postwar debate on European unity.
Birth of Tommy Lee Jones
Birth of Tommy Lee Jones
Reform of Labour Relations
Labor Relations Adjustment Law
CIB
Orders the launch the Communist Information Bureau in response to the Marshall Plan
Monarchy Restored after Referendum
George II returns to Greece following a referendum on the monarchy.
Judgment Reading Begins
Lawrence opens the public reading of the Tribunal's judgment, which continues into the following day.
Executive Yuan
T. V. Soong helps manage National Government administration during the civil war crisis
National Government
Soong Tse-ven serves in the National Government during the transition back to Nanjing
US Marine Withdrawal
US Marines begin withdrawing from parts of North China after postwar occupation and repatriation duties
Covington Elementary Enrollment
Lee enrolled at Covington Elementary School in September 1946 and repeated first grade because he had not completed the previous year's work.
October 194665 historical events
IMT Verdict for Arthur Seyss-Inquart
Seyss-Inquart is convicted and sentenced to death for occupation policies, deportations and other crimes in the Netherlands and elsewhere.
IMT Verdict for Ernst Kaltenbrunner
Kaltenbrunner is convicted and sentenced to death for war crimes and crimes against humanity connected with the security apparatus.
IMT Verdict for Albert Speer
Speer is convicted and receives twenty years imprisonment for forced-labour exploitation and his senior role in the German war economy.
IMT Verdict for Hans Fritzsche
Fritzsche is acquitted after the Tribunal finds that his propaganda activities do not meet the criminal threshold of the indictment.
IMT Verdict for Rudolf Hess
Hess is convicted and receives life imprisonment for conspiracy and crimes against peace.
IMT Verdict for Franz von Papen
Von Papen is acquitted because the Tribunal does not find the evidence sufficient to establish guilt under the charged international crimes.
IMT Verdict for Hjalmar Schacht
Schacht is acquitted after the Tribunal concludes that the charges proved against him do not establish criminal responsibility under the indictment.
IMT Verdict for Wilhelm Keitel
Keitel is found guilty on all four counts and receives a death sentence for his role in criminal military orders and aggressive war.
IMT Verdict for Joachim von Ribbentrop
Ribbentrop is convicted and sentenced to death for his central diplomatic role in aggression and related crimes.
IMT Verdict for Konstantin von Neurath
Von Neurath is convicted and sentenced to fifteen years for participation in aggression and occupation policies, including his rule in Bohemia and Moravia.
IMT Verdict for Baldur von Schirach
Schirach is convicted of crimes against humanity for deportations from Vienna and is sentenced to twenty years imprisonment.
IMT Verdict for Alfred Jodl
Jodl is convicted and condemned to death for his participation in aggressive planning and criminal military operations.
IMT Verdict for Hans Frank
Frank receives a death sentence after conviction for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in occupied Poland.
IMT Verdict for Erich Raeder
Raeder is convicted and given life imprisonment for his role in naval planning and participation in aggressive war.
IMT Verdict for Karl Doenitz
Doenitz is convicted on selected counts and sentenced to ten years imprisonment for his wartime leadership and participation in aggressive war.
IMT Verdict for Fritz Sauckel
Sauckel is sentenced to death after conviction for the mass deportation and exploitation of forced labourers.
IMT Verdict for Martin Bormann
Bormann is convicted in absentia and sentenced to death for his role in persecution and the Nazi Party leadership.
IMT Verdict for Julius Streicher
Streicher is convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death for sustained incitement to anti-Jewish persecution.
IMT Verdict for Alfred Rosenberg
Rosenberg is convicted and condemned to death for his role in Nazi ideology, occupation policy and persecution.
IMT Verdict for Wilhelm Frick
Frick is convicted and sentenced to death for his part in Nazi state policy, occupation administration and persecution.
IMT Verdict for Walter Funk
Funk is convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment for his economic role in the Nazi regime and exploitation of occupied Europe.
IMT Verdict for Hermann Wilhelm Goering
The Tribunal convicts Goering and sentences him to death for his leading role in aggressive war and other crimes.
General Staff and High Command Not Declared Criminal
The Tribunal refuses to designate the General Staff and High Command as a criminal organization, while leaving individual responsibility unaffected.
Gestapo Declared Criminal Organization
The Tribunal declares the Gestapo criminal within the limits stated in its judgment, enabling later proceedings against qualifying members.
Nazi Leadership Corps Declared Criminal
The Tribunal finds specified levels of the Nazi Party Leadership Corps to constitute a criminal organization.
SA Not Declared Criminal Organization
The Tribunal declines to declare the SA criminal as an organization under the Charter.
SS and SD Declared Criminal Organizations
The Tribunal declares the SS, including the SD, criminal subject to the qualifications set out in the judgment.
The Murderers Are Among Us
Directs Die Morder sind unter uns, one of the first post-war German films.
Execution of Goering
At about 22:45 on 15 October 1946, Goering bit a concealed potassium-cyanide capsule in his Nuremberg Prison cell and died before his scheduled hanging; guards and medical staff found him moments later.
Goering Dies by Suicide before Execution
Goering kills himself with cyanide on the night before the scheduled executions, avoiding the death sentence by hanging.
Execution of Seyss-Inquart
At 02:45 on 16 October 1946, Seyss-Inquart became the last of the ten men hanged, after making a final statement expressing hope that the execution would close the war's tragedy.
Seyss-Inquart Executed at Nuremberg Prison
Seyss-Inquart is executed by hanging after conviction for aggression, occupation crimes and persecution.
Execution of Kaltenbrunner
At 01:39 on 16 October 1946, Kaltenbrunner was hanged after giving a final statement; contemporary reporting records the trap being sprung while Keitel remained on the adjacent gallows.
Kaltenbrunner Executed after Judgment
Kaltenbrunner is hanged following conviction for war crimes and crimes against humanity connected with the Nazi security apparatus.
Death of Hans Frank
Death of Hans Frank, executed for war crimes
Execution
Death of Hans Frank, executed for war crimes
Trial
Found guilty of 3 war crimes & 4 crimes against humanity
Execution of Keitel
At about 01:20 on 16 October 1946, Keitel was hanged in the Nuremberg Prison gymnasium shortly after von Ribbentrop, having delivered a final statement before the trap was released.
