Death of Albert Camus
Albert Camus dies in a motor accident near Villeblevin, aged forty-six.
Historical events in 1960
766 historical records
January 196021 historical events
Stateless Identity Document
Soviet authorities issued Oswald an identity document for stateless persons on January 4, 1960, and assigned him to live in Minsk.
Soviet Red Cross Grant
A Soviet agency described as the Red Cross gave Lee 5,000 rubles before his relocation from Moscow to Minsk.
Minsk Arrival
Oswald arrived in Minsk on January 7, 1960, where Soviet officials arranged accommodation and employment.
Construction Launch Ceremony
Nasser marks the start of construction by initiating blasting at the project site.
Start of Aswan High Dam Construction
Nasser inaugurates major construction work on the Aswan High Dam.
Belorussian Factory Employment
Oswald began work at the Belorussian Radio and Television Factory on January 13, 1960, as a metal worker.
Western Hemisphere Branch Four Organised
King oversees creation of a specialised CIA branch for covert operations against Castro.
Western Hemisphere Branch Four Established
Dulles establishes a specialised CIA branch to organise covert operations against Castro.
Constitutional Reform
II participates in constitutional reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Brussels Round Table Conference
Lumumba joins Congolese delegates negotiating the timetable and framework for independence.
Constitution of South Africa
During a vote of confidence Verwoerd announces a referendum on the republic
Referendum
During a vote of confidence Verwoerd announces a referendum on the republic
Vote of Confidence
During a vote of confidence Verwoerd announces a referendum on the republic
Nuclear Power
A B-52 bomber carrying two 24 megaton bombs crashes, one of the bombs, five of six interlocking safety devices fail, and a single switch prevents detonation, the explosion would have been 1,800 times more powerful than Hiroshima
Release for Brussels Round Table
Is released from detention so he can participate in the negotiations on Congolese independence.
Greeted by rioters in Rhodesia
Greeted by rioters in Rhodesia
Treaty of Sino-Burmese
A Sino-Burmese Treaty is signed
Broadcast
Speaks of the "national legitamacy that I incarnate & have done for 20 years". After "laffaire des barricades" in Algiers appeals for order
Chief Minister Appointed
Becomes first Chief Minister after ministerial government is introduced
President of Zambia
When Kaunda is released from prison he is elected President of UNIP
February 196028 historical events
Independence of African colonies
In a speech to MPs in the Houses of Parliament in Cape Town, Mr Macmillan spoke of the "wind of change" blowing through the continent of Africa
Independence of Great Britain
In a speech to MPs in the Houses of Parliament in Cape Town, Mr Macmillan spoke of the "wind of change" blowing through the continent of Africa
Speech
Macmillans "wind of change" speech became a historical landmark, the first sign that the British Government accepted that the days of Empire were over. In a speech to MPs in the Houses of Parliament in Cape Town, Mr Macmillan spoke of the "wind of change" blowing through the continent of Africa
Visit to Pretoria
Visits South Africa & says "a wind of change is blowing through the continent"
Macmillan Speech Reception
Rejects external pressure to dismantle the apartheid system.
Wind of Change Response
Receives Harold Macmillan's Wind of Change speech before Parliament.
Speech
Makes maiden speech in Parliament
House of Windsor
Elizabeth II confirms that she and her descendants will be known as the House and Family of Windsor, and further provided that their personal surname, whenever one should be needed, is "Mountbatten-Windsor"
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo
Strike
Gains approval from the cabinet to offer the NUR 5% which ia accepted
Nuclear Power
France explodes its first atomic bomb in the Sahara desert, it has a yield of 60-70 kilotons
Gerboise Bleue
France tests its first atomic weapon in Algeria.
Gerboise Bleue Nuclear Test
France detonates Gerboise Bleue in Algeria and becomes the fourth state to test a nuclear weapon.
President of Pakistan
Ayub Khan receives a renewed presidential mandate from the Basic Democracies electorate.
Presidential Referendum
Basic Democrats confirm Ayub Khan as President through an indirect referendum.
Anti-Nuclear Protest
Takes part in nuclear disarmament protest activity.
Hansen Premiership
The Hansen Premiership ends in Copenhagen, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Birth of Andrew
Birth of Andrew, gives birth to Prince Andrew
Kampmann Premiership
Begins the Kampmann Premiership in Copenhagen and serves as Prime Minister of Denmark.
Birth of Naruhito Hironomiya
Birth of Naruhito Hironomiya, eldest son of Akihito
Operation Amigo Begins
Begins a South American goodwill mission known as Operation Amigo, visiting Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay.
Free Transfer of Scottish Forward
Liverpool signed Sammy Reid from Motherwell on a free transfer in February 1960 as Bill Shankly began reshaping the playing staff.
TIFRAC
R. Narasimhan and the TIFR team complete TIFRAC, an early indigenous digital computer designed and built in India.
Federal Capital Relocation
The federal government moves from Karachi to temporary offices in Rawalpindi.
MacMillan makes a speech
MacMillan makes a speech before the South African Parliament, the "winds of change"
Speech
MacMillan makes a speech before the South African Parliament, the "winds of change"
Cuban Political Screening Initiated
King's division begins screening Cuban political figures for a future exile front and covert political programme.
Miami Covert Facilities Reconnaissance
King's division surveys Miami for covert offices, safehouses and recruiting facilities for anti-Castro operations.
March 196084 historical events
Foreign Policy
II participates in foreign policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
La Coubre Memorial and Korda Photograph
At the memorial for victims of the La Coubre explosion, Alberto Korda photographs Guevara in the image later known worldwide.
Agrarian Reform Law
The government enacted an agrarian reform law intended to redistribute land and modernize rural production.
International Nubia Campaign Ceremony
Malraux presides over the ceremony inaugurating UNESCO's international safeguarding campaign.
UNESCO Nubian Appeal
Veronese launches an international appeal to save monuments threatened by the rising reservoir.
Temporary Provisions Amendment
The National Assembly amends the Temporary Provisions so the incumbent President and Vice President may seek additional terms.
Manager
Accepts the job of manager at Dunfermline, after only 6 weeks in charge, Stein leads them clear of relegation
Defence Case Continues
Challenges government allegations against Congress Alliance leaders.
Treason Trial Defence
Participates as the defence opens its Treason Trial case.
Anti-Pass Campaign Announced
Announces that the PAC will begin its anti-pass campaign.
PAC Campaign Declaration
Calls for disciplined nonviolent protest against compulsory passes.
First Monarch Portrait Banknote
Cameron Cobbold serves as Governor when the Bank of England issues its first banknote carrying the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Approves CIA training and equipment for Cuban exiles against Castro.
Project Organisation Begins
Esterline begins organising personnel, facilities and operational planning for the Cuban project.
Cuban Project Direction
Bissell receives responsibility for developing the CIA operation authorised by Eisenhower.
Covert Action Programme Approved
Eisenhower approves a covert programme supporting Cuban opposition to Castro.
Covert Action Programme Authorised
Eisenhower authorises the CIA programme to organise, train and equip Cuban opponents of Castro.
Covert Action Planning Approved
Herter participates as the administration authorises covert action planning against Castro.
Anti-Pass Circular
Authorises instructions for the 21 March campaign.
PAC Mobilisation Order
Urges supporters to leave passes at home and surrender peacefully.
Political Sovereignty and Economic Independence Speech
Guevara speaks on political sovereignty and economic independence during Cuba's rapid economic transformation.
Leaves South Africa
Leaves South Africa shortly before the anti-pass campaign.
PAC External Mission
Begins organising international representation for the PAC.
Third Presidential Term
Is elected President for a third term after constitutional emergency provisions are amended.
ANC
After the Sharpville massacre the ANC & PAC are banned
Government Response to Sharpeville
Defends government security policy amid international condemnation.
Massacre
World opinion turns against apartheid. Over 400 are wounded, including women & children. For the 1st time the United Nations intervenes in South Africa. Black protestors are massacred protesting against apartheid pass laws, 69 are killed. After the Sharpville massacre the ANC & PAC are banned
Sharpeville Crisis
Faces a national political crisis after police killings at Sharpeville.
Pass Laws
The PAC announces it will launch its own anti-pass law campaign
Anti-Pass Arrest
Seeks arrest as part of the PAC anti-pass campaign.
Orlando Surrender
Presents himself at Orlando police station without a pass.
ANC
The PAC announces it will launch its anti-pass law campaign, seperate from the ANC
Pass Laws
The PAC announces it will launch its anti-pass law campaign, seperate from the ANC
Incitement Charge
Is charged with incitement alongside Robert Sobukwe.
PAC Leadership Arrest
Faces prosecution for organising the PAC anti-pass campaign.
Incitement Charge
Is charged with incitement following the anti-pass campaign.
PAC Leadership Prosecution
Faces prosecution with other PAC leaders after Sharpeville.
Caledon Square Protest
Uses mass voluntary arrest to challenge the pass system.
Langa Surrender March
Leads Langa residents to surrender themselves for arrest.
Pass Laws
Publicly burns his pass in front of the press
Pass Laws
Publicly burns his pass in front of the press
Orlando Anti-Pass Demonstration
Participates in coordinated defiance against pass restrictions.
Pass Burning
Burns his pass during the ANC protest in Orlando.
Orlando Protest
Joins public defiance against the pass system after Sharpeville.
Pass Burning
Burns his pass with other ANC leaders in Orlando.
Anti-Pass Protest
Urges peaceful resistance to the pass system after Sharpeville.
