President of Switzerland
Begins a one-year term as President of the Swiss Confederation.
Historical events in 1956
1,035 historical records
January 195611 historical events
Prime Minister Term Ends
Ends his first post-abdication prime ministerial term
Conclusion of Hashem Cabinet Assignment
Al-Rifaiโs assignment as deputy prime minister and foreign minister in Ibrahim Hashemโs government ended. He was appointed to lead a new government the next day.
Fourth Government Takes Office
Al-Rifai formed his fourth cabinet under King Hussein and assumed the roles of prime minister and minister of interior. The government took office during a period of significant debate over Jordanโs political direction and military command.
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
Constitutional Reform
Rifai participates in constitutional reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Visit to Brazil for its Presidential inauguration
Visits Brazil for its Presidential inauguration
Eden Washington Conference
Meets British Prime Minister Anthony Eden in Washington for talks on international affairs.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Birth of Johnny Rotten
Birth of Johnny Rotten, as John Joseph Lydon
J R Michels Office Boy
Lee worked briefly as an office boy for J. R. Michels, Inc., before taking messenger work at the Pfisterer Dental Laboratory.
February 195612 historical events
Closes the Russian consulate
Closes the Russian consulate
Congress of Communist Party, 20th
Makes a speech in closed session demolishing Stalins supposed infallibility
Twentieth Party Congress Opens
Opens the Twentieth Party Congress and presents a report emphasizing peaceful coexistence and economic competition.
President of Finland
Appointed President of Finland
Visit to To Nigeria
Makes a state visit to Nigeria
National Radical Union Election Victory
Karamanlis wins a parliamentary majority leading the National Radical Union.
Congress of Communist Party, 20th
Denounces Stalin as a criminal & that unreconstructed Stalinists are no better
Secret Speech Against Stalin
Delivers the secret speech denouncing Stalin's cult of personality, purges and abuses of power.
Stalinization
Makes a speech denouncing Stalin as a military incompetent, a liar & mass murderer
Second-Term Candidacy Announced
Announces that he will seek a second presidential term.
Return to CPSU Secretariat
Returns to Moscow as a Secretary of the Communist Party Central Committee.
Peaceful Coexistence Policy
Promotes peaceful coexistence with capitalist states as an official theme of Soviet foreign policy.
March 195616 historical events
Arabization of Army Command
During al-Rifaiโs fourth premiership, King Hussein dismissed British commander John Bagot Glubb and initiated the Arabization of the Arab Army command. The decision marked an important assertion of Jordanian control over its armed forces.
Second 1956 Premiership
Returns briefly as Prime Minister during Sangkum rule
Birth of Eduardo Rodriguez Veltze
Eduardo Rodriguez Veltze is born in Cochabamba.
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Death of Irene Joliot-Curie
Dies after illness linked to radiation exposure.
Prime Minister
Returns as prime minister and seeks reconciliation with the Pathet Lao
Revolucion Libertadora
Death of Eduardo A. Lonardi Doucet
Coventry Cathedral
Lays the foundation stone for Coventry Cathedral
Constitution of Pakistan
The 1956 Constitution creates the republic and makes Iskander Mirza its first President.
President of Pakistan
Iskander Mirza assumes office as Pakistan's first President.
First Constitution Enactment
Pakistan's first Constitution enters into force and establishes a parliamentary republic.
March Premiership Ends
Ends his March 1956 prime ministerial term
Constituent Assembly Election
Tunisians elected a Constituent Assembly to draft the institutions of the independent state.
Independence of France
Tunisia & Morocco are granted independence
Independence of Tunisia and Morocco
Tunisia & Morocco are granted independence
April 195620 historical events
Independence of Morocco
Spain recognizes the independence of Morocco
Independence of Spain
Spain recognizes the independence of Morocco
Prime Minister of Tunisia
Habib Bourguiba became prime minister after independence and formed a national government.
Cominform
The Cominform is dissolved after the Soviet rapprochement with Yugoslavia and the process of De-Stalinization
United Kingdom Visit
Begins a state visit to Britain with Premier Nikolai Bulganin for talks on East-West relations.
Birth of Sue Barker
Birth of Sue Barker
Spaak Report
Presents the Spaak Report recommending a common market and atomic energy community.
Treaty of Rome
Snoy contributes to the Belgian delegation's work behind the Spaak Report on the common market and Euratom.
Alliance Gamal Abdel Nasser and Saudi Arabia amid growing regional tensions
Concludes a defence agreement with Saudi Arabia amid growing regional tensions.
Defence Agreement
Signs a defence agreement with Saudi Arabia as Egypt expands regional military cooperation.
Visit to To Elizabeth II
Khrushchev pays a visit to Elizabeth II
Visit to London
Khrushchev pays a visit to Elizabeth II
Provisional Government
Kerensky develops his views through provisional government after 1917.
Vice Presidency
Announces candidacy for 2nd term as Vice President
Treaty of Rome
Schaus reports to Bech on amendments Luxembourg wishes to make to the newly published Spaak Report.
Industrial Policy Resolution
Nehru's government adopts the Industrial Policy Resolution, expanding the planned role of the public sector.
Foreign Affairs Added to Fourth Cabinet Role
A cabinet reshuffle expanded al-Rifaiโs duties to include the foreign affairs portfolio in addition to the premiership and interior ministry. His responsibilities consequently covered domestic administration and international relations.
Coup
Batista suppresses the Barquin officers' conspiracy within the army.
Coup
Batista suppresses the Barquin officers' conspiracy within the army.
Spaak Report Negotiations
Pineau represented France as negotiations moved from the Spaak Report toward treaties for a common market and atomic-energy community.
May 195621 historical events
Bank Holding Company Act
Eisenhower signs the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, placing bank holding companies under federal supervision and giving the Federal Reserve important responsibilities for their regulation and expansion.
Heartbreak Hotel
First enters the US charts with "Heartbreak Hotel"
Treaty of Rome
Hallstein publicly endorses the European integration strategy emerging from the Spaak Report in an address in Bonn.
Fourth Premiership Concludes
Al-Rifaiโs fourth cabinet came to an end after serving since January. Its tenure had included the transfer of leadership in the Arab Army away from British command.
Treaty of Rome
Spaak joins the Venice Conference, where the Six accept the Spaak Report as the basis for treaty negotiations.
Venice Conference
Pineau took part in ministerial talks that advanced negotiations for the European Economic Community and Euratom.
Treaty of Rome
Pineau chairs the Venice Conference as the Six accept the Spaak Report as the basis for drafting new treaties.
Spaak Report Approval
Supports further negotiations after ministers approve the Spaak Report at Venice.
Treaty of Rome
Faure joins Pineau at Venice as France supports opening formal negotiations on the common market and Euratom.
Spaak Report Approval
Supports using the Spaak Report as the basis for treaty negotiations.
Treaty of Rome
Hallstein represents the Federal Republic at Venice when the Six approve the Spaak Report as a negotiating basis.
Venice Conference
Represents Italy as the Six approve the Spaak Report as the basis for treaty negotiations.
Treaty of Rome
Bech accepts the Spaak Report at Venice as the framework for the next phase of negotiations.
Treaty of Rome
Beyen attends the Venice Conference as the Six agree to use the Spaak Report for formal treaty negotiations.
Government Report
The Spaak report is accepted at the Venice Conference where the decision is taken to organise an InterGovernmental Conference. The InterGovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom focused on economic unity, leading to the Treaties of Rome being signed in 1957 which established the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) among the members
Spaak Report
The Spaak report is accepted at the Venice Conference where the decision is taken to organise an InterGovernmental Conference. The InterGovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom focused on economic unity, leading to the Treaties of Rome being signed in 1957 which established the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) among the members
Venice Conference
Heads the Italian government as Venice launches the intergovernmental work that produces the Rome Treaties.
Death of Mir Dzhafar Abassovich Bagirov
Death of Mir Dzhafar Abassovich Bagirov, executed
Execution
Executed for treason
Treason
Executed for treason
President of South Korea
Appointed President of the Republic of Korea, 3rd term
June 195629 historical events
Canal Concession
Announces that Egypt will not renew the Suez Canal Company's concession when it expires.
Birth of Bjorn Borg
Birth of Bjorn Borg
Emergency Ileitis Surgery
Undergoes emergency surgery for ileitis while serving as President.
First Premiership Ends
Resigns after his first long premiership
Prime Minister Takes Office
Ba Swe becomes Prime Minister after U Nu resigns
First European Cup Final Winner
Scores twice, including the late winning goal, as Real Madrid defeat Reims 4-3.
Rule of Suez Canal
Marks the departure of the final British troops from the Suez Canal base.
Caretaker Civilian Cabinet
Leads a short AFPFL government during U Nu's absence from office
First European Cup as Manager
Coaches Real Madrid to victory over Reims in the first European Cup final.
Constitution of Egypt
Wins approval for a new republican constitution establishing a strong presidential system.
Constitution of Egypt
Promulgates the republican constitution after its approval in a national referendum.
Presidential Referendum
Wins the presidential referendum held alongside approval of the new constitution.
Presidential Referendum
Wins the referendum establishing him as President under the new constitution.
Arrest by Mexican Police
Mexican police arrest Guevara with other members of the Cuban expeditionary group preparing to sail for Cuba.
President of Egypt
Becomes President of Egypt after winning a national referendum.
First German Championship Final
Features in Borussia Dortmundโs attack as the club defeats Karlsruher SC 4-2 to secure its first German national football championship.
Treaty of Rome
At the Brussels opening, Snoy takes Belgium's seat among the six national heads of delegation.
Treaty of Rome
Faure takes charge of France's negotiating team at the Brussels launch of the Common Market and Euratom conference.
Treaty of Rome
Ophรผls heads the Federal German delegation when negotiations on the Common Market and Euratom formally open in Brussels.
Treaty of Rome
Benvenuti represents Italy among the six heads of delegation opening the Common Market and Euratom conference.
Treaty of Rome
Heads the Italian delegation when the Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom opens in Brussels.
Treaty of Rome
Schaus takes Luxembourg's place among the six delegation heads at the formal Brussels opening.
Treaty of Rome
Linthorst Homan heads the Dutch delegation when the Intergovernmental Conference formally begins in Brussels.
Federal-Aid Highway Act
The Act launches construction of the Interstate Highway System.
Central Committee Resolution on Stalin Cult
The Central Committee adopts a resolution condemning the cult of personality and its consequences.
Cult of Individual
The Central Comm passes a resolution "overcoming the Cult of the Individual"
Government
30 June-11 July, Nixon pays a good will trip to Asia
Mexican Police Detention
Mexican authorities detain Fidel Castro and other members of the exile expedition while they are preparing their planned return to Cuba.
Visit to To Sweden
Makes a state visit to Sweden
July 195643 historical events
Central Cross-Island Highway Construction
Construction begins on the Central Cross-Island Highway, a major infrastructure project linking eastern and western Taiwan.
Birth of Peter Mark Sinclair Almond
Birth of Peter Mark Sinclair Almond
Presidents Council on Youth Fitness
Establishes the President's Council on Youth Fitness to promote physical fitness among American young people.
Reballion of Rebels in Budapest
Rakosi is encouraged to resign by Russia but this appeasement provokes Hungarians
Withdrawal of Western Financing
Nasser's government loses the proposed American and British financing package for the High Dam.
Aswan High Dam Financing Crisis
Nasser confronts withdrawal of American and British support for financing the High Dam.
British Financing Withdrawal
Britain withdraws its proposed High Dam contribution after the American decision.
Withdrawal of Financing Offer
Dulles informs Egypt that the United States will not proceed with the financing offer.
Withdrawal of American Financing
Eisenhower's administration withdraws its offer to support financing of the Aswan High Dam.
Fifth Hermann Jonasson Government
Begins the Fifth Hermann Jonasson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Fourth Olafur Thors Government
The Fourth Olafur Thors Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Nationalisation of Suez Canal Company
Nasser nationalises the Suez Canal Company and links its revenues to financing national development.
Suez Revenue Funding Strategy
Nasser links national control of canal revenues with financing the High Dam.
Canal Revenues for Development
Nasser presents Suez Canal income as a source of funding for national development projects.
Nationalization
Nationalizes the Suez Canal Company and transfers its assets and operations to the Egyptian state.
Rule of Suez Canal
Places the Suez Canal Company under Egyptian state ownership by presidential decree.
Sovereignty
Frames nationalization of the Suez Canal Company as an act restoring Egyptian sovereignty over a foreign-controlled asset.
Suez Canal Nationalisation
Nasser announces nationalisation after Western financing for the High Dam is withdrawn.
Sovereignty
Carries out the technical takeover of Suez Canal Company offices for the Egyptian state.
Nationalization Decree
Issues the decree nationalizing the Suez Canal Company.
Canal Administration Transferred to Egypt
Younis supervises the transfer of canal administration from the company to Egyptian control.
Suez Canal
Leads the Egyptian technical takeover of the Suez Canal Company after Nasser's nationalization order.
Canal Company Assets Secured
Nasser orders Egyptian authorities to secure the assets and offices of the Suez Canal Company.
Nationalization
Announces the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company in a speech at Alexandria.
Suez Canal
Announces the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, a joint British-French enterprise that operated the canal.
Suez Canal
Treats Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal as a threat to French strategic and colonial interests.
Nationalization
Nasser announces the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, which operated the vital trade route to the east, in which British banks & business held a 44% stake
Canal Nationalization
Receives news that Nasser has nationalised the Suez Canal Company and calls ministers for urgent consultations
Canal Nationalization
Responds to Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal by preparing political and military countermeasures
Emergency Cabinet Called after Nationalisation
Eden summons ministers after learning that Egypt has nationalised the Suez Canal Company.
Joint Response with Britain Discussed
Mollet begins intensive discussions with British leaders over diplomatic and military responses to Nasser.