Keitel Executed at Nuremberg Prison
Keitel is executed by hanging for the crimes on which the International Military Tribunal convicted him.
Execution of von Ribbentrop
At 01:16 on 16 October 1946, von Ribbentrop was hanged in the prison gymnasium by U.S. Army executioner John C. Woods after identifying himself and making a final statement.
Ribbentrop Executed after IMT Sentence
Ribbentrop is hanged after the Tribunal's death sentence becomes final and clemency petitions fail.
Execution of Jodl
At 02:34 on 16 October 1946, Jodl was hanged after giving a brief final greeting to Germany; he remained on the gallows while the last condemned prisoner was brought in.
Jodl Executed following IMT Death Sentence
Jodl is hanged after conviction for crimes connected with aggressive war and criminal military operations.
Execution of Frank
At about 01:58 on 16 October 1946, Frank was hanged after quietly thanking his captors for their treatment and asking God for mercy before the trap was released.
Frank Executed following IMT Conviction
Frank is hanged after receiving a death sentence for crimes committed under his rule in occupied Poland.
Execution of Sauckel
At 02:26 on 16 October 1946, Sauckel was hanged after declaring his innocence and speaking about Germany and his family; the trap was released while Streicher's execution was still being completed.
Sauckel Executed for Forced Labour Crimes
Sauckel is hanged at Nuremberg Prison after the judgment fixes personal responsibility for directing the wartime forced-labour programme.
Execution of Streicher
At 02:14 on 16 October 1946, Streicher was hanged after shouting from the scaffold and addressing his wife; eyewitnesses reported movement and groaning after the trap opened.
Streicher Executed after Crimes against Humanity Conviction
Streicher is hanged after the Tribunal finds him guilty of crimes against humanity arising from sustained incitement to persecution.
Execution of Rosenberg
At 01:49 on 16 October 1946, Rosenberg was hanged at Nuremberg Prison; he declined to make a final statement before the hood and noose were placed and the trap released.
Rosenberg Executed at Nuremberg
Rosenberg is put to death by hanging after the Tribunal condemns his role in Nazi occupation policy and persecution.
Execution of Frick
At 02:08 on 16 October 1946, Frick was hanged in the prison gymnasium after stating 'Long live eternal Germany'; contemporary accounts record him being pronounced dead at about 02:20.
Frick Executed at Nuremberg Prison
Frick is executed by hanging after conviction for his participation in Nazi state policy, aggression and persecution.
President of Chile
Serves briefly as acting president before Gabriel Gonzalez Videla is inaugurated.
Military Government Ordinance Seven Establishes Tribunals
Ordinance No. 7 provides procedures for United States military tribunals conducting the subsequent Nuremberg proceedings.
First Visit to Taiwan
Visits Taiwan for the first time and attends events marking the anniversary of the island’s transfer from Japanese administration.
Reform of Land Ownership
Second Land Reform Act
General Order 301 Supports Subsequent Trial Programme
United States Forces issue General Order 301 as part of the administrative authority supporting the later Nuremberg military tribunals.
Constituent Assembly Election
Voters elected a constituent assembly by universal, direct, and secret suffrage.
Xinhua Hong Kong Preparations
Gong Peng arrives in Hong Kong with Qiao Guanhua to prepare Communist external press and liaison work
Speer Begins Twenty-Year Sentence
Speer begins the twenty-year prison term imposed for his responsibility in forced-labour exploitation and the German war economy.
Hess Begins Life Imprisonment after IMT
Hess begins serving the life sentence imposed for conspiracy and crimes against peace after completion of the Nuremberg proceedings.
Raeder Begins Life Imprisonment
Raeder begins serving the Tribunal's life sentence for his participation in naval planning and aggressive war.
Funk Begins Life Sentence after Nuremberg
Funk enters post-trial imprisonment under the life sentence imposed for his economic role in the Nazi regime.
Taylor Assigned Leadership of Subsequent U.S. Trials
Taylor assumes responsibility for the American programme of subsequent Nuremberg prosecutions against professional and institutional groups beyond the principal Nazi leaders.
November 194633 historical events
Swearingen Serves as Alternate at Medical Tribunal Rules Session
Swearingen attended as alternate judge when the Medical Tribunal approved its rules and prepared the court for the first Subsequent Nuremberg proceeding.
Beals Adopts Medical Tribunal Rules
Beals presided when Military Tribunal I formally adopted procedural rules governing the Medical Case before the doctors' trial opened.
Sebring Signs Medical Tribunal Procedure Rules
Sebring joined the tribunal in approving rules that established how motions, evidence and courtroom procedure would be handled in the Medical Case.
Crawford Joins Medical Tribunal Rules Meeting
Crawford participated in the pre-trial meeting at which Military Tribunal I settled the procedural framework for the forthcoming prosecution of medical defendants.
President of Chile
Takes office as President of Chile after winning the 1946 election.
Constitution of Japan
The new constitution is promulgated
Chinese-US Treaty
Chinese-US Treaty of friendship & commerce
Election
The Republicans win 246 seats & win the Congressional elections
Treaty of Friendship
Chinese-US Treaty of friendship & commerce
Congress of Nixon
First lected to Congress, eightieth
National Health Service Act
The National Health Service Act receives Royal Assent.
National Health Service Act Royal Assent
The National Health Service Act receives Royal Assent, giving statutory authority for the new comprehensive health service in England and Wales.
National Health Service Act
Secures Royal Assent for the National Health Service Act.
Ceasefire Offer
Chiang orders a ceasefire and tells the United States he is willing to negotiate, but Communist leaders reject the offer
Peace Offer
Chiang announces a ceasefire offer as civil war fighting continues
Milch Trial Indictment
Milch was indicted on charges involving forced labour, medical experiments and crimes against humanity.
National Assembly Convenes
The National Assembly convenes in Nanjing to consider a new constitutional framework for the Republic of China.
National Assembly
Chiang convenes the National Assembly despite Communist and Democratic League opposition
National Assembly Boycott
Zhang Lan's Democratic League opposes the National Assembly held without full political agreement
United Nations Membership
Afghanistan is admitted to the United Nations.