Pass Burning
Publicly burns his reference book in protest against pass laws.
Orlando Anti-Pass Protest
Supports national resistance to the pass laws.
Pass Burning
Burns his pass publicly alongside other ANC leaders.
Orlando Protest
Joins Mandela and Nokwe in publicly rejecting pass controls.
Pass Burning
Burns his pass during the coordinated ANC protest.
Pass Laws
Publicly burns his pass during a demonstration
State of Emergency
The Government suspends habeas corpus. The Government declares a State of Emergency. South Africa is placed under martial law
External Mission Begins
Begins building international support for sanctions and political pressure.
Leaves South Africa
Leaves South Africa on instructions from the ANC leadership.
National Day of Mourning
Calls a national day of mourning for Sharpeville victims.
Sharpeville Stay-at-Home
Supports a nationwide stay-at-home against racial repression.
Demonstrations
50,000 demonstrate against the pass laws in the township of Langa
Massacre
The ANCs Day of Mourning for the Sharpeville Massacre
Pass Laws
The ANCs national stay-at-home day. The ANCs Day of Mourning for the Sharpeville Massacre
Pass Laws
50,000 demonstrate against the pass laws in the township of Langa
Emergency Government Powers
Emergency regulations expand government powers following Sharpeville.
State of Emergency Proclamation
Serves as governor-general during the declaration of emergency.
Emergency Powers Invoked
Emergency powers permit mass detention and restrictions on meetings.
State of Emergency
Government declares a state of emergency after Sharpeville.
Emergency Detention
Is detained with thousands of activists during the emergency.
Post-Sharpeville Imprisonment
Joins thousands imprisoned following the Sharpeville crisis.
State of Emergency Detention
Is detained after the government declares a state of emergency.
State of Emergency Imprisonment
Remains imprisoned while Treason Trial proceedings continue.
Emergency Detention
Is detained during the state of emergency crackdown.
State of Emergency Arrest
Remains imprisoned as opposition leaders are detained.
ANC Leadership Crackdown
Faces repression as emergency powers restrict political activity.
Emergency Detention
Is caught in the government crackdown on ANC leadership.
Cape Town March
Leads tens of thousands from Langa toward central Cape Town.
Mass Protest March
Persuades the huge crowd to disperse peacefully after negotiations.
Pass Laws
1st day of the ANC campaign against the Pass Laws
Pass Laws
Anti-Pass Law deptutations are sent to local authorities
Secretary
Appointed Secretary for Cadres in the Central Committee Secretariat
Apartheid Policy Concerns
Questions whether existing apartheid policies can continue unchanged.
Cabinet Misgivings After Sharpeville
Expresses misgivings about government policy after Sharpeville.
Arrest of Albert Lutuli
Arrested for 5 months
Pass Laws
Leads an anti-pass campaign
President of South Korea
Appointed President of the Republic of Korea, 4th term
G. Wray Gill Agreement
Ferrie later stated that attorney G. Wray Gill agreed to represent him in his Eastern Airlines dismissal dispute in exchange for Ferrie's investigative work on other cases.
April 196048 historical events
Birth of Linford Christie
Birth of Linford Christie
Caretaker Premiership Ends
Transfers power back to elected civilian government
Third Premiership Begins
U Nu returns as Prime Minister after the 1960 election
Pass Laws Reinstated
Government restores enforcement of pass laws after temporary suspension.
Pass Suspension Ends
Pass controls resume during the post-Sharpeville emergency.
Death of Henri Guisan
Death of Henri Guisan
ANC and PAC Banning Announced
Announces the banning of the ANC and PAC.
Unlawful Organisations Enforcement
Enforces legislation prohibiting both liberation organisations.
ANC and PAC Banned
Government bans the ANC and PAC under new legislation.
ANC
The ANC & PAC are banned by the Unlawful Organisations Act
Legislation
The ANC & PAC are banned by the Unlawful Organisations Act
PAC
The ANC & PAC are banned by the Unlawful Organisations Act. Membership of the ANC & the PAC is punishable by imprisonment
Unlawful Organisations Act Enforcement
Open political activity by both liberation movements becomes illegal.
ANC
The ANC is banned until 1990. Membership of the ANC & the PAC is punishable by imprisonment
PAC
The ANC & PAC are banned by the Unlawful Organisations Act. Membership of the ANC & the PAC is punishable by imprisonment
Plot
Verwoerd is shot in the head by a Transvaal farmer
Assassination Attempt
David Pratt shoots Verwoerd at the Rand Easter Show.
Plot
Verwoerd resumes duties 5 weeks later. Verwoerd is shot in the head by a Transvaal farmer
Rand Easter Show Shooting
Verwoerd survives serious injuries and later resumes office.
Prime Minister Term Ends
Ends his 1958 to 1960 prime ministerial term
Francistown Transit
Arrives in Francistown while travelling north from South Africa.
Journey into Exile
Continues toward Tanganyika on the ANC external mission.
Birth of Rafael Benítez
Rafael Benítez Maudes is born in Madrid before building a coaching career that will take him across Spain, England and Italy.
Siege of Algiers
Paratroopers of the French Foreign Legion occupy the public buildings in Algiers
Assassination of Charles Andre Marie Joseph de Gaulle
Narrowly escapes an assassination attempt
Death of Charles Andre Marie Joseph de Gaulle
Narrowly escapes an assassination attempt
Reballion of Rebels in Algiers
Calls upon the rest of the Army to join the resistance to Algerian independence
Constitution of France
Under article 16 of the Constitution de Gaulle assumes dictatorial emergency powers
State of Emergency
Under article 16 of the Constitution de Gaulle assumes dictatorial emergency powers
Reballion of Rebels in Algiers
Calls upon the rest of the Army to join the resistance to Algerian independence
Algeria Economic Isolation Planned
French authorities agree in principle to financial and economic measures intended to isolate Algeria.
Blockade of Algeria
A financial & economic blockade of Algeria is agreed in principle
Broadcast
Forbids anyone to follow the orders of the rebellious generals in Algeria. Condemns the 4 retired generals leading the rebellion in Algeria
Exile of Raul Salan
Goes into exile after the collapse of the third Algiers rebellion
Sino-Indian Border Talks
Meets Jawaharlal Nehru in New Delhi for extensive but inconclusive discussions of the disputed Himalayan border.
Exile of Raul Salan
Flies to Algiers from Spain
Beatles, The
Sutcliffe stays with Astrid Kirchherr when it was time to go home, so McCartney takes over bass
Beatles, The
Sutcliffe stays with Astrid Kirchherr when it was time to go home, so McCartney takes over bass
Legislation
The Referendum Act is passed
Referendum Act
The Referendum Act is passed
Referendum
The Referendum Act is passed
Election
Resigns afte alleged election irregularities
Resignation of Syngman Rhee
Resigns afte alleged election irregularities
Cuban Exile Liaison Work
Droller recruits and maintains contact with anti-Castro exile organisations.
Exile Organisations Contacted
Droller establishes contacts with anti-Castro organisations considered for CIA support.
Cuban Exile Recruitment
Hunt helps recruit Cuban exiles for political and paramilitary preparation.
Exile Recruitment Organised
Hunt helps organise recruitment of Cuban exiles for the covert programme.
Cuban Exile Recruitment Begins
Dulles oversees CIA recruitment of anti-Castro Cuban exiles in Florida.
May 196047 historical events
U-2 Spy Plane Shot Down
Soviet air defenses shoot down Francis Gary Powers's U-2 reconnaissance aircraft over Soviet territory.
Anti-Pass Campaign Conviction
Refuses to accept the apartheid court's moral legitimacy.
Three Year Sentence
Is sentenced to three years imprisonment for incitement.
Civil Rights Act of 1960 Signed
Signs the Civil Rights Act of 1960, strengthening federal protection of voting records and enforcement procedures.
Whelan Breaks Leg in Cup Final
Whelan suffers a broken leg during Blackburn Rovers' FA Cup final defeat against Wolverhampton Wanderers, severely disrupting the team's challenge.
Duncan Guides Rovers to FA Cup Final
Duncan's Blackburn reaches Wembley before losing 3–0 to Wolverhampton Wanderers, having played much of the match with ten men.
Chairman of Supreme Soviet Presidium
Becomes Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, serving as the Soviet Union's head of state.
Central Cross-Island Highway Opens
The Central Cross-Island Highway opens to traffic, completing one of Taiwan’s most ambitious infrastructure projects of the period.
Birth of Bono
Birth of Bono, Paul David Hewson
Captured near Buenos Aires
Israeli agents capture Eichmann near his Argentine residence.
Mossad Operation against Eichmann
He is secretly held before removal to Israel.
Arrest of Adolf Eichmann
Israeli agents kidnap Eichman in Buenos Aires, Argentina
Launch
Launches the Worlds longest liner at St Nazaire
Conference of Paris
Khruschev demands Eisenhower stop U-2 spying over Russia, he refuses
Conference of Paris
Before the Summit Khruschev demands Eisenhower stop U-2 spying over Russia, he refuses
Khruschev demands Eisenhower stop U-2 spying over Russia, he refuses
Khruschev demands Eisenhower stop U-2 spying over Russia, he refuses
Summit
Attends the Allied Summit in Paris
Conference of Paris
Attends the Allied Summit in Paris
Paris Summit Collapse
Leaves the Paris summit after the United States refuses his demands over the U-2 reconnaissance programme.
