Bombing of Pam Am Flight 103
Thatcher distances herself from US vows to punish whoever bombed Pam Am Flight 103, saying in a TV interview that revenge "can affect innocent people"
Historical events in 1989
845 historical records
January 198940 historical events
Thatcher distances herself from US vows to punish whoever bombed Pam Am
Thatcher distances herself from US vows to punish whoever bombed Pam Am Flight 103, saying in a TV interview that revenge "can affect innocent people"
Second Gulf of Sidra Air Clash
United States aircraft shoot down two Libyan MiG-23 fighters over the Mediterranean.
US Navy F-14s shoot down 2 Libyan jet fighters over Mediterranean
The US Navy F-14s shoot down 2 Libyan jet fighters over Mediterranean
Claims nationalism has triumphed over collaboration with Russia
Claims nationalism has triumphed over collaboration with Russia
Independence of Poland
Claims nationalism has triumphed over collaboration with Russia
Diplomatic Mission
The United States presented photographic evidence to the United Nations Security Council to justify its shootdown of two Libyan jet fighters as self-defense, evidence the Libyan ambassador said was faked
UN Security Council
The United States presented photographic evidence to the United Nations Security Council to justify its shootdown of two Libyan jet fighters as self-defense, evidence the Libyan ambassador said was faked
Heisei
Heisei, which means Peace and Prosperity, is adopted as the new reign name
Succession
Succeeds as Emperor of Japan, 125th Emperor of Japan, son of Emperor Hirohito. Heisei, which means Peace and Prosperity, is adopted as the new reign name
Death of Hirohito
Death of Emperor Hirohito
Chemical Weapons
Russia promises to eliminate stockpiles of chemical weapons
Russia promises to eliminate stockpiles of chemical weapons
Russia promises to eliminate stockpiles of chemical weapons
Provisional President
Appointed Provisional President of Panama
Invasion of Angola
Cuba begins withdrawing its troops from Angola, more than 13 years after its first contingents arrived
Invasion of Angola
Cuba begins withdrawing its troops from Angola, more than 13 years after its first contingents arrived
New York
Releases New York, a direct song cycle about politics, poverty, crime and urban life.
Resignation of Ronald Wilson Reagan
President Reagan bids the nation farewell in an address from the Oval Office
Election
President of elect Bush completes the selection of his Cabinet, naming retired Adm. James D. Watkins secretary of energy and former education secretary William J. Bennett drug Czar
President of USA
President of elect Bush completes the selection of his Cabinet, naming retired Adm. James D. Watkins secretary of energy and former education secretary William J. Bennett drug Czar
The Satanic Verses
Muslims in Bradford burn a copy of, "The Satanic Verses"
The Satanic Verses
Muslims in Bradford burn a copy of, "The Satanic Verses"
Pardon
Pres Reagan pardons George Steinbrenner for illegal funds for Nixon
Resignation of Ronald Wilson Reagan
President Reagan delivers his 331st and last weekly radio address, telling listeners, "Believe me, Saturdays will never seem the same. Ill miss you"
National Security Council
From 1989 through March 1991 serves in President Bushs administration as Director then Senior Director, of Soviet and East European Affairs in the National Security Council, and a Special Assistant to the President
Health Crisis
Temporarily steps back from presidential duties during recovery.
Stroke
Suffers a stroke that weakens his political position.
Intifada, 1st
Israel's Minister of Defence Rabin proposes that Palestinians end the Intifada in exchange for an opportunity to elect local leaders who would negotiate with the Israeli Government
Intifada
Israels Minister of Defence Rabin proposes that Palestinians end the Intifadah in exchange for an opportunity to elect local leaders who would negotiate with the Israeli Government
Peace Proposal
Proposes elections in the occupied territories as a way to create Palestinian representatives for talks.
Inauguration
Inaugurated President of the USA
Schools Closed Indefinitely
Israeli authorities again order Palestinian schools in the West Bank and Gaza closed as the uprising enters its second year.
Death of Salvador Dali
Death of Salvador Dali
1st African-American Governor
Douglas Wilder, the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia, launches his successful campaign to become the first elected black Governor of a US state
Election
West German Chancellor Helmut Kohls Christian Democratic Union suffers a major setback in West Berlin municipal elections
Release from Administrative Detention
Husseini is released after six months of administrative detention and resumes public advocacy for Palestinian political rights and negotiations.