United Nations Membership
Iceland becomes a member of the United Nations after presenting its instrument accepting the obligations of the UN Charter.
General Election - General Election
Groza's communist-led bloc claims victory in a heavily manipulated election.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Petru Groza: Groza's communist-led bloc claims victory in a heavily manipulated election.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Groza's communist-led bloc claims victory in a heavily manipulated election.
General Election
Groza's communist-led bloc claims victory in a heavily manipulated election.
Bombing of Haiphong
Negotiations with the Vietminh break down at Fontainbleau & bombing resumes
Negotiations
Negotiations with the Vietminh break down & the bombing of Haiphong begins
Siege of Hai Phong
The French cruiser Suffren shells Hai Phong. General Valluy gives the Viet Minh a 2 hr ultimatum to leave Hai Phong which expires
Draft Constitution Presented
Presents a draft constitution to the National Assembly and supports moving the Republic of China toward constitutional government.
Lahousen Testifies on Abwehr Criminal Orders
Lahousen describes discussions and orders within German military intelligence concerning sabotage, executions and criminal methods used during the war.
Trial
Put on trial for War crimes in Manilla
Deputy Prime Minister
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister of the USSR
Allied Control Commission
Appointed Head of the Allied Control Commission in Hungary
December 194635 historical events
Agreement on the economic union of US & British
Agrees to the economic union of US & British occupation zones in Germany
Economy of Great Britain
Agrees to the economic union of US & British occupation zones in Germany
American & British zones are economically joined together
The American & British zones are economically joined together
Rule of Germany
The American & British zones are economically joined together
Unser the Washington Loan Agreement
Unser the Washington Loan Agreement $3.75 billion is paid to Britain
Washington Loan Agreement
Unser the Washington Loan Agreement $3.75 billion is paid to Britain
Death of Tomoyuki Yamashita
Death of Tomoyuki Yamashita, executed
Execution
Death of Tomoyuki Yamashita, executed
Doctors Trial Opens
Taylor opened the prosecution of physicians and administrators in the first Subsequent Nuremberg Proceeding.
Medical Case Tests Responsibility for Human Experimentation
The first subsequent proceeding examines physicians and administrators accused of criminal medical experiments and other abuses committed under state authority.
Beals Opens Doctors Trial as Presiding Judge
Beals opened the Medical Case and directed the first trial session against physicians and officials accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity.
Doctors Trial High-Altitude Evidence Presented
The prosecution introduces evidence on Dachau high-altitude experiments and the use of concentration-camp prisoners in lethal aviation research.
Doctors Trial Freezing Experiment Evidence Presented
The prosecution presents evidence concerning freezing experiments at Dachau and the suffering imposed on prisoners used as human test subjects.
Doctors Trial Malaria Experiment Evidence Presented
The prosecution turns to malaria experiments conducted on prisoners and the medical responsibility of officials connected with the programme.
Government
Forms a Socialist Government
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France
Doctors Trial Seawater Experiment Evidence Presented
Evidence is introduced about seawater experiments intended to test survival methods while prisoners endured dangerous deprivation.
Doctors Trial Sterilization Evidence Presented
The prosecution presents the programme of sterilization experiments designed to develop methods for suppressing reproduction among targeted populations.
Doctors Trial Skeleton Collection Evidence Presented
The court hears evidence about the plan to murder selected Jewish prisoners for an anatomical skeleton collection.
Doctors Trial Sulfanilamide Experiment Evidence Presented
The prosecution details wound and drug experiments in which prisoners were deliberately injured to test sulfanilamide treatment.
Battle of Hanoi
Directs resistance as war with France begins in Hanoi
Siege of Hanoi
The Viet Minh launch a surprise attack on the French troops in Hanoi
Milch Trial Arraignment
Milch was arraigned before Military Tribunal II and pleaded not guilty.
Constitution Adopted
The National Assembly adopts the Constitution of the Republic of China after prolonged political negotiations.
Constitution of China
Zhang Junmai is associated with constitutional debate as the National Assembly adopts the constitution
Constitution of China
The National Assembly adopts the Constitution of the Republic of China
Death of W C Fields
Death of W C Fields
Civil War Strategy
Mao frames the renewed conflict as a long revolutionary war against the Nationalists
Year-End Civil War
Chiang ends 1946 committed to military victory after the collapse of coalition negotiations
Election
Popular elections are set up to vote for provincial governors
Reform of Electoral System
Popular elections are set up to vote for provincial governors
Nuclear Power
Soviet scientists achieve their first nuclear chain reaction
Independence of South Korea
Visits the USA to gain support for the establishment of a Korean Government
Mobilization
Creates rural bases & begins war against the French
Siege of Hanoi
Vietminh forces withdraw from Hanoi after attacking the French garrisons. The Viet Minh are driven out of Hanoi & establish themselves in the Viet Bac region
Exile of Phetsarath Ratanavongsa
Goes into exile after French forces restore control in Laos
Minister of Defence
Mohammad Daoud Khan is appointed Minister of Defence in the royal government.
Constitution of Albania
Proclaims the Peoples Republic of Albania. Enver Hoxha consolidates his dictatorial powers
Foreign Minister Appointed
Assumes responsibility for foreign affairs while serving as Prime Minister
Foreign Ministry
Hoxha personally directs foreign policy during early communist rule
Foreign Secretary of Albania
Appointed Foreign Secretary, assumes the responsibility himself
Foreign Secretary of Albania
Appointed Foreign Secretary, assumes the responsibility himself
Eva Peron Foundation
Founds and runs the charitable Eva Peron Foundation, championed womens suffrage in Argentina
President of Argentina
Juan Peron is elected President of Argentina, over the course of the next six years, Eva Peron becomes powerful within the Pro-Peronist trade unions, essentially for speaking on behalf of labor rights
Suffrage
Founds and runs the charitable Eva Peron Foundation, championed womens suffrage in Argentina
Constitution of Argentina
Founds and runs the nations first large-scale female political party, the Female Peronist Party
Female Peronist Party
Founds and runs the nations first large-scale female political party, the Female Peronist Party
Exile of Karl Popper
Moves to England to become reader in logic and scientific method at the London School of Economics
London School of Economics (LSE)
Moves to England to become reader in logic and scientific method at the London School of Economics
Bee Dance Language
Explains how honeybees communicate food direction and distance through dances.