Paris Summit U-2 Demand
Demands an American apology and an end to U-2 reconnaissance flights after the capture of pilot Francis Gary Powers.
Conference of Paris
Attends the Allied Summit in Paris
Conference of Paris
The Paris Summit ends after Khruschev walks out, MacMillan spent 2 yrs organising it
European Cup Final Hat-Trick
Scores three goals as Real Madrid defeat Eintracht Frankfurt 7-3 in the European Cup final.
European Cup Final Two Goals
Scores twice for Eintracht Frankfurt in the 7-3 European Cup final defeat.
European Cup Final Opening Goal
Scores Eintracht Frankfurt's opening goal in the European Cup final against Real Madrid.
European Cup Final Four Goals
Scores four goals as Real Madrid defeat Eintracht Frankfurt 7-3 at Hampden Park.
Fifth Consecutive European Cup
Wins a fifth consecutive European Cup with Real Madrid at Hampden Park.
Secret Transfer from Argentina
Israeli authorities prepare to prosecute him in Jerusalem.
Taken to Israel
Is secretly flown from Argentina to Israel.
Great Chilean Earthquake Response
Directs national emergency and reconstruction measures after the devastating Valdivia earthquake.
Ben-Gurion Announces Capture
Israel publicly announces that Eichmann is in custody.
Israeli Prosecution Announced
Prime Minister Ben-Gurion says he will stand trial.
Arrest of Adolf Eichmann
The Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurian announces that Eichmann has been arrested
Trial
The Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurian announces Eichmann will stand trial
Arrest of Adolf Eichmann
The Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurian announces that Eichmann has been arressted
Trial
The Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurian announces Eichmann will stand trail
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st term
Publication of Guerrilla Warfare
Guevara publishes Guerrilla Warfare, setting out lessons he drew from the Cuban revolutionary struggle.
Christian Democratic Front Participation
Rasco's Christian Democratic Movement participates in the Democratic Revolutionary Front formed to coordinate opposition to Castro.
Institutional Democratic Movement Joins FRD
Sardina's Institutional Democratic Movement joins the exile Democratic Revolutionary Front supported by the covert programme.
Parliamentary Elections
Lumumba's political alliance emerges as the largest grouping in the national elections.
Beatles, The
Allan Williams starts to manage the Beatles after they had played in his Jacaranda club
Jacaranda
Allan Williams starts to manage the Beatles after they had played in his Jacaranda club
South African United Front
Represents the ANC in the South African United Front.
Administration Moves to Dharamsala
The Tibetan administration in exile relocates from Mussoorie to Dharamsala.
Cuban Broadcast Facilities Assessment
After visiting Cuba, Hunt recommended disabling major radio and television transmitters around the time of an invasion to hinder government mobilization.
Undercover Visit to Cuba
Hunt made an undercover visit to Cuba to assess political conditions, public attitudes, and communications facilities before reporting to CIA superiors.
June 196043 historical events
Beatles, The
The Silver Beatles are renamed The Beatles for their 1st professional engagement at Neston Institute
Silver Beatles
The Silver Beatles are renamed The Beatles for their 1st professional engagement at Neston Institute
Beatles, The
The Silver Beatles are renamed The Beatles for their 1st professional engagement at Neston Institute
Silver Beatles
The Silver Beatles are renamed The Beatles for their 1st professional engagement at Neston Institute
Beatles, The
The Silver Beatles are renamed The Beatles for their 1st professional engagement at Neston Institute
Silver Beatles
The Silver Beatles are renamed The Beatles for their 1st professional engagement at Neston Institute
Nuclear Power
Communist China launches its first ballistic missile
Only the Lonely
Roy Orbison releases "Only the Lonely"
Far East Presidential Tour Begins
Begins a Far East trip covering the Philippines, Taiwan and Korea after the planned Japan visit becomes untenable.
Head of State Elected
Elected Cambodian Head of State after the death of King Suramarit
Philippines State Visit
Begins a state visit to the Philippines during his final year in office.
Lewis Added to Shankly Forward Options
Kevin Lewis moved from Sheffield United to Liverpool in June 1960 and became part of the developing attack during Shankly’s initial rebuilding period.
Eisenhower Visit
Welcomes US President Dwight Eisenhower to Taiwan and issues a joint communiqué affirming opposition to Communist expansion.
Minsk Hunting License
Lee obtained a Soviet hunting license on June 18, 1960, while living and working in Minsk.
Korea Presidential Visit
Visits South Korea during the Far East tour and meets leaders and American personnel.
Treaty of Mutual Security & Cooperation with the
The Treaty of Mutual Security & Cooperation with the USA goes into effect
Treaty of Security
The Treaty of Mutual Security & Cooperation goes into effect
Soviet Test Detection Assessment
McCone stated that there was no technical evidence of secret Soviet testing during the moratorium, while warning that small underground tests could escape detection.
Election as President
Parliament elects Kasa-Vubu as the first President of the independent Congo.
Formation of Independence Government
Lumumba forms a coalition government shortly before national independence.
Death of Wilhelm Heinrich Walter Baade
Death of Wilhelm Heinrich Walter Baade
Independence of Great Britain
British Somaliland (now Somalia) gains independence from Britain
Independence of Italy
Italian Somaliland declares independence from Italian-administration
Independence of Somalia
Italian Somaliland declares independence from Italian-administration
Nuclear Testing Policy Discussion
McCone discussed the status of the test moratorium with President Eisenhower and reviewed technical questions with the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy.
Border Settlement
Border friction takes place with Nepal
Congo Independence
Serves as prime minister as the Congo becomes independent from Belgium on 30 June 1960.
Independence Day Speech
Delivers a forceful independence speech condemning colonial humiliation and asserting Congolese dignity.
Training Base Permitted
Ydigoras permits covert training facilities for Cuban exiles on Guatemalan territory.
United Nations
Khrushchev pledges support for "wars of national liberation" in an address to the United Nations
Japan Visit Cancelled
Cancels a planned visit to Japan amid intense political demonstrations over the revised security treaty.
Sixteen Gauge Shotgun Purchase
Soon after receiving his hunting license, Lee purchased a single-barrel sixteen-gauge shotgun in Minsk.
Cuban Project Managed
Esterline manages the CIA project responsible for preparing the invasion force.
Project Direction Supported
Barnes helps direct political and paramilitary planning under Bissell.
CIA Planning Supervised
Bissell supervises the officers developing the exile invasion operation.
Retalhuleu Air Base Developed
Dulles oversees development of a covert air-training base in Guatemala.
Air Operations Planned
Beerli supervises aircrew preparation and aviation planning.
Guatemala Air Training Prepared
Beerli helps organise aviation training facilities for exile B-26 crews.
Guatemala Military Training Planned
Hawkins develops infantry and amphibious training for the exile force.
Military Planning Directed
Hawkins directs detailed military planning and training for the Cuban project.
Independence of Katanga
Lumumbas rule is marked by political disruption when the province of Katanga declares independence under Tshombe with Belgian support
Independence of Zaire
Lumumbas rule is marked by political disruption when the province of Katanga declares independence under Tshombe with Belgian support
Rule of Katanga
Lumumbas rule is marked by political disruption when the province of Katanga declares independence under Mouse Tshombe with Belgian support
July 196024 historical events
Republic Constitution Takes Effect
Ghana's republican constitution takes effect, replacing the governor-general with an executive presidency under Kwame Nkrumah.
Anti-Pass Conviction
Defends pass burning as a moral protest against discriminatory law.
Pass Burning Trial
Faces trial for publicly destroying his reference book.
Death of Aneurin Bevan
Dies after a long political career.
Death of Aneurin Bevan
Death of Aneurin Bevan.
Katanga Secession Declared
Declares Katanga independent from the central government during the opening phase of the Congo Crisis.
President of United States of America
Appointed Presidential candidate for the Democratic Party
Request for United Nations Assistance
Lumumba's government requests United Nations military assistance following Belgian intervention.
Second Siroky Government
The Second Siroky Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Third Siroky Government
Begins the Third Siroky Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Belgium
The government breaks diplomatic relations with Belgium during the Congo Crisis.
ONUC Deployment Authorized
Organizes the United Nations response after the Security Council authorizes military assistance to the Congo.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 1st term
USS George Washington
The successful submerged launch of Polaris demonstrates the strategic value of ballistic missile submarines
USS George Washington
USS George Washington successfully fires Polaris missiles while submerged
Latin American Youth Congress Speech
Guevara addresses the Latin American Youth Congress on revolution and anti-colonial solidarity.
Washington Diplomatic Mission
Visits Washington seeking political and material support for the new Congolese government.
Congolese Army Command
Becomes commander of the renamed national army as the Force Publique mutiny destabilizes the new state.
Education
John Lennon leaves Liverpool College of Art
Lord Privy Seal
Is appointed Lord Privy Seal with responsibility for European negotiations.
Sino-Soviet Specialist Withdrawal
Withdraws thousands of Soviet specialists from China, sharply worsening the dispute with Mao Zedong.
Withdrawal of Soviet Experts from China
Orders Soviet technical experts withdrawn from China as the Sino-Soviet split intensifies.
Congo Crisis United Nations Support
Supports United Nations involvement as the newly independent Congo descends into political and military crisis.
Apollo Program Named
Suggests the name Apollo for NASA lunar spacecraft work.