Election
Jury selection begins in the trial of former National Security Council aide Oliver North, charged in connection with the Iran-Contra affair
Trial
Jury selection begins in the trial of former National Security Council aide Oliver North, charged in connection with the Iran-Contra affair
Dismissal
Relegated after just one season back among the elite, Ball is sacked in for failing to mount a serious promotion challenge after having a serious personality clash with Portmsouths then chairman Jim Gregory
Solidarity
Solidarity is legalized
February 198947 historical events
Diplomatic Mission
In his first diplomatic mission of the Bush administration, Vice President Dan Quayle begins a trip to Venezuela and El Salvador
Meeting with The Japanese Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita
President Bush meets the Japanese Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita, after which both leaders sounded upbeat about U.Sese relations
ANC
Announces the lifting of the ban on the ANC during the opening of Parliament
Arrest of Nelson Mandela
Announces the intention to release Nelson Mandela during the opening of Parliament
Communist Party
Announces the lifting of the ban on the Communist Party
ANC
President de Klerk announces his intention to lift the ANC ban
Botha Succession
Positions himself to succeed Botha as head of government.
National Party Leadership
Is chosen National Party leader after P W Botha resigns.
De Klerk Succession
F W de Klerk subsequently succeeds him as party leader.
National Party Leadership Resignation
Resigns as National Party leader after his stroke.
Meeting with The Japanese Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita
President Bush meets the Japanese Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita, after which both leaders sounded upbeat about U.Sese relations
Coup
Leads the military coup that removes Alfredo Stroessner from power.
Exile of Alfredo Stroessner
Is deposed and forced into exile in Brazil after the military coup.
President of Paraguay
Becomes president after the overthrow of Alfredo Stroessner.
Coup
Is overthrown in a military coup led by General Andres Rodriguez.
Visit to By a Soviet Foreign Minister in three
Soviet Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze wraps up four days of high-level talks in China, the first visit by a Soviet Foreign Minister in three decades
Invasion of Afghanistan
Russia announces that all but a small rear-guard contingent of its troops had left Afghanistan
Devaluation
In Argentina devaluation causes a wild panic in the financial district of Buenos Aires
Economy of Argentina
In Argentina devaluation causes a wild panic in the financial district of Buenos Aires
Economy of USA
President Bush, in his first major speech to Congress, proposes a $1.16 trillion "common sense" budget for fiscal 1990
Drops his anti-imperialist rhetoric and espouses capitalism, private investment and
Drops his anti-imperialist rhetoric and espouses capitalism, private investment and good relations with the US & begins an economic overhaul program
Economy of Jamaica
Drops his anti-imperialist rhetoric and espouses capitalism, private investment and good relations with the US & begins an economic overhaul program
Election
Michael Manley defeats Seaga in the national elections. Drops his anti-imperialist rhetoric and espouses capitalism, private investment and good relations with the US & begins an economic overhaul program
Democratic National Committee
Ron Brown is elected Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, becoming the first black to head a major US political party
Arrest of Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela is released from prison
Arrest of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
Released from the Victor Verster prison after 27 years
Arrest of Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
Mandela is released from prison
Death of Thomas Bernhard
Death of Thomas Bernhard, Austrian novelist and playwright
Trial
The special prosecutor in the Iran-Contra case and the Justice Department reaches an agreement on protecting classified materials aimed at allowing the trial of Oliver North to proceed
Fatwah
Ayatollah Khomeni pronounces a death sentence for blasphemy in "The Satanic Verses"
The Satanic Verses
Publication of "The Satanic Verses"
Soviet Withdrawal
The last Soviet troops leave Afghanistan while Najibullah's government remains in power.
Invasion of Afghanistan
The last Russian troops withdraw from Afghanistan
Invasion of Afghanistan
The last Russian troops withdraw from Afghanistan. Russian withdrawal signifies a Mujahadin victory. 14,454 Russians had died in the conflict
Assassination of Robert Ouko
Assassination of Robert Ouko
Death of Robert Ouko
Death of Robert Ouko, assassinated
Avi Sasportas Abduction
Hamas militants abduct Israeli soldier Avi Sasportas, prompting an intensified Israeli security investigation into the movement's developing armed networks.
Death of Konrad Zacharias Lorenz
Death of Konrad Zacharias Lorenz, Lorenz has been called The father of ethology
Caracazo
Price increases and transport costs triggered widespread unrest, followed by a forceful government security response.
President of Austria
Appointed President of the National Council
Fatwah
The Ayatollah Khomeini calls for the death of Salman Rushdie
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Britain
Iran breaks off diplomatic relations with Britain
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Britain
The Ayatollah Khomeini calls for the death of Salman Rushdie. Iran breaks off diplomatic relations with Britain
Break in Diplomatic Relations with Britain
Iran breaks off relations with Britain
Fatwah
The Ayatollah Khomeini calls for the death of Salman Rushdie
Political Liberalisation
Legalises opposition activity and begins dismantling parts of the Stroessner system.