Honeybee Communication
Establishes a detailed account of symbolic communication in social insects.
Statistical Thermodynamics Publication
Publishes Statistical Thermodynamics, presenting a concise treatment of entropy, ensembles and the statistical foundations of thermodynamic behaviour.
Concentration Camp Psychology
Connects concentration-camp experience with his meaning-centered psychological approach.
Logotherapy Framework
Defines meaning-centered psychotherapy as an approach to psychological suffering.
Mans Search for Meaning
Publishes reflections on survival, suffering and the search for meaning.
The Doctor and the Soul
Publishes a clinical presentation of logotherapy and existential analysis.
Eichmann Goes Underground
Lives under false identities while avoiding war-crimes investigators.
Escape from US Custody
Escapes from American detention.
Foreign Secretary of Belgium
Appointed Foreign Secretary, 2nd term
Big Bang Cosmology Book
Explains cosmic expansion from an extremely dense initial state.
The Primeval Atom Hypothesis
Publishes a book presenting his primeval-atom cosmological theory.
President of Brazil
Appointed President General of Brazil
Balkan Federative Republic
During the Cominform, the Yugoslav and Bulgarian Communist leaders Josip Broz Tito and Georgi Dimitrov work on a project to merge their two countries into a Balkan Federative Republic
Prime Minister of Bulgaria
Appointed Prime Minister of Bulgaria
Recognition of Mongolia
The Republic of China recognizes Mongolian independence after the 1945 referendum required under the Sino-Soviet arrangements.
Rule of Tibet
Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government continues to claim sovereignty over Tibet.
Rule of Xinjiang
The National Government continues to claim and administer Xinjiang during the civil war period
Chinese Communist Party
Jiang Zemin is associated with Communist underground activity before later rising within the party
Civil War
Civil war between Chiang's Nationalists and Mao's Communists resumes after the failure of postwar coalition efforts
Campaign in Jiangsu
Nationalist forces campaign in Jiangsu as fighting spreads beyond Manchuria
Capture of Hebei
Nationalist forces advance in North China and contest Communist-held areas in Hebei
Capture of Jehol
Nationalist forces push into Jehol as the struggle for North China expands
Civil War Escalation
US forces reduce their presence while Nationalist and Communist armies prepare for renewed full-scale fighting
Chief of General Staff
Chen Cheng serves as a senior Nationalist military commander and chief of the general staff
Priest
Appointed Priest
Communist Party
Appointed Member of Czech Communist Party
Election
Wins the last Czech election to be held for 44 years. The Communists win 35%, President Benes Party comes 2nd with 20%
Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia
Appointed Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia, a communist in a National coalition
Master's Degree in Physics
Completes a master's degree at the University of Copenhagen with work concerning aspects of atomic stopping after returning from wartime scientific service.
Suez Canal Zone
Negotiates unsuccessfully for British evacuation and revision of the Anglo-Egyptian relationship.
Limits of Aswan Low Dam
Daninos argues that the existing dam cannot provide sufficient long-term Nile storage.
Beauty and the Beast
Directs Beauty and the Beast.
Entre Deux Guerres
Publication of "Entre Deux Guerres"
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of USA
Deputy Prime Minister
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister of France
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
Economy of France
The Republic has a guarantee of $1.3 billion from the US
Republic has a guarantee of $1
The Republic has a guarantee of $1.3 billion from the US. The Republic has $2.7 billion of war debts written off
Election
Elected Senator
Rule of Cochinchina
Violates the French agreement with Vietnam by proclaiming a Government in Cochinchina
Constitution of France
The provisional Government is reformed
Free State
France recognizes Vietnam as a "free state" within the French Union
Independence of France
France recognizes Vietnam as a "free state" within the French Union
International Accord at Paris
After the accord with the Vietminh French troops return North to replace the Chinese
Provisional Government
The provisional Government is reformed
Resignation of Charles Andre Marie Joseph de Gaulle
The new Republic does not have enough executive power or a strong President
Constitution of France
A referendum rejects the Constitution of the 3rd Republic
Referendum
A weaker second Chamber is accepted by a small majority. A referendum rejects the Constitution of the 3rd Republic
Existentialism Is a Humanism
Sartre publishes a lecture defending existentialism against prominent critics.
Secretary
Appointed Secretary General of the Socialist Party
Radium Institute Director
Becomes director of the Radium Institute after the war.
Atomic Energy Commission
Becomes high commissioner of the French atomic energy authority.
Jules Rimet Trophy
Designed by Abel Lafleur and made of solid gold on a blue base of lapis lazuli, it stood 35 centimetres (14 in) high and weighed 3.8 kilograms (8.4 lb)
Jules Rimet Trophy
The World Cup or Coupe du Monde, is officially renamed in 1946 to honour the FIFA President Jules Rimet who in 1929 passed a vote to initiate the competition.
In Den Wohnungen des Todes
Publication of "In Den Wohnungen des Todes"
Rector of Leipzig University
Gadamer serves as rector of Leipzig University.
Secretary General of CDU
Appointed Secretary General of the CDU
SDP
Appointed Member of Social Democratic Party
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Social Democratic Party
Socialist Unity Party
Helps establish the Socialist Unity Party
World Union for Progressive Judaism
Appointed Chairman of the World Union for Progressive Judaism
Departure from Leipzig
Ends his Leipzig period after seventeen years in mathematical and theoretical physics.
Arrest of Josef Mengele
Arrested by the Allies but mistakenly released
Arrest of Rudolf Franz Ferdinand Hoess
Arrested by Allied military police, under the name of Franz Lang
Colonial Freedom
Publication of "Towards Colonial Freedom". Publication of "Colonial Freedom"
Towards Colonial Freedom
Publication of "Towards Colonial Freedom". Publication of "Colonial Freedom"
Green for Danger
Stas in Green for Danger
Great Expectations
Starts in "Great Expectations"
Courage of Lassie
Taylor is cast in another animal film, Courage of Lassie in which Bill the dog outsmarts the Nazis
Great Expectations
Takes the lead in Great Expectations
Academy Award
Wins an Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of an alcoholic in Billy Wilders film The Lost Weekend
Great Expectations
Directs Great Expectations, bringing Charles Dickens's novel to the screen in a celebrated British adaptation.
