Beatles, The
The Beatles make their debut at the Cavern Club
Historical events in 1961
916 historical records
January 196156 historical events
Reform of Currency
The farthing ceases to be legal tender
Ella German Marriage Proposal
After spending New Year's Day with Ella German's family, Lee proposed marriage to her the following evening and was rejected.
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Cuba
Eisenhower breaks off diplomatic relations with Cuba
Economy of Cuba
Eisenhower breaks off diplomatic relations with Cuba
Death of Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrodinger
Death of Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrodinger
Soviet Citizenship Reconsideration
On January 4, 1961, Oswald told Soviet officials that he no longer wanted Soviet citizenship and requested only an extension of his residence permit.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 2nd term
Announcement of Socialist Trade Agreements
Guevara reports economic agreements concluded with the Soviet Union and other socialist countries.
White House Conference on Aging
The White House Conference on Aging opens as the administration addresses policy for an expanding elderly population.
Defense Liaison Problems Reviewed
Cabell is briefed on unresolved Defense Department support problems affecting the Cuban project.
Trial
Israel begins the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem
Senate Foreign Relations Briefing
Dulles briefs a closed Senate Foreign Relations Committee session on the Cuban exile programme.
Death of Patrice Lumumba
Lumumba is executed in Katanga with Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito.
Transfer to Katanga Custody
Is transferred to Katanga, where he is placed in the custody of political enemies before his execution.
Farewell Address Military-Industrial Complex
Delivers his Farewell Address, warning of the potential influence of the military-industrial complex and emphasizing balanced national policy.
Pre-Inauguration CIA Briefing
Rusk receives a CIA briefing on the basic Cuban covert-action plan before taking office.
Execution
Lumumba and two other comrades (Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito) from the Government are lined up against a tree, President Tshombe and two other ministers are present for the executions
Execution
Lumumba and two other comrades (Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito) from the Government are lined up against a tree, President Tshombe and two other ministers are present for the executions
Assassination of Patrice Lumumba
Lumumba and two other comrades (Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito) from the Government are lined up against a tree, President Tshombe and two other ministers are present for the executions. Dismissed by the forces of Kasavubu & turned over to the Katanga regime & murdered
Death of Patrice Lumumba
Dismissed by the forces of Kasavubu & turned over to the Katanga regime & murdered. Belgium is later deemed to be in breach of its obligation (under United Nations Resolution 290 of 1949) to refrain from acts or threats "aimed at impairing the freedom, independence or integrity of another state"
Execution
Lumumba and two other comrades (Maurice Mpolo and Joseph Okito) from the Government are lined up against a tree, President Tshombe and two other ministers are present for the executions. Dismissed by the forces of Kasavubu & turned over to the Katanga regime & murdered
Independence of Zaire
Belgium is later deemed to be in breach of its obligation (under United Nations Resolution 290 of 1949) to refrain from acts or threats "aimed at impairing the freedom, independence or integrity of another state"
UN Resolution 290
Belgium is later deemed to be in breach of its obligation (under United Nations Resolution 290 of 1949) to refrain from acts or threats "aimed at impairing the freedom, independence or integrity of another state"
Birth of Peter Andrew Beardsley
Birth of Peter Andrew Beardsley
Nicarรณ Nickel Plant Speech
Guevara speaks at the Nicarรณ nickel plant about production and the responsibilities of workers and management.
Inauguration
Inaugurated President of the USA, 35th President, youngest ever President
Retirement to Gettysburg
Leaves the presidency and retires to his farm near the Gettysburg battlefield.
Inherited Invasion Plan
Kennedy enters office with the CIA Cuban invasion project already well advanced.
AEC Chairmanship Concludes
McCone completed his service as Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission at the end of the Eisenhower administration.
Cabanas Militia Speech
Guevara addresses militia members in Cabaรฑas, Pinar del Rรญo, on defence and revolutionary responsibilities.
New Administration Project Endorsement
Barnes reports that senior Kennedy administration officials generally endorse continuation of preparations.
Constitution of Venezuela
The Constitution of 1961 established a representative democratic system and protected civil and political rights.
New York Arrival
Arrives in New York and enters the Greenwich Village folk scene.
Civic Military Directory Takes Power
Civic Military Directory replaces the 1960 junta
Senior Tactical Briefing Preparation
Cabell joins preparations for the presidential meeting on the strike-force plan and military coordination.
Invasion of Cuba
Kennedy is briefed on a plan, code-named Operation Pluto, for a ship-borne invasion force to land near Trinidad, Cuba.
Operation Pluto
Kennedy is briefed on Operation Pluto, an invasion plan proposing a landing near Trinidad, Cuba.
Peace
Announces plans for a corps of volunteers to improve conditions in undeveloped nations
Covert Activities Continued
Kennedy directs continuation of propaganda, political action, sabotage, infiltration and overflight activities while military review proceeds.
Trinidad Landing Plan Reviewed
Kennedy reviews a proposed landing near Trinidad at the Escambray Mountains.
Trinidad Plan Briefing
Kennedy reviews the proposed landing near Trinidad and the Escambray Mountains.
Military Plan Reviewed
McNamara examines the military assumptions behind the proposed exile invasion.
Trinidad Plan Defense Briefing
McNamara receives a briefing on the proposed Trinidad invasion plan.
Trinidad Plan Reviewed
Rusk participates in the new administration review of the Trinidad landing proposal.
Trinidad Plan State Department Briefing
Rusk receives a briefing on the proposed Trinidad landing.
Plausible Deniability Warning
Schlesinger warns that United States responsibility for an invasion would become evident.
Warning against Covert Invasion
Schlesinger warns that the invasion could seriously damage United States credibility.
Diplomatic Objections Raised
Bowles argues that the operation threatens United States diplomatic credibility.
State Department Objections
Bowles raises objections to the invasion plan within the State Department.
Strike Plan Briefed to Senior Officers
Hawkins gives senior CIA and military officers a detailed briefing on the proposed Cuban strike plan.
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Joint Staff Strike Plan Briefing
Gray receives a detailed briefing on the planned exile strike force and its operational concept.
Chief Minister Election
Leads Montserrat Labour Party government after the 1961 election
Constitution of South Africa
Legislation is prepared to establish the Republic of South Africa
United States Policy against Castro
Kennedy inherits a policy intended to remove Castro and reduce Soviet influence in Cuba.
February 196126 historical events
JCS Favorable Strike Evaluation
Lemnitzer forwards the Joint Chiefs' favorable evaluation of the proposed exile strike plan to the CIA.
Cautious Cuba Approach Urged
Mann urges officials to proceed cautiously while the administration considers the proposed invasion force.
Cavern Club
The Beatles make their Cavern Club debut in Liverpool.
Cavern Club
The Beatles make their Cavern Club debut in Liverpool.
Cavern Club
The Beatles make their Cavern Club debut in Liverpool.
Cavern Club
Performs when the Beatles make their Cavern Club debut.
Cavern Club
Performs when the Beatles make their Cavern Club debut.
Cavern Club
Performs when the Beatles make their Cavern Club debut.
Strike Force Alternatives Requested
Berle requests a paper assessing the consequences of disbanding the exile strike force and possible alternatives.
Technical Advisory Committees Convention
Guevara addresses a national convention of Technical Advisory Committees on industrial organization and production.
Revolutionary Council Formation Discussed
Bissell discusses creation of a Cuban Revolutionary Council to provide political leadership for the anti-Castro operation.
Venera 1 Launch
The Soviet planetary programme launches Venera 1 toward Venus, beginning a long series of dedicated Venus missions.
Apollo Program
Becomes NASA administrator during Apollo expansion.
Civilian Military Relations Reviewed
Bissell reviews Cuban civilian-military relations and links between exile political leaders, the strike force and Joint Chiefs staff.
Invasion of Cuba
Kennedy asked Asks advisers whether the toppling of Castro might be related to weapon shipments and if it was possible to claim the real targets were modern fighter aircraft and rockets which endangered Americas securit
Minister of Industries Appointment
Guevara becomes head of the newly established Ministry of Industries.
Parliamentary Reform
Kabariti participates in parliamentary reform connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Interview on Ministry of Industries
Guevara discusses his new responsibilities as minister and the government's industrial development programme.
Exile Government Procedure Negotiated
Varona represents the Democratic Revolutionary Front in negotiations over procedures for choosing a future Cuban Revolutionary Council.
Exile Unity Negotiations
Ray negotiates with Varona and other opposition leaders over a unified political structure for the anti-Castro movement.
Revolutionary Council Selection Talks
Artime joins leading Cuban exiles in negotiating the composition and political programme of a future revolutionary council.
Provisional Government Planning Committee
Carrillo participates in the six-man exile committee designing procedures for a post-Castro provisional government.
Ileo Government
Ileo heads a government aligned with President Kasa-Vubu during the continuing constitutional crisis.
Request to Recover Passport
In February 1961, Oswald asked the American Embassy to return his passport and said that he wanted to return to the United States.
Cuban Revolutionary Council Planning
Hunt helped prepare the exile political structure that evolved into the Cuban Revolutionary Council before the Bay of Pigs invasion.
Joint Chiefs Assessment
Lemnitzer coordinates military review of the CIA invasion proposal.
March 196151 historical events
Peace Corps
Announces the Peace Corps has been created
Peace
Announces the Peace Corps has been created
Interagency Cuba Plan Review
Mann hosts an interagency review of the Joint Staff draft plan for operations against Cuba.
Holy Loch
The American Polaris submarine USS Patrick Henry reaches Holy Loch as the United States establishes a forward submarine base in Scotland
Revolutionary Council Announcement Delayed
Mann asks that formation of the Cuban Revolutionary Council not be announced until after the Mexico City peace conference.
Holy Loch
The United States Navy begins regular Polaris submarine operations from Holy Loch in Scotland
Director
Appointed Director of the Peace Corps
Peace Corps
Appointed Director of the Peace Corps
Foreign Aid and Development Speech
Guevara speaks on foreign assistance, economic development and Cuba's industrial strategy.
Water Tower Speech
Addresses the National Association for Mental Health and argues for replacing large isolated mental hospitals with community-based care.
First Cod War Settlement
Iceland and the United Kingdom settle their fisheries dispute, with Britain accepting Iceland's twelve-mile fishery zone under an exchange of notes.
Trinidad Plan Plausible Denial Objection
Mann argues that the Trinidad concept makes outside sponsorship too visible and presses for a more deniable landing site.
Trinidad Plan Political Review
Bundy joins the presidential review of the Trinidad plan as Kennedy demands a less overt American appearance.
Trinidad Site Rejected
Kennedy demands a less conspicuous landing site than Trinidad.
White House Trinidad Discussion
Berle participates in the White House discussion of the Trinidad invasion concept and its political risks.
Presidential Briefing on Revised Plan
Bundy meets CIA and military officials and then briefs Kennedy on the revised invasion planning.
Invasion of Angola
Organizes Bakongo militants, launches an incursion into Angola, leading 4,000 to 5,000 militants
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
Organizes Bakongo militants, launches an incursion into Angola, leading 4,000 to 5,000 militants
Commonwealth
South Africa withdraws from the Commonwealth
Revised Zapata Plan Prepared
Bissell works with CIA planners to prepare a revised military plan meeting White House political restrictions.
Meeting Marina Prusakova
Oswald met Marina Prusakova at a trade-union dance in Minsk around March 17, 1961, and began seeing her soon afterward.
Marriage
1st introduced to Lee Harvey Oswald
Revolutionary Council Chairman Elected
Cuban exile leaders unanimously select Miro Cardona to chair the Cuban Revolutionary Council.
Chairman of Council of State
Gheorghiu-Dej becomes chairman of the newly created Council of State.
Independence of Laos
"the security of South East Asia will be endagered if Laos loses its independence"
Independence of United States of America
"the security of South East Asia will be endagered if Laos loses its independence"
Recognition of Independence
"the security of South East Asia will be endagered if Laos loses its independence"
Birth of William Hague
Birth of William Hague
First National Sugar Meeting
Guevara addresses the First National Sugar Meeting on production and the role of the sugar economy.
Landing Phase
Departs Stock Island aboard Blagar to help direct the landing phase of the invasion
Landing Phase
Departs Stock Island aboard Barbara J to help direct the landing phase of the invasion
Congress Defendant Acquitted
Leaves court without conviction on the treason charges.
Treason Trial Acquittal
Is acquitted at the conclusion of the Treason Trial.
