Kashmir Ceasefire Line
The ceasefire leaves Jammu and Kashmir divided between Indian and Pakistani-administered areas.
Historical events in 1949
487 historical records
January 194919 historical events
Kashmir Ceasefire
A United Nations-backed ceasefire takes effect in Jammu and Kashmir between Indian and Pakistani forces.
President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Comecon
Comecon is established at a Moscow economic conference January 5-January 8, 1949, at which the six founding member countries are represented
Economy of Russia
Comecon is established at a Moscow economic conference January 5-January 8, 1949, at which the six founding member countries are represented
National Suffrage for Women
Promulgates legislation granting women equal voting rights in presidential and parliamentary elections.
Gold Reserves Transfer
Orders Central Bank gold reserves transferred toward Taiwan as the Nationalist government prepares for possible loss of the mainland.
Birth of George Edward Foreman
Birth of George Edward Foreman
Birth of Trevor Rabin
Birth of Trevor Rabin, later Yes guitarist, vocalist and songwriter during the 1980s.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey
Presidential Resignation
Announces his resignation as President after severe Nationalist defeats, while retaining leadership of the Kuomintang.
Capture of Beijing
Peking surrenders to the Communists
Constitution of Israel
Elected Prime Minister, Israels 1st national election
Election
Elected Prime Minister, Israels 1st national election
Comecon
Comecons foundation is publicly announced
Education
Reports to Naval Air Station Pensacola for flight training, this lasts almost 18 months, during which time he qualified for carrier landing aboard the USS Cabot and USS Wright
Capture of Beijing
Communist forces enter Beiping after the Nationalist garrison accepts a negotiated surrender.
Trial
Appeals against his sentence & is released
Prime Minister of Israel
the War of Independence
February 19498 historical events
Occupation
Joseph Dodge is appointed to implement the 9-Point Program
Trial
Godse & Apte are sentenced to death for the assassination of Gandhi
Trial
Godse & Apte are sentenced to death for the assassination of Gandhi
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 3rd term
Birth of Jimmy Greaves
Birth of Jimmy Greaves
Peace
Israel signs an armistice with Egypt
Martial Law
The Shah declares martial law
Coup
Involved in an abortive military attempt to return to power
March 194923 historical events
1st Flight Circumnavigation
Completes the 1st non-stop round-the-world flight, 94 hours in Lucky Lady II
Treaty of Elysee
An agreement with Bao Dai making Vietnam an "associated state" within the French Union
Agreement of Elysee
The Elysee Accords are intended to increase US-support for French actions in Indochina and to convince Bao Dai that France wiil give Vietnam greater independence
Agreement of Elysee
The Elysee Accords are signed by President Auriol making Vietnam an "assocated state" of France. France retains control over the defense, diplomacy & finances. Bao Dai is restored as head of state of a nominally independent Vietnam
Agreement of Elysee
The Elysee Accords state that Vietnam can conduct it's own foreign affairs, control it's finances and have an army although the agreements fall short of complete independence
Elysee Accords
The Elysee Accords state that Vietnam could conduct its own foreign affairs, control its finances and have an army although the agreements fell short of complete independence. France retains control over the defense, diplomacy & finances
Independence of Vietnam
The Elysee Accords are signed by President Auriol making Vietnam an "assocated state" of France. France retains control over the defense, diplomacy & finances. Bao Dai is restored as head of state of a nominally independent Vietnam
Independence of Vietnam
The Elysee Accords state that Vietnam could conduct its own foreign affairs, control its finances and have an army although the agreements fell short of complete independence. The Elysee Accords are an agreement which would give Vietnam greater independence from France
Death of Henri-Honore Giraud
Death of Henri-Honore Giraud
Objectives Resolution
The Constituent Assembly adopts the Objectives Resolution under Liaquat Ali Khan.
Carlisle United Managerial Beginning
Shankly accepted the managerial post at Carlisle United after his playing career, beginning the coaching journey that eventually took him to Liverpool.
Trade Embargo at London
Argues for a trade embargo with Eastern Europe
BBC Cosmology Broadcast
Hoyle used the expression Big Bang during a BBC radio discussion while criticizing finite-age cosmology.
Birth of David Paul Greenfield
Birth of David Paul Greenfield, later keyboard player with The Stranglers.
Newfoundland Joins Confederation
Welcomes Newfoundland as Canada tenth province.
Unification
The province of Newfoundland is added to the Canadian Confederation
Independence of France
Vietnamis given "independence within the French Union"
Big Bang
Popularises the phrase Big Bang while criticising cosmologies with an initial dense state.
Independence of Vietnam
Tonkin, Annam & Cochin China are united into the single state of Vietnam
Rule of Annam
Tonkin, Annam & Cochin China are united into the single state of Vietnam
Rule of Cochin China
Tonkin, Annam & Cochin China are united into the single state of Vietnam
Rule of Tonkin
Tonkin, Annam & Cochin China are united into the single state of Vietnam
Unification
Tonkin, Annam & Cochin China are united into the single state of Vietnam
April 194930 historical events
Manifesto
Issues his draft manifesto for the Conservative Party, "The Right Road For Britain"
Peace
Israel signs an armistice with Syria. Israel signs an armistice with Jordan
Jordan Israel Armistice
Jordan and Israel signed an armistice agreement on 3 April 1949 that established military demarcation lines without resolving the territory's ultimate sovereignty.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
Treaty of NATO
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
North Atlantic Treaty
Signs the North Atlantic Treaty on Canada behalf.
North Atlantic Treaty
Signs the North Atlantic Treaty for Canada.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance. Schuman was instrumental in the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). Schuman also signed the Treaty of Washington for France
Treaty of NATO
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance. Schuman was instrumental in the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). Schuman also signed the Treaty of Washington for France
Treaty of North Atlantic
Participation of the United States was thought necessary both to counter the military power of the USSR and to prevent the revival of nationalist militarism, so talks for a new military alliance results in the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C. on 4 April 1949. It included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
Treaty of NATO
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
Treaty of North Atlantic
Participation of the United States was thought necessary both to counter the military power of the USSR and to prevent the revival of nationalist militarism, so talks for a new military alliance results in the North Atlantic Treaty, signed in Washington, D.C. on 4 April 1949. It included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland
NATO
Supports the creation of NATO as a cornerstone of Western security policy
NATO Founding Membership
Iceland signs the North Atlantic Treaty as a founding NATO member despite maintaining no standing armed forces of its own.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
Treaty of NATO
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Signs the Treaty establishing the NATO alliance
Ministries Trial Sentence
The tribunal announced sentences in the Ministries Case after delivering its judgment.