The Rape of Lucretia
1st performance of, "The Rape of Lucretia"
Books vs Cigarettes Essay
Orwell compared the costs of reading with other everyday spending in Books vs Cigarettes.
Decline of English Murder
Orwell analyzed public fascination with sensational crime in The Decline of the English Murder.
In Defence of English Cooking
Orwell defended aspects of ordinary English food in an essay about cuisine and national customs.
Pleasure Spots Essay
Orwell questioned whether mechanized entertainment could genuinely provide satisfying leisure in Pleasure Spots.
Politics versus Literature Gulliver
Orwell examined Swift's Gulliver's Travels in an essay about political imagination and literary merit.
The Moon Under Water
Orwell described his ideal public house in the essay The Moon Under Water.
The Traveller
Publication of "The Traveller"
The Prevention of Literature
Publishes The Prevention of Literature.
Why I Write
Publishes Why I Write.
MBE
Awarded the MBE
Member of Parliament
Appointed prospective Member of Parliament for Broadstairs
CP
Appointed Member of Conservative Party
India Policy Papers
Produces Conservative policy papers on India while working in the party research organisation after the war.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Conservative Industrial Policy Committee
Foreign Policy Statement at London
Says Russia is becoming isolationist within a cordon sanitaire of dependent states
Speech
Says Russia is becoming isolationist within a cordon sanitaire of dependent states
United States of Europe
Calls for a United States of Europe which leads to the Council of Europe
Committee Report
Supports the committee recommendation permitting 100,000 Jewish displaced persons to enter Palestine.
Displaced Persons
Examines the condition of Jewish displaced persons in Europe for the Anglo-American inquiry.
Palestine Inquiry
Visits Palestine and hears competing arguments about immigration, settlement and political government.
Hospital Nationalisation
Bevan publishes the NHS Bill
National Health Service Bill
Bevan publishes the NHS Bill
National Health Service Bill
During the committee stage of the Bill Bevan reveals that teaching hospitals will retain their autonomy. Bevan publishes the NHS Bill
Ministers of the Crown Act
Ministers of the Crown Act 1946 reorganises ministerial offices and salaries for modern government
Cabinet Support
Supports Bevan's legislation despite professional opposition.
Indian Independence
Attlee's government accepts that British rule in India must end and prepares for constitutional transfer of power.
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Bank of England
Dalton nationalizes the Bank of England
Economy of Great Britain
Dalton nationalizes the Bank of England
Nationalization
Dalton nationalizes the Bank of England
Bank of England Act
Bank of England Act 1946 nationalises the Bank of England and brings it under public ownership
Finance Act
Finance Act 1946 sets taxation and fiscal policy for postwar recovery
Agreement on Intelligence collaboration with the USA
Concludes a secret agreement on intelligence collaboration with the USA
Police Act
Police Act 1946 reorganises police arrangements and supports postwar policing administration
Hill Farming Act
Hill Farming Act 1946 supports improvement of hill farming land and livestock production
Civil Aviation Act
Civil Aviation Act 1946 reorganises civil aviation and public air corporations after the war
Education Act
Education Act 1946 amends school and education administration under the postwar education settlement
Coal Industry Nationalization Act
Coal Industry Nationalization Act 1946 nationalises coal mining and creates the National Coal Board
Furnished Houses Rent Control Act
Furnished Houses Rent Control Act 1946 controls rents for furnished lettings and creates tribunal procedures
Housing Financial and Miscellaneous Provisions Act
Housing Financial and Miscellaneous Provisions Act 1946 supports housing subsidies and postwar construction
National Health Service Act
National Health Service Act 1946 establishes a comprehensive health service for England and Wales
Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act
Trade Disputes and Trade Unions Act 1946 repeals restrictions imposed by the 1927 trade union legislation
National Insurance Act
National Insurance Act 1946 creates a wider contributory social security system
National Insurance Industrial Injuries Act
National Insurance Industrial Injuries Act 1946 creates work injury insurance and compensation rights
Atomic Energy Act
Atomic Energy Act 1946 gives the government control over atomic energy development
New Towns Act
New Towns Act 1946 creates development corporations for planned new towns
Trunk Roads Act
Trunk Roads Act 1946 adjusts national road powers and postwar transport planning
BMA Opposition
Faces organised British Medical Association opposition.
Central Health Services Council
The NHS Act establishes the Central Health Services Council as a professional advisory body able to advise the Minister on the development of health services.
Consultant Private Practice
Allows consultants to retain private practice rights.
Executive Council Framework
The legislation creates executive councils to administer family practitioner services, including general medical, dental, pharmaceutical and ophthalmic care.
General Practitioner Negotiations
Faces strong opposition from general practitioners.
Hospital Ownership
Insists hospitals should transfer to public ownership.
Regional Hospital Board Structure
The NHS legislation establishes regional hospital boards to plan and administer hospital services across large areas once the new service begins.
Teaching Hospital Autonomy
Accepts special arrangements for teaching hospitals.
Teaching Hospital Governance
The NHS framework provides separate boards of governors for major teaching hospitals, preserving a distinct administrative role within the national system.
Tripartite Structure
Builds the service around hospitals, family doctors and local health duties.
NHS Scotland Bill
Advances Scottish legislation for the health service.
Cable and Wireless Act
Cable and Wireless Act 1946 transfers cable and wireless undertakings into public ownership
University of Hull Teaching
Hoggart began teaching adult students through the University of Hull, combining literary criticism with broader public education.
Iron Curtain Speech
Churchill delivered the Sinews of Peace address at Fulton, warning about Soviet domination in Eastern Europe.
United States of Europe Speech
Churchill spoke at Zurich in favor of European reconciliation and a new framework for continental cooperation.
Doctors' Opposition
Voices medical opposition to Bevan's NHS proposals.
East Africa Military Service
Serves as a second lieutenant with the Royal Corps of Signals in East Africa during his period of national service.
Opposition Foreign Policy
Acts as a senior Conservative spokesman on foreign affairs in opposition
Postwar Reconstruction
Works in postwar business finance while preparing for a parliamentary career.