Treason Charges Dismissed
The court rejects the state high treason case.
Treason Trial Acquittal
Is acquitted with the remaining Treason Trial defendants.
Pencil Factory Inauguration
Guevara speaks at the inauguration of a pencil factory in Batabanรณ as part of Cuba's industrial programme.
Cuban Revolutionary Council (CRC)
The CIA helped Cuban exiles in Miami to create the Cuban Revolutionary Council (CRC), chaired by Jose Miro Cardona, former Prime Minister of Cuba in January 1959. Cardona became the de facto leader-in-waiting of the intended post-invasion Cuban Government
Revolutionary Council Chairmanship Candidate
Pazos is considered among the principal candidates for chairmanship of the Cuban Revolutionary Council.
Revolutionary Council Leadership Candidate
Hevia is considered for senior leadership in the exile political structure being prepared to replace Castro.
Revolutionary Council Delegation Joined
Chibas joins the exile delegation associated with Miro Cardona's newly formed Cuban Revolutionary Council.
Meeting with Kennedy
Meets Kennedy but finds out the US does not need a "broker" with Russia
Holy Loch
The British Government defends the use of Holy Loch as a base for American Polaris submarines
First Secretary
Appointed First Secretary of the Komsomol Krai Committee
Komsomol
Appointed First Secretary of the Komsomol Krai Committee
Commonwealth
Tries to keep South Africa within the Commonwealth but is forced to withdraw membership
Conference of Commonwealth
Tries to keep South Africa within the Commonwealth but is forced to withdraw membership
All-In African Conference Mandate
Warns of mass action if government refuses negotiations.
National Convention Demand
Calls for a national convention on South Africa future.
Cuban Revolutionary Council (CRC)
CIA helps Cuban exiles create the Cuban Revolutionary Council.
Exile Leadership Negotiations
Hunt continued negotiations among rival Cuban exile leaders as the CIA tried to present a unified political alternative to Fidel Castro.
Restored to Active Army List
President Kennedy restores Eisenhower to the active list of the Regular Army with the rank of General of the Army.
April 1961162 historical events
Movement to Nicaragua Delayed
Bissell coordinates a twenty-four-hour delay in moving the strike force from Guatemala toward Nicaragua.
Puerto Cabezas Preparations
Arrives at Puerto Cabezas and prepares small boats for the invasion force
Puerto Cabezas Preparations
Arrives at Puerto Cabezas and helps prepare landing craft for the invasion force
Propaganda Plan Briefed
Braddock receives a briefing on propaganda arrangements intended to accompany the invasion.
Strike and Diversion Plans Briefed
Bissell receives a war-room briefing on the main strike force and the separate Diaz diversion.
Cuba Historical Exception or Vanguard
Guevara publishes an essay assessing the Cuban Revolution's significance for anti-colonial struggle in Latin America.
General
Appointed General Secretary of the United Nations
China Exposition Closing Remarks
Guevara speaks at the closing of a Chinese exhibition in Havana shortly before the Bay of Pigs invasion.
Chancellor
Appointed Chancellor of Austria
Eichmann Trial Opens
His trial begins before the Jerusalem District Court.
Jerusalem District Court Proceedings
He faces fifteen counts under Israeli law.
First Human Spaceflight
The achievement marks first human spaceflight as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Vostok 1
Pilots Vostok 1 during the first human journey into outer space.
Yuri Gagarin First Human Spaceflight
Yuri Gagarin completes the first human orbital spaceflight, a major Soviet achievement under Khruschev.
1st Orbit of the Earth
1st man to orbit the Earth, Vostok -1
Vostok
1st man to orbit the Earth, Vostok -1
Briefing of Landing Force
The CIA-chartered invasion fleet moves toward Cuba before the landing.
Briefing of Landing Force
Receives final briefings on the Barbara J role in the landing plan
Automatic Recognition Ruled Out
Miro Cardona is told that a provisional government proclaimed in Cuba would not receive automatic United States recognition.
No Overt US Troops Warning
Berle and Schlesinger tell Miro Cardona that United States troops will not be sent to support the anti-Castro operation.
Radio Moscow Predicts Invasion
A Radio Moscow broadcast predicts an imminent CIA-supported invasion of Cuba.
Radio Moscow Warning Received
Kennedy advisers note a Soviet broadcast predicting an imminent invasion of Cuba.
Invasion of Cuba
During the night of 14/15 April, a diversionary landing was planned near Baracoa, Oriente Province, by about 164 Cuban exiles commanded by Higinio 'Nino' Diaz
Baracoa Diversion Launched
Diaz attempts a diversionary landing intended to distract Cuban defenders.
First Baracoa Diversion Attempt
Diaz commands an attempted diversionary landing near Baracoa.
Gagarin Kremlin Celebration
Hosts national celebrations for Yuri Gagarin after the first human orbital flight.
Invasion of Cuba
On the night of 15/16 April, the Nino Diaz group failed in a second attempted diversionary landing at a fresh location near Baracoa
Second Baracoa Diversion Attempt
Diaz leads a second unsuccessful diversionary landing attempt near Baracoa.
B-26 Strike Formation Led
Herrera leads exile bombers during the pre-invasion attacks on Cuban airfields.
Bay of Pigs Air Strike
Leads a B-26 formation with Alabama Air National Guard advisers during the pre-invasion air strike.
Cuban Complaint at United Nations
Roa accuses the United States of responsibility for the air attacks on Cuba.
False Defector Story Challenged
Roa challenges the claim that a Cuban pilot independently attacked government airfields.
United Nations Protest Filed
Roa formally protests the air attacks before the United Nations.
Invasion of Cuba
At about 06:00 Cuban time, eight Douglas B-26B Invader bombers attacked three Cuban airfields in three groups.
Invasion of Cuba
They struck San Antonio de los Banos, Ciudad Libertad near Havana, and Antonio Maceo International Airport at Santiago de Cuba.
Bay of Pigs Air Operations
Volunteers as an Alabama Air National Guard aircrew member supporting the Bay of Pigs operation.
Bay of Pigs Air Operations
Volunteers as an Alabama Air National Guard aircrew member supporting the exile air force.
Bay of Pigs Air Operations
Volunteers as an Alabama Air National Guard pilot supporting Bay of Pigs air operations.
Operation Puma Air Plan
Operation Puma calls for sustained strikes against Cuban aircraft and airfields.
Operation Puma Air Strikes
Exile B-26 aircraft attack three Cuban airfields before the main landing.
Three Cuban Airfields Targeted
Kennedy is informed that strikes hit airfields near Havana and Santiago de Cuba.
Ambassador Misled by Cover Story
Stevenson discovers that intelligence officials supplied him with inaccurate information.
Cover Story Exposed to Stevenson
Stevenson later learns that the official account of the air strikes was false.
Cuban Charges Heard at United Nations
Stevenson responds after Cuba accuses the United States of directing air attacks.
False Defector Evidence Presented
Stevenson confronts Cuban evidence challenging the defector cover story.
No Intervention Pledge
Stevenson publicly denies that United States forces will intervene in Cuba.
United States Denial at United Nations
Stevenson states that United States armed forces will not intervene in Cuba.
United States Involvement Denied
Stevenson presents the administration claim that Cuban defectors conducted the attacks.
Air Strike Advisers Support Mission
Goodwin supports exile B-26 crews during the opening air operation.
Bay of Pigs Air Strike
Commands a formation of B-26 bombers during the pre-invasion air strike.
Invasion of Cuba
Merardo Leon, Jose Leon, and 14 others staged an armed uprising at Las Delicias Estate in Las Villas, with only four surviving. Leonel Martinez and three others took to the countryside
Invasion of Cuba
Merardo Leon, Jose Leon, and 14 others staged an armed uprising at Las Delicias Estate in Las Villas, with only four surviving. Leonel Martinez and three others took to the countryside
Invasion of Cuba
Merardo Leon, Jose Leon, and 14 others staged an armed uprising at Las Delicias Estate in Las Villas, with only four surviving. Leonel Martinez and three others took to the countryside
Las Delicias Uprising
Jose Leon joins an armed anti-Castro uprising at the Las Delicias estate.
Escape from Las Delicias
Martinez escapes into the countryside after the Las Delicias uprising is defeated.
Las Delicias Resistance
Merardo Leon participates in the armed uprising at Las Delicias.
Cancellation of Second Air Strike
Cancels or limits further overt air strikes before the landing phase of the operation
Cancellation of Second Air Strike
Supports caution over additional air strikes because of diplomatic and deniability concerns
D-Day Air Strike Protest
Bissell joins Cabell in arguing that cancellation of the dawn strikes leaves Castro's remaining aircraft able to attack the brigade.
D-Day Air Strikes Cancelled
Bundy informs Cabell that dawn air strikes are not to proceed until they can be launched from the beachhead.
Landing Diversion Deadline Passed
Bundy confirms that no presidential diversion order has been issued, allowing the landing operation to proceed.
Political Grounds for Strike Cancellation
Rusk explains the political reasons preventing the planned dawn strikes before the beachhead airfield is secured.
Air Strike Cancellation Challenged
Cabell goes to Rusk with Bissell to challenge cancellation of the planned D-Day air strikes.
Invasion of Cuba
The CIA assumed that the invasion would spark a popular uprising against Castro, however by the time the invasion began, Castro had already executed some who were suspected of colluding with the American campaign. President Kennedy withdraws support for the invasion at the last minute by canceling several bombing sorties that could have crippled the entire Cuban Air Force
Treason
1,209 captured exiles are tried, a few executed and the rest sentenced to 30 yrs in prison for treason, after 20 months of negotiation with the USA, Cuba releases the exiles in exchange for dollars & medicine
Coup
Lands a force of 1,500 Cuban exiles in an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro
Front Command Established
Fernandez establishes a command post directing forces toward the invasion area.
T-33 Combat Patrol
Prendes flies combat patrols against exile aircraft and shipping.
Sea Fury Combat Mission
Rudd flies a Sea Fury against the invasion force.
Air Defense of Cuba
Commands or flies in Cuban air operations defending the Bay of Pigs area.
Invasion Shipping Attacked
Carreras attacks brigade ships and landing positions in a Cuban combat aircraft.
Playa Giron Field Headquarters
Perez San Roman directs Brigade 2506 field operations from the Playa Giron sector after the landing.
Defense of Cuba
Commands revolutionary forces mobilized during the Bay of Pigs emergency.
Defense of Cuba
Takes part in revolutionary command arrangements during the Bay of Pigs emergency.
Playa Larga Beachhead Command
Oliva commands brigade forces establishing the eastern beachhead at Playa Larga.
San Blas Road Center Seized
Del Valle's paratroop battalion seizes the San Blas road centre and is reinforced by other brigade elements.
Cuban Air Force Retains Combat Capability
Castro's government retains enough operational aircraft after the preliminary strikes to attack invasion shipping and bombers.
Direct Command of Cuban Counterattack
Castro directly commands Cuban armed forces responding to the Brigade 2506 landings.
Mass Mobilisation against Invasion
Castro mobilises Cuban military and militia forces against the exile landings on the southern coast.
Invasion of Cuba
Bomber aircraft displaying Cuban Fuerza Aerea Revolucionaria markings bomb the Cuban airfields of San Antonio de Los Bacos, Antonio Maceo International Airport, and the airfield at Ciudad Libertad
Invasion of Cuba
Kennedy decides against giving the faltering invasion US air support (though four US pilots were killed in Cuba during the invasion) because of his opposition to overt intervention.
Invasion of Cuba
Operation Puma, the code name given to the offensive counter air attacks against the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces, called for 48 hours of air strikes.
Blagar Landing Operations Directed
Lynch helps direct the landing from the Blagar and remains involved as Cuban aircraft repeatedly attack the vessel.
Barbara J Landing Operations Directed
Robertson helps direct the landing phase from the Barbara J during the opening hours of the invasion.
Invasion Political Support
As Brigade 2506 landed at the Bay of Pigs, Hunt's political work remained focused on the exile leadership intended to support a post-Castro government.
Political Action Planning
Hunt helps organise the political component of the failed exile operation.
Invasion Situation Briefed after Return
Dulles is briefed late on the invasion crisis, including men ashore, undelivered supplies and two ships lost to Cuban aircraft.
Overt Military Support Withheld
Kennedy permits the exile operation but refuses deployment of conventional United States forces.