Republic of Ireland
The Republic of Ireland Act becomes effective under Costello, marking the state's internationally recognized republican status.
Capture of River Yangtze
The Communists cross the River Yangtze
Capture of River Yangtze
Communist forces cross the Yangtze River after peace negotiations fail, opening the final drive into Nationalist-held southern China.
KMT Government Liaison
Acts as liaison between the Kuomintang and government while continuing to influence Nationalist strategy after leaving the presidency.
Capture of Nangking
The Communists capture Nanking
Capture of Nanjing
Communist forces capture Nanjing, ending Nationalist control of the former capital.
Economy of Japan
Joseph Dodge announces a fixed rate of 360 yen/dollar
Exile of Bao Dai
Returns to Vietnam in after a 3 year self-imposed exile
May 194951 historical events
Nationalisation of Gas
Public area gas boards take control of Britain's gas undertakings.
Discovery of Nereid
Kuiper discovers Nereid, Neptune's second known moon, using a ground-based telescope.
Council of Europe
As French Foreign Minister, Schuman supported the creation of the Council of Europe, whose Statute was signed in London on 5 May 1949.
Council of Europe
At the signing of it's Statutes at St James's Palace, London, 5 May 1949, the founding States agreed to defining the frontiers of Europe based on the principles of human rights and fundamental freedoms that Schuman enunciated.
Council of Europe
He also announced a coming supranational union for Europe that saw light as the European Coal and Steel Community and other such Communities within a Union framework of common law and democracy.
Council of Europe
Schuman continued advocating supranational European cooperation while serving as French Foreign Minister.
Council of Europe
The Council of Europe and was created within the tight schedule Schuman had set.
Council of Europe
The Council of Europe was established in 1949 as part of the wider post-war movement toward European cooperation.
European Coal and Steel Community
At the signing of it's Statutes at St James's Palace, London, 5 May 1949, the founding States agreed to defining the frontiers of Europe based on the principles of human rights and fundamental freedoms that Schuman enunciated.
European Coal and Steel Community
He also announced a coming supranational union for Europe that saw light as the European Coal and Steel Community and other such Communities within a Union framework of common law and democracy.
European Coal and Steel Community
The Council of Europe and was created within the tight schedule Schuman had set.
Council of Europe
At the signing of it's Statutes at St James's Palace, London, 5 May 1949, the founding States agreed to defining the frontiers of Europe based on the principles of human rights and fundamental freedoms that Schuman enunciated.
Council of Europe
He also announced a coming supranational union for Europe that saw light as the European Coal and Steel Community and other such Communities within a Union framework of common law and democracy.
Council of Europe
The Council of Europe and was created within the tight schedule Schuman had set.
European Coal and Steel Community
At the signing of it's Statutes at St James's Palace, London, 5 May 1949, the founding States agreed to defining the frontiers of Europe based on the principles of human rights and fundamental freedoms that Schuman enunciated.
European Coal and Steel Community
He also announced a coming supranational union for Europe that saw light as the European Coal and Steel Community and other such Communities within a Union framework of common law and democracy.
European Coal and Steel Community
The Council of Europe and was created within the tight schedule Schuman had set.
Council of Europe
Supports creation of the Council of Europe as part of the postwar European cooperation movement.
Council of Europe Advocacy
Welcomes the creation of a Council of Europe consistent with his postwar campaign for closer European cooperation.
Council of Europe
The Statute of the Council of Europe is signed in London by ten founding states, advancing the European cooperation Churchill had publicly advocated after the war.
Statute of Council of Europe
Sees ten European governments sign the London Statute establishing the Council of Europe with a Committee of Ministers and Consultative Assembly.
Council of Europe Membership
Represents Ireland as a founding member of the Council of Europe.
United Nations
Israel becomes a member of the United Nations
Siege of Shanghai
Communist forces begin the final campaign for Shanghai, one of the last major Nationalist strongholds on the mainland coast.
Berlin Blockade Ends after 327 Days
The lifting of restrictions ends the prolonged confrontation while Western air supply has kept the city functioning.
Blockade of Berlin
The Berlin blockade ends after 327 days
Berlin Soviet Restrictions Lifted
Soviet authorities end the blockade after the Western powers maintain access through the airlift.
Blockade of Berlin
The Berlin blockade is lifted after 327 days, both sides claim victory. Calls off the Berlin Blockade after more than a year
Berlin Blockade Settlement Recorded
The end of the blockade restores surface access to Berlin after both sides claim political success.
Blockade of Berlin
The Berlin blockade is lifted, both sides claim victory
Reform of Immigration Law
Israel abolishes restrictions on immigration
Nationalist Revolutionary Movement
Urriolagoitia expands repression against the MNR and other reformist organisations.
Birth of William Scott Bruford
Birth of William Scott Bruford, later Yes drummer and progressive rock innovator.
Birth of Richard Christopher Wakeman
Birth of Richard Christopher Wakeman, later Yes keyboard player and solo artist.