Palestine Policy
Criticises the government's refusal to implement key recommendations of the Anglo-American committee.
European Socialist Relations
Healey strengthens Labour’s contacts with democratic socialist parties rebuilding across postwar Europe.
European Socialists
Healey builds links with European socialist parties through Labour's international work.
Fundemental Theory
Publication of "Fundemental Theory"
Stellar Origin of Heavy Elements
Hoyle advanced the view that carbon and heavier elements are produced through nuclear reactions inside stars.
Synthesis of Elements from Hydrogen
Hoyle published foundational work arguing that stars could synthesize elements from hydrogen.
ACE Architecture Accepted
NPL accepts Turings technical architecture for the Automatic Computing Engine.
ACE Delay Line Memory
Designs ACE around mercury acoustic delay-line storage, then considered a practical high-speed electronic memory technology.
ACE High Speed Design
Prioritises very high processing speed and efficient instruction execution in the ACE design.
ACE Instruction System
Develops an instruction system intended to make efficient use of ACE memory and electronic arithmetic units.
ACE Stored Program Architecture
Specifies a computer in which instructions and numerical data are held in electronic memory for automatic execution.
Computer Design Lectures
Begins giving lectures on electronic computer design and the principles underlying the proposed ACE.
Manchester Computer Project Organised
Max Newman led efforts to build an electronic stored program computer at the University of Manchester. The achievement expanded the capabilities of a major research centre.
Captain
Apppointed Captain of the England Football Team
Director of Coaching
Stanley Rous, secretary of The Football Association, persuades the FA council to appoint Winterbottom as The FAs first Director of Coaching and suggests he take on the additional responsibility of being the first England team manager
Manager Football Team
Stanley Rous, secretary of The Football Association, persuades the FA council to appoint Winterbottom as The FAs first Director of Coaching and suggests he take on the additional responsibility of being the first England team manager
McMillan Leads Derby County Past Charlton Athletic
A 4-1 result over Charlton Athletic brings Derby County the trophy under McMillan.
FA Cup Final Appearance
Duffy represents Charlton Athletic during their FA Cup final defeat to Derby County after extra time.
Jackson Assumes Portsmouth Manager Position
Jackson takes charge of Portsmouth in the post-war period and begins shaping the squad that will soon dominate the English First Division.
Postwar First Division Return
Curtis remained responsible for Brentford as organised league football resumed after the Second World War and the club faced renewed top-flight competition.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Middle East
Field Marshal
Appointed Field Marshal
Chief of Imperial General Staff (CIGS)
Appointed Chief of the Imperial General Staff
Created Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
Created 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein after his wartime service.
British Atomic Bomb Project
Begins British atomic bomb work requiring uranium supply.
Death of William Joyce
Known as "Lord haw Haw", hanged in Wandsworth prison for treason
Execution
Known as "Lord haw Haw", hanged in Wandsworth prison for treason
Treason
Known as "Lord haw Haw", hanged in Wandsworth prison for treason
Counsellor of State
Appointed Counsellor of State, Counsellors can be delegated sovereign authority
Peerage
Created Viscount Brooke
Return to Greece
Constantine returns to Greece with his family after the 1946 referendum restores the monarchy.
Death of Bela Imredy
Death of Bela Imredy, executed for an alliance with Germany during the War
Execution
Executed for an alliance with Germany during the War
Death of Lazlo Bardossy
Deth of Bardossy, executed for an alliance with Germany during the War
Execution
Executed for an alliance with Germany during the War
Death of Ferenc Szalasi
Death of Ferenc Szalasi, executed for massacaring Jews in Budapest
Execution
For murdering thousands of Jews during the final days of German occupation in Budapest
Deputy
Elected Deputy Secretary General of the Hungarian Communist Party
National Assembly
Appointed Member of Provisional National Assembly
Provincial Assembly
Appointed Member of Provisional National Assembly
First Icelandic Professional Abroad
Albert Guðmundsson becomes one of Iceland's earliest internationally known footballers, pursuing a professional career abroad and later representing clubs in France and Italy.
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance.
Treaty of Linggadjati
Leads to union with the Republic of Eastern Indonesia
Occupation
Russian troops withdraw
Dismissal
Dismissed at the Zionist Congress for failing to peacefully form a Jewish State
Jewish State
Dismissed at the Zionist Congress for failing to peacefully form a Jewish State
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of Russia
President of Italy
Appointed President of the Constituent Assembly
Election
First elected as a Deputy
One Wonderful Sunday
Kurosawas One Wonderful Sunday. Kurosawas No Regrets for Our Youth
Speaker
Appointed Speaker of the Diet
Constitution of Japan
The Emperor is proclaimed "symbol of the state and of the unity of the people"
Hatoyama
Banned from holding office by the Americans
Education
Receives English lessons from Elizabeth Vining, a Quaker widow
Reform of Political Parties
Helps reform the Liberal Party
Unification
Jordan is created a Kingdom under Abdullahs rule
Succession
Succeeds as King of Transjordan, 1946-1949
Provincial Security Role
Continues administrative and security work during the restored French protectorate
KCP
Appointed Member of Kampuchean Communist Party
Pan-African Federation
Kenyatta founds the Pan-African Federation with Kwame Nkruma
Pan-African Federation
Kenyatta founds the Pan-African Federation with Kwame Nkruma
Anti-Fascist Peoples Freedom League
Appointed Vice President of the Anti-Fascist Peoples Freedom League
Vice President
Appointed Vice President of the Anti-Fascist Peoples Freedom League
Mayor of Amsterdam
Begins serving as Mayor of Amsterdam during the 1946-1957 municipal term.
Mayoral Term
Concludes service as Mayor of Amsterdam after the 1945-1946 municipal term.
Lieutenant General
Appointed Lieutenant General
General Assembly Affirms Nuremberg Principles
The United Nations General Assembly affirmed principles of international law recognized in the Nuremberg Charter and judgment.
Nuremberg Judgment Defines Crimes
The Nuremberg Tribunal delivered judgments addressing war crimes crimes against humanity and crimes against peace.
Tokyo Tribunal Begins Proceedings
The International Military Tribunal for the Far East commenced trials of Japanese wartime leaders.