Defense Department Crisis Deliberations
McNamara participates in discussions as Cuban forces attack the landing area.
Restricted Air CAP Ordered
Wheeler orders restricted carrier air cover for Cuban Expeditionary Force shipping outside Cuban territorial waters.
Naval Air Cover Request Relayed
Gray relays the urgent request for carrier air protection after cancellation of the planned Cuban exile air strikes.
Early Warning Destroyers Positioned
Clark positions destroyers offshore to provide early warning for the Cuban Expeditionary Force ships.
Invasion of Cuba
By about 10:30 on 18 April, Cuban troops and militia, supported by tanks, took Playa Larga after Brigade forces had fled towards Giron in the early hours. During the day, Brigade forces retreated to San Blas along the two roads from Covadonga and Yaguaramas. By then, both Fidel Castro and Jose Ramon Fernandez had re-located to that battlefront area
Invasion of Cuba
By about 10:30 on 18 April, Cuban troops and militia, supported by tanks, took Playa Larga after Brigade forces had fled towards Giron in the early hours. During the day, Brigade forces retreated to San Blas along the two roads from Covadonga and Yaguaramas. By then, both Fidel Castro and Jose Ramon Fernandez had re-located to that battlefront area
Beachhead Crisis Briefing
Miro Cardona and Revolutionary Council members are briefed that the beachhead is under attack by Cuban tanks and aircraft.
Playa Larga Recaptured
Fernandez directs Cuban troops that retake Playa Larga and force a brigade retreat.
Playa Larga Recaptured
Fernandez leads Cuban forces that retake Playa Larga.
Beachhead Counterattack Intensified
Castro orders large Cuban forces toward the beachhead while armour and aircraft increase pressure on Brigade 2506.
Soviet Protest over Cuban Invasion
Khrushchev protests the invasion, calls on Kennedy to end the attack and promises assistance to Cuba.
One-Hour Navy Air Cover Authorised
Kennedy authorises a limited one-hour Navy fighter cover mission for the brigade's final B-26 operation.
Reply to Khrushchev on Cuba
Kennedy tells Khrushchev that the United States intends no military intervention while defending the aspirations of anti-Castro Cubans.
Response to Khrushchev
Kennedy denies intended United States military intervention while defending Cuban exiles.
CEF Ships Recalled toward Point Zulu
Clark works to turn surviving Cuban Expeditionary Force ships back toward Point Zulu after the landing force comes under heavy attack.
Caribe Located and Turned North
Clark sends aircraft to locate the distant Caribe and persuade its master to turn north toward the operational area.
Air Defense of Cuba
Flies a Cuban T-33 during air combat against Bay of Pigs invasion aircraft.
Air Defense of Cuba
Flies a Cuban Sea Fury during air combat against Bay of Pigs invasion aircraft.
Air Defense of Cuba
Rafael del Pino is separately recorded during air defense of cuba at Bay of Pigs.
Emergency Resupply Requested
Perez San Roman urgently requests an aircraft landing with ammunition and evacuation space for wounded brigade members.
Playa Giron Resupply Co-Pilot
Pellon serves as co-pilot on the C-46 that successfully lands supplies at Playa Giron.
C-46 Resupply Landing
Navarro lands a C-46 at Playa Giron, unloads badly needed supplies and assists evacuation of wounded personnel.
Withdrawal toward Playa Giron Organised
Oliva helps organise withdrawing brigade elements as Cuban forces close on the remaining invasion positions.
Bay of Pigs Victory Secured
Cuban forces under Castro's command defeat the remaining Brigade 2506 resistance at the Bay of Pigs.
Government-in-Exile Plan Fails
The defeat of Brigade 2506 ended the immediate plan for the exile political organization Hunt had helped assemble to assume authority in Cuba.
Limited Air Umbrella Approved
Kennedy authorises limited fighter protection for the final exile B-26 mission.
Killed after B-26 Crash
Baker is killed after surviving the crash of his B-26.
Mad Dog Flight
Killed after surviving the crash of a B-26 bomber during the final Bay of Pigs air mission.
Killed during Final Air Mission
Gray dies when his B-26 crashes after being hit by Cuban fire.
Mad Dog Flight
Killed when his B-26 bomber crashed into the ocean after being hit by Cuban air defense.
Final B-26 Mission
Ray flies an American-crewed B-26 during the final mission.
Mad Dog Flight
Killed after his B-26 bomber was shot down during the final air mission of the Bay of Pigs operation.
B-26 Shot Down
Shamburger is killed when a Cuban fighter shoots down his B-26.
Mad Dog Flight
Killed when his B-26 bomber was shot down by a Cuban T-33 fighter.
Destroyer Evacuation Attempt
Clark sends destroyers toward the beaches to attempt evacuation of brigade survivors.
Destroyer Evacuation Move Ordered
Clark sends destroyers toward the beaches in an effort to evacuate surviving brigade members.
Invasion of Cuba
The invasion force of Cuban exiles has been killed or captured by Castro
Public Responsibility Accepted
Kennedy states that responsibility for the operation rests with the President.
Survivor Search Continued
Dennison continues naval and aerial searches for scattered brigade survivors.
Cuba Study Group
President Kennedy asked General Maxwell D. Taylor, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, Admiral Arleigh Burke and CIA Director Allen Dulles to form the Cuba Study Group, to report on lessons to learn from the failed operation
Invasion of Cuba
President Kennedy asked General Maxwell D. Taylor, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, Admiral Arleigh Burke and CIA Director Allen Dulles to form the Cuba Study Group, to report on lessons to learn from the failed operation
Cuba Study Group
Serves on the Cuba Study Group even as CIA leadership comes under criticism for the failed invasion
Cuba Study Group
Kennedy forms the Cuba Study Group to review the failed invasion.
Cuba Study Group Appointment
Robert Kennedy serves on the inquiry reviewing the failed operation.
Cuba Study Group Service
Burke serves on the presidential group examining the failed invasion.
Cuba Study Group Chaired
Taylor chairs the presidential inquiry into the planning and execution of the invasion.
Taylor Inquiry Begins
Taylor begins examining decisions, intelligence and military assumptions behind the failure.
Cuba Study Group
President Kennedy asked General Maxwell D. Taylor, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, Admiral Arleigh Burke and CIA Director Allen Dulles to form the Cuba Study Group, to report on lessons to learn from the failed operation
Second to Fourth Eyskens Governments
The Second to Fourth Eyskens Governments ends in Brussels, concluding this period as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Theo Lefevre Government
Begins the Theo Lefevre Government in Brussels and serves as Prime Minister of Belgium.
Governor-General Appointed
Becomes first Governor-General and representative head of state at independence
Head of State Representative
Represents the monarch as Sierra Leone begins independence as a Commonwealth realm
First Independent Cabinet
Leads the first cabinet after independence from Great Britain
Marriage to Marina Prusakova
Oswald married Marina Prusakova in Minsk on April 30, 1961, after completing the required civil registration procedures.
Crimes against Humanity Charges
The indictment also includes crimes against humanity and war crimes.
Fifteen-Count Indictment
Faces charges including crimes against the Jewish people.
Brigade Air Force Command
Villafana commands the exile air arm supporting Brigade 2506 operations.
Brigade Chief of Staff Duties
Ferrer Mena serves as chief of staff for Brigade 2506 during final invasion preparations.
Political Leader Assigned to Main Force
Artime is designated as the exile political leader expected to enter Cuba with the main invasion force.
Brigade 2506 Field Command
Perez San Roman serves as field commander of Brigade 2506 for the planned amphibious assault.
Brigade Deputy Command
Oliva serves as deputy commander of Brigade 2506 as the force prepares for the invasion.
First Paratroop Battalion Command
Del Valle commands the Brigade 2506 First Paratroop Battalion before the airborne phase of the invasion.
Fourth Armoured Battalion Command
Bacallao Ponte commands the Brigade 2506 armoured battalion assigned to the invasion force.
Heavy Gun Battalion Command
Roberto Perez San Roman commands the Brigade 2506 heavy-gun battalion.
Brigade Prisoners Held after Defeat
Castro's government imprisons most surviving Brigade 2506 members captured after the invasion.
Second Infantry Battalion Command
Sueiro Rios commands the Brigade 2506 Second Infantry Battalion.
Puerto Cabezas Base Support
Somoza permits the exile air and maritime force to operate from Nicaragua.
Commonwealth
South Africa leaves the Commonwealth. Despite leaving the Commonwealth preferential trade would continue
Bay of Pigs Policy Review
Robert Kennedy participates in administration discussions about the invasion.
Naval Planning Oversight
Burke oversees naval advice and support arrangements for the operation.
Atlantic Fleet Support Arranged
Dennison directs Atlantic Fleet support positioned outside Cuban waters.
Joint Chiefs Review of Invasion Plan
Lemnitzer represents the Joint Chiefs during reviews of the operation.
Task Group 81.8 Command
Clark commands the naval task group assigned to support and monitor the operation.
Invasion of Laos
Kennedy suggests reconnaissance spying flights using Laotian markings
May 196151 historical events
Constitution of Cuba
Castro forms a dictatorship & declares himself to be a Marxist-Leninist. As hundreds of thousands celebrate May Day, Castro announces Cuba is a socialist nation & abolishes elections
Dictatorship
Castro forms a dictatorship & declares himself to be a Marxist-Leninist
Election
As hundreds of thousands celebrate May Day, Castro announces Cuba is a socialist nation & abolishes elections
May Day
As hundreds of thousands celebrate May Day, Castro announces Cuba is a socialist nation & abolishes elections
Independence of Tanzania
Prepares Tanganyika for independence
Prime Minister of Tanzania
Appointed Prime Minister of Tanzania
Area Redevelopment Act
The Act provides loans and assistance to regions experiencing persistent unemployment.
St John Signs as Central Attacking Figure
Ian St John joined Liverpool from Motherwell in May 1961, supplying goals and link-up play as Shankly pursued promotion from the Second Division.
Death of Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Maurice Merleau-Ponty dies suddenly in Paris.
Lumumba University Application Rejected
Patrice Lumumba Friendship University rejected Lee's application because the institution was reserved for students from developing regions.
Bay of Pigs After Action Report
Lynch submits an after-action report describing the landing operation and the rapid deterioration of the invasion.
Landing After Action Report
Robertson submits his after-action account of the Bay of Pigs landing operation to the Taylor inquiry.
Lemnitzer Military Talks
Meets US Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Lyman Lemnitzer to discuss military cooperation and security in the Taiwan Strait.
Freedom 7 Mercury
Shepard pilots Freedom 7 on the first crewed American suborbital spaceflight, demonstrating the basic Mercury spacecraft and recovery system.
1961 FA Cup Final Goalkeeping Appearance
Banks plays in goal for Leicester City in the 1961 FA Cup final at Wembley, where Tottenham Hotspur win 2-0 to complete their league-and-cup double.
Air Strike Cancellation Statement
Cabell gives Taylor a detailed statement explaining the circumstances surrounding cancellation of the D-Day air strike.
Death of Frank James Gary Cooper
Death of Frank James "Gary" Cooper
Death of Gary Cooper
Death of Gary Cooper
Consecration
Consecrates Guildford Cathedral
Guildford Cathedral
Consecrates Guildford Cathedral
Intelligence Reorganisation Advice
Schlesinger advises Kennedy on intelligence organisation after the failure.
Return to America Embassy Letter
The American Embassy received Lee's letter announcing his marriage and asking about possible prosecution if he returned to the United States.
Moon Goal
Commits the United States to landing a man on the Moon.
Amnesty International
Benenson and Baker, in consultation with other writers, academics and lawyers, write via Louis Blom-Cooper to David Astor, editor of The Observer newspaper, who, on May 28, 1961, publishes Benensons article The Forgotten Prisoners.
Amnesty International
Marks the launch of Appeal for Amnesty, 1961, the aim of which is to mobilize public opinion, quickly and widely, in defence of these individuals, and in particular communist party members, who Benenson named "Prisoners of Conscience".
Prisoners of Conscience
Marks the launch of Appeal for Amnesty, 1961, the aim of which is to mobilize public opinion, quickly and widely, in defence of these individuals, and in particular communist party members, who Benenson named "Prisoners of Conscience"
Amnesty International
Benenson and Baker, in consultation with other writers, academics and lawyers, write via Louis Blom-Cooper to David Astor, editor of The Observer newspaper, who, on May 28, 1961, publishes Benensons article The Forgotten Prisoners.