Demonstrations
Disorders in in Nagorno-Karabakh, ethnic conflicts
March 198918 historical events
Beer Prohibition Ends
Iceland ends its long-standing prohibition on beer, allowing legal domestic sale of stronger beer for the first time since 1915.
Governor-General Takes Office
Ignatius Kilage becomes Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
Deputy President
Appointed Deputy President of the African National Congress
Martial Law
Li Peng's government declares martial law in Lhasa after several days of unrest.
Troop Deployment in Lhasa
Security forces reinforce Lhasa as martial law restrictions take effect.
Reballion of Rebels in Tashkent
A demonstration of 10,000 in Tashkent wish to make Uzbek their state language
Reballion of Rebels in Tashkent
A demonstration of 10,000 in Tashkent wish to make Uzbek their state language
Broadcast
Makes a television broadcast confessing to adultery
Scandal
Makes a television broadcast confessing to adultery
Elections
Oversees National Assembly elections during gradual institutional reform
Moscow People's Deputy Election
Wins election as a USSR People's Deputy in Moscow with overwhelming support.
Moscow Electoral Landslide
Wins more than ninety percent of the vote in his Moscow district during elections to the Congress of People's Deputies.
Constitution of Russia
Yeltsins presence in the Supreme Soviets Chamber of Peoples Deputies provided a focus for the reformist minority, the legislature becomes a more pluralist body than Gorbachev intends. The March 1989 election of the Congress of Peoples Deputies marked the first time that voters of the Soviet Union ever chose the membership of a national legislative body
Constitution of Russia
The USSR Supreme Soviet is replaced by the USSR Congress of Peoples Deputies
Election
The March 1989 election of the Congress of Peoples Deputies marked the first time that voters of the Soviet Union ever chose the membership of a national legislative body. Fails to support Yeltsin against the conservatives, leads to Gorbachevs downfall. Elections for the Congress of Peoples Deputies, 80% of candidates are CPSU members. Communist Party members have to stand in elections for the 1st time ever
Perestroika
The March 1989 election of the Congress of Peoples Deputies marked the first time that voters of the Soviet Union ever chose the membership of a national legislative body
Election
Elected Member of Congress of Peoples Deputies
Election
Elected Member of Congress of Peoples Deputies
April 198932 historical events
Reform of Taxation
The Poll tax is introduced in Scotland
Elected President of State of Palestine
The PLO Central Council elects Arafat President of the proclaimed State of Palestine, adding a state title to his existing leadership roles.
Legislative Election
Tunisia held a legislative election in which the governing Constitutional Democratic Rally won every seat.
Presidential Election
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was elected president in the first presidential election after the 1987 transition.
Crisis
Leon Brittan reveals PMs Private Secretary & Press Officer leaked the Westland letter
Crisis
Leon Brittan reveals PMs Private Secretary & Press Officer leaked the Westland letter
Legislation
Solidarity & the Government sign an agreement legalizing Solidarity. Solidarity is legalized
Legislation
The Government legalizes Solidarity
Solidarity
Solidarity & the Government sign an agreement legalizing Solidarity. Solidarity is legalized
Solidarity
The Government legalizes Solidarity
Constitution of Poland
Jaruzelski creates a 2nd Senate Chamber to be freely elected
Legislation
Solidarity is legalized
Reform of Government
Jaruzelski creates a 2nd Senate Chamber to be freely elected
Solidarity
Solidarity must not strike for 2 yrs. Solidarity is legalized
Solidarity
The ban on Solidarity is lifted. Solidarity & the Government sign an agreement legalizing Solidarity. Solidarity must not strike for 2 yrs
Labour Scheme
Abolition of the National Dock Labour Scheme announced
Reballion of Rebels in Tiblisi
A Nationalist demonstration is suppressed by army intervention
Reballion of Rebels in Tiblisi
A Nationalist demonstration is suppressed by army intervention
Nahalin Raid
Israeli forces conduct a raid in Nahalin during unrest, and the deaths of Palestinian residents deepen tensions in the West Bank.
Hillsborough Disaster
Leads Liverpool through the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster.
Three-Stage Monetary Union Plan
The Delors Committee recommended a three-stage route to Economic and Monetary Union.