August 196044 historical events
Beatles, The
The Beatles make their debut in Hamburg, West Germany, with Stu Sutcliffe on bass and Pete Best on drums
Beatles, The
The Beatles make their debut in Hamburg, West Germany, with Stu Sutcliffe on bass and Pete Best on drums
Beatles, The
The Beatles make their debut in Hamburg, West Germany, with Stu Sutcliffe on bass and Pete Best on drums
Beatles, The
The Beatles make their debut in Hamburg, West Germany, with Stu Sutcliffe on bass and Pete Best on drums
Second Presidential Term
Completes the Second Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Third Presidential Term
Begins the Third Presidential Term as President of Iceland.
Soviet Weapons Development Assessment
McCone forwarded the AEC General Advisory Committee's assessment of Soviet nuclear weapons development possibilities during the testing moratorium.
Referendum
Verwoerd announces the referendum on a republic will be held 5th October
Republic Referendum Date
Announces that the republic referendum will occur on 5 October.
Republic Vote Scheduled
Prepares white voters to decide South Africa's constitutional status.
President of Bolivia
Paz Estenssoro begins his second presidential term.
Nationalization
Cuba nationalizes major US-owned refineries, utilities and industrial assets
South Kasai Secession
Proclaims an autonomous South Kasai state amid ethnic conflict and the wider collapse of central authority.
Trial
Mandela 1st gives evidence at his trial
Neutralist Government
Forms a neutralist government after the August coup
Prime Minister
Returns to office after Kong Le neutralist coup overturns the Somsanith government
Coup
Leads a military coup in Vientiane and calls for Lao neutrality
Overthrow
Overthrown by Kong Le neutralist military coup
Neutralist Coup
Leads a coup calling for neutrality as Laos becomes central to the wider Vietnam War
Canadian Bill of Rights
Secures passage of the Canadian Bill of Rights.
Echo I Satellite Message
Records a message transmitted in connection with the Echo I communications-satellite experiment.
Republic of Congo Independence
Proclaims the Republic of the Congo independent from France and becomes head of the new state.
President of Cyprus
Assumes the office of President of Cyprus
Beatles, The
The Beatles open at the Indra night-club
Beatles, The
The Beatles open at the Indra night-club
Beatles, The
The Beatles open at the Indra night-club
Beatles, The
The Beatles make their debut at the Indra Club
Beatles, The
The Beatles make their debut at the Indra Club
Beatles, The
The Beatles make their debut at the Indra Club
Operation Budget Approved
Eisenhower approves a thirteen-million-dollar budget for the covert Cuban operation.
Operation Funding Expanded
Eisenhower approves additional funding for training, aircraft and covert facilities.
Animals Returned from Orbit
The achievement marks animals returned from orbit as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Korabl-Sputnik 2
Supports the biological mission carrying Belka and Strelka safely through orbit.
Revolutionary Medicine Speech
Guevara addresses medical students and health workers on the social responsibilities of revolutionary medicine.
Independence of France
Senegal becomes independent
Independence of Senegal
Senegal becomes independent
Army Reform
Kerensky develops his views through army reform after 1917.
Arrowsmith Steps Up from Non-League Football
Alf Arrowsmith moved from Ashton United to Liverpool in August 1960, eventually becoming an important forward in Shankly’s 1960s side.
Milne Strengthens Liverpool Midfield
Gordon Milne joined from Preston North End in August 1960 and brought reliable midfield play to the team that Shankly was assembling.
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran, 1st term
Turns to Soviet Assistance
Accepts Soviet transport and logistical support after Western governments refuse the military assistance he requests.
Powers Espionage Trial
Uses the Francis Gary Powers espionage case to condemn American aerial reconnaissance over the Soviet Union.
Defence Witness Testimony
Testifies as government allegations against Congress leaders are challenged.
Treason Trial Evidence
Gives evidence during the defence phase of the Treason Trial.
September 196040 historical events
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador, 4th term
First Intercontinental Cup
Coaches Real Madrid to a 5-1 second-leg victory over Penarol and the Intercontinental Cup.
Dismissal of Lumumba
Kasa-Vubu announces Lumumba's dismissal amid a constitutional struggle over executive authority.
Counter-Dismissal of Kasa-Vubu
Rejects his dismissal and announces that President Kasa-Vubu has instead been removed from office.
Head of State Role
Senghor assumes the head of state role after independence
President Takes Office
Senghor becomes first President of independent Senegal
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for the GDR, 2nd term
Parliamentary Support
Parliament rejects the competing dismissal orders and confirms support for Lumumba's government.
Plot
The OAS attempt to assassinate de Gaulle as a last hope to save French Algeria
Supply Overflight Coordination
Parrott coordinates Special Group notification procedures for approved supply flights over Cuba.
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for the GDR
Marine Reserve Undesirable Discharge
The Marine Corps Reserve changed Lee's discharge status to undesirable on September 13, 1960, while he was living in the Soviet Union.
Mobutu Coup
Mobutu announces political neutralisation and establishes a temporary College of Commissioners.
Removal from Government
Mobutu's coup neutralises Lumumba's government as United States covert support shifts toward the new authorities.
The Thousand Eyes of Dr Mabuse
Directs Die tausend Augen des Dr Mabuse, his final film.
OPEC Founded
Represents Saudi Arabia at the conference establishing OPEC.
OPEC Founded
Supports Saudi Arabia joining the five founding members of OPEC.
Indus Waters Treaty
Nehru and Pakistani President Ayub Khan sign the Indus Waters Treaty governing the use of the Indus river system.
Indus Waters Treaty
Ayub Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru sign the Indus Waters Treaty.
College of Commissioners
Kasa-Vubu formally appoints the temporary College of Commissioners backed by Mobutu.
Proclamation of Republic of Mali
Keita proclaims the independent and sovereign Republic of Mali after Senegal leaves the federation.
General and Complete Disarmament Proposal
Uses his United Nations appearance to advocate general and complete disarmament under international arrangements.
United Nations Colonialism Speech
Addresses the United Nations and attacks colonialism while promoting Soviet support for newly independent states.
United States Recognition
Keita's government receives United States recognition and establishes formal diplomatic relations.
Coup
A coup endorsed by the CIA and organized by Colonel Joseph Mobutu removes Lumumba from office
Coup
Lumumba is placed under informal house arrest at the Prime Minister's residence, United Nations troops are positioned around the house to protect him. A coup endorsed by the CIA and organized by Colonel Joseph Mobutu removes Lumumba from office
Election
During a televised debate with Kennedy Nixon appears drawn & makes the mistake of using "lazy shave" face powder
TV Debate
During a televised debate with Kennedy Nixon appears drawn & makes the mistake of using "lazy shave" face powder
Admission to United Nations
Mali is admitted to United Nations membership shortly after proclaiming the republic.
Chairman of College of Commissioners
Bomboko leads the technical administration established after Mobutu neutralises rival political authorities.
Expulsion of Soviet Advisers
Orders Soviet and Eastern Bloc advisers to leave after his political neutralisation of rival civilian authorities.
Economy of Japan
Announces plans to double Japans income over the decade
ANC
The ANC decides to go underground & dispense with its constitutional procedures
Constitution of South Africa
The ANC decides to go underground & dispense with its constitutional procedures
Banned Organisation Reorganised
Works within clandestine structures as legal political activity closes.
Underground ANC Activity
Helps reorganise ANC activity after the organisation is banned.
ANC Reorganisation
Supports clandestine political structures under intensified repression.
Underground Organisation
Helps maintain ANC organisation after the April banning.
Prime Minister of Zaire
Prime Minister Lumumba is dismissed from Government by President Joseph Kasa-Vubu, an act of dubious legality
Prime Minister of Zaire
Prime Minister Lumumba is dismissed from Government by President Joseph Kasa-Vubu, an act of dubious legality
October 196021 historical events
China-Burma Boundary Agreement
Helps conclude a boundary settlement with Burma as part of China's effort to resolve frontier disputes by negotiation.
Constitutional Transition
Remains Crown representative while voters approve a future republic.
Republic Referendum Period
Serves as governor-general during the republic referendum.
Commonwealth
Wins a small majority of white referendum votes to South Africa out of the Commonwealth
Constitution of South Africa
90.5% of whites vote, 850,458 in favour of a republic & 775,878 against
Referendum
Wins a small majority of white referendum votes to South Africa out of the Commonwealth. 90.5% of whites vote, 850,458 in favour of a republic & 775,878 against
Republic Referendum Victory
Wins a narrow majority for creating a South African republic.
White Electorate Approves Republic
Uses the referendum result to advance republican constitutional change.
Chairman of Labour Party
Becomes chairman of the Labour Party's National Executive Committee for the 1960-1961 political year.
Notes on the Ideology of the Cuban Revolution
Guevara publishes reflections on the ideology and social development of the Cuban Revolution.
Lei Chen Case Meeting
Calls a meeting to discuss the case of Lei Chen and the Free China journal amid a wider crackdown on political dissent.
Parliamentary Secretary
Appointed Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Pensions & National Insurance
Birth of Steve Cram
Birth of Steve Cram
Socialist Bloc Tour Begins
Guevara leaves Cuba for an extended economic and diplomatic tour of socialist countries.
Junta Takes Power
Junta of Government takes power after the fall of Lemus
Deposed in Coup
Lemus is overthrown by a military and civilian coup
Bombing of Algiers
The OAS explode 70 bombs in Algiers
Strike Force Concept Developed
Bissell shifts planning from small infiltrations toward a large amphibious assault.
Shift to Amphibious Assault Plan
Failed infiltrations lead planners to develop a larger amphibious assault by Cuban exiles.