Amnesty International
Marks the launch of Appeal for Amnesty, 1961, the aim of which is to mobilize public opinion, quickly and widely, in defence of these individuals, and in particular communist party members, who Benenson named "Prisoners of Conscience".
Appeal for Amnesty
Marks the launch of Appeal for Amnesty, 1961, the aim of which is to mobilize public opinion, quickly and widely, in defence of these individuals, and in particular communist party members, who Benenson named "Prisoners of Conscience"
National Strike Campaign
Organises protest demanding a democratic constitutional convention.
Republic Stay-at-Home
Calls for a national stay-at-home against the new republic.
Death of Adolf Eichmann
Hanged for war crimes at Ramle
Execution
Hanged for war crimes at Ramle
Death of Michael Barne
Death of Michael Barne
Archbishop of Canterbury
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
European Cup Final Goal
Scores for Barcelona in the European Cup final against Benfica in Bern.
Commonwealth
South Africas membership of the Commonwealth is terminated
Constitution of South Africa
The Republic of South Africa comes into existence
Government
Verwoerd forms a republican ministry
First State President
Becomes the first State President of the Republic of South Africa.
Republic Head of State
Replaces the governor-general as republican head of state.
Capital Punishment for Economic Crimes
Soviet law expands capital punishment to specified major economic crimes.
Reform of Capital Punishment
Capital punishment is extended to include economic crime
Strike
Incites strike action
Junta
Appointed Heads of the military Junta
Coup
Successfully leads a coup in Korea
Cuba Study Group Hearings
Testifies or is questioned during post-invasion reviews of CIA planning
Cuba Study Group Hearings
Defends CIA organization and planning before post-invasion reviewers
Taylor Committee Review Participation
Robert Kennedy participates in the presidential inquiry examining responsibility for the failed invasion.
Operational Failure Investigation Expanded
Taylor's study group examines command, intelligence, air support and policy decisions that contributed to the Bay of Pigs defeat.
June 196129 historical events
Crisis
Meets Kennedy & will settle with East Germany if the west signs a peace Treaty
Vienna Summit with Kennedy
Meets President John F. Kennedy in Vienna for tense discussions on Berlin, Laos and nuclear issues.
Siege of Berlin
Khruschev threatens to settle with East Germany if a peace Treaty is not agreed
Renewed Berlin Deadline
Renews pressure for a German peace settlement and threatens a separate treaty with East Germany.
Vienna Summit Laos Agreement
Agrees with Kennedy on the goal of a neutral Laos governed by a coalition rather than direct superpower confrontation.
Elizabeth II entertains President Kennedy
Elizabeth II entertains President Kennedy
Coup
The Kennedy administration continues covert operations against Cuba, later launching the Cuban Project to "help Cuba overthrow the Communist regime"
Cuban Project
The Kennedy administration continues covert operations against Cuba, later launching the Cuban Project to "help Cuba overthrow the Communist regime"
Kennedy administration continues covert operations against Cuba, later launching
The Kennedy administration continues covert operations against Cuba, later launching the Cuban Project to "help Cuba overthrow the Communist regime". Elizabeth II entertains President Kennedy
Cuba Study Group Report Submitted
Taylor submits findings and recommendations from the presidential review.
Anniversary
Threatens a nationwide campaign of non-co-operation. Releases a press release calling for a national constitutional convention
Constitution of South Africa
Releases a press release calling for a national constitutional convention
Defence Testimony
Claims he acted within orders and bureaucratic authority.
Eichmann Gives Evidence
Testifies extensively in his own defence.
Beatles, The
A single "My Bonnie" by Tony Sheridan & backing by The Beatles is released in Germany
Beatles, The
A single "My Bonnie" by Tony Sheridan & backing by The Beatles is released in Germany
Beatles, The
A single "My Bonnie" by Tony Sheridan & backing by The Beatles is released in Germany
Conference of Vienna
Russia & the USA agree to enforce a truce within their areas of influence. Kennedy & Khrushchev meet to avoid direct confrontation between USA & Russia
Armed Struggle
Raises the question of armed struggle with the Working Committee
Armed Struggle
Raises the question of armed struggle with the National Executive. Authorized by Congress to form a military organisation, separate from the ANC
Armed Wing Leadership
Begins organising Umkhonto we Sizwe as a separate military structure.
Asked to Lead Umkhonto we Sizwe
Is asked to lead the ANC newly created armed wing.
Cold War
Kennedy attends a summit with Premier Khrushchev in Vienna to discuss cold war confrontations between the east & west, in particular the situation in Berlin
Conference of Vienna
The failure of the two leaders to resolve any of their differences during the summit led Khrushchev to view Kennedy as a weak president. Kennedy attends a summit with Premier Khrushchev in Vienna to discuss cold war confrontations between the east & west, in particular the situation in Berlin
Training Moved Abroad
Hunt advises exile contacts that military training must occur outside United States territory.
Conference of Vienna
Russia & the USA agree to enforce a truce within their areas of influence. Kennedy & Khrushchev meet to avoid direct confrontation between USA & Russia
Aid to Vietnam
Kennedy sends General Taylor & advisers to discuss troop support for Diem
Mobilization
Kennedy sends General Taylor & advisers to discuss troop support for Diem
Mobilization
Kennedy sends General Taylor & advisers to discuss troop support for Diem
July 196130 historical events
Birth of Diana
Birth of Diana, Princess of Wales, youngest daughter of Edward John Spencer, Viscount Althorp, later John Spencer, Eighth Earl Spencer, and his first wife, France's Spencer, Viscountess Althorp
Birth of Frederick Carlton Carl Lewis
Birth of Frederick Carlton "Carl" Lewis.
Death of Ernest Miller Hemingway
Death of Ernest Miller Hemingway, suicide
Suicide
Found shot through the head by his own gun. Death of Ernest Miller Hemingway, suicide
Budget
Announces the Defence budget will be increased by 30%
Defense Budget Increase
Announces a major increase in Soviet defense spending during the renewed Berlin confrontation.
Unannounced Moscow Embassy Visit
Lee appeared unexpectedly at the closed American Embassy on July 8 and contacted consul Richard Snyder by telephone.
Peerage
Is created Earl of Avon and enters the House of Lords
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
Visit to To Britain where he is greeted by
Begins a visit to Britain where he is greeted by ectstatic crowds
Muslim Family Laws Ordinance
Ayub promulgates reforms governing marriage, divorce and inheritance procedures.
Prime Minister of Iran
Appointed Prime Minister of Iran
Bizerte Crisis
Tunisia confronted France over the continued French military presence at Bizerte.
Socialist Nationalizations
Issues decrees nationalizing banks, insurance companies and major industrial enterprises.
Beatles, The
Brian Epstein orders 144 copies of "Cry For A Shadow", written by George Harrison
Beatles, The
Brian Epstein orders 144 copies of "Cry For A Shadow", written by George Harrison
Liberty Bell 7 Mercury
Grissom pilots Liberty Bell 7 on the second American crewed suborbital flight under Project Mercury.
Liberty Bell 7 Recovery
After Grissom's successful Mercury flight, Liberty Bell 7 sinks following premature opening of the spacecraft's explosive hatch.
Reopening of Parliament
Kasa-Vubu reconvenes Parliament to create a broader central government.
Yeats Recruited to Lead the Defence
Shankly signed Ron Yeats from Dundee United in July 1961, and the commanding centre-half later became Liverpool captain.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Calls for an extra $3.25 billion in defense spending & an increase in US & NATO forces
Siege of Berlin
Announces on TV Berlin had become "the great testing place of Western courage & will"
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Calls for an extra $3.25 billion in defense spending & an increase in US & NATO forces
Constitution of Bolivia
Paz Estenssoro promulgates a constitution reflecting reforms of the National Revolution.
Bonn European Summit
Participates in the Bonn summit where the Six seek proposals for closer political cooperation.
Amnesty International
Benenson and his friend Alec Digges, an Irish communist, members of the International Brigade Association at the same address (2 Parton Street WC1, London) take control of the Amnesty shell. Amnesty International is founded by Peter Benenson, an English lawyer who had converted to Roman Catholicism in 1958
International Brigade Association
Benenson and his friend Alec Digges, an Irish communist, members of the International Brigade Association at the same address (2 Parton Street WC1, London) take control of the Amnesty shell
Amnesty International
Benenson and his friend Alec Digges, an Irish communist, members of the International Brigade Association at the same address (2 Parton Street WC1, London) take control of the Amnesty shell
American Passport Restored
After an embassy interview in July 1961, officials concluded that Oswald had not expatriated himself and returned his American passport.
August 196135 historical events
Formation of Adoula Government
Adoula forms a coalition government approved by the reconvened Parliament.
Vostok 2 Flight
The Soviet Union launches Gherman Titov on Vostok 2 for a day-long orbital mission.
First Full Day in Orbit
The achievement marks first full day in orbit as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Vostok 2
Pilots Vostok 2 on a flight lasting more than twenty-four hours.
Punta del Este Economic Conference Speech
As head of Cuba's delegation, Guevara addresses the Inter-American Economic and Social Council conference in Uruguay.
British EEC Application Received
Receives Harold Macmillan's letter requesting negotiations on British accession while serving as President-in-Office of the EEC Council.
Trial
1st day of trial under the Nazis & Nazi Collaborators Punishment Act
Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall goes up after 2,000 East Germans cross into the west the day before
Crisis
The Warsaw Pact calls on East Germany for "protection & control" of the Berlin borders
Warsaw Pact Backs Berlin Border Controls
Warsaw Pact governments support East German measures to tighten controls around Berlin.
Warsaw Pact Organisation
The Warsaw Pact calls on East Germany for "protection & control" of the Berlin borders
East Berlin Border Closure
Supports East German measures sealing the border between East and West Berlin.
Berlin Wall
The border between East & West is sealed off
Crisis
The border between East & West is sealed off
Second Punta del Este Speech
Guevara gives a second major intervention at Punta del Este on development, sovereignty and regional economics.
Berlin Wall
Construction of the Berlin Wall begins
Construction of Berlin Wall
The fortified Berlin Wall begins taking shape after the initial closure of the sector boundary.
Crisis
Construction of the Berlin Wall begins
Soviet Exit Visa Paperwork
Lee and Marina submitted the numerous certificates, photographs, and forms required for Soviet permission to leave the country.
Arrest of Jomo Kenyatta
Fully released
Punta del Este Press Conference
After returning to Cuba, Guevara discusses the Punta del Este conference and its political implications.
President of Brazil
Appointed acting President of Brazil after the resignation of Janio Quadros
Soviet Nuclear Testing Resumed
Ends the Soviet nuclear testing moratorium and orders a new series of weapons tests.
Joins Adoula Coalition
Accepts a deputy premiership in Cyrille Adoula's coalition as parliament attempts to reunify the country.
State Religion Policy
Promotes Buddhism as the state religion during his final premiership
Minister of Coloured Affairs
Appointed Minister of Coloured Affairs
Cabinet Appointment
Enters Cabinet as minister of community development and Coloured affairs.
Community Development Portfolio
Administers policies connected with apartheid urban restructuring.
Minister of Housing
Appointed Minister of Housing
Minister of Justice
Appointed Minister of Justice
Coloured Persons Reserves Act
Coloured Persons Reserves Act, apartheid legislation
Election
Brings the election forward to October 1961
Legislation
Urban Bantu Councils Act, apartheid legislation. Preservation of Coloured Areas Act, apartheid legislation
Legislation
Coloured Persons Reserves Act, apartheid legislation
Urban Bantu Councils Act
Urban Bantu Councils Act, apartheid legislation
September 196131 historical events
Non-Aligned Diplomacy
Represents neutral Cambodia within the emerging Non-Aligned Movement
Democratic Programme
Kerensky records his position on democratic programme in exile.
Post-Invasion Trade Restrictions Considered
Kennedy receives authority to impose broader trade restrictions against Cuba.
Inaugural League Cup Victory
Villa defeats Rotherham United 3-2 on aggregate in the first League Cup final.
Pakistan Border Closure
Pakistan closes its border after relations deteriorate over Daoud's support for Pashtunistan.
The Bread of Those Early Years
Directs Das Brot der fruhen Jahre.