Capture of Changshah
The Communists capture Changshah
Capture of Changteh
The Communists capture Changteh
Capture of Fuchow
The Communists capture Fuchow
Capture of Sian
The Communists capture Sian, this enables the PLA to turn westward
Basic Law
The Basic Law (Grundgesetz), invests the Chancellor (German, Bundeskanzler) with broad powers to initiate Government policy & for that reason, some observers refer to the German political system as a "Chancellor democracy"
Basic Law
The Chancellor's authority emanates from the provisions of the Basic Law and in practice from his or her status as leader of the party (or coalition of parties) holding a majority of seats in the Bundestag (federal Parliament)
Constitution of Germany
The Basic Law (Grundgesetz), invests the Chancellor (German, Bundeskanzler) with broad powers to initiate Government policy & for that reason, some observers refer to the German political system as a "Chancellor democracy"
Constitution of Germany
The Chancellor's authority emanates from the provisions of the Basic Law and in practice from his or her status as leader of the party (or coalition of parties) holding a majority of seats in the Bundestag (federal Parliament)
Constitution of Germany
With the founding of the Federal Republic, the German Chancellor is now officially addressed as "Herr Bundeskanzler"
Federal Republic
Establishes the Federal Republics constitution
Legislation
The Basic Law (Grundgesetz), invests the Chancellor (German, Bundeskanzler) with broad powers to initiate Government policy & for that reason, some observers refer to the German political system as a "Chancellor democracy"
Capture of Shanghai
The Communists capture Shanghai & seal Chiangs defeat in the Civil War
Capture of Shanghai
Communist forces capture Shanghai after heavy fighting, removing the Nationalists from China’s largest city.
Unification
Russia rejects a western plea for German reunification
Trade Treaty
Britain & Argentina agree a 5 yr trade Treaty
Mobilization
Sets up the Northeast Military Region
Withdrawal Negotiations
Organizes a national campaign against proposed US withdrawal from Korea
June 194920 historical events
Nineteen Eighty-Four
Publishes Nineteen Eighty-Four.
Nineteen Eighty-Four
States that Nineteen Eighty-Four is not an attack on socialism or the Labour Party.
Chief of State
Appointed head of the new Government by the French
Declaration of War
Giap calls for an offensive against the loyal forces of Bao Dai
General Offensive Call
Calls for intensified operations against French-backed Bao Dai forces
Birth of Alan White
Birth of Alan White, later Yes drummer after earlier work with John Lennon.
Establishment of Diplomatic Relations with Any foreign Government
Announces he is willing to establish diplomatic relations with any foreign Government
Labour Party Letter
Explains that Nineteen Eighty-Four is not an attack on democratic socialism.
Independence of Vietnam
The US recognizes the Boa Dai Government
Recognition of the Boa Dai Government
The US recognizes the Boa Dai Government
Cominform
Tito does not attend the second meeting of the Cominform, fearing that Yugoslavia will be attacked. Other member countries expel Yugoslavia citing "nationalist elements" that had "managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership" of the CPY
Tito-Stalin Split
Tito does not attend the second meeting of the Cominform, fearing that Yugoslavia will be attacked. Other member countries expel Yugoslavia citing "nationalist elements" that had "managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership" of the CPY
Yugoslav-Soviet Split
Tito does not attend the second meeting of the Cominform, fearing that Yugoslavia will be attacked. Other member countries expel Yugoslavia citing "nationalist elements" that had "managed in the course of the past five or six months to reach a dominant position in the leadership" of the CPY
Workers Party Merger
Leads the merged Workers Party of Korea.
Operation Magic Carpet Begins
Government supports the large-scale airlift of Jews from Yemen.
Yemeni Jewish Airlift
Flights bring Yemeni Jewish communities to the new Israeli state.
Reballion of suppressing the Berlin
Plays a part in suppressing the Berlin rebellion
Reballion of suppressing the Berlin
Plays a part in suppressing the Berlin rebellion
Republic of Korea Army
US troops evacuate of south Korea, advisers organize the Republic of Korea Army
Rule of Korea
US troops evacuate of south Korea, advisers organize the Republic of Korea Army
July 19499 historical events
Alliance China and Russia
Says the world is divided into imperialism & socialism & China should ally with Russia
Interracial Marriage Ban
The law becomes an early pillar of statutory apartheid.
Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act
Government enacts a ban on marriages classified as interracial.
Birth of Terence Michael Butler
Birth of Terence Michael Butler, later Black Sabbath bassist, lyricist and founding member.
Birth of Geezer Butler
Birth of Geezer Butler, later Black Sabbath bassist and lyricist.
Birth of Steve Peregrin Took
Birth of Steve Peregrin Took, born Stephen Ross Porter
Loya Jirga
A Loya Jirga rejects earlier frontier agreements after Pakistan emerges from British India.
Trial
Tried for the deportation of French Jews to the death camps, released in 1954. A French court sentences Abetz to 20 yrs imprisonment for war crimes
Expulsion of Chinese Mission
The Tibetan government orders the remaining Chinese Nationalist mission to leave Lhasa.
August 194917 historical events
Constitution of Germany
Becomes West Germany's 1st President
Election
Wins elections to the 1st Bundestag, lower House of the Federal Assembly. CDU 139 seats, SPD 131 seats
President of Germany
Appointed President of Germany
Alliance United States and Nationalist China
The United States publishes its China White Paper amid declining confidence in the Nationalist mainland war effort.
Treaty of Friendship with Bhutan
India and Bhutan sign a treaty establishing a new framework for their bilateral relationship.
First Gaston Eyskens Government
Begins the First Gaston Eyskens Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Third and Fourth Spaak Governments
The Third and Fourth Spaak Governments ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Germany
Government
Forms a coalition Government of the CDU, CSU, FDP & DP parties
Constitution of China
Announces the establishment of the ManchurianPeoples Government
Birth of Hugh Alan Cornwell
Birth of Hugh Alan Cornwell, later guitarist, vocalist and founding member of The Stranglers.
First Soviet Atomic Test
Directs the scientific programme producing the first Soviet atomic bomb test.
RDS-1 Test
The achievement marks rds-1 test as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Soviet Atomic Bomb
The Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb.
First Soviet Atomic Test
The Soviet Union conducts its first atomic bomb test, ending the United States nuclear monopoly.
Election
Wins the 1st post war election for the CDU & heads a coalition Government
Conference of Chinhae
Hosts the Sinon Conference of Chinhae, attended by Chiang Kai-shek
September 194916 historical events
Invasion of Vietnam
France releases 1,700 POWs to fight the Vietminh. France attempts to recover Vietnam from communist resistance led by Ho Chi Minh
President of Paraguay
Takes office before the internal crisis that leads to Stroessner's coup.
Rotation
Directs Rotation, examining German life under Nazism.