Governor
Appointed Governor of General of Nigeria
UN Confrontation over Colonialism
Takes part in heated United Nations debates during an extended visit to New York.
November 196030 historical events
Leadership Election
His challenge reveals deep Labour divisions after the 1959 general election defeat.
Leadership Election
Receives support from Labour MPs critical of Gaitskell's stance on nuclear disarmament.
Leadership Election
Remains on the Labour front bench after Gaitskell is re-elected leader of the party.
Leadership Election
Stands as the left-wing challenger to Hugh Gaitskell in the Labour leadership ballot.
Leadership Election
Wins 81 votes in the only ballot but fails to remove Hugh Gaitskell as party leader.
Election
Defeats Richard Nixon by 49.9% to 49.6% of the popular vote
President of USA
Defeats Richard Nixon by 49.9% to 49.6% of the popular vote. Becomes the youngest ever President & the 1st Catholic. Appointed President of the USA, 35th President
Presidential Election Defeat
Defeated by John F Kennedy in the Presidential elections
Coup
Leads a failed attempt by paratroopers to besiege the Palace of President Diem
Polaris Patrol
USS George Washington begins the first Polaris deterrent patrol with nuclear armed submarine launched ballistic missiles
Death of Clark Gable
Death of Clark Gable
Ebbw Vale By-Election
Wins Bevan's former seat for Labour.
Arrival in Beijing
Guevara arrives in Beijing as head of a Cuban delegation during his tour of socialist countries.
Kennedy Briefed by CIA
Bissell joins Dulles in briefing President-elect Kennedy on the invasion concept.
President-Elect Briefing Led
Dulles leads the first detailed briefing of Kennedy on the Cuban project.
Briefing of President-Elect Kennedy
Dulles and Bissell brief President-elect Kennedy on the developing Cuban invasion plan.
First Detailed CIA Briefing
Kennedy receives his first detailed briefing on the planned Cuban exile operation.
Amnesty International
Benenson stumbles across an article in The Daily Telegraph about two Portuguese students imprisoned for a simple toast to freedom while riding the tube, Enraged at the injustice, Benenson begins an international organisation
Beatles, The
Harrison is deported from Hamburg for being under age
Escape from House Confinement
Lumumba leaves confinement and attempts to reach supporters in Stanleyville.
Amphibious Assault Concept Approved
Eisenhower approves continued development of the amphibious invasion concept.
Interagency Plan Review
Eisenhower reviews the invasion concept with senior intelligence, defence and diplomatic officials.
Project Urgency Meeting
Goodpaster joins the meeting where Eisenhower demands maximum urgency in preparations against Castro.
Election
Wins 166 votes to Harold Wilson's 81 to retain the leadership of the Labour Party
Election
Contests the party leadership, wins 81 votes to Gaitskell's 166
Leadership Election
Challenges Hugh Gaitskell for the Labour leadership and wins 81 votes against Gaitskell's 166.
Campaign Position on Cuba
Kennedy criticises Castro and supports stronger opposition to the Cuban government.
Presidential Campaign Debate over Cuba
Kennedy campaigns on a hard line toward Castro during the presidential election.
Campaign Position on Castro
Nixon argues for firm action against Castro during the presidential campaign.
Hard-Line Cuba Campaign Position
Nixon campaigns on a hard line toward Castro during the presidential election.
December 19608 historical events
Capture near Port Francqui
Troops loyal to Mobutu capture Lumumba during his attempted journey eastward.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 2nd term
Paramilitary Status Briefing
Lansdale participates in a Special Group briefing on the status and timing of paramilitary preparations.
Planned Return to Cuba
A CIA biographical record stated that Fiorini planned to leave Florida on December 16, 1960, to return to Cuba and fight against Castro.
National Liberation Front
Becomes a leading figure associated with the National Liberation Front
Stanleyville Rival Government
Establishes a rival administration in Stanleyville claiming to preserve Patrice Lumumba's political authority.
Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front
Arcacha Smith established the Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front in New Orleans as part of organized anti-Castro exile activity.
Nuclear Power
The Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff complete SIOP-62, plans for the launch of more than 3,000 nuclear weapons, including hundreds of hydrogen bombs, to attack in the first few hours of conflict 1,000 targets in Communist countries
Savannakhet Base
Organizes resistance to Kong Le and Souvanna Phouma from southern Laos
Rightist Government
Heads a rightist government backed by Phoumi Nosavan
Retreat to Plain of Jars
Withdraws toward the Plain of Jars after rightist forces retake Vientiane
Countercoup
Organizes right-wing forces against Kong Le's neutralists
Rightist Government
Heads the rightist government opposed to Souvanna Phouma and Kong Le
Prime Minister of Algeria
Appointed Prime Minister of Algeria
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
Led by Holden Roberto, the FNLA evolves from the Uniao das Populacoes do Norte de Angola. A northern based party with an ethnic base among the Bakongo people
Arrest of Antonio Agostinho Neto
Arrested by Portuguese authorities, 1960-1962
Peoples Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)
The MPLA joins with the PAIGC, fraternal party in Guinea-Bissau and Cabo Verde, to direct combat against the Portuguese empire in Africa
European Cup
Scores a hat-trick in Real Madrids 7-3 win over Eintracht Frankfurt
Governor
Appointed Governor General of Australia
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine, discovers acquired immune tolerance
Final Scientific Writings
Completes some of his final scientific and philosophical writings while living in Vienna during a period of declining health.
Fentanyl
Develops fentanyl as a powerful synthetic opioid analgesic.
Synthetic Opioid Analgesic
Creates an anaesthetic medicine with rapid onset and high potency.
Cornell Appointment
Becomes an assistant professor at Cornell University after his initial research-associate appointment.
MNR Government
Paz Estenssoro leads a second MNR administration focused on economic stabilisation.
Santos Paulista Title Campaign
Pelé inspired Santos in the Campeonato Paulista, part of the sustained run of state championships that established the team's dominance.
Crowds and Power" an analysis of the psychology of power
Publication of "Crowds & Power" an analysis of the psychology of power
Crowds and Power
Publication of "Crowds & Power" an analysis of the psychology of power
President of Cameroon
Appointed President of the Cameroon
Prime Minister of Cameroon
Appointed Prime Minister of the Cameroon
Winnipeg
Moves through Winnipeg's early music scene, where his first serious bands begin to develop.
President of Chad
Appointed President of Chad
Launches a newspaper campaign against Yugoslavia & Khrushcevs policy there
Launches a newspaper campaign against Yugoslavia & Khrushcevs policy there
Withdrawal Negotiations
All Soviet Advisers are withdrawn from China
Minister of Culture
Appointed Minister of Culture
Embargo
The USA begins its embargo of Cuba after American wealth in Cuba is nationalized
Nationalization
Nationalizes the property of wealthy Cubans, Americans & other foreigners
Vice President
Appointed Vice President by the British when establishing an independent Cyprus
Independence Date Agreed at Brussels
Participates in negotiations that set 30 June 1960 as the date for Congolese independence.
MNC-Kalonji Split
Leads a more federalist wing away from Lumumba's MNC, deepening political divisions before independence.
Army Chief of Staff
Becomes chief of staff of the Congolese National Army during the military crisis following independence.
Foreign Secretary of Denmark
Appointed Foreign Minister of Denmark
Prime Minister of Denmark
Appointed Prime Minister of Denmark
Egyptian Construction Mobilisation
Osman mobilises Egyptian contractors, equipment and labour for the project.
Nubian Resettlement Planning
Nasser's government plans relocation of communities threatened by the future reservoir.
Christian Democratic Party
Founds & leads the Christian Democratic Party
Shoot the Piano Player
Directs Shoot the Piano Player.
Breathless
Directs Breathless, a defining film of the French New Wave.
Intergovernmental Europe Policy
De Gaulle promoted cooperation between sovereign European states while resisting further transfer of national powers to supranational institutions.
Visited by Khruschev
Visited by Khruschev but de Gaulle does not change his pro-German policy over Berlin
Signs
Merleau-Ponty publishes Signs, a collection addressing language, phenomenology, politics and philosophy.
Fallible Man
Ricoeur publishes Fallible Man as part of his investigation of human finitude and responsibility.
The Symbolism of Evil
Ricoeur publishes The Symbolism of Evil, developing his hermeneutics of symbols and human fault.
Critique of Dialectical Reason
Publication of "Critique of Dialectical Reason"
Reballion of General Raoul Salan opposes the cease-fire &
General Raoul Salan opposes the cease-fire & leads an unsuccessful insurrection
Peace
General Raoul Salan opposes the cease-fire & leads an unsuccessful insurrection
Reballion of General Raoul Salan opposes the cease-fire &
General Raoul Salan opposes the cease-fire & leads an unsuccessful insurrection
Ceasefire
General Raoul Salan opposes the ceasefire & leads an unsuccesful insurrection
Independence of Algeria
General Raoul Salan opposes the ceasefire & leads an unsuccesful insurrection
Independence of France
General Raoul Salan opposes the ceasefire & leads an unsuccesful insurrection
Independence of Gabon
Gabon gains its independence from France & Mba becomes the 1st President
President of Gabon
Appointed President of Gabon
Professor
Appointed Professor of sociology Tubingen (1960-64)
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of State of East Germany
Truth and Method
Gadamer publishes Truth and Method, his major work in philosophical hermeneutics.