Economic Stakes
Warns that control of the canal affects oil supplies, sterling and Britain's financial position
Canal Nationalization
Begins diplomatic work to build an international response to Egypt's seizure of the canal company
Cabinet Debate
Questions the risks of military action during early Cabinet discussions of the canal crisis
Military Options Requested from Chiefs
Eden asks military chiefs to examine options for restoring Western control of the canal.
Three-Power London Consultations Begin
Lloyd opens consultations with French and American representatives on a coordinated response to nationalisation.
Val Duchesse Negotiations
Represents Belgium during detailed negotiations on the common market and Euratom.
Val Duchesse Negotiations
Represents French European interests during negotiations leading to the Treaties of Rome.
International Control Proposal Backed
Pineau supports proposals intended to place canal operations under an international system.
Val Duchesse Negotiations
Helps manage German negotiating positions on the common market before the Treaties of Rome.
Visit to To Iraq
Makes a state visit to Iraq
Val Duchesse Negotiations
Backs Luxembourg's role in the talks that prepare the Treaties of Rome.
Val Duchesse Negotiations
Supports Dutch participation in the final common market negotiations.
August 195639 historical events
Meeting with British and American representatives
Meets British and American representatives after the canal nationalization to discuss an international response.
First Presidential Term
Completes the First Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Second Presidential Term
Begins the Second Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Force Opposed in Initial Western Talks
Dulles urges Britain and France to pursue negotiation rather than immediate military action.
Foreign Nationals
Orders measures affecting British and French nationals after the Suez crisis escalates.
House of Commons Debate
Criticises Nasser's action but warns Eden against unilateral military action without international authority
House of Commons Debate
Defends a firm British response to Nasser during the first major Commons debate after nationalization
President of Bolivia
Siles Zuazo begins his first full constitutional presidency.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
A Conference on the IAEA Statute was held at the Headquarters of the United Nations to approve the founding document for the IAEA, which was negotiated in 1955-1956 by a group of twelve countries
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
A Conference on the IAEA Statute was held at the Headquarters of the United Nations to approve the founding document for the IAEA, which was negotiated in 1955-1956 by a group of twelve countries
Statute of IAEA
A Conference on the IAEA Statute was held at the Headquarters of the United Nations to approve the founding document for the IAEA, which was negotiated in 1955-1956 by a group of twelve countries
Canal Zone Evacuation
Oversees evacuation of British civilians from the Canal Zone during the crisis.
Union Buildings Anti-Pass Protest
Presents opposition to extending pass laws to African women.
Women's March
Helps lead thousands of women to the Union Buildings.
Pass Law Petition
Carries petitions to the seat of government with other leaders.
Women's March
Helps lead the national women's march against pass laws.
Union Buildings Demonstration
Mobilizes opposition to compulsory passes for African women.
Women's March
Joins the four principal leaders of the women's march.
Anti-Pass Petition
Participates in delivering petitions against discriminatory pass laws.
Women's March
Helps lead the women's march to the Union Buildings.
Code of Personal Status
The government promulgated the Code of Personal Status, reforming marriage, divorce, and family law.
London Conference Delegation Led
Menzies leads Australia's delegation to the London conference considering the future operation of the canal.
Conference of London
Rejects proposals from the London conference intended to place the canal under international control.
Suez Canal
Boycotts the London conference on international control of the Suez Canal.
The Captain from Kopenick
Directs Der Hauptmann von Kopenick.
London Conference
Hosts delegations seeking an international system for canal management after nationalization
London Conference
Opens diplomatic efforts at the London Conference after the canal nationalization
Death of Bela Lugosi
Death of Bela Lugosi
London Conference
Supports a maritime conference in London to seek international arrangements for operation of the Suez Canal.
Death of Bernard William Griffin
Death of Bernard William Griffin, Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster
1st Nuclear Power Station
the first nuclear power generated in Britain is produced in Calder Hall
Nuclear Power
the first nuclear power generated in Britain is produced in Calder Hall
Vice Presidency
Renominated for a 2nd term as Vice President
Five-Nation Committee Selected
Menzies is chosen to lead a five-nation committee carrying the London proposals to Nasser.
Republican Renomination
Receives the Republican presidential nomination for a second term.
August Faction Incident
Survives a party challenge and consolidates power.
Release from Mexican Detention
Guevara is released after weeks in Mexican detention and resumes preparations for the expedition to Cuba.
Sovereignty Dispute
Aligns with Britain against Nasser's control of the canal after nationalization.
Sovereignty Dispute
Rejects Nasser's nationalization as a threat to international control and British interests in the canal.
September 195635 historical events
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
Cairo Mission Opens
Menzies begins talks with Nasser on proposals for international management of the canal.
Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
Directs Beyond a Reasonable Doubt.
Cairo Mission Fails
Menzies leaves Cairo without agreement after Nasser rejects international control of the canal.
International Management Proposal Rejected
Nasser rejects the five-nation committee's proposal for international management of the canal.
Canal Users Association Proposal Developed
Dulles develops the Suez Canal Users Association proposal as a non-military alternative to confrontation.
People-to-People Programme Launched
Launches the People-to-People initiative to encourage citizen-level international exchanges.
Suez Canal Users Association
Backs plans for a users association to challenge Egyptian control of canal operations
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy becomes Prime Minister.
Presidency Ends
Osorio leaves office after completing his presidential term
President Takes Office
Jose Maria Lemus becomes President of El Salvador
Canal Pilots Crisis Reviewed
Eden reviews contingency plans as foreign canal pilots prepare to leave Egyptian service.
Egyptian Pilots Keep Canal Operating
Younis helps keep canal traffic moving after many foreign pilots leave their posts.
Canal Navigation Maintained after Pilot Walkout
Nasser's government demonstrates that Egyptian personnel can continue operating the canal after the pilot resignations.
September Premiership
Begins a further short term as Prime Minister
Second London Conference Attended
Lloyd joins renewed talks on the canal and the proposed users association.
Second London Conference Strategy
Dulles presses for the users association while trying to restrain British and French moves toward force.
Suez Canal Users Association
Promotes the Suez Canal Users Association as an alternative to immediate military action over the canal dispute.
Security Council
Takes the Suez dispute to the United Nations Security Council after diplomatic proposals fail
Security Council
Submits the Suez dispute to the United Nations Security Council
Suez Canal
Submits the Suez dispute to the United Nations Security Council
Washington Talks on Suez Strategy
Macmillan discusses Suez policy and economic consequences with American officials during his Washington visit.
Arlington Heights High School Dropout
Lee left Arlington Heights High School on September 28, 1956, less than a month before entering the Marine Corps.
Arrest of Karl Doenitz
Doenitz is released from prison
Treaty of Rome
Snoy leads Belgian participation as detailed treaty negotiations continue at Val Duchesse near Brussels.
26th of July Movement
Camilo Cienfuegos reaches Mexico and joins the Cuban exile group preparing an armed expedition against the Batista government.
Treaty of Rome
Faure leads the French negotiating delegation as disagreements over agriculture, overseas territories and safeguards are worked through.
Treaty of Rome
Ophรผls directs German negotiating work at Val Duchesse as the treaty articles are developed in detail.
Military Planning
Authorises military planning with France for intervention against Egypt
Port Said Replaces Alexandria as Main Objective
Stockwell adapts land-force planning after the principal landing objective is changed from Alexandria to Port Said.
Treaty of Rome
Benvenuti leads Italian negotiating work as the conference drafts detailed provisions for the common market and Euratom.
Treaty of Rome
Linthorst Homan leads Dutch negotiating work during the detailed Val Duchesse discussions.
First Secretary
Appointed First Secretary of the Stravropol City Komsomol Committee
Komsomol
Appointed First Secretary of the Stravropol City Komsomol Committee
October 1956147 historical events
Socialist Party Information Request
Oswald wrote to the Socialist Party of America on October 3, 1956, describing himself as a Marxist and requesting information about its youth league.
Six Principles Enter Negotiations
Nasser's government enters negotiations framed by six principles adopted through Security Council diplomacy.
Six Principles Negotiated at UN
Lloyd accepts six Security Council principles as a basis for negotiations on canal operation.
Six Principles
Accepts the Security Council's six principles for a negotiated canal settlement
Chequers Meeting
Meets senior ministers as British policy moves closer to coordinated action with France and Israel
September Premiership Ends
Ends his September to October prime ministerial term
Calder Hall
Opens Calder Hall, promoted as the world's first full-scale nuclear power station
Calder Hall
Calder Hall opens as a British nuclear power station.
Calder Hall
Opens Calder Hall nuclear power station
Nuclear Power
Opens Calder Hall nuclear power station
Polish October Negotiations
Travels to Warsaw during the Polish October crisis and accepts Wladyslaw Gomulka's return to power.
Sevres Delegation Authorised
Ben-Gurion authorises senior Israeli participation in secret talks with Britain and France at Sevres.
Arrest of Dedan Kimathi
The last Mau Mau leader, Dedan Kimath is captured by Kikuyu Tribal Police in Nyeri with 13 remaining guerrillas, and is subsequently hanged in early 1957, having been sentenced to death by a court presided over by the British Chief Consul
Mau Mau
The last Mau Mau leader, Dedan Kimath is captured by Kikuyu Tribal Police in Nyeri with 13 remaining guerrillas, and is subsequently hanged in early 1957, having been sentenced to death by a court presided over by the British Chief Consul
Coup
Meets Ben-Gurion to discuss the invasion of Egypt in order to overthrow Nasser
Meeting with Ben-Gurion to discuss the invasion of Egypt
Meets Ben-Gurion to discuss the invasion of Egypt in order to overthrow Nasser
Israeli Trigger Proposal Supported
Challe supports the concept that an Israeli attack should provide the trigger for Anglo-French intervention.
Protocol of Sevres
Attends the Sevres talks as a senior French military planner in the Anglo-French-Israeli operation.
Protocol of Sevres
Takes part in the secret Sevres negotiations with Britain and Israel over joint action against Egypt.
Protocol of Sevres
Participates in secret Sevres discussions before Patrick Dean signs the final protocol for Britain
Sevres Mission
Travels to secret talks with French and Israeli representatives at Sevres
Invasion of Egypt
Meets the French Prime Minister to discuss the invasion of Egypt to oust Nasser
Meeting with The French Prime Minister to discuss the
Meets the French Prime Minister to discuss the invasion of Egypt to oust Nasser
Sevres Military Plan Presented
Dayan presents Israel's proposed military timetable and Sinai objectives during the secret Sevres discussions.
Sevres Terms Reported to Eden
Lloyd reports the developing secret agreement with France and Israel to Eden.
Protocol of Sevres
Signs the secret Protocol of Sevres with Israeli and British representatives.
Secret Protocol Signed for France
Pineau signs the Sevres protocol on behalf of France.
Protocol of Sevres
Signs the secret Protocol of Sevres for Britain with Israeli and French representatives
Secret Protocol Signed for Britain
Dean signs the written Sevres protocol setting the sequence for Israeli attack and Anglo-French intervention.
Sevres Protocol Copy
Returns from Sevres with the British copy of the secret protocol
Suez Collusion
Britain, France and Israel secretly agree the sequence of Israeli invasion, ultimatum and Anglo-French intervention
Sevres Collusion
Secretly agrees with France and Israel on the sequence leading to intervention in Egypt
Protocol of Sevres
Signs the secret Protocol of Sevres setting out the coordinated Israeli, British, and French plan against Egypt.
Secret Protocol Signed for Israel
Ben-Gurion signs the Sevres protocol committing Israel to begin the Sinai operation.
Western Gulf of Aqaba Objective Agreed
Ben-Gurion accepts the secret plan giving Israel military objectives along Sinai and the Gulf of Aqaba.
Hungarian Revolution
Sends reports to the Kremlin from Budapest, and escorting visiting Soviet Presidium leaders Anastas Mikoyan and Mikhail Suslov via an armoured personnel carrier into Budapest on 24 October, because there was too much shooting in the streets
Marine Corps Enlistment
Oswald enlisted in the United States Marine Corps on October 24, 1956, six days after his seventeenth birthday.
Sevres Arrangement Approved
Eden approves implementation of the secret arrangement reached with France and Israel.
Marine Recruit Depot Arrival
Oswald reported to the Marine Corps Recruit Depot in San Diego on October 26, 1956, for basic training.
Birth of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Birth of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
Sinai Mobilisation Ordered
Dayan orders final mobilisation and deployment for Operation Kadesh.
Operation Tarnegol Air Command
Tolkowsky commands the Israeli Air Force as it intercepts an Egyptian aircraft carrying senior military officers on the eve of Kadesh.
Operation Kadesh Political Approval
Ben-Gurion gives final political approval for the Sinai offensive.
Israeli Mobilisation Warning Sent
Eisenhower warns Israel against widening the Middle East crisis as mobilisation becomes evident.
Israeli Intentions Assessed before Attack
Dulles receives reports indicating that Israeli military action against Egypt may be imminent.
Military Command
Commands Egypt's armed forces as the Israeli invasion of Sinai begins.
Invasion of Sinai
Israel invades Sinai under Operation Kadesh; Nasser's government faces a rapid Israeli advance.
Mobilisation
Egyptian forces mobilise as the Israeli invasion of Sinai begins.
Suez Canal
Egyptian forces mobilise during the Suez-Sinai Campaign as Israel begins its advance across Sinai.
Israeli Invasion
Uses Israel's invasion of Sinai as the trigger for the planned Anglo-French ultimatum
Invasion of Gaza
Israel invades the Gaza Strip & the Sinai Peninsula & make rapid progress towards the Suez Canal Zone
Invasion of Sinai
Israel invades the Gaza Strip & the Sinai Peninsula & make rapid progress towards the Suez Canal Zone
Suez Canal
Israel invades the Gaza Strip & the Sinai Peninsula & make rapid progress towards the Suez Canal Zone
Ground Link-Up Column Started
Sharon leads the ground element of the 202nd Paratroop Brigade toward the isolated force near Mitla Pass.