Nuclear Power
The United States nuclear testing moratorium ends
Arrest of Venessa Redgrave
Arrested with 800 others during a CND march in London
Demonstrations
Arrested with 800 others during a CND march in London
Arrest of John Collins
Arrested with 800 others during a CND march in London
Arrest of John Osborne
Arrested with 800 others during a CND march in Londond
Ndola Ceasefire Mission
Dies in an aircraft crash while travelling to negotiate a ceasefire in the Katanga conflict.
NASA
NASA Administrator James E. Webb announced the site of the NASA centre dedicated to human space flight would be Houston, Texas, this becomes the Manned Spacecraft Center, renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in 1973
McCloy-Zorin Accords
The United States and the Soviet Union sign a "Joint Statement of Agreed Principles for Disarmament Negotiations," the McCloy-Zorin Accords
Nuclear Power
The United States and the Soviet Union sign a "Joint Statement of Agreed Principles for Disarmament Negotiations," the McCloy-Zorin Accords
Peace Corps
Signs a law making the Peace Corps permanent
Peace
Signs a law making the Peace Corps permanent
Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Established
Signs legislation creating the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.
Council Reply to British Application
As Council President-in-Office, informs Britain that the EEC Council agrees to begin accession negotiations.
DCI Selection Announced
President Kennedy announced that he intended to appoint McCone to succeed Allen Dulles as Director of Central Intelligence.
Syrian Secession
Continues using the United Arab Republic name after Syria withdraws from the union.
New York Times Review
Publishes a New York Times review that helps Dylan's reputation.
Amnesty International
The leadership decide that the Amnesty appeal would form the basis of a permanent organisation, which on 30 September 1962 is officially named "Amnesty International"
OECD Membership
Iceland becomes an original member of the OECD when the new organization succeeds the OEEC and its convention enters into force.
Amnesty International
The leadership decide that the Amnesty appeal would form the basis of a permanent organisation, which on 30 September 1962 is officially named "Amnesty International"
Belgrade Non-Aligned Summit
Nehru participates in the first summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in Belgrade.
Coup
Deposed by the army
Death of Adnan Menderes
Death of Adnan Menderes, executed
Execution
Had taken dictatorial powers, was deposed by the army & hanged for treason
Treason
Had taken dictatorial powers, was deposed by the army & hanged for treason
Siege of Berlin
Increases the US garrison in Berlin by 1,500
October 196132 historical events
Prime Minister of Ireland
Appointed Prime Minister of Ireland, forms a minority Fianna Fail Government
Labour Party Conference
Addresses the Labour Party conference while serving as National Executive Committee chairman.
Aid to Vietnam
Kennedy authorizes fighter bomber trainers to the Bien Hoa Air Base
Aid to Vietnam
Kennedy sends General Taylor & advisers to discuss troop support for Diem
Mobilization
Kennedy sends General Taylor & advisers to discuss troop support for Diem
Intelligence Community Consultant
McCone began serving as a consultant so he could familiarize himself with CIA and the wider Intelligence Community before formally taking office.
Nationalization
The revolutionary government nationalizes most remaining large private businesses
Constitution of Russia
The Central Committee plenum adopts a new Party programme replacing that of 1919
Party of the Whole People Doctrine
The new party programme describes the CPSU as the party of the whole people rather than solely the proletariat.
Reform of Government
Defined as a party of the whole people rather than a dictatorship of the proletariat
Congress of Communist Party, 21st
By 1980 "distribution according to need" should be in place
Congress of Communist Party, 22nd
Proposes a 20 year plan to usher in a communist society
Twenty-Second Party Congress Opens
Opens the Twenty-Second Party Congress and renews public criticism of Stalin-era repression.
Twenty-Year Communist Programme
Presents a new party programme promising to build the material foundations of communism within twenty years.
First Crude Oil Export
Libya exports its first commercial shipment of crude oil.
Beatles, The
Brian Epstein learns of the existence of The Beatles
Tsar Bomba Test
The Soviet Union detonates the Tsar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear device ever tested.
Tsar Bomba Test
The Soviet Union detonates Tsar Bomba, the most powerful nuclear explosive ever tested.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, acting
Burial
Stalins body is removed from the Kremlin
New CPSU Programme Adopted
The Twenty-Second Party Congress adopts a new Communist Party programme replacing the 1919 programme.
Stalin Removed from Lenin Mausoleum
Stalin's body is removed from Lenin's Mausoleum following renewed condemnation at the Twenty-Second Party Congress.
Burial
Stalins body is removed from Lenins side in the Mausoleum on Red Square
Congress of Communist Party, 22nd
Congress votes to remove Stalins body from the mausoleum on Red Sqr
Election
The National Party wins 105 seats & the United Party wins 53 seats
Columbia Records
John Hammond signs Dylan to Columbia Records
Columbia Records
Signs Bob Dylan to Columbia Records.
Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front
The Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front was absorbed by the Cuban Revolutionary Council, and Arcacha moved the office to 544 Camp Street for several months
Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front
The Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front was absorbed by the Cuban Revolutionary Council, and Arcacha moved the office to 544 Camp Street for several months
Cuban Revolutionary Council (CRC)
The Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front was absorbed by the Cuban Revolutionary Council, and Arcacha moved the office to 544 Camp Street for several months
Farm Gate
B-26s & SC-47s are redesignated as "reconnaissance bombers"
Requests a defense pact with the United States
Requests a defense pact with the United States after attacks by the Vietcong
November 196128 historical events
Beatles, The
Local record store manager Brian Epstein is introduced to the Beatles, he signs a contract to manage them
Beatles, The
Local record store manager Brian Epstein is introduced to the Beatles, he signs a contract to manage them
Commonwealth
The Government introduces a Bill to reduce Commonwealth Immigration. Commonwealth Immigrants must have a job to come or have useful qualifications
Reform of Immigration Law
The Government introduces a Bill to reduce Commonwealth Immigration. Commonwealth Immigrants must have a job to come or have useful qualifications
Colonial Affairs
Healey moves to a new shadow secretary role as Labour reorganises its front bench.
Shadow Cabinet
Healey continues as a Labour shadow secretary of state before taking the defence portfolio.
Operation Mongoose Development Authorised
Kennedy authorises development of a new covert programme against Castro.
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador
President of Ecuador
Appointed President of Ecuador after the removal of Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra
Beatles, The
Brian Epstein sees the Beatles at the Cavern for the first time
Beatles, The
Local record store manager Brian Epstein is introduced to the Beatles, he signs a contract to manage them
Cavern Club
Brian Epstein sees the Beatles at the Cavern for the first time
Cavern Club
Sees the Beatles perform at the Cavern Club for the first time.
Stalingrad Renamed Volgograd
Stalingrad is renamed Volgograd as de-Stalinization reshapes Soviet public symbols.
Birth of Frank Bruno
Birth of Frank Bruno
Final Premiership Begins
Begins his final term as Prime Minister while also head of state
DCI Swearing-In
Chief Justice Earl Warren administered McCone's oath as Director of Central Intelligence in the White House Cabinet Room.
Director of Central Intelligence
McCone was sworn in as Director of Central Intelligence and became the fourth Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.
Cuban Missile Crisis
President Kennedy authorized Operation Mongoose, a covert programme directed against Fidel Castro's government.
Umkhonto We Sizwe
Founds Umkhonto we Sizwe, "The Spear of the Nation". Founds the High Command of the Umkhonto we Sizwe
Gold Pool Reserve Coordination
Dillon coordinates United States participation in pooled official gold sales intended to defend the Bretton Woods dollar-gold price in the London market.
London Gold Pool
The United States joins seven European central banks in the London Gold Pool to keep the market gold price close to the official 35-dollar parity.
CIA Operations Leadership Departure
Bissell leaves senior CIA operational leadership after criticism of the planning and execution of the Bay of Pigs invasion.
CIA Leadership Departure after Bay of Pigs
Dulles leaves the CIA after the Bay of Pigs failure and the administration's subsequent review of Agency leadership.
CIA Leadership Reorganised after Invasion
Kennedy changes senior CIA leadership after the Bay of Pigs inquiry and reassessment of covert operations.
Post-Invasion Cuba Program Assigned
Lansdale is given a leading role in the new covert Cuba programme developed after the Bay of Pigs failure.
CIA Deputy Director Departure
Cabell leaves his CIA deputy-director post following the Bay of Pigs failure and the administration's leadership changes.
Adviser Expansion
Increases the number of US advisers sent to South Vietnam
December 196138 historical events
Beatles Management
first meets the Beatles in a record store
Beatles, The
Brian Epstein invites The Beatles to his shop and offers to manage them
Beatles, The
Brian Epstein invites The Beatles to his shop and offers to manage them
Beatles, The
Brian Epstein invites The Beatles to his shop and offers to manage them
CIA Organization Working Group
McCone established a working group led by Inspector General Lyman Kirkpatrick to examine CIA organization and the case for a separate scientific directorate.
Trial
SS Colonel Adolf Eichmann is found guilty of war crimes in Israel
Trial
Sentenced to death after found guilty of all 12 charges brought against him
Mobilization
US helicopters arrive at docks in South Vietnam along with 400 US personnel
Crimes against Jewish People Conviction
Judges reject his attempt to minimize responsibility.
Guilty Verdict
Is convicted on major charges by the Jerusalem court.
Death Sentence
Is sentenced to death by the District Court.
Jerusalem Court Sentencing
His defence prepares an appeal to Israel's Supreme Court.
Trial
Adolf Eichmann, the former German Gestapo official accused of a major role in the Nazi murder of 6 million Jews, is sentenced by a Jerusalem court to be hanged
Shadow Foreign Secretary
Appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary after changes to Labour's front-bench team.
Bombing of Umkhonto
Bombs are exploded at power stations & Government offices by Umkhonto we Sizwe. A bombing campaign held on the Afikaner Dinganes day, anniversarry Blood River
Bombing of Umkhonto
Bombs are exploded at power stations & Government offices by Umkhonto we Sizwe
Umkhonto We Sizwe
Leaflets are circulated nationally announcing the birth of Umkhonto we Sizwe
Sabotage Campaign Begins
Mandela helps direct the organisation initial sabotage strategy.
Umkhonto we Sizwe Launch
Umkhonto we Sizwe publicly announces its existence.
Bombing of Umkhonto
Killed during the planting of bombs at power stations & Government offices by Umkhonto
Farm Gate
Farm Gate aircraft are authorized to fly combat missions
McCloy-Zorin Accords
The United Nations General Assembly adopts the McCloy-Zorin Accords
UN Endorsement of McCloy-Zorin Principles
The United Nations endorses agreed United States-Soviet principles for future general and complete disarmament negotiations.
United Nations
The United Nations General Assembly adopts the McCloy-Zorin Accords
McCloy-Zorin Accords
The United Nations General Assembly adopts the McCloy-Zorin Accords
Nuclear Power
The United Nations General Assembly adopts the McCloy-Zorin Accords
McCloy-Zorin Accords
The United Nations General Assembly adopts the McCloy-Zorin Accords
United Nations
The United Nations General Assembly adopts the McCloy-Zorin Accords
Kitona Declaration
Signs an agreement with Cyrille Adoula accepting in principle the unity of the Congo.
Soviet Exit Visa Approval
On December 25, 1961, Marina was informed that Soviet exit visas would be granted to her and Oswald.
Beatles, The
The Beatles are driven to London by their road manager, Neil Aspinall, and audition the next day for Decca Records, who reject them
Bombing of Umkhonto
Bombs are exploded at power stations & Government offices by Umkhonto we Sizwe
Comecon Socialist Division of Labour
Comecon adopts principles for closer coordination and specialization among member economies.
Comecon
A Comecon council session approved the Basic Principles of the International Socialist Division of Labour, which talked of closer coordination of plans and of "concentrating production of similar products in one or several socialist countries"
Economy of Russia
A Comecon council session approved the Basic Principles of the International Socialist Division of Labour, which talked of closer coordination of plans and of "concentrating production of similar products in one or several socialist countries"
International Socialism
A Comecon council session approved the Basic Principles of the International Socialist Division of Labour, which talked of closer coordination of plans and of "concentrating production of similar products in one or several socialist countries"
Senator John Tower Assistance Letter
Lee wrote Senator John Tower seeking help because Soviet authorities had not yet allowed him and Marina to leave.