SDS
Joins the new organisations call for "extra-parliamentary opposition", or forceful resistance. Expelled from the SDP in 1960, as are other members of the SDS, that had developed from being the SPD youth wing to a radical left-wing group
President of Germany
Appointed President of the Max Planck Institute
Exile of Josef Mengele
Mengele moves to Brazil
Independence of Ghana
First President of the Ghana Republic
President of Ghana
Appointed President of the Ghana Republic
Beat Girl
When Adam Faith made his first film, Beat Girl, in 1960, Barry composed, arranged and conducted the score
School for Scoundrels
Stas in School for Scoundrels
The Entertainer
Appears in "The Entertainer". Appears in "Saturday Night and Sunday Morning"
Tunes of Glory
Starts in "Tunes of Glory"
The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll
Stars in The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll
The Pure Hell of St Trinians
Privates Progress is a British comedy film of 1956, based on the novel by Alan Hackney, directed and produced by John and Roy Boulting. , portrayed the dilemma faced by a group of gay men who were being blackmailed for their sexuality. Appears in The Pure Hell of St Trinians
Academy Award
Wins an Academy Award for BUtterfield 8
BUtterfield 8
Wins an Academy Award for BUtterfield 8. Taylor became the highest paid actress up to that time when she signed a one million dollar contract to play the title role in Twentieth Century Foxs lavish production of Cleopatra which is released in 1963
Oscar Wilde
Directs "Oscar Wilde"
Pivates Progress
In Pivates Progress plays the part of a young undergraduate Stanley Windrush who is conscripted into the British Army
Beat Girl
When Adam Faith made his first film, Beat Girl, in 1960, Barry composed, arranged and conducted the score
Privates Progress
Privates Progress is a British comedy film of 1956, based on the novel by Alan Hackney, directed and produced by John and Roy Boulting
CBE
Appointed a CBE
Tunes of Glory
Appears in Tunes of Glory
Oscar Wilde
Appears in "Oscar Wilde"
Oscar Wilde
Stars in "Oscar Wilde"
Sword of Sherwood Forest
First notable role in Hammer films Sword of Sherwood Forest. Appears with Norman Wisdom in a classic comedy films, The Bulldog Breed, where Reed plays the leader of a gang of teddy boys
The Tiger and the Horse
Redgrave has her first starring role in Robert Bolts The Tiger and the Horse, in which she co-starred with her father
Tunes of Glory
Directs Tunes of Glory, based on the novel by James Kennaway
Carry On Constable
First Carry on Film, Carry On Constable
The Pure Hell of St Trinians
Writer & Diector of The Pure Hell of St Trinians
The Tiger and the Horse
Redgrave has her first starring role in Robert Bolts The Tiger and the Horse, in which she co-starred with her father
BAFTA Best British Actor - I'm All Right Jack
Sellers wins the BAFTA for Best British Actor for his performance in I'm All Right Jack.
Never Let Go
Sellers takes the unusually menacing role of garage owner Lionel Meadows in Never Let Go.
The Battle of the Sexes
Sellers plays the traditionalist Scottish clerk Mr Martin in The Battle of the Sexes.
The Millionairess
Sellers plays Dr Ahmed el Kabir opposite Sophia Loren in The Millionairess.
Two Way Stretch
Sellers portrays career criminal Dodger Lane in the prison comedy Two Way Stretch.
Academy Award Nomination - The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film
Sellers receives an Academy Award nomination as producer of The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film.
Beyond the Fringe
Works on comedy material connected with Beyond the Fringe, broadening Parlophone's reputation beyond conventional pop.
Beyond the Fringe
Collaboration as writer and performer with Dudley Moore, Jonathan Miller and Peter Cook in the satirical revue Beyond the Fringe at the 1960 Edinburgh Festival brings Alan Bennett instant fame
Edinburgh Festival
Collaboration as writer and performer with Dudley Moore, Jonathan Miller and Peter Cook in the satirical revue Beyond the Fringe at the 1960 Edinburgh Festival brings Alan Bennett instant fame
Take A Girl Like You
Publication of "Take A Girl Like You"
Clea
Publication of "Clea"
Phogey Humour Collection
Bradbury published Phogey, a humorous examination of status and class in British society.
Homage to Clio
Publication of "Homage to Clio"
A Nation Reborn
Publishes A Nation Reborn about Israel, Zionism and British policy.
Rolling Stones, The
Keith Richards, Mick Jagger & Dick Taylor form the band Little Boy Blue and the Blue Boys, pre-cursor of the Rolling Stones
Little Boy Blue
Keith Richards, Mick Jagger & Dick Taylor form the band Little Boy Blue and the Blue Boys, pre-cursor of the Rolling Stones
Little Boy Blue
Keith Richards, Mick Jagger & Dick Taylor form the band Little Boy Blue and the Blue Boys, pre-cursor of the Rolling Stones
Rolling Stones, The
Keith Richards, Mick Jagger & Dick Taylor form the band Little Boy Blue and the Blue Boys, pre-cursor of the Rolling Stones
Jacaranda
Books and manages early Beatles performances through Liverpool's Jacaranda club.
Beatles, The
Becomes the Beatles drummer before their Hamburg engagements.
Beatles, The
Books The Beatles into Bruno Koschmiders Indra club in Hamburg, Germany
Indra Club
Books The Beatles into Bruno Koschmiders Indra club in Hamburg, Germany
Beatles, The
Becomes a founding member as the group develops into the Beatles.
Beatles, The
Becomes a founding member as the group develops into the Beatles.
Beatles, The
Becomes a founding member as the group develops into the Beatles.
Beatles, The
Becomes a founding member as the group develops into the Beatles.
Beatles, The
Stuart Sutcliffe suggests the name the Beatles as a form of tribute to Buddy Holly and the Crickets
Rolling Stones, The
Keith Richards, Mick Jagger & Dick Taylor form the band Little Boy Blue and the Blue Boys, pre-cursor of the Rolling Stones
Rolling Stones, The
Keith Richards and Mick Jagger both attended the Dartford Maypole County Primary School, the two become reacquainted while Richards is attending the Sidcup Art School and Jagger is a student at the London School of Economics
Rolling Stones, The
Keith Richards and Mick Jagger both attended the Dartford Maypole County Primary School, the two become reacquainted while Richards is attending the Sidcup Art School and Jagger is a student at the London School of Economics
Beatles, The
Joins the group that becomes the Beatles.
First Quarterly Bulletin Published
Cameron Cobbold serves as Governor when the Bank of England publishes the first edition of its Quarterly Bulletin.
Publication of Great Parliamentary Occasions
Publishes Great Parliamentary Occasions, reflecting his longstanding interest in parliamentary history and political oratory.
Publication of Saving in a Free Society
Publishes Saving in a Free Society through the Institute of Economic Affairs.
Retirement
Retires as Chancellor
Commonwealth Secretary
Appointed Commonwealth Secretary
Commonwealth
Appointed Commonwealth Secretary
Lord Privy Seal
Appointed Lord Privy Seal in the Foreign Office. Appointed Lord Privy Seal
NHS Implantable Pacemaker Government
The Conservative Party Government is in office as this NHS milestone occurs: An implantable heart pacemaker is used for the first time.
NHS Implantable Pacemaker NHS Development
This NHS development occurs while Harold Macmillan serves as Prime Minister: An implantable heart pacemaker is used for the first time.
NHS Implantable Pacemaker
During Harold Macmillan's government, an implantable heart pacemaker is used for the first time.
NHS Kidney Transplant Government
The Conservative Party Government is in office as this NHS milestone occurs: The first kidney transplant in the UK takes place at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary between identical twins.
NHS Kidney Transplant NHS Development
This NHS development occurs while Harold Macmillan serves as Prime Minister: The first kidney transplant in the UK takes place at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary between identical twins.
NHS Kidney Transplant
During Harold Macmillan's government, the first kidney transplant in the UK takes place at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary between identical twins.
Appointment to Privy Council
Is appointed to the Privy Council during his period as a senior Conservative minister.
Secretary of State for Health
Appointed Minister of Health
Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
Appointed Secretary of State for War and the Colonies
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister, 1st term
Blue Streak
"Blue Streak" is cancelled, threatens an independent British deterrent
Betting and Gaming Act
Betting and Gaming Act 1960 reforms betting, gaming, and licensing controls in Great Britain
Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act
Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act 1960 regulates caravan sites and development permissions
Charities Act
Charities Act 1960 reforms charity registration, supervision, and charitable trust administration
Finance Act
Finance Act 1960 enacts annual taxation and public finance provisions
Road Traffic Act
Road Traffic Act 1960 consolidates road traffic law and motor vehicle regulation
Peerage
Becomes Viscount Stansgate on his fathers death, forced to leave the Commons
Deputy Shadow Secretary
Appointed Deuty Shadow Foreign Secretary
Member of Parliament
Elected Member of Parliament for Ebbw Vale
Constitution of Great Britain
Forced to give up his proposed reforms for Clause IV of the Labour Party
Peerage
Created Baron Dalton, life peer
Foreign Policy Statement at Chicago
Declares the familly name should be Mountbatten-Windsor, for HRH titles Windsor
Full Circle
Publishes Full Circle, his account of later foreign policy and the Suez years
Albemarle Committee on Youth Services
Hoggart served on the Albemarle Committee, contributing to discussion about educational opportunities for young people.
Lady Chatterley Trial Testimony
Hoggart testified as a defense witness in the obscenity trial over D H Lawrence's Lady Chatterleys Lover.
Literary Value and Moral Language
In his trial testimony, Hoggart argued for the literary seriousness of Lawrence's treatment of sexuality and language.