Kuntilla Captured for Link-Up Route
Sharon's brigade captures Kuntilla while opening the overland route toward the airborne battalion.
Canal Threat Created by Airborne Landing
Dayan uses the Mitla airborne landing to create an Israeli threat toward the Suez Canal under the Kadesh plan.
Operation Kadesh
Directs Operation Kadesh, the Israeli invasion of Sinai.
Opening Ground Axes Coordinated
Simhoni coordinates Southern Command formations as Israeli ground forces enter Sinai on several axes.
Southern Command Offensive Directed
Simhoni directs Israeli Southern Command during the opening of Operation Kadesh.
Egyptian Communications Network Struck
Tolkowsky directs air operations that attack Egyptian communications facilities as Operation Kadesh opens.
Mitla Paratroop Airlift Coordinated
Tolkowsky's air force carries the 890th Battalion to the Mitla area for the opening airborne assault.
202nd Paratroop Brigade Advances into Sinai
Sharon leads the 202nd Paratroop Brigade overland toward the isolated battalion near Mitla Pass.
Mitla Pass
Commands the paratroop force dropped near Mitla Pass at the opening of Operation Kadesh.
890th Battalion Established Mitla Position
Eitan's paratroopers establish positions near the eastern approaches to Mitla Pass after landing in Sinai.
First Israeli Combat Parachute Landing
Eitan commands the 890th Battalion in the first combat parachute landing conducted by the Israel Defense Forces.
Mitla Approach Parachute Drop
Eitan leads the paratroop battalion dropped near the eastern approaches to Mitla Pass.
Declaration of War
Authorises the Israeli attack on Egypt, framing it as a campaign to end fedayeen attacks and open navigation.
Invasion of Sinai
Israel launches Operation Kadesh, invading the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula and advancing toward the Suez Canal Zone.
Ultimatum
Rejects the Anglo-French ultimatum demanding withdrawal from the canal zone.
Anglo-French Ultimatum
Presents the ultimatum demanding withdrawal from the canal zone and acceptance of Anglo-French occupation
United Nations
Defends Britain's ultimatum during international debate over the crisis
Operation Musketeer Revise
Prepares to execute the revised Anglo-French operation centred on Port Said
Ultimatum
Issues an ultimatum with France demanding that Israel and Egypt withdraw from the canal zone
Ultimatum
Israel accepts the Anglo-French ultimatum while Egypt rejects the demand for withdrawal from the canal zone
Anglo-French Ultimatum
Issues an Anglo-French ultimatum to Egypt and Israel after Israel's invasion of Sinai
Suez Canal
Israel accepts the Anglo-French ultimatum to withdraw 10 miles from Suez. Egypt turns down the Anglo-French ultimatum for a cease-fire
202nd Brigade Rejoined Airborne Force
Sharon's overland column links with the paratroopers dropped near Mitla Pass the previous day.
38th Division Central Axis Opened
Wallach directs the 38th Division's infantry and armoured formations on the central Sinai axis.
Central Sinai Strongpoints Reduced
Wallach's divisional group reduces key Egyptian positions while the Israeli central axis moves deeper into Sinai.
Abu Ageila Route Opened
Ben-Ari's armoured brigade helps open the route through the Abu Ageila defensive area.
Dyka Pass Captured
Ben-Ari's 7th Armoured Brigade captures the Dyka Pass during the central Sinai breakthrough.
Seventh Brigade Committed Ahead of Schedule
Ben-Ari brings the 7th Armoured Brigade into the battle earlier than the original General Staff timetable.
Seventh Armoured Brigade Enters Sinai
Ben-Ari leads the 7th Armoured Brigade into Sinai to reinforce the main Israeli advance.
Abu Ageila Objective Prioritised
Dayan directs forces toward the key Abu Ageila road junction and defensive complex.
Early Armoured Commitment Challenged
Dayan's original timetable is overtaken when the 7th Armoured Brigade enters combat a day earlier than planned.
Sinai Campaign
Coordinates Israeli armour and paratroop columns as they advance across Sinai.
Abu Ageila Operations Coordinated
Simhoni coordinates the converging Israeli formations attacking Egyptian positions around Abu Ageila.
Quseima Strongpoint Captured
Simhoni's Southern Command forces capture the Quseima strongpoint as the central advance develops.
890th Battalion Reunited with Brigade
Eitan's isolated 890th Battalion is reunited with the advancing 202nd Paratroop Brigade.
Marine Recruit Aptitude Testing
Marine aptitude testing found Lee above average in reading and vocabulary but below average in arithmetic and pattern analysis.
United Nations
Brings the crisis before the United Nations after the Israeli invasion of Sinai.
Bombing of Egypt
Faces British and French air attacks during Operation Musketeer after the Israeli invasion of Sinai.
Emergency Measures
Declares emergency measures during the British, French and Israeli attack on Egypt.
Operation Musketeer
Orders resistance to the Anglo-French assault and blocks the canal during Operation Musketeer.
Air Attack
Egypt comes under British and French air attack after rejecting the ultimatum.
Suez Canal
Britain and France bomb Egypt after Nasser rejects their ultimatum; Egyptian forces block the canal by sinking ships.
Combined Naval Task Force Coordinated
Barjot coordinates French naval elements with British forces supporting Operation Musketeer.
French Forces Integrated into Allied Command
Barjot coordinates French participation within the combined command structure for the assault on Egypt.
Bombing of Egypt
The UK & France bomb Egypt to force the reopening of the canal with Operation Musketeer, Egypt blocks the canal with scuttled ships in the canal & closes it until 1957
Operation Musketeer
The UK & France bomb Egypt to force the reopening of the canal with Operation Musketeer, Egypt blocks the canal with scuttled ships in the canal & closes it until 1957
Naval Bombardment
Coordinates naval support and carrier forces for the Anglo-French operation
Air Offensive
Directs air operations aimed at neutralising Egyptian airfields
Egyptian Airfields Suppression Campaign
Barnett directs the opening air campaign intended to destroy Egyptian air power before the landings.
HMS Newfoundland
HMS Newfoundland engages and sinks the Egyptian frigate Domiat during the naval phase
Landing Force
Commands the landing force assembled to seize Port Said and the northern canal zone
Operation Musketeer
Commands Operation Musketeer, the Anglo-French military operation against Egypt
Resignation of Anthony Nutting
Resigns from the Foreign Office in protest over the Suez intervention
Air Attack
Orders air attacks on Egypt after Nasser rejects the Anglo-French ultimatum
Operation Musketeer
British and French aircraft bomb Egyptian airfields as Operation Musketeer begins
RAF Bomber Offensive Opens from Malta and Cyprus
Barnett directs the RAF bomber offensive launched from Malta and Cyprus against Egyptian military airfields.
Valiant Bombers Committed to Combat
Barnett's air command commits Valiant bombers to operational attacks during their only use in combat.
Operation Musketeer
Authorises the bombing phase of Operation Musketeer against Egyptian targets
Suez Canal
The UK & France bomb Egypt to force the reopening of the canal with Operation Musketeer, Egypt blocks the canal with scuttled ships in the canal & closes it until 1957. British & French planes bomb Egyptian airfields
Allied Headquarters Directs Port Said Operation
Keightley directs the combined Anglo-French headquarters as the air phase against Egypt begins.
Tenth Brigade Attack at Umm Qatef
Wallach directs the 10th Brigade in an unsuccessful assault against Egyptian positions at Umm Qatef.
Thirty-Seventh Brigade Attack at Umm Qatef
Wallach commits the 37th Brigade against Umm Qatef, where Egyptian defences stop the attack.
Umm Qatef Assault Stalled
Wallach's forces encounter strong Egyptian resistance and attacks against Umm Qatef are halted.
77th Division Activated on Northern Axis
Laskov's 77th Division begins its offensive on the northern Sinai axis during the night.
Rafah El-Arish El-Qantara Axis Command
Laskov commands the divisional drive along the Rafah, El-Arish and El-Qantara axis.
Bir Hasna Reached
Ben-Ari's brigade advances through central Sinai and reaches the Bir Hasna area.
Bir al-Hamma Reached
Ben-Ari's armoured column reaches Bir al-Hamma as the Israeli advance continues westward.
Jebel Libni Captured
Ben-Ari's armoured forces capture Jebel Libni after breaking through the central Sinai defensive system.
Ruafa Dam Captured
Ben-Ari's 7th Armoured Brigade captures Ruafa Dam during its westward advance.
Abu Ageila Armour Breakthrough
Ben-Ari's armoured forces help break through Egyptian positions in the Abu Ageila sector.
Ninth Brigade Southern Advance
Yoffe leads the 9th Brigade on a rapid southward advance through difficult Sinai terrain.
Sinai Armoured Advance Accelerated
Dayan presses Israeli columns westward as Egyptian resistance weakens in several sectors.
Air Liaison Missions Support Kadesh
Israeli aircraft under Tolkowsky perform liaison missions between widely separated forces during Operation Kadesh.
Casualty Evacuation Flights from Sinai
Tolkowsky's air force evacuates casualties from forward areas while the ground campaign continues.
Sinai Air Reconnaissance Missions
Tolkowsky's air force conducts reconnaissance missions supporting Israeli commanders during the rapid Sinai advance.
Sinai Ground Support Missions Expanded
Tolkowsky's air force expands close support for Israeli ground formations advancing across Sinai.
Battle of Mitla Pass
Fights Egyptian forces around Mitla Pass during the Sinai Campaign.
Mitla Pass Entry Ordered
Sharon orders forces into Mitla Pass, where intense fighting develops with Egyptian troops.
Mitla Pass Defensive Fighting
Eitan's paratroopers fight Egyptian forces around the Mitla approaches.
Decision to Intervene in Hungary
Joins the Soviet leadership decision to reverse course and use military force against the Hungarian uprising.
Anglo-French Invasion Publicly Opposed
Eisenhower publicly opposes the Anglo-French use of force and supports United Nations action.
Ceasefire
Condemns the widening crisis and supports a United Nations ceasefire rather than Anglo-French intervention.
Operation Musketeer
Helps prepare French military participation in Operation Musketeer against Egypt.
Israeli Coordination Intensified
Mollet's government deepens secret military coordination with Israel as diplomatic settlement appears increasingly unlikely.
Force A Ground Command Established
Beaufre commands Force A, the French ground contingent allocated to the Suez expedition.
Treaty of Rome
Von Brentano coordinates Federal German foreign policy as ministers review unresolved questions from the Brussels negotiations.
Cabinet Opposition
Expresses serious reservations inside government about the resort to force over Suez
Suez Crisis
Opposes the British and French intervention in Egypt.
French Alliance
Strengthens Israeli-French defence cooperation before the Sinai Campaign.
French Arms Cooperation Expanded
Peres expands French-Israeli defence cooperation as planning for a Sinai operation accelerates.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The Statute outlines the three pillars of the Agency's work - nuclear verification and security, safety and technology transfer. The Agency's genesis was Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" address to the General Assembly of the United Nations 1953. these ideas help shape the IAEA Statute, which 81 nations unanimously approve in October 1956
Political Support at Washington
Opposes the Anglo-French-Israeli use of force and supports a diplomatic settlement through the United Nations.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The Agencys genesis was Eisenhowers "Atoms for Peace" address to the General Assembly of the United Nations 1953. these ideas help shape the IAEA Statute, which 81 nations unanimously approve in October 1956
November 1956249 historical events
Sinai Forces Ordered to Withdraw West
Amer orders a general withdrawal from Sinai to preserve Egyptian forces from encirclement.
French Ground Assault Plan Finalised
Beaufre finalises French ground-force arrangements for the assault on Port Said.
Carrier Air Operations Coordinated
Durnford-Slater coordinates carrier-based air operations against Egyptian military targets.
Naval Advice
Advises against continuing the operation as diplomatic and political costs increase
Opposition to Suez
Attacks the Government in Parliament over the invasion of Egypt
Armoured Corps Leads Northern Advance
Laskov employs armour at the front of the northern advance, demonstrating the growing battlefield role of Israeli armoured forces.
El-Arish Approaches Reached
Laskov's 77th Division reaches the approaches to El-Arish after advancing along the northern axis.
Ras an-Naqb Captured
Yoffe's brigade captures Ras an-Naqb while advancing toward the Gulf of Aqaba.
Gaza Sector Assault Coordinated
Dayan coordinates operations aimed at defeating Egyptian forces in the Gaza Strip.
Gaza and Sinai Fronts Coordinated
Simhoni coordinates operations across both the Gaza and central Sinai fronts.
Sinai Victories Announced
Ben-Gurion reports major Israeli gains as forces advance across Sinai.
Emergency Force Concept Advanced at UN
Pearson advances the proposal for an international emergency force to supervise a ceasefire and separation.
UNEF
Proposes a United Nations Emergency Force to separate the opposing forces in the Suez crisis.
Canal Zone Defence Reorganised
Amer shifts attention to defending the canal zone as the Sinai withdrawal accelerates.
Withdrawal from Sinai
Egyptian forces retreat westward under heavy Israeli pressure in Sinai.
Closure of Canal
Orders obstruction of the Suez Canal by sinking ships to deny use of the waterway to the invaders.
Scuttling Programme Expanded
Nasser's government expands the sinking of vessels and obstructions to block canal navigation.
Death of Leo Baeck
Death of Leo Baeck
Capture of Gaza
Gaza falls to the British forces
Opposition to Suez
Warns Eden that the invasion should be stopped before troops land in the canal zone
Political Risks Repeated to Ministers
Mountbatten renews warnings about the political and strategic risks of continuing the operation.
Assault Date Confirmed
Keightley confirms final preparations for the airborne and amphibious assault on the canal zone.