Demonstrations
Students demand the resignations of Deng Xiaoping & Li Peng. Students demand greater democratic freedom
Demonstrations
Students demand the resignations of Deng Xiaoping & Li Peng. Students demand greater democratic freedom
Demonstrations
A crowd of 10,000 gathers at Tiananmen Square
Demonstrations
A crowd of 10,000 gathers at Tiananmen Square
Tour de France
Brother-in-law accidentally discharges his shotgun, striking LeMond in the back just over two months before the 1987 Tour de France, LeMond misses the following two Tours while recovering
Federal Vice Chancellor
Appointed Federal Vice Chancellor
Headless Cross
Sings on Headless Cross, strengthening the late-1980s Black Sabbath line-up.
Demonstrations
100,000 defy Government troops by marching through the streets & shouting slogans
Demonstrations
100,000 defy Government troops by marching through the streets & shouting slogans
Death of Hu Yaobang
Death of Hu Yaobang. Death of Hua Yaobang
Central Committee
Appointed Member of Central Committee
May 198939 historical events
State Renamed
Heng Samrin continues as head of state after PRK becomes State of Cambodia
State Renamed
Hun Sen continues as Prime Minister after PRK becomes State of Cambodia
General Election - General Election
Wins election for the remainder of the presidential term after the coup.
General Election Election Outcome
General election outcome recorded for Andres Rodriguez: Wins election for the remainder of the presidential term after the coup.
General Election Government
Government context for this general election: Wins election for the remainder of the presidential term after the coup.
General Election
Wins election for the remainder of the presidential term after the coup.
Anniversary
Celebrates 10 yrs as Prime Minister
Magellan Radar Mapping
Magellan launches to map Venus with synthetic aperture radar.
Election
Labour win the Vale of Glamorgan by-election
Barcelona Cup Winners Cup Triumph
Guides Barcelona to a 2-0 win over Sampdoria in the European Cup Winners' Cup final, securing his first continental trophy with the Catalan club as manager.
Cup Winners Cup Final Goal
Scores as Barcelona defeat Sampdoria 2-0 to win the European Cup Winners' Cup.
Demonstrations
About 3,000 students begin a hunger strike
Election
Appointed President of Argentina, the 1st free elections in Argentina
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina, the 1st free elections in Argentina
Israeli Peace Initiative
Shamir's cabinet approves a plan proposing Palestinian elections in the occupied territories followed by negotiations over interim self-government.
Shamir Plan
Presents an initiative for Palestinian elections and limited autonomy while rejecting direct PLO negotiations.
Galileo Arrives at Kennedy Space Center
The Galileo spacecraft arrives at Kennedy Space Center for final testing, mating with its probe and launch preparations.
Demonstrations
Meets student leaders to negotiate but asks them to withdraw without preconditions
Arrest of Ahmed Yassin
Is arrested by Israeli authorities as Hamas expands during the First Intifada.
Demonstrations
Appears on Chinese TV & accuses students of being "counter-revolutionaries"
Arab League
Welcomes Egypt's restoration to full Arab League membership.
Demonstrations
Students begin a hunger strike
Demonstrations
The Government declares martial law
Martial Law
Calls on the army to defend the revolution
Tin Machine
Releases the first Tin Machine album, presenting himself as part of a hard rock band rather than a solo star.
Agni Technology Demonstrator
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam's missile programme conducts the first flight of the Agni technology demonstrator.
Death of Donald George Don Revie
Death of Donald George "Don"Revie
1989 League Championship Manager
Guides Arsenal to the league championship after the dramatic final-match victory at Liverpool.
Anfield Title-Decider Opening Goal
Heads Arsenal's opening goal at Anfield as the club chase the two-goal victory needed for the league title.
Anfield Championship Winning Goal
Scores in stoppage time at Anfield to give Arsenal the league championship on goals scored.
USSR Supreme Soviet Seat
Takes a seat in the USSR Supreme Soviet after a deputy yields a place to him.
Reballion of Rebels in Beijing
Signs a petition protesting against the curfew imposed on Beijing
Adviser
His second period as full-time Downing Street adviser, lasting just five months, from May to October 1989, proved so contentious that it hastened the resignation of the Chancellor, Nigel Lawson. Appointed Economic Adviser to Maragaret Thatcher
Economy of Great Britain
His second period as full-time Downing Street adviser, lasting just five months, from May to October 1989, proved so contentious that it hastened the resignation of the Chancellor, Nigel Lawson
Prime Minister of Great Britain
Appointed Economic Adviser to Maragaret Thatcher
Peace Diplomacy
Supports PLO diplomatic work as pressure builds for a negotiated process.
Constitution of Russia
The initial session of the Congress of Peoples Deputies. Gorbachev was elected without opposition to the chairmanship of the new Supreme Soviet; then the Congress of Peoples Deputies elected a large majority of old-style party apparatchiks to fill the membership of its new legislative body
Perestroika
The initial session of the Congress of Peoples Deputies
Entry into Supreme Soviet
Enters the USSR Supreme Soviet and uses the legislature as a platform for opposition politics.