Full Circle
Publication of "Full Circle"
Bevan Succession
Returns to Parliament as the political heir to Aneurin Bevan in Ebbw Vale.
Final Illness
Withdraws from public life as illness worsens.
Deputy Leader
Brown is elected, beating Lee by 146 votes to 83 when Callaghan had been eliminated
Election
Foot returns to Parliament in 1960 at a by-election in Ebbw Vale in Monmouthshire, left vacant by Bevan's death
Constitution of Great Britain
Clause IV, supporting "common ownership"
Reform of Labour Party Policy
Clause IV, "common ownership"
Foreign Affairs
Healey develops Labour policy on European security, NATO and relations with the Soviet Union.
Bevan Legacy
Preserves Bevan's political legacy after his death.
Rittenhouse Medal
Receives the Rittenhouse Medal for astronomical achievement.
Nuclear Cosmochronology
Hoyle and William Fowler studied radioactive nuclei as clocks for estimating the ages of the Galaxy and Solar System.
Electron Interference Test of Magnetic Flux
Uses electron interference around a magnetic whisker to obtain early experimental evidence for the Aharonov-Bohm phase effect.
Edinburgh Lectureship
Takes up a lectureship in mathematical physics at the Tait Institute of Mathematical Physics, University of Edinburgh.
Ipswich Town
Ramsey guides Ipswich Town to the Second Division title and into the top flight for the first time in the clubs history
Second Division Title
Ramsey guides Ipswich Town to the Second Division title and into the top flight for the first time in the clubs history
Scoring Record
Becomes the youngest ever player to score 100 league goals in English football at the age of 20 years 290 days
Second Division Champions
Under the stewardship of manager Joe Mercer Villa returned to the top-flight in 1960 as Second Division Champions
Debut
Earns a call up to the England Under-23 squad
Leeds Relegation Setback
Charlton remains with Leeds United after relegation from the First Division and plays a part in the effort to rebuild the side.
Promotion to Second Division
Ron Ashman was part of the Norwich City side that secured promotion from the Third Division in the 1959-60 season, continuing his lengthy association with the club.
1960 FA Cup Winning Defence
Plays an important part in the Wolves defence as the side defeats Blackburn Rovers in the FA Cup final.
Wolverhampton Wanderers Cup Win Under Cullis
Victory over Blackburn Rovers by 3-0 completes an FA Cup-winning campaign for Cullis and Wolverhampton Wanderers.
Cregagh Boys Club Development
Best plays youth football with Cregagh Boys Club in Belfast, developing the close control and dribbling ability that would later define his professional career.
United Attacking Responsibility
Charlton carries significant scoring and creative responsibility for Manchester United while the side establishes a new generation of first-team players.
1960 FA Cup Final Appearance
Represents Wolverhampton Wanderers in the FA Cup final as Stan Cullis’s team overcomes Blackburn Rovers at Wembley.
Manchester City British Record Signing
Manchester City signed Law from Huddersfield for a British-record fee of roughly fifty-five thousand pounds.
Chelsea Attacking Mainstay
Greaves remained the focal point of Chelsea's forward line during an era in which the club struggled to match his individual scoring output.
Hundred League Goals Before Age Twenty One
Greaves reached one hundred Football League goals at an exceptionally young age, underlining the scale of his early Chelsea scoring record.
1960 FA Cup Final Brace
Scores twice as Wolverhampton Wanderers defeat Blackburn Rovers 3-0.
Charlton Athletic Goalscoring Spell
Saunders joins Charlton Athletic and develops into one of the club's most productive post-war centre-forwards.
1960 FA Cup Final Clean Sheet
Keeps goal in the 3-0 FA Cup final victory over Blackburn Rovers and helps Wolves secure their fourth triumph in the competition.
Second Division Championship
Mercer leads Villa back to the First Division as second-tier champions.
Huddersfield Mentor Loses Law to City
Shankly had coached Law at Huddersfield before Manchester City signed the teenage striker in a British-record transaction.
Player of the Year
The Wolverhampton Wanderers stalwart is recognised by football journalists for his assured all-round displays and sustained contribution to the club.
Wing Performer Honoured by West Ham Supporters
Malcolm Musgrove is named Hammer of the Year after his wide play earns the appreciation of West Ham United supporters.
Nuclear Power
Defeated at Conference & forced to accept Unilateral Nuclear Disarmament
Blue Streak
The British Government cancels Blue Streak as a land based missile system and searches for an alternative nuclear delivery system
Nuclear Power
"Blue Streak" is cancelled, threatens an independent British deterrent
Blue Streak
Harold Watkinson explains the defence case for abandoning Blue Streak as an operational strategic missile
Law Studies
Constantine begins law studies at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens while continuing official royal duties.
Official Engagements during University Years
During his university years, Constantine accompanies King Paul and Queen Frederica on official visits abroad while continuing his law studies.
Olympic Sailing Gold
Crown Prince Constantine wins an Olympic gold medal as helmsman of the Greek Dragon-class sailing team at the Rome Games.
Public Welcome after Olympic Victory
Constantine receives a major public welcome in Athens after returning from his Olympic sailing victory in Italy.
Atoms For Peace
The Winner of the Atoms for Peace award
Award
The Winner of the Atoms for Peace award
European Cup
Winner of the European Cup with Real Madrid, beating Eintracht Frankfurt 7-3, Pusk s scores 4 goals. The climax of the outstanding Real side is the 1960 European Cup Final played before 135,000 at Hampden Park
Polarized Jupiter Radio Emission
With J. A. Roberts, measures polarized extended radio emission from Jupiter, supporting a synchrotron radiation-belt interpretation.
CIRUS Reactor
Under Homi Bhabha's leadership, the CIRUS research reactor becomes operational at Trombay and expands India's nuclear research capacity.
Birth of Cumrun Vafa
Birth of Cumrun Vafa
Arrest of Adolf Eichmann
Israeli agents capture Adolph Eichmann in Argentina
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Zionist Executive Committee
Palme dOr
Directs, La Dolce Vita
Prime Minister of Italy
Appointed Prime Minister of Italy, 3rd term
Tour de France
Winner of the Tour de France
Petrìs Supports Fiorentina's Cup-Final Campaign
Gianfranco Petrìs contributes creative attacking play as Fiorentina continue to compete for national trophies.
1960 Italian Double
Features in Juventus's successful 1959-60 season as the side wins both Serie A and the Coppa Italia, demonstrating its strength across domestic competitions.
The Bad Sleep Well
Kurosawas The Bad Sleep Well
Winner of the Cultural Merit award
Winner of the Cultural Merit award
A trip by Eisenhower to Japan is cancelled due to demonstrations
A trip by Eisenhower to Japan is cancelled due to demonstrations
Demonstrations
A trip by Eisenhower to Japan is cancelled due to demonstrations
Treaty of Security
The Treaty causes demonstrations of up to 100,000. Japan & the USA sign the 2nd security Treaty, Treaty of Mutual Security & Cooperation. Allows the US to launch military operations from Japan, including nuclear weapons. 40 socialists leave the Japan Socialist Party & form the Democratic Socialist Party
Democratic Socialist Party
Founds Japans Democratic Socialist Party
Prime Minister of Kampuchea
Appointed Prime Minister of Kampuchea
LObservateur
The Government closes the paper, and Sihanouks police publicly humiliate Khieu by beating, undressing and photographing him in public
Commander in Chief Appointed
Becomes commander in chief of Cambodia's armed forces
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief
Neutrality
Makes Kampuchea neutral & tries to avoid involvement in the Vietnam War
President of Kenya
Kenyatta is elected KANU President in absentia
Conference of London
Joins Kenyatta as a delegate
Kenya African National Union (KANU)
Helps found the Kenyan African National Union
Election
Wins the Presidential elections, the army retires to its barracks. Leads the AFPFL to electoral victory
Prime Minister of New Zealand
Appointed Prime Minister of New Zealand, 2nd term
Superconducting Electron Tunnelling
Measures electron tunnelling through an insulating barrier into a superconductor and reveals the superconducting energy gap.
International Physics Centre Proposal
Proposes an international theoretical physics institute that would support scientists from developing countries.
Olympic Hat-Trick Against Tunisia
Pohl scored a hat-trick against Tunisia during the Rome Olympic tournament, highlighting his exceptional finishing for the Polish national team.
Death of Boris Leonidovich Pasternak
Dies near Moscow
Harvest On the Don
Publication of "Harvest On the Don"
Recognition of Revolutionary Cuba
Strengthens relations with Fidel Castro's government as Cuba moves closer to the Soviet Union.
Senior Construction Management
Advances through senior foreman and engineering roles in the Sverdlovsk construction sector.
Expansion of Soviet-Cuban Relations
Expands political and economic ties with Fidel Castro's Cuba.
Politburo
Appointed Member of Politburo
High Dam Engineering Design
Malyshev leads Soviet design work for the rock-fill dam and hydroelectric complex.
The Conscience of the Revolution
Publication of "The Conscience of the Revolution"
European Champions in Paris
Netto captains the Soviet Union to victory in the 1960 European Nations' Cup, organising midfield against Yugoslavia in the extra-time final.
European Championship Final Defence
Krutikov plays in the Soviet Union's defence during the 1960 European final, which ends with a 2-1 extra-time win against Yugoslavia.
European Semi-Final Brace Against Czechoslovakia
Ivanov scores twice in the Soviet Union's 3-0 semi-final victory over Czechoslovakia, sending the team into the first European Championship final.