Election
During elections for the Constituent Assembly of India, the Congress wins most of the elected seats and Hindu electorate seats, while the League wins control of a large majority of Muslim electorate seats
Election
The League wins 425 out of 496 seats reserved for Muslims (and about 89.2% of Muslim votes) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted.
Election
The League wins most Muslim seats in the elections, and Jinnah launches the Direct Action campaign of strikes and protests to achieve "Pakistan", which degenerates into communal violence across India.
Independence of Pakistan
During elections for the Constituent Assembly of India, the Congress wins most of the elected seats and Hindu electorate seats, while the League wins control of a large majority of Muslim electorate seats
Independence of Pakistan
Jinnah enters the Indian Government and is allowed to appoint an equal number of ministers despite being the minority party but coalition is unable to work resulting in potential chaos & civil war.
Independence of Pakistan
The Congress agrees to the partition of Punjab and Bengal along religious lines in late 1946.
Independence of Pakistan
The League wins most Muslim seats in the elections, and Jinnah launches the Direct Action campaign of strikes and protests to achieve "Pakistan", which degenerated into communal violence across India.
Independence of Pakistan
The new viceroy Lord Mountbatten and Indian civil servant VP Menon proposes a plan to create a Muslim dominion in West Punjab, East Bengal, Baluchistan and Sindh, Congress approves the plan.
Muslim League
The League wins most Muslim seats in the elections, and Jinnah launches the Direct Action campaign of strikes and protests to achieve "Pakistan", which degenerated into communal violence across India
Demonstrations
Jinnahs policy of "direct action" precipitates riots, 4,000 are killed. After the riots the British authorites favour Gandhi & Nehro over Jinnah
Election
During elections for the Constituent Assembly of India, the Congress wins most of the elected seats and Hindu electorate seats, while the League wins control of a large majority of Muslim electorate seats
Election
The League wins 425 out of 496 seats reserved for Muslims (and about 89.2% of Muslim votes) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted.
Election
The League wins most Muslim seats in the elections, and Jinnah launches the Direct Action campaign of strikes and protests to achieve "Pakistan", which degenerates into communal violence across India.
Independence of Pakistan
During elections for the Constituent Assembly of India, the Congress wins most of the elected seats and Hindu electorate seats, while the League wins control of a large majority of Muslim electorate seats
Independence of Pakistan
Jinnah enters the Indian Government and is allowed to appoint an equal number of ministers despite being the minority party but coalition is unable to work resulting in potential chaos & civil war.
Independence of Pakistan
The Congress agrees to the partition of Punjab and Bengal along religious lines in late 1946.
Independence of Pakistan
The League wins most Muslim seats in the elections, and Jinnah launches the Direct Action campaign of strikes and protests to achieve "Pakistan", which degenerated into communal violence across India.
Independence of Pakistan
The new viceroy Lord Mountbatten and Indian civil servant VP Menon proposes a plan to create a Muslim dominion in West Punjab, East Bengal, Baluchistan and Sindh, Congress approves the plan.
Muslim League
The League wins most Muslim seats in the elections, and Jinnah launches the Direct Action campaign of strikes and protests to achieve "Pakistan", which degenerated into communal violence across India
Demonstrations
Jinnahs policy of "direct action" precipitates riots, 4,000 are killed. After the riots the British authorites favour Gandhi & Nehro over Jinnah
Masters Degree
Completes his MA at Government College in Lahore and wins a scholarship for further study at Cambridge.
President of Philippines
Appointed President of the Philippines
Arrest of Stanislaw Mikolajczyk
Arrested prior to the national elections during anti-communist demonstrations
Election
Arrested prior to the national elections during anti-communist demonstrations
Bishop
Appointed Bishop of Lublin
Consecration
Consecrated Bishop of Lublin
Ordination
John Paul II is ordained
The Duenna
Composes, "The Duenna"
Left Bank Hospital Appointment
Shalamov became a medical assistant at the Left Bank camp hospital near Debin.
Medical Assistant Training
Shalamov trained as a camp medical assistant, a change that substantially improved his chances of survival.
Gulags
Imprisons between 7 million & 12 million in the Gulags
Reballion of Rebels in Moscow
Stalin orders Beria to "finish off the outlaws in the shortest possible time"
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Land Forces
Deputy Prime Minister
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Russia, 1st term
Censorship
Any favarouble references to the Tsars are removed from school text books
Constitution of Russia
Founds the Council of Minister's
Council of Minister's
Replaces the Council of Peoples Commissars as the Government of Russia. Founds the Council of Minister's. Commissars become ministers
Cult of Individual
A cult of Stalin begins
Economy of Russia
The 4th Five-Year Plan (1946-1950) drastically improves the standard of living for the common citizen from a very low level
Five Year Plan
The 4th Five-Year Plan (1946-1950) drastically improves the standard of living for the common citizen from a very low level
Reballion of Rebels in Moscow
Stalin orders Beria to "finish off the outlaws in the shortest possible time"
Reballion of Rebels in Ukraine
About 8,000 anti-communist partisans are killed in the Ukraine
Socialist Unity Party
Ensures dominance of East Germany by supporting the Socialist Unity Party
Soviet Control Commission
Appointed Head of the Soviet Control Committee
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
President of Russia
Appointed President of Russia
Zaporizhzhia Party Leadership
Returns to civilian party work and helps direct postwar reconstruction in the Zaporizhzhia region.
Ukrainian Famine Response
Faces severe agricultural shortages and famine conditions while serving in the Ukrainian leadership.
Cold War Lectures
Speaks about the origins of Bolshevism as the Cold War begins.
Reballion of Rebels in Moscow
Stalin orders Beria to "finish off the outlaws in the shortest possible time"
Reballion of Rebels in Ukraine
About 8,000 anti-communist partisans are killed in the Ukraine
Experimental Heart-Lung Transplant
Performs pioneering experimental transplantation of the heart and lungs in animals.
Thoracic Organ Transplantation
The achievement marks thoracic organ transplantation as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Reballion of Rebels in Moscow
Stalin orders Beria to "finish off the outlaws in the shortest possible time"
Moscow Debates Atomic Energy Control
Stalin's government engaged in United Nations discussions about international control of atomic energy.