Cabinet Management
Helps manage Commons business as the crisis produces deep political division
Cabinet Support
Supports the Government line as ministers defend the Suez operation in Parliament
UN Emergency Session
Faces growing United Nations opposition as emergency sessions condemn the invasion
Twenty-Seventh Armoured Brigade Advances West
Laskov's divisional forces include the 27th Armoured Brigade as Israeli armour advances toward the canal.
Armour Halted Fifteen Kilometres from Canal
Ben-Ari's 7th Armoured Brigade advances deep into Sinai and halts about fifteen kilometres from the Suez Canal.
Approach to Sharm el-Sheikh
Yoffe's brigade continues the southern advance toward Sharm el-Sheikh and the Straits of Tiran.
Egyptian Withdrawal Exploited
Dayan orders Israeli formations to exploit the general Egyptian withdrawal from Sinai.
El-Tor Link-Up with 890th Battalion
Gur's Nahal battalion links with soldiers of the 890th Battalion at El-Tor.
El-Tor Parachute Landing
Gur commands a Nahal battalion parachute landing at El-Tor during the southern phase of Operation Kadesh.
Nahal Battalion Secures El-Tor
Gur's battalion secures El-Tor after its airborne landing in southern Sinai.
890th Battalion Reaches El-Tor Link-Up
Elements of Eitan's 890th Battalion meet Gur's newly landed Nahal force at El-Tor.
Ceasefire
Supports General Assembly action calling for a ceasefire and withdrawal from Egypt.
Public Opposition
Explains his resignation as opposition grows to Britain's use of force
Sinai Occupation Consolidated
Ben-Gurion's government begins consolidating control over captured positions in Sinai and Gaza.
Broadcast
Makes a TV broadcast to the nation appealing for national unity
Demonstrations
Anti-Suez demonstrators advance from Trafalgar Square toward Downing Street.
Parachute Assault Orders Issued
Butler issues final orders for 16th Independent Parachute Brigade's assault on Port Said.
Suez Crisis
Acts as Government Chief Whip during the parliamentary crisis caused by the Suez intervention
Trafalgar Square Protest
Supports Labour opposition as anti-Suez demonstrations intensify.
Trafalgar Square Protest
Addresses opposition to the Suez intervention.
Three Para Prepares for El Gamil
Crook briefs 3 Para before its airborne assault on El Gamil airfield.
Anti-War Speech
Denounces the intervention before a mass anti-war crowd.
Trafalgar Square Protest
Addresses a large anti-war demonstration against Suez.
United Nations Emergency Force
The United Nations adopts a Canadian-backed resolution to create an emergency force while Britain and France abstain
Law Not War Rally
Speaks against the Suez intervention at Trafalgar Square.
Trafalgar Square Speech
Condemns the Suez intervention at a mass rally.
Suez Canal
The United Nations adopts a Canadian resolution to send a United Nations force, Britain & France abstain. Makes a TV broadcast to the nation appealing for national unity
Trafalgar Square Protest
Faces mass protest in London against the invasion of Egypt.
Reballion of Rebels in Budapest
The west does not intervene due to the Suez crisis at the same time. Soviet tanks supporting Kadar return to Budapest & shell insurgents. Soviet tanks shell Budapest, 200,000 escape to the west which is preoccupied with Suez
Suez Canal
The west does not intervene due to the Suez crisis at the same time. Soviet tanks shell Budapest, 200,000 escape to the west which is preoccupied with Suez
Reballion of Rebels in Budapest
The west does not intervene due to the Suez crisis at the same time. Soviet tanks shell Budapest, 200,000 escape to the west which is preoccupied with Suez
Suez Canal
The west does not intervene due to the Suez crisis at the same time. Soviet tanks shell Budapest, 200,000 escape to the west which is preoccupied with Suez
Southern Sinai Route Secured
Yoffe secures the southern route leading toward Sharm el-Sheikh.
Soviet Intervention in Hungary
Approves the Soviet military intervention that crushes the Hungarian Revolution.
UNEF Plan Prepared within Forty-Eight Hours
Hammarskjold prepares the organisational plan for the first United Nations Emergency Force.
United Nations
Backs the creation of an international emergency force as a way to separate the combatants.
UNEF Command Accepted
Burns is selected to command the newly created United Nations Emergency Force.
Port Said Resistance Ordered
Nasser calls on Egyptian forces and civilians to resist the Anglo-French assault on Port Said.
Resistance
Calls for resistance as British and French forces begin landings near Port Said.
French Naval Gunfire Supports Landing
Barjot's naval forces support French airborne and amphibious units around Port Said.
Operation Musketeer
Commands French naval forces participating in Operation Musketeer.
French Paratroop Assault Coordinated
Beaufre coordinates French airborne attacks supporting the seizure of the northern canal zone.
Operation Musketeer
Serves as senior French commander with the Anglo-French landing forces in Egypt.
El Raswa Bridge Advance Directed
Chateau-Jobert directs paratroopers toward the strategic El Raswa bridge after regrouping under Egyptian fire.
First 2e RPC Wave Parachuted South of Port Said
Chateau-Jobert leads the first 2e RPC airborne group dropped south of Port Said during Operation Musketeer.
Waterworks Command Post Established
Chateau-Jobert establishes a command post at the water-treatment works while directing the airborne attack.
Tenth Parachute Division Suez Force Directed
Massu commands the 10th Parachute Division elements committed to the French side of Operation Musketeer.
Port Fuad Airborne Objectives Secured
Fossey-Francois leads his paratroopers in securing their assigned Port Fuad objectives after landing.
Second 2e RPC Group Parachuted on Port Fuad
Fossey-Francois commands the second 2e RPC group dropped on Port Fuad during the afternoon airborne assault.
Siege of El Gamil Airfield
The 3rd Battalion of the Parachute Regiment drops at El Gamil Airfield, establishing a secure base for incoming support aircraft & reinforcement
Huddersfield Town Management Appointment
After coaching Huddersfield Town reserves, Shankly took control of the first team and worked to develop players and improve competitive performances.
Port Said Naval Gunfire Directed
Durnford-Slater directs naval gunfire supporting the assault on Port Said.
Royal Marines Embark for Port Said
Moulton prepares Royal Marine commandos for the amphibious phase of the assault.
16th Parachute Brigade
Commands 16th Independent Parachute Brigade during the airborne assault phase
Advance on Port Said
Directs paratroopers as they move from El Gamil toward Port Said
Airborne Bridgehead Expanded
Butler directs airborne troops expanding the bridgehead from El Gamil toward Port Said.
Ground Assault Phase Opened
Stockwell opens the ground phase of the Anglo-French assault after airborne forces establish initial positions.
Port Said Landing
Commands Anglo-French ground forces landing at Port Said
Suez Crisis
Goes on television and denounces Eden's conduct of the Suez crisis, calling for his resignation
El Gamil Airfield Secured
Crook's 3 Para secures El Gamil airfield and establishes a base for reinforcement.
El Gamil Airfield
Leads 3rd Battalion The Parachute Regiment in the assault on El Gamil Airfield
El Gamil Airfield
3rd Battalion The Parachute Regiment drops at El Gamil Airfield and secures a base for follow-on forces
Paratroop Landing
British paratroops land at El Gamil Airfield as the ground phase of the operation begins
Amphibious Fleet Positioned off Port Said
Durnford-Slater positions the naval assault force off Port Said before the seaborne landings.
Air Offensive Supports Port Said Assault
Barnett's air forces support the airborne and amphibious phases after attacks have reduced Egyptian air opposition.
Airborne Assault Force Launched from Cyprus
Butler sends British paratroopers from Cyprus for the assault on El Gamil and the approaches to Port Said.
Suez Canal
Paratroops land to recover the canal Eden says is vital if Britain is not to starve
Suez Canal
The 3rd Battalion of the Parachute Regiment drops at El Gamil Airfield, establishing a secure base for incoming support aircraft & reinforcement
Airborne Phase Released
Keightley authorises the airborne assault phase that places British and French paratroopers around Port Said and Port Fuad.
El Gamil Perimeter Defended
Crook's paratroopers defend the captured airfield perimeter while reorganising after the drop.
First Postwar British Battalion Parachute Assault
Crook leads 3 Para in Britain's first battalion-sized combat parachute assault since the Second World War.
Paratroopers Advance from El Gamil
Crook moves 3 Para from El Gamil toward Port Said after the airfield has been secured.
Sharm el-Sheikh Captured
Yoffe's forces capture Sharm el-Sheikh, ending Egyptian control of the Straits of Tiran approaches.
Rule of Sharm el-Sheikh
Israeli forces capture Sharm el-Sheikh, opening access to the Straits of Tiran.
Sharm el-Sheikh Final Assault Ordered
Dayan orders the final attack on Egyptian positions guarding Sharm el-Sheikh.
Sinai Campaign Objectives Achieved
Dayan reports that principal military objectives in Sinai have been reached.
Campaign Command Completed
Simhoni completes command of the rapid Sinai campaign after Israeli forces reach their principal objectives.
International Case for Sinai Campaign Presented
Meir argues that Israeli action is tied to border attacks and restrictions on navigation.
Straits of Tiran Access Restored
Ben-Gurion hails the capture of Sharm el-Sheikh as restoring Israeli access through the Straits of Tiran.
Suez Crisis Warning to Britain and France
Sends forceful warnings to Britain and France during the Suez Crisis and demands an end to their military intervention in Egypt.
Threatening Notes Sent to Invading Powers
Bulganin sends threatening messages to Britain, France and Israel demanding an end to the attack on Egypt.
Soviet Support for Egypt Reinforced
Khrushchev reinforces Soviet political backing for Egypt as pressure mounts on the invading powers.
Port Said Civil Resistance Praised
Nasser praises military and civilian resistance at Port Said as international pressure forces a ceasefire.
Port Fuad Sector Secured
Beaufre's French forces secure positions in and around Port Fuad during the final day of fighting.
Ceasefire
Accepts a ceasefire under intense American, Soviet, and United Nations pressure.
Military Advance Halted
Mollet accepts the halt to French military operations despite dissatisfaction with the early ceasefire.
French Amphibious Component Released for Port Fuad
Barjot directs the French naval contribution supporting the amphibious landing at Port Fuad.
Port Fuad Amphibious Landing Supervised
Massu is present as French 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment forces land and occupy Port Fuad.
French Port Fuad Occupation Organised
Beaufre directs French ground forces as they establish control in Port Fuad after the assault.
First Foreign Parachute Regiment Lands at Port Fuad
Brothier leads the 1er REP during the amphibious landing that reinforces French control of Port Fuad.
First REP Links with Second RPC
Brothier's amphibious force links with 2e RPC paratroopers already holding positions around Port Fuad.
First REP Deputy Command at Port Fuad
Jeanpierre serves as deputy commander of the 1er REP during the occupation of Port Fuad.
Sterling Crisis
Eden confronts severe pressure on sterling as American financial support is withheld during the Suez Crisis.
Air Support Continues over Canal Zone
Barnett keeps air support available as ground forces advance along the northern canal zone.
Helicopter Assault from Carriers
Moulton's Royal Marines use helicopters from carriers during the assault, a major innovation in amphibious warfare.
Royal Marines Landing
Commands Royal Marine Commando forces during the seaborne and helicopter-supported landing
Port Said Advance Continued
Butler directs paratroopers pushing deeper into Port Said before the ceasefire takes effect.
Financial Collapse Warning Intensified
Macmillan warns that continuing the operation risks a severe sterling and reserve crisis.
IMF Pressure
Warns that Britain cannot sustain the financial crisis without American support
Sterling Crisis
Warns Cabinet of the worsening sterling crisis and the financial consequences of American pressure
Commando Carrier
Supports helicopter-borne commando landings from the carrier force off Port Said
Commando Helicopter Lift Supported
Whitney supports the helicopter lift carrying Royal Marines from the carrier force to the landing area.
Advance Halted by Ceasefire
Keightley orders forces to stop advancing when political leaders accept the ceasefire.
Amphibious Assault Authorised
Keightley authorises the seaborne assault reinforcing forces already fighting around Port Said.
Ceasefire Order
Receives orders to halt the advance after international pressure forces a ceasefire
Forward Troops Halt South of Port Said
Stockwell halts forward units after the ceasefire order interrupts the planned advance down the canal.
Port Said Assault
Commands ground forces as amphibious landings reinforce the airborne troops at Port Said
Port Said Beachheads Consolidated
Stockwell consolidates Anglo-French beachheads after the amphibious landings.
Ceasefire Broadcast
Announces the decision to halt military operations under intense international pressure
Ceasefire
Agrees to a ceasefire after severe American, Soviet and United Nations pressure
Ground Operation Ended before Canal Seizure
Eden ends military operations before Anglo-French forces can seize the full canal zone.
Landing Craft and Carrier Support Coordinated
Durnford-Slater coordinates carriers, landing craft and naval gunfire during the amphibious phase.
Naval Support Reduced after Ceasefire
Durnford-Slater curtails offensive naval support after the political decision to halt operations.
Canal Bank Advance with Armour
Butler leads elements of the parachute brigade south along the canal bank with Royal Tank Regiment support.
Parachute Brigade Links with Seaborne Force
Butler's airborne troops link with units arriving by sea as the Allied position around Port Said expands.
Commando Armour Support Coordinated
Moulton coordinates Royal Marine operations with Centurion tanks landed to support fighting inside Port Said.
Commando Brigade Beach Assault Directed
Moulton directs the Royal Marine beach assault by 40 and 42 Commandos at Port Said.
Helicopter-Borne Commando Reinforcement Integrated
Moulton integrates 45 Commando after its helicopter landing into the continuing clearance of Port Said.
Supporting Fire Restricted to Identified Defences
Moulton restricts supporting fire to known Egyptian defences and positions actively engaging the assault.
B Troop Assaults from Amphibious Vehicles
Oakley leads his troop ashore during the opening Royal Marine assault under naval gunfire support.