Extra-Time European Championship Winner
Ponedelnik heads the decisive goal against Yugoslavia in extra time as the Soviet Union wins the inaugural European Nations' Cup final 2-1.
First European Championship Final Victory
Yashin makes important saves as the Soviet Union defeats Yugoslavia after extra time to claim the inaugural European football championship.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the land forces
Capture of Moscow
Days before an Allied summit the Russians capture a US U-2 spy plane over Russia
Conference of Paris
Days before the Allied summit the Russians capture a US U-2 spy plane over Russia
Brigadier General
Appointed Brigadier General of Police
ANC
A massacre during an ANC & PAC demonstration
Massacre
A massacre during an ANC & PAC demonstration
Plot
Escapes an assassination attempt
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Peace Prize for nonviolent opposition to apartheid and leadership in South Africa.
Armament
Helps found the military wing of the ANC, Umkhonto We Sizwe
Umkhonto We Sizwe
Helps found the military wing of the ANC, Umkhonto We Sizwe
Umkhonto We Sizwe
The ANC flees to Mozambique & develops a military wing, Umkhonto We Sizwe
ANC Political Organisation
Supports ANC organisation during the transition to underground activity.
Movement Under Banning
Works with Congress leaders as public political space closes.
Commander of Liberation Army
Appointed Leader of the ANCs army, Umkhonto Wesizwe, "spear of the nation"
African Diplomatic Mission
Builds political contacts with newly independent African states.
PAC Exile Organisation
Helps establish PAC representation outside South Africa.
Arrest of Robert Sobukwe
Sentenced to 3 yrs imprisonment
Arrest of Robert Sobukwe
Gives himsef up at Orlando police station to increase the membership of the PAC
MOS Field-Effect Transistor
With Mohamed Atalla, demonstrates the first successful metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor, controlling electron flow with an insulated gate.
Barcelona European Cup Campaign
Stars in midfield as Barcelona eliminate Real Madrid from the European Cup.
Ballon d'Or Victory
Wins the Ballon d'Or while playing for Barcelona, becoming the first Spanish-born winner.
Emmy Award
Winner of an Emmy Award for Turn of the Screw
Stockholm University Academic Appointment
Begins teaching as an associate professor of international law at Stockholm University before entering senior government service.
Oceans Eleven
Stars in Oceans Eleven
Seven Samurai
Bronson gained attention in 1960 with his role in John Sturges western The Magnificent Seven, where he played one of seven gunfighters taking up the cause of the defenseless, which was based on Akira Kurosawas Seven Samurai
Academy Award
Winner of the best male actor for "Ben Hur"
The Sundowners
Directs, "The Sundowners"
Cleopatra
Directs Cleopatra
Strangers When We Meet
Co-stars with Kirk Douglas in the critically acclaimed Strangers When We Meet also featuring Walter Matthau and Ernie Kovacs
The Misfits
The last film that Monroe completed was John Hustons The Misfits, which Miller had written to provide her with a role in a drama
Exodus
Stars in "Exodus"
Spartacus
Directs Spartacus, the historical epic starring Kirk Douglas as the rebel gladiator.
Rabbit, Run
Publication of "Rabbit, Run"
Little Stevie Wonder
Little Stevie Wonder, as he is called by Berry Gordy at Motown, is discovered singing & playing the harmonica
Little Stevie Wonder
Little Stevie Wonder, as he is called by Berry Gordy at Motown, is discovered singing & playing the harmonica
Dinkytown
Performs in the Dinkytown folk scene before moving to New York.
Recording Session
Begins professional recording work as a young musician before moving into production and arranging.
Election
In the 1960 presidential election, both main candidates, Richard Nixon of the Republican Party and John F. Kennedy of the Democratic Party, campaigned on the issue of Cuba, both taking a hardline stance on Castro
Aid to Vietnam
The USA has given $2billion in aid & stationed 685 non combat advisers in South Vietnam
USA has given $2billion in aid & stationed 685 non combat
The USA has given $2billion in aid & stationed 685 non combat advisers in South Vietnam
Audubon Cottages Preservation
Shaw participated in preservation work involving the historic Audubon Cottages on Dauphine Street in the French Quarter.
Spanish Stables Preservation
Shaw supported restoration of the historic Spanish Stables complex on Governor Nicholls Street in New Orleans.
Cuba Libre Association
Records from the period place Sturgis among anti-Castro activists associated with organizations operating from the Miami area.
Miami Anti-Castro Activity
By 1960, Sturgis was active among anti-Castro militants and Cuban exile contacts operating from South Florida.
CIA Mafia Castro Plot
The HSCA reported that John Roselli served as a Mafia participant in CIA-backed efforts to arrange the assassination of Fidel Castro, creating an important organized-crime intelligence connection later examined by investigators.
CIA Mafia Castro Plot
The HSCA reported that Santos Trafficante participated with Sam Giancana and John Roselli in CIA-backed efforts to assassinate Fidel Castro during the early 1960s.
Pastor
Joins his father as co-pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta
Election
Manages successfully the presidential election campaign of his brother, JF Kennedy
Election
Unsuccessful Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States
Venus Greenhouse Effect
Sagan develops models showing that a strong greenhouse effect can explain the extremely high surface temperature of Venus.
Gravitational Waves
Weber begins building resonant bar detectors to search directly for gravitational waves
Kruskal Extension
Publishes the maximal analytic extension of the Schwarzschild geometry, showing that the event horizon is a regular spacetime surface rather than a physical singularity.
Berkeley Faculty
Joins the University of California, Berkeley faculty as an assistant professor.
MOS Field-Effect Transistor Development
With Dawon Kahng, demonstrates the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor for controlling electron flow.
Olympic Gold Medal
Wins the Olympic Gold medal & turns professional
Victory-Ali
Ali wins his first professional fight, a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker, who was the police chief of Fayetteville, West Virginia
Victory-Ali
Ali wins his first professional fight, a six-round decision over Tunney Hunsaker, who was the police chief of Fayetteville, West Virginia
Coral Gables Propaganda Coordination
Hunt visited the Cuba project's Florida headquarters and worked with officers coordinating propaganda aimed at Cuban and Latin American audiences.
Cuba Project Political Action Chief
Hunt became chief of political action for the CIA Cuba project and was tasked with organizing an exile political structure to replace Castro's government.
Cuban Exile Coalition Formation
Hunt worked with representatives of several Cuban exile organizations to create a political coalition for the anti-Castro operation.
Exile Political Front Moves to Miami
Hunt shifted the exile political organization from Mexico to Miami after Mexican scrutiny made continued activity there increasingly difficult.
Government-in-Exile Planning
Hunt developed plans for a Cuban government-in-exile that could claim political authority if the invasion succeeded and Castro's government collapsed.
Polaris
The United States Navy promotes Polaris as a survivable sea based strategic deterrent
Polaris
William Raborn oversees the Special Projects Office responsible for rapid Polaris missile development
Polaris
The United States continues development of the Polaris submarine launched ballistic missile as a strategic nuclear weapon
Advises Kennedy that south east Asia & Vietnam should be treated as
Advises Kennedy that south east Asia & Vietnam should be treated as neutral
Neutrality
Advises Kennedy that south east Asia & Vietnam should be treated as neutral
Advises Kennedy that aid to South Vietnams President Diem should be increased
Advises Kennedy that aid to South Vietnams President Diem should be increased
At Geneva refuses to accept the neutrality of South Vietnam
At Geneva refuses to accept the neutrality of South Vietnam
Defence Agreement at Washington
Warned by de Gaulle that Vietnam is a "bottomless military & political swamp". Agrees to a "neutral & independent" Laos at Geneva
Military Aid
Increases personnel in South Vietnam to over 16,000 & permits them to go into combat
Neutrality
At Geneva refuses to accept the neutrality of South Vietnam
Neutrality
Agrees to a "neutral & independent" Laos at Geneva
Flexible Response
Advises Kennedy to adopt a policy of "flexible response" toward counterinsurgency
Laos and Vietnam Concern
Leaves office with Southeast Asia as a major Cold War concern
Coup
A paratroop revolt is quashed after Diem stalled for negotiations to buy time for loyalists to put down the coup attempt
Major General
Appointed Major General and assigned to Inter-Arms Chief of Staff
Ho Chi Minh Trail Support
Supports logistical expansion through Laos and Cambodia
Coup
Creates a broad front to overthrow President Diem
NLF
Creates a broad front to overthrow President Diem. Announces the creation of the National Liberation Front in South Vietnam
Southern Revolution Strategy
Promotes a strategy of armed struggle in South Vietnam
Support for Southern Struggle
Backs the communist struggle in South Vietnam as the war widens
Counterinsurgency Campaign
Expands counterinsurgency efforts after the creation of the National Liberation Front
Faces
Publication of "Faces"
President of Zaire
Appointed President of Katanga province & declares its independence
Prime Minister of Zaire
Raises opposition by attempting to prevent Katangas attempt to secede
National Democratic Party
Mugabe returns to Southern Rhodesia and joins the National Democratic Party
ZANU
Mugabe returns to Southern Rhodesia and joins the National Democratic Party
Private Circulation of Literary Manuscripts
Solzhenitsyn continued composing stories that could not easily pass Soviet censorship.
Selected Short Stories in Translation
Translations of Böll's stories introduced additional international audiences to his fiction.
Lectures on Political Judgment
Arendt's lectures examined judgment, freedom and the political significance of action.