Political Lectures
Kerensky records his position on political lectures in exile.
Sterling Devaluation
Cripps announces devaluation of sterling from 4.03 to 2.80 United States dollars.
Sterling Devaluation
Britain devalues sterling from 4.03 to 2.80 dollars while remaining inside the Bretton Woods fixed-rate system anchored to the dollar's official gold value.
Prime Minister of China
Appointed Prime Minister of the Peoples Republic of China
Foreign Secretary of China
Appointed Foreign Minister
First CPPCC Session
Participates in the opening of the first Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Peoples Republic of China
Constitution of China
Proclaims the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Peoples Republic of China
Birth of Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen
Birth of Bruce Frederick Joseph Springsteen, later known as a songwriter and rock performer from New Jersey.
Birth of Bruce Springsein
Birth of Bruce Springsein, Freehold, New Jersey
University College Hospital
Moves to University College Hospital in London.
Ridglea West Elementary Transfer
Oswald transferred to Ridglea West Elementary School in September 1949 and remained there for three school years.
October 194916 historical events
Constitution of China
Stands at the Forbidden City & proclaims, "The Chinese people have stood up". Proclaims the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China in Tiananmen Square
Independence of China
Russia gives immediate recognition to the Peoples Republic of China
Peace Mediation at Beijing
Russia gives immediate recognition to the Peoples Republic of China
Appointment as Foreign Minister
Takes responsibility for the new government's foreign ministry while also serving as premier.
Appointment as Premier
Becomes the first premier of the People's Republic of China when the new central government is established.
Declaration of Republic
Mao Zedong proclaims the People’s Republic of China in Beijing while Chiang’s Nationalist government continues retreating south.
Treaty of Friendship
When the Cominform campaign against Yugoslavia severed the Yugoslav Communist party leadership, the government of the People's Republic of Bulgaria deleted the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance of Bled with all agreements, except the decision of pardon of war damages
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for the GDR, 1st term
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for the GDR
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's for the GDR
Marriage to Sonia Brownell
Marries Sonia Brownell in hospital.
Civil War Declared Ended
The government announces the end of major organised communist resistance.
Death of John Robert Clynes
Death of John Robert Clynes
Battle of Kuningtou
Nationalist forces defeat a Communist landing attempt at Kuningtou on Kinmen, preserving ROC control of the offshore island.
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
Lieutenant
Appointed Lieutenant, 1st, on board the HMS Chequers
November 194913 historical events
Franco-Khmer Treaty
Secures greater autonomy for Cambodia within the French Union
CIA Employment Begins
Hunt entered CIA service and began a career in covert operations and political action that continued until his retirement in 1970.
Death of Narayan Apte
Death of Narayan Apte, executed for the assassination of Gandhi
Execution
Godse & Apte are executed for the assassination of Gandhi
Death of Nathuram Godse
Death of Nathuram Godse, executed for the assassination of Gandhi
Execution
Godse & Apte are executed for the assassination of Gandhi
Constitution Adopted
The Constituent Assembly adopts the Constitution of India under the presidency of Rajendra Prasad.
Foreign Ministry Organisation
Builds the institutions and operating principles of the new People's Republic's diplomatic service.
Battle of Huai-Hai
Yu-Ming opens the invasion route to Nanking & Shanghai after victory at Huai-Hai. Decisive Battle of the war. Communist victory over the Nationalists
Siege of Nanking
Yu-Ming opens the invasion route to Nanking & Shanghai after victory at Huai-Hai
Siege of Shanghai
Yu-Ming opens the invasion route to Nanking & Shanghai after victory at Huai-Hai
Stalin condemns Tito
Stalin condemns Tito
Office of Policy Coordination Assignment
Hunt joined the Office of Policy Coordination, where his work focused on covert political action, influence, and psychological operations.
December 194912 historical events
Third Olafur Thors Government
Begins the Third Olafur Thors Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Stefan Johann Stefansson Government
The Stefan Johann Stefansson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Exile of Chiang Kai-Shek
The Republic of China central government relocates to Taipei as Communist victory on the mainland becomes irreversible.
Exile of Chiang Kai-Shek
Leaves Chengdu for Taipei as the Nationalist government completes its relocation to Taiwan.
Diplomatic Negotiations at Moscow
Mao Tse-Tung has talks with Stalin in Moscow
NHS Charges Power
Secures power to introduce charges, though implementation is delayed.
Diplomatic Negotiations at Moscow
Mao Tse-Tung has talks with Stalin in Moscow
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia, 2nd term
Prime Minister of Egypt
Becomes Prime Minister after Mahmoud el-Nokrashy's assassination.
Independence of Vietnam
The French transfer further powers to Bao Dai
Hamburg War Crimes Trial
A British military court convicted Manstein on nine war-crimes charges relating to his wartime command responsibilities and sentenced him to eighteen years in prison. The proceedings examined conduct including failures to protect civilians and the treatment of prisoners in occupied territory.
Moscow Regional Committee Leadership
Resumes leadership of the Moscow regional party organization after leaving Ukraine.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Lao Issara Dissolution
Lao Issara divisions deepen as some leaders return to Laos and others continue resistance
Constitution of Argentina
A constitutional amendment sponsored by the Government introduces a number of workers rights and the possibility of presidential re-election
Election
A constitutional amendment sponsored by the Government introduces a number of workers rights and the possibility of presidential re-election
Minister of Immigration
Appointed Minister of Immigration
Foreign Secretary of Australia
Appointed Minister of External Affairs
London School of Economics (LSE)
Appointed professor
The Prophetic Faith
Publication of "The Prophetic Faith"
King Solomons Ring
Publishes King Solomons Ring
Quantum Foundations Lectures
Continues lecturing and writing on the conceptual foundations of quantum mechanics, emphasizing unresolved questions about measurement and physical reality.
Election
Leftist gains in the 1949 legislative election intensify pressure on Hertzog's government.
PURS
PURS leaders withdraw confidence from Hertzog as political conflict and labour unrest increase.
Resignation of Enrique Hertzog Garaiz
Hertzog resigns and transfers presidential authority to Vice President Urriolagoitia.