Leading Buffalo Wave Reaches Port Said
Oakley commands B Troop in the leading wave of Buffalo amphibious vehicles approaching the Port Said beaches.
Warehouse Position Assaulted
Crossland joins an assault on an Egyptian-held warehouse during 40 Commando's fighting in Port Said.
Warehouse Position Held Alone
Crossland holds his position alone after casualties during the warehouse fight and continues engaging Egyptian defenders.
Ceasefire
Accepts a ceasefire under United States, United Nations and Soviet pressure
Allied Advance Stopped after Ceasefire Decision
Keightley implements political orders ending the offensive while Allied ground forces are still advancing south from Port Said.
Amphibious Phase Released
Keightley directs the transition from airborne operations to the main amphibious assault on the canal-zone cities.
Forty-Two Commando Buffalo Landing
Norcock commands 42 Commando as it lands at Port Said in amphibious Buffalo vehicles.
Forty-Two Commando Urban Advance
Norcock's commandos fight through the built-up area after landing on the Port Said waterfront.
Casino Pier Helicopter Landing
Tailyour's commandos are landed by helicopters near Casino Pier to reinforce forces already fighting in Port Said.
Central Port Said Clearance Assigned
Tailyour's 45 Commando clears the area between the axes of the two leading Royal Marine commandos.
First Operational Helicopter Commando Assault
Tailyour commands 45 Commando during the first operational helicopter assault conducted by the Royal Marines.
Football Stadium Landing under Egyptian Fire
Tailyour's reconnaissance helicopter mistakenly lands in an Egyptian-held stadium and escapes after coming under fire.
Helicopter Landing Zone Reconnaissance
Tailyour flies from HMS Ocean to reconnoitre the landing area before 45 Commando's helicopter assault.
Royal Marines and Armour Integrated for Landing
Stockwell's land plan combines Royal Marine commandos with Centurion tanks during the seaborne assault on Port Said.
Southward Canal Advance Organised
Stockwell directs forces beyond the captured beachhead toward objectives farther south along the canal.
Killed after Sinai Campaign
Simhoni dies in an aircraft crash shortly after the Sinai campaign ends.
Kadesh Lessons Review Begins
Bar-Lev leads the training department's post-battle study as the IDF begins extracting operational lessons from Operation Kadesh.
Ceasefire Terms Considered
Ben-Gurion considers international ceasefire demands while Israeli forces hold Sinai and Gaza.
UNEF Guiding Principles Submitted
Hammarskjold submits guiding principles governing the organisation and deployment of UNEF.
Vice Presidency
Re-elected for a 2nd term as Vice President
Second Presidential Election Victory
Wins reelection to a second term as President of the United States.
Financial Pressure
Refuses support for Britain until the Anglo-French operation is halted and withdrawal is accepted.
Soviet Military Threats Assessed
Eisenhower's administration assesses Soviet threats while pressing urgently for a ceasefire.
Sterling Support Withheld
Eisenhower withholds American financial support while Britain continues military operations.
Sterling Crisis
Uses American financial leverage as Britain faces a sterling crisis during the Suez intervention.
Ceasefire
Accepts a ceasefire after United Nations action and international pressure force an end to the invasion.
Political Survival after Invasion
Nasser emerges politically strengthened in Egypt after the invading powers accept a ceasefire.
French Forces Hold Port Fuad
Beaufre's forces remain in the Port Fuad sector under ceasefire conditions.
Naval Forces Shift to Ceasefire Posture
Durnford-Slater shifts naval forces from assault support to ceasefire and withdrawal duties.
Sterling Crisis
Seeks American financial support as sterling comes under severe pressure
Commons Discipline
Works to maintain Conservative support after the ceasefire announcement
Occupation Zone Stabilised
Keightley stabilises the limited Anglo-French occupation area while withdrawal terms are negotiated.
Ceasefire
Eden announces that military operations will cease and that United Nations forces will be used
Suez Canal
Sent to Washington to gain support for a collapsing ยฃ
Suez Canal
Eden announces in the Commons United Nations forces will be used & military operations cease. Cease-fire commences after the Russian threat of rockets. Britain says she will evacuate her troops from Suez on the arrival of the United Nations forces
Withdrawal
Continues pressure for British, French, and Israeli withdrawal after the ceasefire.
Comet Arend-Roland
Co-discovers the bright comet later known as Arend-Roland.
Discovery of C 1956 R1
Identifies a comet that becomes a prominent naked-eye object in 1957.
No Confidence Debate
Survives parliamentary attacks after the Suez ceasefire
No Confidence Motion
Leads parliamentary attacks on Eden's Government during the no-confidence debate
No Confidence Debate
Faces a no-confidence debate in the Commons after the military and financial crisis
Commons Attack
Attacks the Government over the financial and diplomatic consequences of the Suez adventure
Suez Canal
No confidence debate in the Commons
Hungarian Refugee Admission Offer
Offers to admit refugees fleeing the crushed Hungarian uprising.
Withdrawal Negotiations
Handles negotiations over withdrawal and replacement by United Nations forces
Peace Negotiations
Rifai participates in peace negotiations connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
UNEF Deployment Begins
Burns begins deploying UNEF contingents into Egypt to supervise the ceasefire and withdrawals.
United Nations Emergency Force
United Nations forces begin arriving in the Suez area to replace Anglo-French troops
Suez Canal
The United Nations forces arrive in Suez
Canal Clearance Authority Requested
Hammarskjold asks the General Assembly for authority to negotiate arrangements for clearing the canal.
UN Troops Move into Port Said
Burns supervises UNEF elements entering Port Said and taking positions between opposing forces.
UNEF Enters Port Said
Hammarskjold's emergency force begins moving into Port Said as withdrawal arrangements advance.
Jamaica Rest
Leaves for Jamaica as his health and authority deteriorate after Suez
Jamaica Rest
Leaves Britain for rest in Jamaica as his health and political position deteriorate
Granma Departure
Guevara sails from Tuxpan aboard the Granma as a member and physician of the expeditionary force led by Fidel Castro.
Granma Departure
Camilo Cienfuegos sails from Tuxpan aboard the Granma with the expeditionary force organized by Fidel Castro.
Granma Departure
Fidel Castro leads eighty-two expeditionaries aboard the yacht Granma as it leaves Tuxpan, Mexico, bound for eastern Cuba.
Granma Departure
Almeida sails from Tuxpan aboard the Granma with the 26th of July Movement expeditionary force.
Granma Departure
Raรบl Castro sails from Tuxpan aboard the Granma with the expeditionary force organized to reopen armed struggle against Batista in Cuba.
Granma Expedition
Sails from Mexico aboard Granma with the rebel expedition.
Granma Expedition
Embarks with the Granma expedition.
Granma Expedition
Embarks aboard Granma for Cuba.
Suez Crisis
Proposes a United Nations peacekeeping force during the Suez crisis.
Visit to India
Returns to India for high-level talks on Asian affairs and bilateral relations.
Canal Clearance Damage Surveyed
Younis oversees Egyptian assessment of canal obstructions and damage after the fighting.
Anglo-French Withdrawal Demanded
Nasser insists that British and French forces must leave Egyptian territory completely.
Rule of Gaza
Israel captures Gaza and the Gaza Strip during the Suez crisis.
Rule of Sinai
Israel captures much of Sinai during the Suez crisis.
UNEF Presence Accepted on Egyptian Territory
Nasser accepts deployment of UNEF on Egyptian territory under arrangements preserving Egyptian sovereignty.
United Nations
Defends French policy during United Nations debate over the Suez intervention.
First Foreign Parachute Regiment Embarked for Suez
Brothier commands the 1er REP as it embarks with the French amphibious force for the Egyptian coast.
Suez Crisis Parliamentary Management
Helps manage Conservative parliamentary business during the Suez crisis period.
Conference of Sevres
The Allies agree Israel should invade & Britain & France would intervene & instruct the Israeli & Egyptian armies to withdraw 10 miles either side of the canal
Economy of Great Britain
The US will support Britain if it accepts the United Nations solution, the pound collapses
Musketeer
The Allies agree Israel should invade & Britain & France would intervene & instruct the Israeli & Egyptian armies to withdraw 10 miles either side of the canal
Birmingham Speech on Suez
Wilson condemns the Anglo-French intervention during a Labour meeting in Birmingham.
Opposition to Suez
Wilson finds strong support in Birmingham for Labour's opposition to the Suez intervention.
Operation Musketeer
Commands naval forces assigned to Operation Musketeer
Operation Musketeer
Commands air forces assigned to Operation Musketeer
Legal Advice
Provides legal support for the Government's position during the controversy over intervention
Leadership Position
Strengthens his claim to succeed Eden as the Suez crisis weakens the Prime Minister
Press Criticism
Criticises the moral and political consequences of the Suez intervention in British public debate
Opposition to Suez
Criticises the intervention and strengthens Liberal opposition to Eden's policy
Legal Defence
Defends the Government's legal position amid charges that the intervention violates the United Nations Charter
Sterling Crisis
The United States links support for sterling to British acceptance of a United Nations solution
Hungary and Suez
Argues that Eden's Suez policy damages Britain's standing as Soviet forces crush the Hungarian uprising
Canberra Bomber Force Sustains Air Offensive
Barnett employs Canberra squadrons from Malta and Cyprus throughout the six-day air offensive.
Suez Canal
The US will support Britain if it accepts the United Nations solution, the pound collapses. The Allies agree Israel should invade & Britain & France would intervene & instruct the Israeli & Egyptian armies to withdraw 10 miles either side of the canal
General
Appointed Head of the Hungary Socialist Workers Party
Reballion of troops suppresses the
With the help of Soviet troops suppresses the revolt
Eleventh Brigade Captures Gaza Strip
Simhoni's Southern Command uses the 11th Brigade to capture the Gaza Strip during Operation Kadesh.
Twelfth Brigade Supports Gaza Capture
Simhoni employs the 12th Brigade in support of the Israeli operation that captures the Gaza Strip.
Air Attacks Support Sinai Advance
Tolkowsky's air force attacks Egyptian forces while supporting the continuing Israeli advance across Sinai.
Kadesh Air Rescue Missions
Israeli aircraft under Tolkowsky carry out rescue missions during Operation Kadesh.
Armoured Landings Support Southern Axis
Tankus's naval forces help land armoured vehicles supporting the Israeli advance along the southern route.
Infantry Landings Support Southern Axis
Israeli naval forces under Tankus land infantry to assist the 9th Brigade's southern advance.
Israeli Coast Secured during Kadesh
Tankus directs naval forces protecting Israel's coast while the Sinai campaign is underway.
Maritime Resupply of Ninth Brigade
Tankus directs naval supply support for the 9th Brigade operating along the difficult southern Sinai axis.
Ninth Brigade Naval Support
Tankus's navy supports the 9th Brigade as it advances through southern Sinai.
Southern Coastal Advance Supported by Sea
Tankus coordinates naval support along the coast as Israeli forces move through southern Sinai.
United Nations
Defends Israel's position during United Nations debate over the Sinai Campaign.
Rule of Gaza
Israel captures Gaza and the Gaza Strip during the Sinai Campaign.
Siege of Gaza
Israeli forces move into Gaza as part of the Sinai Campaign during the Suez crisis.
Withdrawal
Faces American and United Nations pressure to withdraw Israeli forces from captured Egyptian territory.
Reballion of Hungary
Hungary rebels against Russian rule
Reballion of Hungary
Hungary rebels against Russian rule
Invasion of Egypt
Opposes the Anglo-French invasion of Egypt and backs United Nations action to end the crisis.
December 195654 historical events
Granma Landing
Guevara lands in eastern Cuba with the Granma expedition and joins the surviving rebels moving toward the Sierra Maestra.
Granma Landing at Las Coloradas
The Granma expedition lands on Cuba's southern coast after a difficult crossing from Mexico.
Granma Landing
Cienfuegos lands in eastern Cuba with the Granma expeditionaries and joins the surviving guerrillas seeking refuge in the Sierra Maestra.
Granma Landing
Almeida lands with the Granma expedition in eastern Cuba and joins the survivors who regroup for guerrilla warfare.
Granma Landing
Raรบl Castro lands in eastern Cuba with the Granma expeditionaries and joins the survivors who attempt to reach the Sierra Maestra.
Granma
Eighty-two members of the 26th of July Movement land from the yacht Granma in eastern Cuba and begin the guerrilla campaign against Batista.
Granma
Of the 82 who sailed aboard the Granma, only 15 eventually regrouped in the Sierra Maestra mountain range. 82 men from the 26th of July Movement land in Cuba, having sailed in the boat Granma from Tuxpan, Vera Cruz, ready to organize and lead a revolution
Invasion of Cuba
Of the 82 who sailed aboard the Granma, only 15 eventually regrouped in the Sierra Maestra mountain range. 82 men from the 26th of July Movement land in Cuba, having sailed in the boat Granma from Tuxpan, Vera Cruz, ready to organize and lead a revolution
Granma Landing
Lands from the Granma with Castro's rebel expedition.
Granma
Lands from the Granma with Castro's rebel expedition.
Granma Landing
Participates in the preparations of the expedition of the ship Granma, embarking for Cuba on December 2, 1956
Granma Landing
Part of the tiny group of survivors who manage to reach a safe haven in the Sierra Maestra mountains
Granma
Participates in the preparations of the expedition of the ship Granma, embarking for Cuba on December 2, 1956
Granma Landing
His forces hunt the Granma survivors.
Granma Landing
Lands from the Granma with Castro's rebel expedition.
Granma
Lands from the Granma with Castro's rebel expedition.
Granma Landing
Lands in eastern Cuba with the Granma expedition.
Alegria de Pio Ambush
Government forces surprise the recently landed Granma expeditionaries at Alegrรญa de Pรญo, scattering Castro's force and reducing it to small groups of survivors.