Aid to Vietnam
300 US helicopter pilots in "Eagle Flight" units arrive in Vietnam
Birth of Nicholas Lyndhurst
Birth of Nicholas Lyndhurst
Taylor Mission
Leads a fact-finding mission to South Vietnam for President Kennedy
Taylor-Rostow Report
Co-authors recommendations for greater US support to South Vietnam
Taylor-Rostow Report
Co-authors recommendations for increased US support to South Vietnam
Vietnam Adviser Increase
Increases the number of US military advisers in South Vietnam
Independence of Angola
The FNLA mounts the first serious challenge to Portuguese rule in Angola, it receives support from Zaโนre, the USA and China
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
The FNLA mounts the first serious challenge to Portuguese rule in Angola, it receives support from Zaโนre, the USA and China
Independence of Angola
The FNLA mounts the first serious challenge to Portuguese rule in Angola, it receives support from Zaโนre, the USA and China
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
The FNLA mounts the first serious challenge to Portuguese rule in Angola, it receives support from Zaโนre, the USA and China
Riders in the Chariot
Publication of "Riders in the Chariot"
Prime Minister of Australia
Appointed Prime Minister of Australia, 7th term
Tales of the Hasidim
Publication of "Tales of the Hasidim"
Foreign Secretary of Belgium
Appointed Foreign Secretary, 4th term
Return to Brussels
Returns to the Universite Libre de Bruxelles as a lecturer, continuing his collaboration with Robert Brout.
Move to Belgium
Leaves Cornell and moves to Belgium to continue his collaboration with Francois Englert at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
ULB Professorship
Joins the Universite Libre de Bruxelles as a professor and makes Brussels the base of his subsequent scientific career.
Executive Council
Seretse Khama is appointed to the Executive Council
President of Brazil
Appointed President of Brazil
Maracanรฃ Solo Goal Against Fluminense
Pelรฉ carried the ball through defenders before scoring a celebrated individual goal against Fluminense at the Maracanรฃ.
Santos National Championship Success
Pelรฉ led the attack as Santos won the Taรงa Brasil, beginning an exceptional sequence of national championship triumphs.
his second book of poetry, The Spice-Box of Earth
Cohen publishes his second book of poetry, The Spice-Box of Earth
second book of poetry, The Spice-Box of Earth
Cohen publishes his second book of poetry, The Spice-Box of Earth
Alliance for Progress
Commits Chile to the Alliance for Progress framework adopted at Punta del Este.
China sends aid to Albania
China sends aid to Albania
Economy of China
Communes are reorganised into "production brigades" after poor harvests in 1959-61
Production Brigades
Communes are reorganised into "production brigades" after poor harvests in 1959-61
Economic Readjustment
Supports state efforts to restore production and administrative stability after the severe disruption of the Great Leap Forward.
Laos Conference Diplomacy
Supports negotiations seeking a neutral settlement of the conflict in Laos.
Constitution of Cuba
Appointed a member of the National Leadership of the Integrated Revolutionary PO Organisations
Integrated Revolutionary PO
Appointed a member of the National Leadership of the Integrated Revolutionary PO Organisations
Exile of Juan Bosch
Returns from exile
Assassination of Rafael Trujillo
Trujillo is assassinated
Death of Rafael Trujillo
Trujillo is assassinated
First-Stage Construction Progress
Nasser reviews excavation, diversion channels and foundation works during the first construction stage.
Palme dOr
Directs The Long Absence (Une aussi longue absence), which shares the Palme dOr ex aequo with Viridiana.
Last Year at Marienbad
Directs Last Year at Marienbad.
Lola
Directs Lola.
Coordination of Nubian Campaign
Maheu coordinates international excavation, documentation and monument-relocation projects.
Fouchet Plan, The
Christian Fouchet developed proposals for a political union of European states as France sought a more intergovernmental model of cooperation.
Fouchet Plan, The
Christian Fouchet drafted proposals for a European political union reflecting French preference for cooperation between sovereign states.
Fouchet Plan, The
The idea is to form a new 'Union of States', an interGovernmental alternative to the European Communities
Fouchet Plan, The
Written by Christian Fouchet, France's ambassador to Denmark
Death of Geo Lefevre
Death of Geo Lefevre
Tour de France
Winner of the Tour de France, 1st time
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The Agency signs a trilateral agreement with the Monaco and the Oceanographic Institute headed by Jacques Cousteau for research on the effects of radioactivity in the sea, leading to the creation of the IAEAs Marine Environment Laboratory
Marine Environment Laboratory
The Agency signs a trilateral agreement with the Monaco and the Oceanographic Institute headed by Jacques Cousteau for research on the effects of radioactivity in the sea, leading to the creation of the IAEAs Marine Environment Laboratory
Minister of Economic Co-operation
Appointedhe Minister for Economic Co-operation with developing countries
President of Germany
Appointed President of the World Council of Churches
Independence of Ghana
Becomes Ghanas 1st Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Ghana
Appointed Prime Minister of Ghana
Academy Award
Laurel is given a Lifetime Achievement Academy Award for his pioneering work in comedy
School for Scoundrels
Appears in School for Scoundrels
Mr Topaze - Acting Role
Sellers stars as the schoolteacher Topaze in the comedy-drama Mr Topaze.
Mr Topaze - Direction
Sellers directs Mr Topaze, his only officially credited feature film as director.
Drama
1st performance of, "The Devils"
Unconditional Surrender
Publication of "Unconditional Surrender"
Collected Essays Published
A collected edition of Orwell's essays helped preserve his literary criticism and political journalism.
The Wind From Nowhere
Publication of "The Wind From Nowhere"
The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie
Publication of "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie"
Vance Arnold and the Avengers
Begins performing under the stage name Vance Arnold with the Avengers in Sheffield.
Blues Incorporated
The group includes, at various times, such influential musicians as Charlie Watts, Jack Bruce, Ginger Baker, Long John Baldry, Graham Bond, Danny Thompson and Dick Heckstall-Smith. Korner and Davies form Blues Incorporated, initially a loose-knit group of musicians with a shared love of electric blues and R&B music
Cheltenham Art College
Jones applies for a scholarship to Cheltenham Art College where he is initially accepted into the programme, but two days later the offer is withdrawn after an unidentified acquaintance writes to the college, calling Jones an irresponsible drifter
The Detours
Forms The Detours in west London.
Formation of The Ravens
Forms an early group later connected with The Kinks.
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of USA
Publication of The Welfare State
Publishes The Welfare State as a Conservative policy study.
Consumer Protection Act
Consumer Protection Act 1961 creates powers to regulate dangerous goods and protect consumers
Criminal Justice Act
Criminal Justice Act 1961 changes criminal procedure, sentencing, and prison administration
Human Tissue Act
Human Tissue Act 1961 regulates the use of human bodies and tissue for medical purposes
Suicide Act
Suicide Act 1961 abolishes the crime of suicide while creating an offence of assisting suicide
Trustee Investments Act
Trustee Investments Act 1961 reforms investment powers available to trustees
Marriage
John Prescott marries Pauline
RAF Estimates
Rebels over Royal Air Force estimates, leading to withdrawal of the Labour whip.
Whip
Deprived of the whip for his criticism of the party leadership
Shadow Minister
Appointed Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1st term
Arrest of Bertrand Russell
Arrested for inciting a breach of the peace
Sunday Telegraph City Editorship
Becomes City Editor of the Sunday Telegraph, taking responsibility for coverage and commentary on business and financial affairs.
Committee of 100 Rally
Helps organise civil disobedience against nuclear weapons.
Crossbow Policy Writing
Edits and contributes to the Bow Group journal Crossbow, using it to develop and publish Conservative policy ideas.
Education
Attends Chorister School
Nuclear Disarmament
Continues arguing within Labour over nuclear strategy and unilateral disarmament.
Manifesto
Prepares the economic section of the Labour manifesto, "Signpost for the Sixties". Calls for raising the school leaving age to 16. Calls for capital gains tax, nationalization of building land & public schools. Calls for a national economic plan
Nationalization
Calls for capital gains tax, nationalization of building land & public schools
Election
Unsuccessfully contests the deputy leadership of the party, defeated by George Brown. Appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary after the leadership election
Shadow Minister
Appointed Shadow Foreign Secretary after the leadership election
Polaris
Gaitskell criticizes Conservative nuclear policy while Labour debates the future of the British deterrent
Polaris
Bevanite and Atlanticist arguments continue to shape Labour debate about nuclear weapons and alliance policy
Radio Source Counts
Hoyle and Jayant Narlikar examined radio-source counts as a test of steady-state cosmology.
Television Science Fiction Collaboration
Hoyle supplied the scientific story underlying the BBC television serial A for Andromeda.
Manager
Appointed player-manager at Leeds United
Discovery of Best
Best is discovered in Belfast by Manchester United scout Bob Bishop, whose telegram to United manager Matt Busby read: "I think Ive found you a genius"
Scoring Record
Scores 41 league goals in the 1960-61 season for Chelsea, remains a club record
Transfer
Bill Nicholson signs Jimmy Greaves for Tottenham Hotspur for ล99,999, the fee is intended to relieve Greaves of the pressure of being the first ล100,000 player.
Transfer
Briefly joins the Italian side A.C.
Transfer
Milan in 1961, after reportedly turning down a huge offer from Newcastle United and scored 9 goals in 12 games but failure to settle led to a quick departure.
Transfer
Plays at Spurs from 1961 to 1970, scoring a club record of 266 goals in 379 matches, including 220 goals in the First Division.
1st 100 Pounds Per Week
Becomes the first player to be paid pounds 100 a week, immediately following the abolition of the pounds 20 maximum wage
Minimum Wage
Becomes the first player to be paid pounds 100 a week, immediately following the abolition of the pounds 20 maximum wage
Leeds Second Tier Rebuilding
Charlton supplies experience in defence as Don Revie's Leeds United begin developing the team that will later challenge for major honours.
Tottenham Hotspur 1961 First Division Title - Maurice Norman
Maurice Norman represented Tottenham Hotspur during the season ending in 1961, when the club won the Football League First Division. As a defender, Maurice Norman combined marking and positional discipline with support for passing from the back.
Tottenham Hotspur 1961 First Division Title - Peter Baker
With Tottenham Hotspur crowned English First Division champions in 1961, Peter Baker was part of the title-winning side as defender in the squad. The title followed a campaign in which the side built its success through sustained results and teamwork, with Peter Baker contributing to that collective effort.
Manchester United Youth Registration
After attracting attention in Belfast, Best enters the Manchester United youth setup and begins adapting to life and football in England.
England Midfield Mainstay
Charlton strengthens his position in England's attacking midfield as the national side prepares for the next World Cup tournament.
Smith Shares Tottenham Attack with Greaves
Smith gave Tottenham a powerful centre-forward presence while Greaves supplied close-range finishing after joining Spurs.
Tottenham Hotspur 1961 First Division Title - Bobby Smith
Bobby Smith was part of the attacking unit that won the league as Tottenham Hotspur secured the 1960โ61 Football League First Division title. The forward provided runs into scoring positions and attacking pressure during the championship season.
Sunderland Debut Against Walsall
Clough makes his Sunderland league debut against Walsall in August 1961. He immediately offers the club a proven second-tier goalscorer.
Transfer from Middlesbrough to Sunderland
Brian Clough joins Sunderland from Middlesbrough in July 1961 for a fee of about forty-five thousand pounds. He leaves behind a record of 197 league goals in 213 appearances for Boro.
Torino Italian Transfer Record
Law moved to Torino for a six-figure fee and encountered the tactical demands and tensions of Italian club football.
Sheffield Wednesday England Forward
Kevan joined Sheffield Wednesday and offered an experienced penalty-area threat following his prolific years with West Bromwich Albion.
AC Milan Serie A Introduction
Greaves played briefly for AC Milan and scored regularly in Italy, but he found life abroad difficult and sought a return to England.
Forty One Goal Chelsea League Campaign
Greaves scored forty-one league goals for Chelsea in the 1960-61 season, setting a club record that endured for decades.
Tottenham Debut Hat Trick Against Blackpool
Greaves scored a hat-trick on his Tottenham debut against Blackpool, immediately rewarding Bill Nicholson's decision to sign him.
Tottenham Hotspur 1961 First Division Title - Les Allen
With Tottenham Hotspur crowned English First Division champions in 1961, Les Allen was part of the title-winning side as forward in the squad. The title followed a campaign in which the side built its success through sustained results and teamwork, with Les Allen contributing to that collective effort.
Charlton Prolific Division Two Season
Saunders maintains an exceptional goalscoring rate for Charlton Athletic while playing in the Second Division.