Civil War of 1949
Urriolagoitia's government defeats a nationwide MNR-led uprising known as the Civil War of 1949.
Conservative Government
Urriolagoitia leads a conservative administration facing growing opposition from the MNR and labour movement.
Nationalist Revolutionary Movement
The Urriolagoitia Government barely regains control, the die is cast on the moribund "Oligarchic State" of 1880-1936, resuscitated only temporarily (194043 and 194652) by the economic and mining interests that uphold it. A counter-reaction takes place and a series of violent nation-wide rebellions catalyze the so-called Civil War of MaySeptember 1949
Alliance Signs the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance and Mutual Help
Signs the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship & Alliance & Mutual Help
Constitution of China
Chiang and his Kuomingtang Government flee to Taiwan while Mao Zedong proclaims the Peoples Republic of China (1.2 million have died in three years)
Independence of China
Recognizes Ho Chi Minhs Vietminh as the legitimate Government of Vietnam
Independence of Vietnam
Recognizes Ho Chi Minhs Vietminh as the legitimate Government of Vietnam
Peoples Republic of China
Chiang and his Kuomingtang Government flee to Taiwan while Mao Zedong proclaims the Peoples Republic of China (1.2 million have died in three years)
Policy toward Tibet
Mao's new government announces its intention to bring Tibet under People's Republic authority.
Recognition of Ho Chi Minhs Vietminh as the legitimate
Recognizes Ho Chi Minhs Vietminh as the legitimate Government of Vietnam
Treaty of Sino-Soviet
Signs the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship & Alliance & Mutual Help
Envoy
Appointed Envoy
Standing Committee
Appointed Member of Standing Committee of the CPPCC
Minister of Culture
Appointed Minister of Culture
Kuomintang Leadership
Remains leader of the Kuomintang and continues directing Nationalist strategy after stepping down from the presidency.
Exile of De Zhu
Drives the National Revolutionary Army under Chiang Kai-Shek into Taiwan
Central Committee
Appointed Member of Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Drafting the Common Program
Helps guide drafting of the Common Program that defines the new state's initial political and foreign-policy framework.
Capital
The Nationalist government relocates from Nanjing to Guangzhou as Communist forces advance southward.
Capital
The Nationalist government shifts its remaining mainland headquarters from Chongqing to Chengdu late in the civil war.
Capital
The Nationalist government moves from Guangzhou to Chongqing as Communist forces capture more of southern China.
President of Costa Rica
Appointed President of Costa Rica
UCAS
Costa Rica becomes a founder member of the Union of Central American States
Columbia Nuclear Structure Research
Takes a research position at Columbia University, where contact with James Rainwater helps focus his attention on nonspherical atomic nuclei and nuclear magnetic properties.
Danish Goalscorer at Juventus
Establishes himself as a prolific attacking presence after arriving from Denmark, providing the firepower that helps Juventus challenge for the 1949-50 Italian championship.
Jour de fete
Directs Jour de fete.
Military Aid Agreement at Paris
Requests military aid from the USA to defend Asia against Communism
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France, 2nd term
Applied Rationalism
Bachelard publishes Applied Rationalism, examining the relation between rational structures and scientific practice.
The Second Sex
Beauvoir publishes The Second Sex, analysing women's oppression through existential and historical categories.
Le Deuxieme Sexe
Publication of "Le Deuxieme Sexe"
Mouvement Republican Populaire (MRP)
Helps found the Mouvement Republican Populaire
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the MRP
Medal
Awarded the Medaille militaire for his escape from Konigstein
Answer of A German", post war justification of Nazism
Publication of "Answer of A German", post war justification of Nazism
Answer of A German
Publication of "Answer of A German", post war justification of Nazism
Foreign Secretary of Germany
Appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs for the GDR
Chancellor
The CDU wins a majority in the elections to the Federal Parliament
Election
The CDU wins a majority in the elections to the Federal Parliament
Minister of Economic Affairs
Appointed Minister of Economic Affairs
Heidelberg Chair
Gadamer succeeds Karl Jaspers at the University of Heidelberg.
Exile of Josef Mengele
Departs for Argentina
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Peoples Party
Peoples Party
Founds the Peoples Party
Kind Hearts and Coronets
Starts in "Kind Hearts and Coronets", The Duke, The Banker, The Parson, The General, The Admiral, Young Ascoyne, Young Henry, Lady Agatha. Starts in "A Run for Your Money"
Kind Hearts and Coronets
Plays the suave murderer Louis Mazzini in the British comedy classic, Kind Hearts and Coronets
A Place In The Sun
Taylor begins filming George Stevens A Place In The Sun. Before Conspirators 1949 release, a Time cover article called her "a jewel of great price, a true star sapphire", and the leader among Hollywoods next generation of stars
Samson and Delilah
Appears in Samson and Delilah
Madame Bovary
Stars in Madame Bovary. Makes his first Hollywood film, Caught
The Heiress
Stars in "The Heiress"
Kind Hearts and Coronets
Directs Kind Hearts and Coronets
The Grass Is Singing
Lessing moves to London with her youngest son in 1949 and her first novel, "The Grass Is Singing", is published
The Concept of Mind
Publication of "The Concept of Mind"
Love in a Cold Climate
Publication of "Love in a Cold Climate"
The God That Failed
Edits The God That Failed, a collection by writers disillusioned with communism.
Chris Barbers Jazz Band
Joins Chris Barbers Jazz Band
Royal Academy
Appointed President of the Royal Academy
Publication of Herodotus
Publishes a further scholarly work on Herodotus through Oxford's Clarendon Press.
Economy of Great Britain
The Industrial Charter is repeated in "The Right Road for Britain"
Governor
Appointed Governor General of Sri Lanka
Clothing Rationing
Ends clothing rationing as wartime controls are progressively removed.
Patents Act
Oversees patent law consolidation and amendment while serving at the Board of Trade.
Rationing
Rations for clothing are abolished
Patents Act
Patents Act 1949 consolidates and amends patent law
Parliament Act
Parliament Act 1949 reduces the House of Lords delaying power over public bills
NHS Overseas Recruitment Government
The Labour Party Government is in office as this NHS milestone occurs: A major recruitment drive begins in the West Indies to bring staff into the NHS.