Alegria de Pio
Escapes after the Granma force is scattered.
Alegria de Pio
Survives Batista's attack on the Granma rebels.
Treason Arrest
Is arrested with other anti-apartheid activists for treason.
Treason Trial Begins
Joins the mass prosecution that becomes the Treason Trial.
Death of Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
Death of B R Ambedkar
Health of Edward Richard George Heath
Eden goes to Jamaica for the sake of his health, Heath is left to manage the party
Health of Robert Anthony Eden
Eden goes to Jamaica for the sake of his health
Collusion Denial
Denies prior collusion in the Suez invasion during Commons questioning
Health of Robert Anthony Eden
Returns from Jamaica
Collusion Questions
Faces questioning over whether Britain had prior knowledge of Israel's attack on Egypt
Collusion Denial
Makes a Commons statement denying prior collusion over the invasion of Egypt
Suez Canal
Makes a speech in the Commons denying all knowledge of the invasion of Suez
Stabilisation Plan
Siles Zuazo adopts a stabilisation plan to control inflation after the revolution
Reunion with Fidel Castro
Guevara's surviving group reunites with Fidel Castro's group and moves deeper into the Sierra Maestra.
M1 Rifle Sharpshooter Qualification
Oswald scored 212 with the M1 rifle on December 21, 1956, qualifying as a Marine sharpshooter.
Port Said Withdrawal
Completes withdrawal of British and French forces from Port Said
Withdrawal
The last Anglo-French forces leave Port Said after international pressure forces withdrawal
Suez Canal
The last Anglo-French forces leave Port Said
Port Said Transfer to UNEF Supervised
Hammarskjold oversees the transition as Anglo-French forces leave and UNEF assumes temporary control.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Canal Clearance
United Nations-led salvage work begins clearing scuttled ships from the canal
Canal Clearance
British military engineering experience informs the wider clearance problem after ships block the canal
Suez Canal
The United Nations fleet begins clearing the canal of scuttled ships
Diplomatic Aftermath
Ends the year managing the diplomatic aftermath of the failed intervention
Visit to Pakistan
Visits Pakistan as part of a wider Asian diplomatic tour.
Coup
Lands in Cuba at the head of a revolutionary group and begins a campaign against Batista
Granma Landing
Organizes, trains and leads for the guerrilla invasion of Cuba
Sierra Maestra
Regroups survivors in the Sierra Maestra.
Canal Sovereignty Retained after Crisis
Nasser retains Egyptian control of the Suez Canal after the Anglo-French withdrawal.
Final Withdrawal Timetable Negotiated
Lloyd negotiates the final timetable for British and French evacuation from Port Said.
Withdrawal
Oversees Britain's diplomatic retreat as Anglo-French withdrawal from Egypt is arranged
Resignation of Ichiro Hatoyama
Resigns as Prime Minister
United Nations
Japan is admitted into the United Nations
Nobel Prize for Transistor Physics
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for semiconductor research and the transistor effect.
Nobel Prize for Transistor Physics
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for semiconductor research and discovery of transistor action.
Nobel Prize for Semiconductor Research
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for semiconductor research and discovery of the transistor effect.
Soviet Arms Agreement
Daoud's government acquires substantial Soviet military equipment and training.
Arrest of Ahmed Ben Bella
Captured by the French & interned in France
Angolan Communist Party
The PLUA merges with the PCA to form the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)
Peoples Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)
The Angolan Communist Party (PCA) merges with the Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola (PLUA) to form the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola with Viriato da Cruz, the President of the PCA, as Secretary General
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
The original mission of the FNLA, officially formed under the leadership of Holden Roberto is to restore the home of the ethnic Bakongo people in northern Angola and southern Zaire, known as the "Kongo Kingdom"
UNITA
The original mission of the FNLA, officially formed under the leadership of Holden Roberto is to restore the home of the ethnic Bakongo people in northern Angola and southern Zaire, known as the "Kongo Kingdom"
Invasion of Anglola
Attempts a failed offensive from on Angola from Zambia
Peoples Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)
The PLUA merges with the PCA to form the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)
Peoples Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)
Movimento popular de Libertacao de Angola, a Marxist rival to the UPA.
Peoples Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)
The Angolan Communist Party (PCA) merges with the Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola (PLUA) to form the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola with Viriato da Cruz, the President of the PCA, as Secretary General.
Peoples Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)
The MPLA was founded in 1956 as a Marxist party with a strong following in the Angolan capital, Luanda, it is first led by Antonio Neto.
Peoples Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)
The MPLA, led by da Cruz, Mย rio Andrade, Ilidio Machado, and Lpounds cio Lara, derives support from the Mbundu people and in Luanda. The Angolan Communist Party (PCA) merges with the Party of the United Struggle for Africans in Angola (PLUA) to form the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola with Viriato da Cruz, the President of the PCA, as Secretary General
UNITA
Founds the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, based on the Ovimbundu
Olympics
Helps bring the Olympic games to Melbourne
Deputy Party Leader
Appointed Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party
The Legend of the Baal-Shem
Publication of "The Legend of the Baal-Shem"
Chairman
The first FPO party leader is Anton Reinthaller, a former Nazi Minister of Agriculture and SS officer, he had been asked by OVP Chancellor Julius Raab to take over the movement rather than let it be led by a more socialist-leaning group
Chairman
The FPO is founded as the successor to the short-lived Federation of Independents (VdU), which had been founded seven years earlier. The first FPO party leader is Anton Reinthaller, a former Nazi Minister of Agriculture and SS officer, he had been asked by OVP Chancellor Julius Raab to take over the movement rather than let it be led by a more socialist-leaning group. Appointed Chairman of the FPO
Election
Kreisky is elected to the Austrian Parliament, the Nationalrat as a Socialist
Vienna Quantum Mechanics Lectures
Resumes university teaching in Vienna and presents lectures on quantum mechanics, statistical physics and the conceptual foundations of modern physics.
Return to Vienna Professorship
Returns to Vienna to take an honoured university position and resume teaching in the city where his scientific career began.
Conference of Messina
The Messina Conference establishes the Spaak Committee which produced the Spaak report
Government Report
The Messina Conference establishes the Spaak Committee which produced the Spaak report
InterGovernmental Conference
The InterGovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom focused on economic unity, leading to the Treaties of Rome being signed in 1957 which established the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) among the members
Spaak Report
The Messina Conference establishes the Spaak Committee which produced the Spaak report
Academic Appointment
Begins work as an assistant at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles while continuing advanced study in physics.
Economic Stabilization
Siles Zuazo introduces a stabilisation programme to curb inflation and fiscal deficits.
First Senior Santos Goal
The teenager scored his first senior goal for Santos and displayed the anticipation that would define his prolific club career.
Santos Senior Career Begins
Pelรฉ joined Santos as a teenager and made his senior debut, beginning a long relationship with the coastal Brazilian club.
Julinho Adds Brazilian Flair to Scudetto Side
Julinho's dribbling and skill on the wing are key ingredients in Fiorentina's 1955โ56 Serie A title victory.
first book of poetry, Let Us Compare Mythologies
Cohen publishes his first book of poetry, Let Us Compare Mythologies
his
Cohen publishes his first book of poetry, Let Us Compare Mythologies
Suez Crisis
Helps create a United Nations peacekeeping force during the Suez crisis.
True Triple-Axis Spectrometer
Completes the first true triple-axis crystal spectrometer for neutron scattering.
Foreign Secretary of Canada
Represents Canada at the United Nations, plays a key part in settling the Suez crisis
Suez Canal
Represents Canada at the United Nations, plays a key part in settling the Suez crisis
War Academy
Chosen, together with a group of other young officers, to form a military mission that would collaborate in the organisation of the War Academy of Ecuador in Quito
Hundred Schools
Failed attempt to introduce freedom for philosophical & political diversity in China
Central Committee
Appointed Member of Central Committee
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo
Co-operatives
During the "high tide of socialism" the communes are merged into co-operatives
KGB (Committee for State Security)
Maintains contact with Soviet intelligence officer Nikolai Leonov.
Arrest of Mikhail Khristodolou Mouskos Makarios
Arrested by the British for suspected terrorism & deported to the Seychelles
Stromgren Photometry
Creates photometric indices measuring stellar temperature, gravity and chemical composition.
uvby Photometric System
Develops a four-colour system for precise stellar classification.
Professor of Physics
Is appointed professor of physics at the University of Copenhagen and continues a long-term programme of theoretical nuclear-structure research.
Sinai Withdrawal
Accepts United Nations forces in Sinai following the withdrawal of invading Israeli troops.
Sinai Withdrawal
Regains Egyptian administration of Sinai after Israeli forces withdraw under international pressure.
Suez Crisis
Nationalizes the canal after Western financing for the High Dam is withdrawn, prompting British, French and Israeli military action.
Palme dOr
Co-directs The Silent World (Le monde du silence) with Louis Malle; the film wins the Palme dOr.
A Man Escaped
Directs A Man Escaped.
Common Market Negotiations
Faure played a leading French role in negotiations that produced the Treaties of Rome.
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France
The Fall
Camus publishes The Fall, a philosophical novel structured as a confessional monologue.
Discovery of Teflon
Marc Gregoire devises a way to coat aluminum with teflon
Independence of Algeria
The Algerian War of Independence begins under Mollets Government
Independence of France
The Algerian War of Independence begins under Mollets Government
Armament
Begins German rearmament
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Hubbles Law
It was not until 1956 that Walter Baade corrected the distance scale based on Cepheid variable stars, and ushered in the first accurate measures of the expansion rate
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system.
FA Cup
Winner of the FA Cup with Manchester City despite playing for the last 15 mins with a broken neck.
Footballer of the Year
Winner of the Footballer of the Year Award
Player of the Year
The Manchester City goalkeeper becomes the first German recipient of the writers award, reflecting admiration for his outstanding goalkeeping throughout the season.
The Battle of the River Plate
Appears in The Battle of the River Plate. Appears in Privates Progress
CBE
Appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1956 New Year Honours
Privates Progress
Appears in Privates Progress
Giant
Appears opposite Rock Hudson and James Dean in George Stevens epic Giant
The Green Man
The Green Man is a 1956 British comedy-drama film based on the play Meet A Body by Frank Launder and Sidney Gilliat, who produced and adapted the big-screen version
Sailor Beware
Stars in Sailor Beware
The Green Man
The Green Man is a 1956 British comedy-drama film based on the play Meet A Body by Frank Launder and Sidney Gilliat, who produced and adapted the big-screen version
Privates Progress
1st film as Major Hitchcock in John and Roy Boultings Privates Progress, gave birth to his catchphrase, "youre an absolute shower", and made him a favourite in British comedy films for the next decade
BAFTA
Winner of a BAFTA for best actress for her part in A Town Like Alice
The Case of the Mukkinese Battle Horn - Henry Crun
Sellers performs the character Henry Crun in The Case of the Mukkinese Battle Horn.
The Case of the Mukkinese Battle Horn - Inspector Quilt
Sellers portrays Inspector Quilt in The Case of the Mukkinese Battle Horn.
The Case of the Mukkinese Battle Horn - Sid Crimp
Sellers plays Sid Crimp in the Goon-influenced short The Case of the Mukkinese Battle Horn.
The Case of the Mukkinese Battle Horn - Sir Jervis Fruit
Sellers portrays Sir Jervis Fruit in The Case of the Mukkinese Battle Horn.
The Man Who Never Was
Sellers supplies the voice of Winston Churchill in The Man Who Never Was.
Island in the Sun
Publication of "Island in the Sun"
The Orwell Reader Anthology
The Orwell Reader presented selections from Orwell's fiction and nonfiction to a wider audience.
Beatles, The
Julia, John Lennons mother, buys him his first guitar through a mail order ad, his incessant playing prompts Johns Aunt Mimi to say, "The guitars all very well as a hobby, John, but youll never make a living out of it."
Quarrymen
John Lennon forms his first group, The Quarrymen
Royal Academy
Appointed President of the Royal Academy
Financial Secretary of Treasury
Appointed Financial Secretary
MI5
Appointed Head of MI5
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Minister of Defence
Budget
Introduces Premium Bonds & cuts Government food subsidies
Premium Bonds
Introduces Premium Bonds
Lord President
Appointed Lord President of the Council, 2nd term
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Leeds North-East
Conference of Sevres
The Allies agree Israel should invade & Britain & France would intervene & instruct the Israeli & Egyptian armies to withdraw 10 miles either side of the canal. The Canal owners, Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez, held a secret meeting between Israel, France & Britain at Sevres, outside Paris
Invasion of Egypt
Calls for Israel to invade Sinai
Invasion of Egypt
Issues an ultimatum to Egypt & Israel to withdraw forces from the Suez Canal
Nationalization
Eden compares Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal with the nationalism of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler 20 yrs earlier
Suez Canal
The Canal owners, Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez, held a secret meeting between Israel, France & Britain at Sevres, outside Paris
Ultimatum
Issues an ultimatum to Egypt & Israel to withdraw forces from the Suez Canal
NHS Kidney Dialysis Government
The Conservative Party Government is in office as this NHS milestone occurs: Frank Parsons performs the first kidney dialysis at Leeds General Infirmary, where the first artificial kidney unit in the UK opens.
NHS Kidney Dialysis NHS Development
This NHS development occurs while Anthony Eden serves as Prime Minister: Frank Parsons performs the first kidney dialysis at Leeds General Infirmary, where the first artificial kidney unit in the UK opens.
NHS Kidney Dialysis
During Anthony Eden's government, frank Parsons performs the first kidney dialysis at Leeds General Infirmary, where the first artificial kidney unit in the UK opens.
NHS Polio Immunisation Government
The Conservative Party Government is in office as this NHS milestone occurs: The polio immunisation programme begins.
NHS Polio Immunisation NHS Development
This NHS development occurs while Anthony Eden serves as Prime Minister: The polio immunisation programme begins.