First League Cup Goalkeeping Contribution
Nigel Sims provided experience in goal during Aston Villa's successful inaugural League Cup campaign against Rotherham United.
Scottish Cup
Builds Dunfermline into a powerful force and guides them to their first Scottish Cup, via a 2-0 replay victory over Celtic
League and FA Cup Double
Guides Tottenham to the League and FA Cup Double, the first English twentieth-century side to achieve it.
Tottenham FA Cup Victory
Manages Tottenham to a 2-0 FA Cup final victory over Leicester City.
Transfer
Bill Nicholson signs Jimmy Greaves for Tottenham Hotspur for ล99,999, the fee is intended to relieve Greaves of the pressure of being the first ล100,000 player
Nicholson Secures Greaves Tottenham Move
Nicholson signed Greaves from AC Milan for ninety-nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine pounds to strengthen Tottenham's attack.
Tottenham Hotspur 1961 First Division Title - Bill Nicholson
With Tottenham Hotspur crowned English First Division champions in 1961, Bill Nicholson was part of the title-winning side as manager in the squad. The title followed a campaign in which the side built its success through sustained results and teamwork, with Bill Nicholson contributing to that collective effort.
Cox Begins Portsmouth Revival
Cox assumes responsibility for Portsmouth's team during a period of rebuilding in the lower divisions.
United Top Flight Promotion
Harris guided Sheffield United back into the First Division, beginning an important period of stability and competitive league football.
Ron Greenwood Takes Charge of West Ham
Ron Greenwood becomes West Ham United manager and introduces a passing-oriented approach that underpins the clubโs greatest 1960s achievements.
Blanchflower Spurs Captain Welcomes Greaves
Blanchflower organised Tottenham's attacking play with incisive passes as Greaves joined the side from AC Milan.
Player of the Year
Blanchflower secures his second writers award while captaining Tottenham Hotspur through their historic League and FA Cup double-winning campaign.
Tottenham Hotspur 1961 First Division Title - Dave Mackay
The 1961 English league championship was earned by Tottenham Hotspur with Dave Mackay among the midfielders associated with the team. Dave Mackay featured in the midfield of the league champions and participated in a side that finished above its top-flight rivals.
Tottenham Hotspur 1961 First Division Title - John White
John White featured in the midfield of the league champions as Tottenham Hotspur secured the 1960โ61 Football League First Division title. The midfielder linked defence and attack and contributed to the sideโs control of important fixtures.
Tottenham Hotspur 1961 First Division Title - Cliff Jones
Cliff Jones represented Tottenham Hotspur during the season ending in 1961, when the club won the Football League First Division. As a winger, Cliff Jones advanced play along the flanks and supplied deliveries that helped the title-winning attack.
1961 FA Cup Final Second Goal
Scores Tottenham's second goal against Leicester City to complete the Double.
Tottenham Hotspur 1961 First Division Title - Terry Dyson
The 1961 English league championship was earned by Tottenham Hotspur with Terry Dyson among the wingers associated with the team. Terry Dyson operated in wide positions during the successful campaign and participated in a side that finished above its top-flight rivals.
Amnesty International
Benenson has a book published, "Persecution" , which details the cases of several prisoners of conscience investigated and compiled by Benenson and Baker
Amnesty International
Amnesty International is born from Peter Benensons long history of communist party support that had begun at Eton during the Spanish Civil War, where he organized aid for Basque Orphanages and became radicalised in favour of the Republicans
Amnesty International
Amnesty International is founded by Peter Benenson, an English lawyer who had converted to Roman Catholicism in 1958. Founds Amnesty International for political prisoners.
Amnesty International
Benenson and his friend Alec Digges, an Irish communist, members of the International Brigade Association at the same address (2 Parton Street WC1, London) take control of the Amnesty shell.
Amnesty International
Benenson has a book published, "Persecution" , which details the cases of several prisoners of conscience investigated and compiled by Benenson and Baker.
Persecution
Benenson has a book published, "Persecution" , which details the cases of several prisoners of conscience investigated and compiled by Benenson and Baker
Amnesty International
Appointed Chairman of Amnesty International
IOC Session Opening
Crown Prince Constantine formally opens the International Olympic Committee session held in Athens.
International Olympic Academy Honorary Presidency
Constantine serves as Honorary President of the International Olympic Academy from the institution's early years.
World Sailing Committee Service
Constantine begins serving on international sailing committees, including class-policy and catamaran technical bodies.
Prime Minister of Hungary
Appointed Prime Minister of Hungary, 2nd term
Hidegkuti Brings European Cup Winners Cup to Florence
Nรกndor Hidegkuti coaches Fiorentina to the inaugural European Cup Winners' Cup, defeating Rangers over two legs in the final.
Goa, Daman and Diu Operation
Nehru's government authorises military action that ends Portuguese rule in Goa, Daman and Diu.
Integration of Daman
Daman passes from Portuguese to Indian control during the December 1961 military operation.
Integration of Diu
Diu passes from Portuguese to Indian control during the December 1961 military operation.
Integration of Goa
Goa passes from Portuguese to Indian control during the December 1961 military operation.
Cholera Pathogenesis
Sambhu Nath De publishes a major monograph explaining the pathology and pathogenesis of cholera using evidence from his experimental research.
Drama
1st performance of, "Happy Days"
Lavoro
Completes the Palazzo del Lavoro
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of France
Electron-Positron Storage Ring AdA
Leads development of AdA, the first storage ring designed to collide electrons with positrons.
Lazio Attacking Transition in Early Sixties
Gino Morrone offers Lazio an experienced attacking option during the club's challenging early-1960s campaigns, providing movement around the penalty area.
Sรญvori Wins Ballon dโOr with Juventus
Omar Sรญvori earns the 1961 Ballon dโOr while representing Juventus, his dazzling dribbling and inventive finishing making the Argentine-born Italy international one of Serie Aโs outstanding attackers.
Montuori Adds Creativity to European Champions
Miguel Montuori's technical quality contributes to the Fiorentina side that makes history in the new European Cup Winners' Cup competition.
The Bodyguard
Kurosawas The Bodyguard
A Soldiers Prayer
Masaki Kobayashi made two of the three films which would collectively become known as the Human Condition Trilogy: No Greater Love (1958), and The Road To Eternity (1959). The trilogy was completed in 1961, with A Soldiers Prayer
Minister of International Trade & Industry
Appointed Minister of International Trade & Industry
Prime Minister of Kampuchea
Appointed Prime Minister of Kampuchea, 5th term
Prime Minister of Kampuchea
Appointed Prime Minister of Kampuchea, Eighth term, 1961-1962
Anti-Communist Security
Directs security policy against clandestine communist networks
Chairman of KANU
Appointed Chairman of KANU
Hmong Program
Works with Vang Pao to organize Hmong guerrilla forces
Hmong Irregular Forces
Begins building CIA-supported Hmong forces against Pathet Lao and North Vietnamese forces
Hmong Irregulars
Builds CIA-backed Hmong irregular forces in northern Laos
Sebha
Expelled from Sebha for his political activism
President of Mauritania
Appointed President of Mauritania
Palme dOr
Directs, Viridiana
Feyenoord Dutch Championship Attacker
Cor van der Gijp contributes goals to Feyenoord's league-winning 1960โ61 campaign, helping the Rotterdam side secure a Dutch championship after a long wait.
Inaugural League Cup Deciding Goal
Peter McParland struck in extra time against Rotherham United to seal Aston Villa's aggregate victory in the first Football League Cup final.
Tottenham Hotspur 1961 First Division Title - Danny Blanchflower
Danny Blanchflower represented Tottenham Hotspur during the season ending in 1961, when the club won the Football League First Division. As a midfielder, Danny Blanchflower linked defence and attack and contributed to the sideโs control of important fixtures.
Scientific Adviser
Begins serving as Chief Scientific Adviser to the President of Pakistan while remaining active in theoretical physics.
Benfica First European Cup Captain
Captains Benfica to a 3-2 European Cup final victory over Barcelona, contributing leadership and a goal as the Lisbon club claims its first continental championship.
First Presidential Election
Wins the country's first presidential election after independence and consolidates executive authority.
President of Romania
Appointed President of Romania
Flint Poetry Collection
Shalamov's first poetry collection, Flint, appeared in print while his camp stories remained unpublished officially.
Hero of Socialist Labour
Receives the title Hero of Socialist Labour while serving as Soviet head of state.
Berlin Wall
Overall operations for the construction of the Berlin Wall are directed by Marshal Ivan Konev, commander in chief of the GSFG
Crisis
Overall operations for the construction of the Berlin Wall are directed by Marshal Ivan Konev, commander in chief of the GSFG
Propaganda
Appointed Deputy Head of the Propoganda Dept of the Central Committee
Deputy Prime Minister
Appointed Deputy Prime Minister
Berlin Refugee Crisis
The continuing flight from East Germany through Berlin intensifies pressure for a Soviet-backed border closure.
Crisis
Overall operations for the construction of the Berlin Wall are directed by Marshal Ivan Konev, commander in chief of the GSFG. East German President Walter Ulbricht persuaded the Soviets that an immediate solution was necessary & that the only way to stop the exodus was to use force
Crisis
Refugees from east Berlin to west Berlin creates a shortage of labour & skills
Declaration of War
Announces he intends to support "wars of national liberation"
Diplomatic Expulsion
Albania is expelled from the Comecon
Support for National Liberation Movements
Declares Soviet political support for anti-colonial and national liberation movements while advocating avoidance of direct superpower war.
Warsaw Pact Organisation
Albania leaves the Warsaw Pact Organisation
Central Committee
Appointed Member of Central Committee of the Communist Party
Joins Communist Party
Joins the Communist Party of the Soviet Union while working in the Sverdlovsk construction sector.
Control Commission
Heads the newly formed Party-state control commission
1st Man in Space
1st manned space flight
Belousov-Zhabotinsky Reaction
Systematically investigates and reproduces the oscillating reaction discovered by Belousov.
Reaction-Diffusion Patterns
The achievement marks reaction-diffusion patterns as an important Russian scientific milestone.
Commander in Chief
Appointed Commander in Chief of the USSR civil defence forces
Constitution of South Africa
Becomes the 1st South African Head of State which previously was the British monarch
President of South Africa
Appointed President of South Africa
Umkhonto We Sizwe
Founds Umkhonto, "The Spear of the Nation", member of the High Command
ANC
The ANC is banned from South Africa
Umkhonto We Sizwe
Founds Umkhonto, "The Spear of the Nation", member of the High Command
Conference of ANC
Supports the idea of a national convention
National Convention
Supports the idea of a national convention
Black Pimpernel Period Begins
Uses disguises and secret travel to avoid arrest.
Goes Underground
Begins operating clandestinely after the ANC ban.
ANC
Appointed Member of Umkhonto, military wing of the ANC
Umkhonto We Sizwe
Appointed Member of Umkhonto, military wing of the ANC
ANC
Appointed Member of Umkhonto, military wing of the ANC
Umkhonto We Sizwe
Appointed Member of Umkhonto, military wing of the ANC
Communist Party
The Communist Party secretly reconstitutes itself as an underground organisation
Election
Only 1 of the 12 party members of the House of Assembly retain their seat
Constitution of South Korea
Destroys all poloitical opposition in North Korea
Coup
Member of military Junta which seizes power
Sagrada Familia Museum Opens
Oversees the opening of a museum explaining the temple's historical, technical and artistic development.
Barcelona Departure
Leaves Barcelona for Inter after becoming one of the leading midfielders in European football.
Sixth Committee Delegation Service
Joins Sweden's delegation to the United Nations General Assembly and works on legal questions considered by the Sixth Committee.
Hamrin Leads Viola to European Cup Winners Cup
Kurt Hamrin provides a potent attacking threat as Fiorentina defeat Rangers across two legs to win the first Cup Winners' Cup.