NHS Overseas Recruitment NHS Development
This NHS development occurs while Clement Attlee serves as Prime Minister: A major recruitment drive begins in the West Indies to bring staff into the NHS.
NHS Overseas Recruitment
During Clement Attlee's government, a major recruitment drive begins in the West Indies to bring staff into the NHS.
Finance Act
Finance Act 1949 sets taxation and revenue measures after devaluation pressures
Ireland Act
Ireland ceases to have Dominion status and leaves the Commonwealth; Northern Ireland remains part of the United Kingdom unless its Parliament consents otherwise
Mobilization
Creates a secret group of ministers to approve subversion behind the Iron Curtain. Completes the plans for a World War III British state
Ireland Act
Ireland Act 1949 recognises the Republic of Ireland and adjusts constitutional relations
House of Commons Redistribution of Seats Act
House of Commons Redistribution of Seats Act 1949 changes parliamentary constituency redistribution rules
Justices of the Peace Act
Justices of the Peace Act 1949 reforms magistrates and justices of the peace administration
Marriage Act
Marriage Act 1949 consolidates marriage law in England and Wales
Lands Tribunal Act
Lands Tribunal Act 1949 creates the Lands Tribunal for compensation and valuation disputes
Legal Aid and Advice Act
Legal Aid and Advice Act 1949 creates a modern legal aid and advice scheme
Agricultural Wages Act
Agricultural Wages Act 1949 consolidates agricultural wage regulation
Civil Aviation Act
Civil Aviation Act 1949 amends organisation and regulation of civil aviation
Nurses Act
Nurses Act 1949 reforms nursing registration and professional regulation
Iron and Steel Act
Iron and Steel Act 1949 nationalises much of the iron and steel industry
National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act
National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 creates national parks and access rights machinery
Coast Protection Act
Coast Protection Act 1949 creates powers for coast protection authorities
National Theatre Act
National Theatre Act 1949 authorises public support for a national theatre project
Housing Completion Debate
Defends the government's housing record against criticism.
NHS Costs
Faces higher than expected demand and rising NHS expenditure.
NHS Demand
Confronts high demand for dental, optical and hospital services.
NHS Specialist Services Development
Regional hospital boards begin developing coordinated specialist services so patients can be referred across local hospital boundaries for more advanced treatment.
Nurses Act Training Reform
The Nurses Act creates regional nurse training arrangements, strengthening the organisation and oversight of nursing education during the NHS's first years.
Wireless Telegraphy Act
Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949 regulates wireless telegraphy licensing and offences
Their Finest Hour History Volume
Churchill published Their Finest Hour, the second volume of The Second World War.
1984
Publication of "1984"
Marriage
Michael Foot marries film-maker, author and feminist historian Jill Craigie
Marriage
Michael Foot marries film-maker, author and feminist historian Jill Craigie
Atlantic Alliance
Healey supports Britain’s participation in NATO as a foundation of collective security in Western Europe.
NATO
Healey supports Labour's commitment to Atlantic security during the creation of NATO.
Health of Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
Churchill suffers from a major stroke
Unified Quantum Electrodynamics
Shows the equivalence of major formulations of quantum electrodynamics and systematizes renormalized calculations involving electrons.
Manchester Software Requirements
Works on early software requirements needed to make the Manchester Mark I useful to mathematical programmers.
Mark I Paper Tape Equipment
Helps obtain paper-tape equipment and assists with attaching it to the Manchester Mark I.
Manchester Mark One Develops Stored Program Computing
The Mark One extended the capabilities of the earlier experimental stored program machine. It connected industrial practice with more systematic technical investigation.
Turing Joins Manchester Computing Research
Alan Turing worked on programming and theoretical computing after joining the university. The project contributed to an expanding network of engineering expertise.
Cambridge University
Makes debut for Yorkshire against Cambridge University
Debut
Makes debut for Yorkshire against Cambridge University
Hull City FC
Moves to Second Division Hull City (managed by his boyhood hero Raich Carter) for a transfer fee of pounds 20,000
Leicester City FC
Appointed Captain of Leicester City
Player of the Year
FWA Footballer of the Year
1949 FA Cup Winning Captain
Captains Wolverhampton Wanderers in their FA Cup final victory over Leicester City, providing leadership from the heart of defence.
Portsmouth 1949 First Division Title - Reg Flewin
The 1949 English league championship was earned by Portsmouth with Reg Flewin among the defenders associated with the team. Reg Flewin served in the defensive unit of the championship team and participated in a side that finished above its top-flight rivals.
Wolverhampton Wanderers Final Success with Cullis
Cullis's Wolverhampton Wanderers lift the cup after a 3-1 final success over Leicester City.
Portsmouth 1949 First Division Title - Cliff Parker
With Portsmouth crowned English First Division champions in 1949, Cliff Parker was part of the title-winning side as forward in the squad. The title followed a campaign in which the side built its success through sustained results and teamwork, with Cliff Parker contributing to that collective effort.
Portsmouth 1949 First Division Title - Ike Clarke
The 1949 English league championship was earned by Portsmouth with Ike Clarke among the forwards associated with the team. Ike Clarke was part of the attacking unit that won the league and participated in a side that finished above its top-flight rivals.
Portsmouth 1949 First Division Title - Jack Froggatt
Jack Froggatt represented Portsmouth during the season ending in 1949, when the club won the Football League First Division. As a forward, Jack Froggatt provided runs into scoring positions and attacking pressure during the championship season.
1949 FA Cup Final Two Goals
Scores twice against Leicester City in the FA Cup final, giving Wolves a commanding advantage on the way to victory.
Portsmouth 1949 First Division Title - Peter Harris
Peter Harris represented Portsmouth during the season ending in 1949, when the club won the Football League First Division. As a forward, Peter Harris provided runs into scoring positions and attacking pressure during the championship season.
Portsmouth 1949 First Division Title - Ernie Butler
Ernie Butler protected the goal in the title-winning side as Portsmouth secured the 1948–49 Football League First Division title. The goalkeeper provided handling, positioning and vital saves behind the defence over the league season.