NHS Polio Immunisation
During Anthony Eden's government, the polio immunisation programme begins.
Pepper-Pot
Launches a sweep of the Troodos Mountains for EOKA terrorists
The Future of Socialism", revisionist socialist vision of politics
Publication of "The Future of Socialism", revisionist socialist vision of politics
The Future of Socialism
Publication of "The Future of Socialism", revisionist socialist vision of politics
Secretary
Appointed Secretary to Harold Wilson
Secretary
Appointedretary to Harold Wilson
Shadow Minister
Appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary of the Labour Party
The Birth of Britain Published
Churchill published The Birth of Britain, the first volume of A History of the English Speaking Peoples.
Financial Times Editorial Career
Joins the Financial Times editorial staff and begins a professional journalism career focused increasingly on economics and financial affairs.
Men and Power
Publication of "Men & Power"
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Taunton
Early Property Profit
Sells an early London property investment at a profit, increasing the capital available for further property purchases.
Inverness Terrace Property
Expands the property venture by acquiring houses in Inverness Terrace, Bayswater, for conversion into a larger boarding-house operation.
Gnomes of Zurich
First uses the term, "Gnomes of Zurich"
Shadow Cabinet
Appointed Shadow Chancellor
Hungarian Revolution
Condemns the Soviet crushing of the Hungarian Revolution through Tribune.
Suez Crisis
Uses Tribune to oppose the British government's Suez intervention.
Opposition to Suez
Condemns the Suez intervention at a Labour meeting in Birmingham.
Suez Crisis
Criticises the Conservative government's handling of the Suez crisis.
Suez Crisis
Opposes the Conservative government's military intervention during the Suez Crisis.
Move to Kirkcaldy
Brown's family moves to Kirkcaldy, where his father serves as a Church of Scotland minister.
Budget
Challenges Conservative economic policy from the Labour front bench as Shadow Chancellor.
Shadow Foreign Secretary
Becomes Shadow Foreign Secretary under Gaitskell.
Opposition to Suez
Healey opposes the Conservative governmentโs military intervention during the Suez Crisis.
Suez Crisis
Healey criticises the Conservative government's Suez policy from the Labour benches.
Election
Elected Member of Parliament, the youngest MP
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Liberal Party
Secretary
Appointed Secretary of the Transport & General Workers Union, a left winger
Frontiers of Astronomy
Hoyle published Frontiers of Astronomy for readers interested in current astronomical research.
Geodesic Deviation
Pirani explains how spacetime curvature can produce measurable relative motion between freely falling particles, providing a practical physical interpretation of a passing gravitational wave.
London Research
Returns to London and works at University College London and Imperial College before his permanent return to Edinburgh.
Transfer
Signs for Vic Buckinghams West Bromwich Albion, the transfer fee of ล25,000 is a club record for Albion at the time
Ipswich Town
Ramseys second season in charge led to the 3rd Division South title, Ipswichs second at that level, and promotion to the Second Division
Third Division South Title
Ramseys second season in charge led to the 3rd Division South title, Ipswichs second at that level, and promotion to the Second Division
FA Cup
Winner of an FA Cup winners medal with Manchester City. Winner of an FA Cup winners medal.
Sunderland FC
Moves to Sunderland for a transfer fee of pounds 22,000
League Title
Part of the Blackpool side that finished in what is to date still the clubs highest-ever League position when they finished as First Division (then the top flight in England) runners-up in the 1955-56 season
European Footballer of the Year
Winner of the first ever European Footballer of the Year award
Leeds Top Flight Promotion
Charlton helps Leeds United earn promotion from the Second Division, providing a strong central defensive presence.
McDowall Oversees Manchester City Cup Triumph
A 3-1 result over Birmingham City brings Manchester City the trophy under McDowall.
Two Goals on United League Debut
Charlton scores twice against Charlton Athletic in his Manchester United debut, immediately demonstrating his finishing ability in a 4-2 win.
Huddersfield Senior League Debut
Law entered Huddersfield's first team at sixteen and began gaining Second Division experience under Bill Shankly.
1956 FA Cup Final Attacking Appearance
Brown represented Birmingham City in the 1956 FA Cup final, taking part in an ambitious season that also produced a sixth-place First Division finish.
Chelsea Youth Striker Emerges
Greaves developed in Chelsea's youth system and became known for his quick reactions and precise finishing before his senior debut.
Return to First Division
Plays a central attacking role as Leeds United finish second in the Second Division and regain a place among England's leading clubs.
Portsmouth Signs Saunders
Saunders signs for Portsmouth and becomes an important source of goals during his years on the south coast.
FA Cup Final Captaincy Against Manchester City
Merrick captained Birmingham City from goal in the 1956 FA Cup final, which Manchester City won 3โ1 despite Birminghamโs attempts to recover.
End of Legendary Playing Service
Bartram finishes his long career as Charlton Athletic goalkeeper after more than six hundred league appearances.
Birmingham FA Cup Final Wing Role
Govan played on Birmingham Cityโs wing in the FA Cup final against Manchester City, having helped the club build momentum during its run to Wembley.
Inaugural Ballon dโOr Award
Stanley Matthews becomes the first recipient of the Ballon dโOr while playing for Blackpool, receiving recognition for the exceptional close control and longevity that distinguished his career.
Suez Canal
Eden compares Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal with the nationalism of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler 20 yrs earlier.
Suez Canal
The Allies agree Israel should invade & Britain & France would intervene & instruct the Israeli & Egyptian armies to withdraw 10 miles either side of the canal.
Suez Canal
The Canal owners, Compagnie universelle du canal maritime de Suez, held a secret meeting between Israel, France & Britain at Sevres, outside Paris.
Suez Canal
The US will support Britain if it accepts the United Nations solution, the pound collapses.
National Radical Union Founded
Karamanlis founds the conservative National Radical Union.
Prime Minister of Greece
Konstantinos Karamanlis forms his first government as Prime Minister.
Arrest of Cardinal Mindszenty
Releases the Hungarian Primate, Cardinal Mindszenty
Constitution of Hungary
Announces Hungry will assume neutral status & allow the formation of political parties
Death of Imre Nagy
Death of Imre Nagy, executed
Dismissal
Dismissed during the Hungarian rebellion
Execution
Executed during the "counter-revolution", despite promise of safe conduct from Russia
Neutrality
Announces Hungry will assume neutral status & allow the formation of political parties. Announces Hungary will withdraw from the Warsaw Pact & seek neutral status
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary, 2nd term
Reballion of Rebels in Budapest
Executed during the period of "counter-revolution". Announces Hungary will withdraw from the Warsaw Pact & seek neutral status. Allows the political parties of 1945 to reform
Warsaw Pact Organisation
Announces Hungary will withdraw from the Warsaw Pact & seek neutral status. Announces Hungary will leave the Warsaw Pact
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary, 1st term
Constitution of Hungary
Forms a Government in eastern Hungary free from "fascist ounter-revolutionaries"
General
Appointed Head of the Hungary Socialist Workers Party. Rehabilitated after release from prison & appointed Party Leader
Reballion of Rebels in Budapest
Decides democratization has gone too far
Exile of Ferenc Puskas Biro
Leaves Hungary after the Prague Spring, emigrates to Spain & plays for Real Madrid
Retirement
Made 85 appearances for the Hungarian national team between 1945 & 1956, scoring 84 goals
Reballion of Rebels in Budapest
Decides democratization has gone too far
Arrest of Cardinal Mindszenty
Releases the Hungarian Primate, Cardinal Mindszenty
Neutrality
Announces Hungary will withdraw from the Warsaw Pact & seek neutral status
Reballion of Rebels in Budapest
Announces Hungary will withdraw from the Warsaw Pact & seek neutral status
Warsaw Pact Organisation
Announces Hungary will withdraw from the Warsaw Pact & seek neutral status
Non-Alignment Policy
Nehru continues developing India's policy of non-alignment amid Cold War rivalry.
States Reorganisation
Nehru's government implements the States Reorganisation Act, substantially redrawing state boundaries along linguistic lines.
Apsara Reactor
Homi Bhabha leads India's atomic energy programme when Apsara, Asia's first research reactor, reaches criticality.
Prime Minister of Indonesia
Appointed Prime Minister of Indonesia, 2nd term
Foreign Secretary of Israel
Appointed Foreign Minister
Aesthetics of Thomas Aquinas
Eco published a scholarly study of Thomas Aquinas and medieval aesthetic theory.
Virgili Powers Fiorentina's Title-Winning Attack
Giuseppe Virgili supplies important goals to a Fiorentina side that wins its first Italian championship under Fulvio Bernardini.
Sarti Protects Fiorentina Championship Defence
Giuliano Sarti provides outstanding goalkeeping as Fiorentina finish the 1955โ56 league season as Italian champions.
Bernardini Directs Fiorentina to First Scudetto
Fulvio Bernardini oversees Fiorentina's landmark 1955โ56 Serie A championship, building a balanced side around disciplined defence and effective attacking.
The Burmese Harp
Kon Ichikawa directs the anti-war drama The Burmese Harp
Temple of the Golden Pavilion
Publication of "Temple of the Golden Pavilion"
Peace Agreement
Japan & Russia make a Peace Agreement
Prime Minister of Kampuchea
Appointed Prime Minister of Kampuchea
Prime Minister of Kampuchea
Appointed Prime Minister of Kampuchea, 2nd term
Prime Minister of Kampuchea
Appointed Prime Minister of Kampuchea
Prime Minister of Kampuchea
Appointed Prime Minister of Kampuchea, 3rd term, 1956. Appointed Prime Minister of Kampuchea, 4th term, 1956. Appointed Prime Minister of Kampuchea, 5th term, 1956
KSU
The doctoral dissertations written by Hou Yuon and Khieu Samphan express basic themes that were later to become the cornerstones of the policy adopted by Democratic Kampuchea
KCP
Hou Yuon and Khieu Samphan help establish a new group, the Khmer Students Union,inside, the group was still run by the Cercle Marxiste
KSU
Hou Yuon and Khieu Samphan help establish a new group, the Khmer Students Union,inside, the group was still run by the Cercle Marxiste
KCP
Hou Yuon and Khieu Samphan help establish a new group, the Khmer Students Union,inside, the group was still run by the Cercle Marxiste
KSU
The doctoral dissertations written by Hou Yuon and Khieu Samphan express basic themes that were later to become the cornerstones of the policy adopted by Democratic Kampuchea. Hou Yuon and Khieu Samphan help establish a new group, the Khmer Students Union,inside, the group was still run by the Cercle Marxiste
Foreign Secretary of Netherlands, The
Appointed Foreign Minister
Assassination of Anastasio Somoza Garcia
Somoza Garcia is assassinated, succeeded in office by his sons Luis & Anastasio
Death of Anastasio Somoza Garcia
Death of Anastasio Somoza Garcia, assassinated
President of Peru
Appointed President of Peru, 2nd term
Foreign Secretary of Poland
Appointed Foreign Minister
Demonstrations
50 people are killed while rioting for more freedom
Reballion of Rebels in Poznan
50 people are killed while rioting for more freedom
First Secretary
Appointed First Secretary of the Polish United Workers Party
Arrest of Wladyslaw Gomulka
Readmitted into the Polish United Workers Party
PUWP
Appointed Member of PUWP, readmitted
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Polish United Workers Party
Bishop
Appointed Auxiliarty Bishop
Arrest of Stefan Wyszynski
Released after the death of Stalin & restored
Chairman
Appointed Chair of Ethics at the Catholic University
Earth-Moon Lagrange Cloud Observations
Identifies faint clouds later named the Kordylewski clouds.
Kordylewski Dust Clouds
Reports observations of diffuse dust concentrations near Earth-Moon equilibrium points.
Hanging Mercury Drop Electrode
Develops the hanging mercury drop electrode for sensitive electrochemical analysis.
Polarographic Trace Analysis
Improves polarographic measurement of trace metals and other dissolved substances.
Political Rehabilitation
Shalamov was formally exonerated of the charges behind his camp imprisonment.
Marriage to Naina Girina
Marries Naina Iosifovna Girina, whom he met while studying at the Ural Polytechnic Institute.
Adviser
Appointed Adviser to the Council of Minister's
Dismissal
Expelled from the Government for Stalinist activities & failure to depose Kruschev
First Secretary
Appointed First Secretary of the Communist Party of Belorussia
Agreement on Build medical
Russia agrees to build medical, sports & educational facilities for Burma
Cominform Abolished
Abolishes the Cominform as part of efforts to improve relations with Yugoslavia and reduce Stalin-era controls.
Cominform is abolished to improve relations with the West & Yugoslavia
The Cominform is abolished to improve relations with the West & Yugoslavia
Cominform
The Cominform is abolished to improve relations with the West & Yugoslavia
Doctors' Plot Reassessment
Publicly attributes the fabricated Doctors' Plot to Stalin-era political repression and antisemitism.
Economic Assistance to Burma
Approves Soviet assistance for medical, educational and sports projects in Burma.
Plot
Says that the plot was instigated by Stalin to begin an anti-semitic purge
Rehabilitation of Stalin Victims
Accelerates review and rehabilitation of many people imprisoned or condemned during Stalin's purges.
Virgin Lands Harvest
Oversees the Kazakhstan party organization during a major Virgin Lands grain harvest.
Congress of Communist Party, 20th
During the Twentieth Party Congress Krushcev attacks Stalins cult of the individual
Congress of Communist Party, 29th
During the Twentieth Party Congress Krushcev attacks Stalins cult of the individual
Cult of Individual
During the Twentieth Party Congress Krushcev attacks Stalins cult of the individual. Decrees the end of the cult of the individual
Land Forces
Appointed Head of the Russian Land Forces
Central Committee
Appointed Member of Central Committee
Central Committee
Appointed Member of Presidium of the Central Committee
Dismissal
Dimissed for undermining the Communist Party's authority in the armed forces
Khrushchev Thaw
Watches Soviet de-Stalinisation while remaining anti-communist.