Soviet Delegates Debate Iran Crisis
The Soviet Union faced United Nations discussions concerning troop withdrawals and the crisis in Iran.
Soviet Veto Shapes Security Council
Soviet use of the veto demonstrated the practical influence of permanent member voting rights.
Soviets Participate General Assembly
Stalin's government sent representatives to the first meetings of the United Nations General Assembly.
Reform of Racial Laws
Henry Fagan is appointed a Commission Chairman to consider reforming the Pass Laws
Reform of Racial Laws
Judge Fagan is appointed a Commission Chairman to consider reforming the Pass Laws
National Party
Appointed Vice Chairman of the National Party in the Transvaal
Notorious
Stars in Notorious
Prime Minister of Sweden
Appointed Prime Minister of Sweden
Artificial Kidney Treatment
Develops an artificial kidney machine incorporating fluid removal.
Hemodialysis Machine
Advances practical hemodialysis for patients with severe kidney failure.
Noradrenaline Identified
Identifies noradrenaline as a chemical transmitter in sympathetic nerves.
Sympathetic Neurotransmitter
Clarifies how the sympathetic nervous system communicates with target organs.
Birth of Tansu Ciller
Birth of Tansu Ciller
The Stranger
International Pictures released Welless film, The Stranger, starring Edward G. Robinson, Loretta Young, and Welles. Directs, "The Stranger"
Its a Wonderful Life
Stars in, "Its a Wonderful Life"
The Strangers
Sam Spiegel produces The Strangers, which follows the hunt for a Nazi war criminal living under an alias in America
Academy Award
Winner of the Academy Award for Best Direction for The Best Years of Our Lives. The Best Years of Our Lives won seven Academy Awards, including those for best picture, director, actor, supporting actor, editing, screenplay, and original score
Best Years of Our Lives
Directs, The Best Years of Our Lives
Evidence Robot Story
Asimov published Evidence, a robot story examining the problem of identifying a humanlike robot.
Irving Berlin musical Annie Get Your
Irving Berlin musical Annie Get Your Gun is huge hit
Governor
Appointed Governor of New York State, 2nd term
Independence of Germany
"Allied Control Council is neither governing Germany nor allowing Germany to govern"
Independence of United States of America
"Allied Control Council is neither governing Germany nor allowing Germany to govern"
Resigns over Trumans tougher policy with Russia
Resigns over Trumans tougher policy with Russia
Allied Control Council
"Allied Control Council is neither governing Germany nor allowing Germany to govern"
Constitution of USA
"Allied Control Council is neither governing Germany nor allowing Germany to govern"
Army Discharge
Shaw was discharged from the United States Army in 1946 after completing his wartime service.
Postwar Return to New Orleans
After his Army discharge, Shaw returned to New Orleans and resumed his civilian career.
Election
Elected Member of House of Representitives
Death of William Jefferson Bill Clinton
Death of William Blythe, Bill Clintons father, before Bill Clintons birth
PPA
Founds the Progressive Party of America
Recommends non-intervention in China
Recommends non-intervention in China. "Peace & stability must be achieved by the efforts of the Chinese themselves"
Birth of George Walker Bush
Birth of George Walker Bush
Hubble Space Telescope
The history of the Hubble Space Telescope can be traced back to 1946, when the astronomer Lyman Spitzer writes the paper "Astronomical advantages of an extraterrestrial observatory"
Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
Gamow argues that the hot early universe could explain the origin of chemical elements
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering that X-ray irradiation can produce mutations in genetic material.
Elementary Mass-Energy Derivation
Publishes an elementary derivation of the equivalence of mass and energy, revisiting one of the central physical consequences that emerged from special relativity.
General Field Theory Draft
Presents a new draft of field equations for his continuing general field theory program.
Postwar Nuclear Physics Programme
Establishes an energetic postwar research programme at Chicago spanning nuclear physics, particle physics and theoretical problems.
University of Chicago Professorship
Accepts a professorship at the University of Chicago's Institute for Nuclear Studies and returns to fundamental research after the war.
Atomic Energy Commission
President Truman appoints David Lilienthal as the first Chairman of the AEC. All production facilities and nuclear reactors would be Government-owned, while all technical information and research results would be under Commission control
Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists
Helps form and chairs the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists to promote public education and international control.
Atomic Energy Commission
President Truman appoints David Lilienthal as the first Chairman of the AEC. All production facilities and nuclear reactors would be Government-owned, while all technical information and research results would be under Commission control
Delegate
Appointed delegate to the United Nations General Assembly
Subsequent Trials Extend Accountability beyond Top Leaders
The American programme targets doctors, judges, industrialists, SS administrators, diplomats and military commanders whose conduct was not resolved by the IMT.
Conference of Fontainbleau
Signs a modus vivendi covering the economy & cessation of hostilities
International Accord
France & the Vietminh then reach an accord. France concedes territorial rights to China which agrees to withdraw from Vietnam
Referendum
France breaks referendum agreement by proclaiming a Cochinchina Government. Agrees to hold a referendum to determine if Tonkin, Annam & Cochinchina should reunite
Education
Graduates from the French Military Academy Saint-Cyr/Coetquidam and is promoted to "Indochine", and Ecole des Troupes Aeroportees (Airborne forces) in France
Indochine
Graduates from the French Military Academy Saint-Cyr and is promoted to "Indochine" in France
Prime Minister of Yugoslavia
Appointed Prime Minister of Yugoslavia
Arrest of Aloysius Stepinac
Imprisoned for collaboration with the Germans, released 1951
Nuremberg Trial Reporting
West reported on the Nuremberg trials and examined the moral and political consequences of Nazism.
Death of Herbert George Wells
Wells died in London after a prolific career in fiction and social commentary.
Prison Writing Begins
Solzhenitsyn composed and memorized writing while imprisoned in Soviet labor camps.
Returns to Literary Writing
Heinrich Böll resumed writing after military service and wartime imprisonment.
What Is Existential Philosophy
Arendt published an essay assessing developments in continental existentialist philosophy.
Coal Nationalisation Act
Emanuel Shinwell helped steer legislation creating the National Coal Board as the statutory operator of Britain's coal mines.