Portsmouth 1949 First Division Title - Bob Jackson
With Portsmouth crowned English First Division champions in 1949, Bob Jackson was part of the title-winning side as manager in the squad. The title followed a campaign in which the side built its success through sustained results and teamwork, with Bob Jackson contributing to that collective effort.
Portsmouth 1949 First Division Title - Jimmy Dickinson
Jimmy Dickinson featured in the midfield of the league champions as Portsmouth secured the 1948–49 Football League First Division title. The midfielder linked defence and attack and contributed to the side’s control of important fixtures.
Portsmouth 1949 First Division Title - Jimmy Scoular
Jimmy Scoular represented Portsmouth during the season ending in 1949, when the club won the Football League First Division. As a defender, Jimmy Scoular combined marking and positional discipline with support for passing from the back.
Portsmouth 1949 First Division Title - Len Phillips
With Portsmouth crowned English First Division champions in 1949, Len Phillips was part of the title-winning side as midfielder in the squad. The title followed a campaign in which the side built its success through sustained results and teamwork, with Len Phillips contributing to that collective effort.
Anavryta School Education
Crown Prince Constantine begins attending the National Anavryta School, which follows educational principles associated with Kurt Hahn.
Foreign Secretary of Hungary
Appointed Minister for Foreign Affairs
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary, 1st term
Resignation of Karolyi
Resigns over the trial of Laslzo Rajik
London Declaration
India agrees to remain in the Commonwealth after becoming a republic under the terms of the London Declaration.
Independence of Indonesia
The Dutch surrender the sovereignty of Indonesia
Independence of Indonesia
Gains independence for Indonesia from the Dutch
Lieutenant Colonel
Appointed Lieutenant Colonel
Plot
An assassination attempt backed by the pron Tudeh Party
Tudeh Party
The Tudeh Party is banned after a failed assassination attempt
Absorption of Magic Carpet Arrivals
Government agencies expand housing and employment programmes for newcomers.
Minister of Labour
Appointed Minister of Labour
Yemeni Immigrant Reception
Supports reception and settlement of immigrants arriving from Yemen.
Prime Minister of Israel
Appointed Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Israel
Appointed Prime Minister of Israel, 2nd term
The Quiet Duel
Kurosawas The Quiet Duel. Kurosawas Stray Dog
Confessions of A Mask
Publication of "Confessions of A Mask"
Election
Elected Member of Diet
Election
Wins an outright majarity in the election
Occupation
Signs a peace Treaty which ends the US occupation of Japan
Peace Treaty
Signs a peace Treaty which ends the US occupation of Japan
Rule of Japan
Signs a peace Treaty which ends the US occupation of Japan
The Zen Doctrine of No-Mind
Publication of "The Zen Doctrine of No-Mind"
Death of Hiroaki Abe
Death of Hiroaki Abe
Independence of Jordan
Accepts the sovereignty of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Succession
Succeeds as King of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, 1949-1951
Administrative Director
Works in Phnom Penh as director of administrative service
Prime Minister of Kampuchea
Appointed Prime Minister of Kampuchea
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the Army
Constitution of Nepal
Nepals first constitution is promulgated, then suspended in face of opposition; Prime Minister Padma Shamsher Rana resigns
Delegate
Appointed Dutch Delegate to the United Nations
Delegate
Appointed Dutch Delegate to the United Nations
Prime Minister of New Zealand
Appointed Prime Minister of New Zealand, 1st term
Secretary of State for Agriculture
Appointed Minister of Agriculture
Maudheim Expedition
Leads the Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition that establishes Maudheim in Queen Maud Land
Geneva Conventions Expand Protections
States adopted revised Geneva Conventions to protect war victims and civilians.
Birth of Nawaz Sharif
Appointed Party Leader of the Pakistan Muslim League
Birth of Nawaz Sharif
Appointed Party Leader of the Pakistan Muslim League
Cambridge Degree
Completes a BA with first-class honours in both mathematics and physics at St John's College, Cambridge.
Dismissal
Dismissed for supporting Yugoslavia
Purge
Purged for supporting Yugoslavia
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Gniezno
Assistant Pastor
Appointed Assistant Pastor
Povest o detstve
Publication of "Povest o detstve"
Kolyma Notebooks Poetry
Shalamov began composing poems later associated with his Kolyma Notebooks while working in a forest settlement.
Arrest of Mikhail Markovich Borodin
Arrested during Stalins anti-Jewish purge
Death of Mikhail Markovich Borodin
Death of Mikhail Markovich Borodin while under arrest
Return to Moscow Party Leadership
Returns to Moscow as a Central Committee secretary and senior Moscow party leader.
Resignation of Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov
Resigns as Commissar of Foreign Affairs
Enters Ural Polytechnic Institute
Begins studying industrial and civil construction at the Ural Polytechnic Institute.
First Secretary
Appointed First Secretary of All-Union Central Committee
Comecon
The Comecon was the Eastern Blocs reply to the formation of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation in western Europe. Founds the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance to improve Soviet bloc trade. Founded by the Soviet Union, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Romania
Political Support at Moscow
Supports the creation of the German Democratic Republic
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo
Prime Minister of Russia
Appointed Prime Minister of Russia
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Council of Minister's
Appointed Vice Chairman of the Council of Minister's in Poland
University Lectures
Lectures students on the Russian Revolution and exile politics.
Layer Cake Thermonuclear Design
Develops a layered design concept for an early Soviet thermonuclear device.
Sloika Concept
The achievement marks sloika concept as an important Russian scientific milestone.
AK-47 Adopted
Sees the Soviet armed forces adopt his automatic rifle design.
Kalashnikov Rifle
The achievement marks kalashnikov rifle as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Birth of Valeri Borzov
Birth of Valeri Borzov
Commander of East Germany
Appointed Commander of the Soviet forces of occupation in East Germany
Nuclear Power
Leads Russia successful campaign to test its own atomic bomb
Nuclear Power
Russia successfully tests the atomic bomb
Soviets Contest Western Security Arrangements
Stalin's government used United Nations diplomacy amid increasing tensions with Western powers.