Hungarian Revolution
personally supervises the post-invasion "normalization" of Hungary after the revolution. Responsible for arresting supporters of Imre Nagy who were trying to negotiate with Soviet military officials. Serov organized deportations of Hungarians, among them Imre Nagy. Serov co-ordinated the abduction of Pal Maleter, the Hungarian general, and the disruption of peace talks between the Red Army and the Hungarian forces
Polish Ministry of Public Security
Serov established the Polish Ministry of Public Security, the Polish secret police until 1956, acting as its main Soviet adviser and organizer
Fermi Liquid Theory of Electrons
Develops the Fermi-liquid description of interacting electrons in metals as long-lived quasiparticles near the Fermi surface.
Winning Goal in Olympic Final
Ilyin scores the only goal against Yugoslavia in the 1956 Olympic football final, securing a historic gold medal for the Soviet Union.
Melbourne Olympic Football Gold
Yashin keeps goal for the Soviet Union as it beats Yugoslavia 1-0 in the Olympic final, establishing the team as a major international force.
Olympic Gold Medal Captain
Netto leads the Soviet football team to gold at the Melbourne Olympics, where the side defeats Yugoslavia in a closely fought final.
Chief Inspector
Appointed Chief Inspector of the Ministry of Defence
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief, Navy
Deputy Commander
Appointed First Deputy Commander in-Chief of the Soviet Land Forces
Coloured Voters Removed
Government completes removal of Coloured voters from the common roll.
Separate Electoral Roll Established
Constitutional changes entrench separate racial representation.
Legislation
Natives Prohibition of Interdicts Act, blacks cannot appeal to courts
ANC
Appointed Member of ANC
Arrest of Albert Lutuli
Arrested for treason although never tried
Treason
Arrested for treason although never tried
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the United Party
Academy Award
With her starring role in 1956s Anastasia, Bergman made a triumphant return to the American screen and won the Academy Award for Best Actress for a second time
The Childs Conception of Space
Publication of "The Childs Conception of Space"
Independence of Tunisia
Tunisia gains independence from France with a monarchy
Independence
Tunisia gains independence from France with a monarchy
Prime Minister of Tunisia
Appointed Prime Minister of Tunisia
Gun the Man Down
First starring role in Gun the Man Down
Bhowani Junction
Stars in Bhowani Junction
The Ten Commandments
Heston becomes an icon for portraying Moses in the hugely successful film The Ten Commandments
Marriage
Upon marrying Rainier III, Prince of Monaco becomes Her Serene Highness The Princess of Monaco, but is generally known as Princess Grace of Monaco
The Swan
Stars in, "The Swan". Stars in, "High Society"
The Prince and the Showgirl
Stars in The Prince and the Showgirl, at Pinewood Studios in England, based on Terrence Rattigans The Sleeping Prince, a play about an affair between a show girl and a prince in the 1910s. Stars in Bus Stop, received a Golden Globe for Best Actress nomination for her performance
The Rack
Appears in, "The Rack". Appears in, "Somebody Up There Likes Me"
The Killing
Directs The Killing, a tightly structured crime film about a racetrack robbery.
Away All Boats
Appears in Away All Boats as part of his run of minor film roles.
Never Say Goodbye
Takes a supporting role in Never Say Goodbye during his early screen career.
Star in the Dust
Appears in the western Star in the Dust before his later breakthrough in television westerns.
The First Traveling Saleslady
Appears in The First Traveling Saleslady, another early studio-era film role.
Lucky Starr and the Big Sun of Mercury
Asimov published another Lucky Starr novel, placing its mystery on Mercury.
The Last Question
Asimov published The Last Question, a story about entropy and the ultimate future of intelligence.
Andersonville
Publication of "Andersonville"
Pulitzer Prize
Winner of the Pulitzer Prize
The Golden Chords
Forms teenage rock and roll bands while at Hibbing High School.
Government
Appointed President of the USA, 34th President, 2nd term
Invasion of Egypt
Opposes the Anglo-French invasion of the Suez Canal zone in response to the Suez Crisis
Opposes the Anglo-French invasion of the Suez Canal zone in response to
Opposes the Anglo-French invasion of the Suez Canal zone in response to the Suez Crisis
Castro Revolutionary Association
Archival records describe Frank Fiorini, later known as Frank Sturgis, as an American adventurer associated with Fidel Castro's revolutionary forces before the Cuban Revolution succeeded.
Pfisterer Dental Laboratory Employment
Lee worked for several months as a messenger at the Pfisterer Dental Laboratory before moving back to Fort Worth.
Uruguay Assignment
Hunt served in Uruguay during his overseas CIA career, working on political and intelligence operations in Latin America.
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The US. Supreme Court ruling prompts Montgomery to desegregate buses
Rockefeller Brothers Fund
Appointed Director of the Special Studies Project for the Rockefeller Brothers Fund from 1956 to 1958
Distance Scale
Baades corrections help make the cosmic expansion rate more realistic for Big Bang timescales
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discoveries concerning heart catheterization and the investigation of circulatory disease.
Invention of Atomic Bomb
"Atomic Quest", development of the atom bomb while director of the Manhattan Project
World Champion
Floyd Patterson knocks out 42-year-old light heavyweight champion Archie Moore in the fifth round to win the vacant crown
World Champion
Floyd Patterson knocks out 42-year-old light heavyweight champion Archie Moore in the fifth round to win the vacant crown, 21 years and 10 months old, the youngest man to ever capture the heavyweight title
Military Assistance Advisory Group
Builds US advisory support for South Vietnam after the Geneva settlement
Major
Appointed Colonel and commands the First Infantry Division stationed at the 17th Parallel
Arrest of Milovan Djilas
Imprisoned for his opposition to the regime
Journalistic Commentary on Suez
West commented on contemporary British politics and international affairs through journalism.
Willa Cather in Europe
Willa Cather in Europe collected material concerning her European travels.
Return from Internal Exile
Solzhenitsyn was permitted to leave internal exile during political reforms.
Literary Essays on Postwar Germany
Bรถll wrote criticism addressing literature's responsibility in rebuilding German society.
Eden Receives Suez Nationalization News
Eden learns that Gamal Abdel Nasser has announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal Company.
Eden Consults Senior Ministers
Eden holds urgent consultations about the canal company's seizure and British strategic interests.
Eden Considers Economic Retaliation
The prime minister examines financial and diplomatic measures designed to pressure the Egyptian government.
Eden Discusses Canal With France
Eden opens intensive contacts with French leaders who also oppose Egyptian control of the canal company.
Eden Appeals to Washington
Eden seeks United States support for an international response to the nationalization decision.
Eden Orders Military Contingency Planning
British military planners are instructed to examine options for intervention if diplomatic efforts fail.
Eden Supports London Canal Conference
Eden backs an international conference to establish proposals for the future operation of the waterway.
Eden Rejects Unconditional Egyptian Control
Eden argues that the canal's importance to international shipping requires reliable guarantees of access.
Eden Debates Canal Users Association
The British government considers creating a body of canal users to strengthen international oversight of navigation.
Eden Weighs United Nations Action
Eden considers how the dispute might be addressed at the United Nations while maintaining pressure on Egypt.
Eden Faces American Diplomatic Opposition
Eden confronts growing differences with Washington over the acceptable means of resolving the canal dispute.
Eden Authorizes Suez Intervention
Eden's government ultimately turns to military intervention after unsuccessful attempts to secure its preferred settlement.
Eden Announces British Military Action
Eden publicly defends British and French military action by invoking the security and operation of the canal.
Eden Faces Parliamentary Suez Debate
Opposition politicians challenge Eden's approach as the dispute develops into a major foreign policy crisis.
Eden Accepts Suez Ceasefire
Under international pressure, Eden's government agrees to halt military operations in Egypt.
Lloyd Reviews Nationalization Legal Questions
Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd examines the legal and diplomatic implications of the canal company's nationalization.
Lloyd Consults French Foreign Ministry
Lloyd coordinates the British response with French officials concerned about Egyptian canal policy.
Lloyd Explores United States Negotiations
Lloyd attempts to reconcile British objectives with American proposals for managing the Suez dispute.
Lloyd Prepares London Conference Agenda
Lloyd helps prepare proposals for international discussions on the canal and its future operation.
Lloyd Presents Canal Settlement Proposals
Lloyd advocates arrangements intended to protect access and reassure the international users of the waterway.
Lloyd Discusses International Canal Authority
British diplomacy explores proposals for an international framework to supervise canal operations.
Lloyd Represents Britain at Security Council
Lloyd engages with United Nations diplomacy as Britain pursues international arguments over the canal dispute.
Lloyd Negotiates Suez Diplomatic Strategy
The foreign secretary manages contacts with other governments during the escalation from nationalization to intervention.
Lloyd Faces Franco British Policy Differences
Lloyd helps reconcile allied diplomatic approaches as Paris and London evaluate their options toward Nasser.
Lloyd Confronts United Nations Criticism
The British government faces criticism in international forums after military operations begin in Egypt.
Macmillan Examines Egyptian Financial Measures
As chancellor, Macmillan considers financial action against Egypt following nationalization of the canal company.
Macmillan Assesses Sterling Vulnerability
Macmillan confronts the risk that international financial pressures could weaken sterling during the canal crisis.
Macmillan Weighs Intervention Costs
The chancellor faces the budgetary and currency implications of any British military operation in Egypt.
Macmillan Reviews Suez Economic Consequences
The disruption of canal shipping raises concerns about trade, oil supplies and Britain's external payments.
Macmillan Addresses Treasury Crisis
The Treasury responds to severe financial strains as the Suez dispute moves toward a military confrontation.
Mountbatten Advises on Suez Operations
Mountbatten participates in senior military discussions over the feasibility and consequences of armed intervention in Egypt.
Mountbatten Considers Naval Deployment Needs
As First Sea Lord, Mountbatten evaluates Royal Navy requirements for potential operations around the canal zone.
Mountbatten Reviews Amphibious Planning
Mountbatten examines the naval and landing requirements associated with British intervention plans.
Mountbatten Warns of Intervention Risks
Mountbatten expresses reservations about the political and strategic dangers associated with using force in Egypt.
Mountbatten Assesses Mediterranean Forces
Royal Navy preparations are reviewed as the crisis places additional demands on Mediterranean military assets.
Monckton Weighs Suez Military Options
Defence Minister Walter Monckton is involved in government discussions about possible force following the canal seizure.
Monckton Expresses Concern About Intervention
Monckton has reservations about resorting to military action as diplomatic efforts continue.
Monckton Leaves Defence Ministry
Monckton leaves the defence portfolio during the Suez crisis and subsequently takes a different cabinet position.
Suez Historic Waterway Role Reconsidered
The canal's strategic history is invoked in the nationalization controversy, reflecting its longstanding importance to British interests.
Canal International Navigation Debate Intensifies
British discussion focuses on keeping the international shipping route accessible after the transfer of the canal company to Egypt.
Hinton Marks Calder Hall Milestone
Hinton's role in the British atomic energy programme is reflected in the opening of the pioneering station.
Hinton Explains Nuclear Industrial Potential
The Calder Hall project demonstrates the possibility of producing electricity alongside plutonium for defence purposes.
Eden Praises British Atomic Achievement
Eden presents the nuclear station as an example of British scientific and engineering capability.
Eden Attends Calder Hall Opening
The prime minister attends the station's ceremonial opening in October, alongside the Queen.
Eden Supports Civil Nuclear Development
Eden's government promotes civilian applications of nuclear technology while Britain pursues strategic atomic programmes.
Eden Highlights Electricity Generation
The opening celebrates the supply of nuclear generated electricity to the public grid.
Queen Visits Calder Hall Station
Elizabeth II visits the new nuclear power station in Cumbria for its formal opening ceremony.
Queen Inaugurates Nuclear Power Station
Elizabeth II formally opens Calder Hall on 17 October 1956 as a major milestone in British nuclear engineering.
Queen Marks Civil Nuclear Power Era
The royal opening draws public attention to the commercial and industrial possibilities of nuclear energy.
Queen Tours Nuclear Generating Facilities
The monarch is shown facilities associated with the pioneering power station during the opening visit.
Cockcroft Observes Nuclear Power Milestone
Calder Hall's operation illustrates the transition from experimental atomic research to industrial electricity generation.
Plowden Oversees Calder Hall Commissioning
The Atomic Energy Authority under Plowden supervises the transition of Calder Hall toward operational service.
Plowden Welcomes Public Nuclear Opening
The opening of Calder Hall highlights the Authority's prominent role in Britain's atomic energy programme.
Penney Reviews Dual Purpose Reactor Era
Calder Hall demonstrates a reactor model with both electricity production and plutonium production functions.
First Calder Hall Reactor Enters Service
Calder Hall's first reactor begins producing electricity during 1956, ahead of the ceremonial station opening.
Calder Hall Uses Magnox Fuel Technology
The station uses Magnox reactor technology with natural uranium fuel and graphite moderation.
Calder Hall Employs Carbon Dioxide Cooling
Carbon dioxide coolant removes heat from the reactors and transfers energy for steam production.
Calder Hall Supplies National Grid
Electricity produced at Calder Hall is delivered to the British electrical transmission system.
Calder Hall Operates Dual Purpose Reactors
The plant is designed both to generate electricity and to produce plutonium for Britain's weapons programme.
Calder Hall Demonstrates Nuclear Steam Generation
Heat released by nuclear fission is used to raise steam and drive conventional electricity generating equipment.
Calder Hall Highlights Engineering Safety Demands
Operating large industrial reactors creates new demands for radiation protection, monitoring and controlled maintenance.
Calder Hall Establishes British Reactor Precedent
The project's completion offers valuable experience for later British civil nuclear power stations.