Director General IAEA
Appointed Director General of the IAEA
First IAEA Safeguards System Adopted
Leads the Agency as its first safeguards system is adopted for application to smaller research and power reactors.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Appointed Director General of the IAEA
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The Agency signs a trilateral agreement with the Monaco and the Oceanographic Institute headed by Jacques Cousteau for research on the effects of radioactivity in the sea, leading to the creation of the IAEAs Marine Environment Laboratory
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The IAEA opens its Laboratory in Seibersdorf, Austria, creating a channel for cooperative global nuclear research
Drama
1st performance of, "Andorra"
Coup
The pro-Nasser leaders are overthrown & Syria leaves the UAR
President of Syria
Appointed President of Syria
UAR
The pro-Nasser leaders are overthrown & Syria leaves the UAR
Coup
The pro-Nasser leaders are overthrown & Syria leaves the UAR
Government
Forms a left of centre democratic coalition
Lieutenant
The first two Ugandans to become commissioned officers with the rank of Lieutenant
Academy Award
Winner of the best male actor for "Elmer Gantry"
El Cid
Stars in, "El Cid"
Breakfast at Tiffanys
Stars in, "Breakfast at Tiffanys"
The Hustler
Stars in "The Hustler"
Duplex
Starts a new career as a stand-up comedian, debuting in a Greenwich Village club called the Duplex
Franny and Zooey
Publication of "Franny and Zooey"
Catch 22
Publication of "Catch 22"
Beach Boys
The original group comprises singer-musician-composer Brian Wilson, his brothers Carl and Dennis, their cousin Mike Love & friend Alan Jardine
Beach Boys
Helps form the Beach Boys
Beach Boys
The original group comprises singer-musician-composer Brian Wilson, his brothers Carl and Dennis, their cousin Mike Love & friend Alan Jardine
Carolyn Hester
Bob Dylan plays harmonica on folk singer Carolyn Hesters eponymous third album, which brings his talents to the attention of the albums producer John Hammond
Hello Mary Lou
Ricky Nelson has a hit with Pitneys "Hello Mary Lou". 1st success as a songwriter with "Rubber Ball," a Top 10 hit for Bobby Vee
Rubber Ball
Ricky Nelson has a hit with Pitneys "Hello Mary Lou". 1st success as a songwriter with "Rubber Ball," a Top 10 hit for Bobby Vee
Arrest of John Allen Hendrix
Arrested for stealing a car & given a choice between spending two years in prison or joining the army, Hendrix chooses the latter and enlists
Carolyn Hester
Bob Dylan plays harmonica on folk singer Carolyn Hesters eponymous third album, which brings his talents to the attention of the albums producer John Hammond
Gerdes Folk City
Plays at Gerdes Folk City
Begins Work at Pal Recording Studio
Works at Paul Buff's Pal Recording Studio while composing and recording material for film and independent music projects.
Gerde's Folk City
Performs at Gerde's Folk City during his early New York breakthrough.
Woody Guthrie Visit
Visits Woody Guthrie while seeking connection with his folk hero.
Carolyn Hester
Hears Dylan's harmonica work on Carolyn Hester's album.
Carolyn Hester
Plays harmonica on Carolyn Hester's third album.
Government
Appointed Secretary of State for Health, Education & Welfare
Government
Appointed Secretary of State
Government
Appointed Secretary of State for Commerce
Attorney General
Appointed Attorney General
Government
Appointed Secretary of State for the Interior
Ambassador of Yugoslavia
Appointed Ambassador of Yugoslavia
Financial Secretary of Treasury
Appointed Secretary of the Treasury
Aid to Laos
Commits $20 billion to the "sister republics" in aid to Latin America over 10 yrs
Aid to Latin America
Commits $20 billion to the "sister republics" in aid to Latin America over 10 yrs
Atlantic Free Trade Zone
Passes the Trade Expansion Act to try & establish an Atlantic Free Trade Zone
Commits $20 billion to the sister republics in aid to Latin America
Commits $20 billion to the "sister republics" in aid to Latin America over 10 yrs
Economy of USA
Passes the Trade Expansion Act to try & establish an Atlantic Free Trade Zone
Free Trade
Passes the Trade Expansion Act to try & establish an Atlantic Free Trade Zone
Invasion of Cuba
Allen Dulles later stated, CIA planners believed that once the troops were on the ground, Kennedy would authorize any action required to prevent failure as Eisenhower had done in Guatemala in 1954 after that invasion looked as if it would collapse.
London Gold Pool
The United States joins European central banks in pooling gold to defend the official price.
Minuteman
Announces doubled Minuteman production
Moon Landing
"The goal, before the decade is out, of landing a man on the moon"
Polaris
Announces the Polaris building program will be doubled for the year
Trade Expansion Act
Passes the Trade Expansion Act to try & establish an Atlantic Free Trade Zone
Secretary of Labor
Appointed Secretary of Labor
Secretary of State for Agriculture
Appointed Secretary of Agriculture
Secretary of State for Commerce
Appointed Secretary of State for Commerce
Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Secretary of State for Defence, 1st term
Polaris
Kennedy announces that the Polaris submarine missile building program will be doubled for the year
Polaris
McNamara supports expansion of Polaris as part of a flexible and survivable strategic nuclear force
NATO Nuclear Policy
Rusk supports consultation with NATO allies over nuclear strategy and alliance cohesion
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Cuba
Breaks off diplomatic relations with Cuba
Government
Breaks off diplomatic relations with Cuba
Anti-Castro Activities
The HSCA developed information that Ferrie, Guy Banister and Sergio Arcacha Smith were working together in New Orleans on anti-Castro activities during 1961.
Interpen
The first Interpen training camp is established by Gerald Patrick Hemming with Dick Watley and Ed Colby running the camp
Interpen
The first Interpen training camp is established by Gerald Patrick Hemming with Dick Watley and Ed Colby running the camp
Dismissal
Dismissed for circulating racist literature to his troops
John Birch Society
Accused of indoctrinating his troops with right-wing literature from the John Birch Society
Anti-Castro Military Contacts
Sturgis maintained contacts with armed anti-Castro activists during the period surrounding the Bay of Pigs invasion and subsequent exile operations.
Cuban Exile Operations
Sturgis became a recurring figure in federal records concerning independent and exile-backed operations directed against Castro's Cuba.
Florida Training Contacts
Federal intelligence files documented Sturgis's continuing contact with Cuban exile figures involved in paramilitary training in Florida.
Independent Anti-Castro Venture Reporting
Federal agencies tracked independent anti-Castro ventures in Florida in which Sturgis appeared as a recurring contact, participant, or subject of reporting.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
The Interpen group of experienced soldiers are involved in training members of the anti-Castro groups funded by the CIA in Florida in the early 1960s
Interpen
The first Interpen training camp is established by Gerald Patrick Hemming with Dick Watley and Ed Colby running the camp
Interpen
Hemming was a leader of Interpen, or Intercontinental Penetration Force, a group of anti-Castro guerrillas who trained at No Name Key in the early 1960. Hemming joined an American effort to overthrow the Batista regime through the efforts of Fidel Castro.
Interpen
The Interpen group of experienced soldiers are involved in training members of the anti-Castro groups funded by the CIA in Florida in the early 1960s.
Interpen
When Castro proved to be a Communist, and subjected some Americans to firing squads, most Americans "switched sides" and this included Gerry Patrick Hemming, who, in 1961, established Interpen as a means to attack and weaken the Castro regime
544 Camp Street CRC Office
The Cuban Revolutionary Council delegation headed by Arcacha Smith operated for a period from offices associated with 544 Camp Street.
Cuban Revolutionary Council Delegate
Arcacha Smith served as the Cuban Revolutionary Council's New Orleans delegate while exile organizations prepared political and military opposition to Castro.
Coup
Assures Kennedy that invasion of Cuba will result in the overthrow of Castro
Post-Bay of Pigs Reassignment
After the Bay of Pigs failure, Hunt was reassigned within CIA as the Agency reviewed the operation and reorganized responsibilities.
FBI
The FBI begins wiretapping King fearing that Communists are trying to infiltrate the Civil Rights Movement, when no such evidence emerges, the bureau uses incidental details caught on tape over six years in attempts to force King out of the SLCLC
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
The FBI begins wiretapping King fearing that Communists are trying to infiltrate the Civil Rights Movement, when no such evidence emerges, the bureau uses incidental details caught on tape over six years in attempts to force King out of the SLCLC
Birth of Barack Hussein Obama
Born at the Kapiolani Medical Center for Women & Children in Honolulu, Hawaii, to Barack Hussein Obama, Sr., a Luo from Nyangoma Kogelo, Nyanza Province, Kenya, & Ann Dunham, a white American from Wichita, Kansas of English and Irish descent
Postmaster General
Appointed Postmaster General
Assistant Secretary of State for Defence
Appointed Assistant Secretary of State for Defence
The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy
Publishes, "The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy"
Discovery of Moon
"The goal, before the decade is out, of landing a man on the moon"
Venus Radar
Uses planetary radar to measure Venus more accurately.
Apollo Planning
Helps organise NASA management for the lunar landing goal.
Cosmic Microwave Background
Dicke revives interest in detecting relic radiation from a hot early universe
Discovery of Lawrencium
Helps identify lawrencium, element 103, extending the actinide series to the end of the seventh period's inner transition sequence.
Nobel Prize
Receives the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for research on carbon dioxide assimilation in plants and for elucidating the chemical pathway of photosynthesis.
Chief of Staff
Appointed US Air Force Chief of Staff
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of South Vietnam
General
Appointed special military adviser to President Kennedy
Adviser
Appointed military adviser to President Kennedy & later to President Johnson
General Counsel to the Pentagon
Appointed General Counsel to the Pentagon
Secretary of Airforce
Appointed Secretary of the Airforce
Atomic Energy Commission
Appointed 5th Chairman of the AEC
Nuclear Power
B-52 & B-47 nuclear bombers placed on crisis footing & half are on a 15 minute alert. Announces doubled Minuteman production
Polaris Patrols
Kennedy administration policy treats Polaris submarines as a central part of the American strategic deterrent
Chief of Staff
Appointed US Air Force Chief of Staff
Ambassador
Appointed Ambassador of South Vietnam
Mobilization
Kennedy accepts Balls reccomendation to increase the Saigon Army by 20,000
Task Force
Runs Kennedys task force for economic, political & military programs in Vietnam
Mobilization
US backing includes new equipment and more than 3,000 military advisers
Visit to Saigon
Visits President Diem in Saigon & offers him America's support
General
Appointed special military adviser to President Kennedy
Adviser
Appointed military adviser to President Kennedy & later to President Johnson
Doctrine of Domino Theory
If Vietnam falls it will be impossible to hold South East Asia
Military Aid
Reccomends a "hard hitting operation" to support President Diem
Mobilization
Reccomends sending 8,000 troops to Vietnam
General Counsel to the Pentagon
Appointed General Counsel to the Pentagon
Secretary of Airforce
Appointed Secretary of the Airforce
Invasion of Vietnam
The Vietcong attack army posts in Phuoc Tahn & Darlac Provinces
Requests a defense pact with the United States
Requests a defense pact with the United States after attacks by the Vietcong. Rejects US offers to increase troops & military advisers
Support for Insurgency
Supports military planning for communist struggle in South Vietnam
Nobel Prize
Winner of the Nobel Prize of Literature
Coup
Overthrows the Government of Lumumba with the support of the USA & Belgium
ZANU
Helps found the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union
Manuscript Submitted to Novy Mir
Solzhenitsyn's camp story was submitted to Novy Mir for possible publication.
Adenauer Era Commentary
Bรถll's journalism criticized complacency and social conformity in West German public life.
Between Past and Future
Arendt published Between Past and Future, a collection of essays in political thought.
Witnesses Eichmann Trial
Arendt attended the trial of Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem as a reporter.
Qasim Claims Kuwait For Iraq
Abd al Karim Qasim disputes Kuwait's independence and asserts that the territory belongs to Iraq.
Kuwait Ends British Protectorate Relationship
Abdullah Al Salim Al Sabah signs the June agreement ending the 1899 arrangement with Britain.
Kuwait Declares Full Independence
Kuwait becomes independent on 19 June 1961 under Abdullah Al Salim Al Sabah.
Iraq Challenges Kuwaiti Independence
Iraq's prime minister Abd al Karim Qasim asserts claims over Kuwait shortly after independence.
British Troops Deploy To Kuwait
British forces arrive at Kuwait's request to deter an Iraqi threat to its sovereignty.
Arab League Debates Kuwaiti Sovereignty
Kuwait's independence becomes a major regional issue as Arab states respond to Iraq's claim.
Kuwait Joins Arab League
Kuwait secures Arab League membership in July 1961, strengthening regional acknowledgment of independence.
Qasim Claims Kuwait For Iraq
Abd al Karim Qasim disputes Kuwait's independence and asserts that the territory belongs to Iraq.