Franchise
Citizenship Act, extends the franchise to Germans in South West Africa
Legislation
Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, prohibits marriages between white people and people of other races. Prohibition of Marriages Act, apartheid legislation. Citizenship Act, extends the franchise to Germans in South West Africa
Reform of Electoral System
German South West Africans support Malan, he is less dependent on the Afrikaner Party. Citizenship Act, extends the franchise to Germans in South West Africa
President of South Africa
Appointed President General of the ANC
Secretary
Appointed Secretary General of the ANC
Barcelona Fiftieth Anniversary Team
Remains a leading forward as Barcelona celebrate the club's fiftieth anniversary.
Under Capricorn
Stars in Under Capricorn
The Modulor
Publication of "The Modulor"
Presidential Medal of Freedom
Truman awarded Zwicky the Presidential Medal of Freedom, for work on rocket propulsion during World War II
President of Syria
Appointed President of Syria, 1st term
President of Syria
Appointed President of Syria
The 3rd Man
Orson Welles stars as Harry Lime in Carol Reeds The 3rd Man, alongside Joseph Cotten, his good friend and co-star from Citizen Kane, with a script by Graham Greene and a memorable zither score by Anton Karas
The 3rd Man
Orson Welles stars as Harry Lime in Carol Reeds The 3rd Man, alongside Joseph Cotten, his good friend and co-star from Citizen Kane, with a script by Graham Greene and a memorable zither score by Anton Karas
Broken Arrow
Stars in, "Broken Arrow"
The 3rd Man
Orson Welles stars as Harry Lime in Carol Reeds The 3rd Man, alongside Joseph Cotten, his good friend and co-star from Citizen Kane, with a script by Graham Greene and a memorable zither score by Anton Karas
Education
Completes his English degree at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio, graduating in 1949
Death of a Salesman
Publication of "Death of a Salesman"
Mother Earth Novella
Asimov published Mother Earth, a story about tensions between Earth and the Spacer worlds.
BB King makes his 1st recording
BB King makes his 1st recording & releases 6 singles in the same year
Central Intelligence Agency Act
The CIA is given special powers under the CIA Act
Central Intelligence Agency Act
The CIA is given special powers under the CIA Act. The CIA director can allocate funds entirely at his discretion
Legislation
The CIA is given special powers under the CIA Act
Secretary of State
Appointed Secretary of State
Associate Justice
Appointed Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court
House of Representatives
Appointed Member of House of Representatives
Special Activities Division
Joins the Special Activities Division
Nereid Orbit
Kuiper's observations show that Nereid follows an unusually eccentric orbit around Neptune.
First Photographs with the 200-Inch Hale Telescope
Hubble publishes the first photographic results from the 200-inch Hale telescope, reporting images that reached substantially fainter stars and nebulae than the 100-inch Mount Wilson reflector.
Five Historic Photographs from Palomar
Hubble publishes Five Historic Photographs from Palomar in Scientific American, presenting early Hale telescope images that demonstrated the new observatory's power for deep astronomical photography.
Response to Godel Rotating Universe
Comments on Kurt Godel's rotating cosmological solution, acknowledging that general relativity permits global spacetime structures with profound consequences for the concept of time.
Discovery of Berkelium
Co-discovers berkelium, adding element 97 to the actinide series and further extending the periodic table.
Discovery of Carbon 14
Discovers Carbon 14
Autobiographical Notes
Publishes Autobiographical Notes, reflecting on the development of his scientific ideas and philosophy.
Autobiographical Relativity Reconstruction
In his Autobiographical Notes, reconstructs the intellectual path from special relativity through the equivalence principle to general relativity and later unified-field research.
Fermi Acceleration Mechanism
Publishes a theory of stochastic particle acceleration that later becomes known as second-order Fermi acceleration.
Space-Time Quantum Electrodynamics
Publishes a space-time formulation of quantum electrodynamics and diagrammatic methods for calculating electron-photon interactions.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff
Barcelona Retain League Title
Guides Barcelona to a second consecutive Spanish league championship.
Constitution of Vietnam
Bases the Declaration of Independence on the American Declaration of Independence
Independence of Vietnam
Bases the Declaration of Independence on the American Declaration of Independence
Rule of Vietnam
The French reinstall Bao Dai as the ruler of Vietnam, including Cochin China
Captain
Appointed Captain and commands first Parachutists Battalion, participating in the Hoa-Binh Operation in Northern Vietnam
Cominform
The Tito-Stalin Split, or Yugoslav-Soviet Split, was a conflict between the leaders of SFR Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, which resulted in Yugoslavia's expulsion from the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform) in 1948
Tito-Stalin Split, or Yugoslav-Soviet Split, was a conflict between the leaders
The Tito-Stalin Split, or Yugoslav-Soviet Split, was a conflict between the leaders of SFR Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, which resulted in Yugoslavia's expulsion from the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform) in 1948
Tito-Stalin Split
Stalin was also enraged by Tito's aspirations to merge Yugoslavia with Bulgaria and create a true "Land of the South Slavs", an idea with which he agreed in theory, but which had taken place without prior Soviet consultation
Tito-Stalin Split
The Tito-Stalin Split, or Yugoslav-Soviet Split, was a conflict between the leaders of SFR Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, which resulted in Yugoslavia's expulsion from the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform) in 1948
Yugoslav-Soviet Split
Stalin was also enraged by Tito's aspirations to merge Yugoslavia with Bulgaria and create a true "Land of the South Slavs", an idea with which he agreed in theory, but which had taken place without prior Soviet consultation
Yugoslav-Soviet Split
The Tito-Stalin Split, or Yugoslav-Soviet Split, was a conflict between the leaders of SFR Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union, which resulted in Yugoslavia's expulsion from the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform) in 1948
Willa Cather on Writing
A collection of Cather's essays on craft appeared under the title Willa Cather on Writing.
Ekibastuz Camp Experiences
Solzhenitsyn endured forced labor at Ekibastuz, an experience reflected in later fiction.
The Train Was on Time
Böll published Der Zug war pünktlich, a novella about a German soldier facing war.
Visits Postwar Europe
Arendt returned to Europe and examined its political and cultural reconstruction.