June 198928 historical events
President Takes Office
Cristiani becomes President after ARENA wins the 1989 election
Death of Ruhollah Khomeini
Death of Ruhollah Khomeini
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, after the resgnation of Takeshita
Demonstrations
The Government imposes martial law. Pro-democracy demonstrations are crushed in Tiananmen Square
Flowers in the Dirt
Paul McCartney releases "Flowers in the Dirt"
Neptune Observation Campaign Begins
Voyager 2 begins sustained approach observations of Neptune from tens of millions of miles away.
German Cup Final Double
Scores twice as Dortmund overturns an early deficit to beat Werder Bremen 4-1 and end a long wait for a major trophy.
Dortmund DFB-Pokal Final Success
Guides Dortmund to the German Cup with a 4-1 win over Werder Bremen, delivering the clubโs first major silverware since 1966.
Madrid European Council
Represents Germany as leaders approve launching the first stage of economic and monetary union in July 1990.
Conference of Madrid
Britain agrees to enter the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) when the 3 convergence conditions are met
Economy of Great Britain
Britain agrees to enter the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) when the 3 convergence conditions are met
Madrid European Council
Papandreou backs the Madrid timetable beginning the first phase of monetary union in July 1990.
Madrid European Council
Represents Ireland as leaders approve launching the first stage of economic and monetary union.
Madrid European Council
Represents Italy as leaders approve launching the first stage of economic and monetary union in July 1990.
Marriage
Melanie Griffith and Don Johnson marry for 2nd time
Marriage
Melanie Griffith and Don Johnson marry for 2nd time
Madrid EMU Decision
Mitterrand supported starting the first stage of Economic and Monetary Union in July 1990.
First Stage of EMU Agreed
Supports the Madrid decision setting 1 July 1990 as the start of the first stage of economic and monetary union.
Madrid EMU Decision
Supports the timetable for beginning the first stage of economic and monetary union in July 1990.
Madrid EMU Decision
Supports the timetable beginning the first phase of economic and monetary union in July 1990.
Madrid EMU Decision
Supports the Madrid timetable for beginning the first stage of economic and monetary union.
Peace
UNITA, backed by South Africa, agrees a truce with the MPLA, backed by Cuba. The cease-fire is abandoned after 2 months
Conference of Madrid
At the Madrid European Council in June 1989, debate continues within the British Government over the conditions for eventual ERM membership; the United Kingdom does not join the mechanism until October 1990.
Conference of Madrid
At the Madrid European Council in June 1989, Howe supports eventual British entry into the ERM, but the United Kingdom does not join until October 1990.
Conference of Madrid
Lawson & Howe force Thatcher into joining the ERM
European Investment Bank Governorship
Juncker became Luxembourgโs governor at the European Investment Bank upon assuming the finance ministry, representing the country in the institutionโs governance.
Finance Ministry Appointment
After the general election, Juncker was appointed Luxembourgโs finance minister while retaining the labour portfolio, placing him at the centre of national economic and European monetary policy.
Speaker
Appointed Speaker of the Soviet of the Union
July 198939 historical events
Hong Kong Confidence Mission
Begins a visit to Hong Kong after the Tiananmen Square crackdown to assess confidence and discuss the territory's political future.
Immigration
During a visit to Hong Kong, Howe states that Hong Kong residents do not have an automatic general right of abode in the United Kingdom.
Hong Kong Consultations
Completes extensive consultations in Hong Kong with Executive and Legislative Council members, professionals, entrepreneurs, students and other residents.
Hong Kong Commons Statement
Reports to the House of Commons on his Hong Kong visit and says the events in Beijing have seriously damaged confidence in China's intentions toward the territory.
Meeting with Nelson Mandela
Meets imprisoned Nelson Mandela at Tuynhuys.
Tuynhuys Meeting
The meeting signals growing contact between government and Mandela.
Proteus Discovery Confirmed
Identifies the large inner moon later named Proteus in Voyager 2 images and confirms its orbit.
Bus 405 Attack
Ghanim attacks a Tel Aviv to Jerusalem bus, causing a deadly crash that marks a serious escalation in violence during the uprising.
UN Security Council Resolution 636
Receives Council condemnation of Israeli deportations of Palestinian civilians.
UN Security Council Resolution 636
Perez de Cuellar remains engaged as the Security Council condemns deportations and calls for the return of Palestinian civilians removed by Israel.
President of Argentina
Appointed President of Argentina, 1st term
Death of Laurence Olivier
Death of Laurence Olivier
European Political Cooperation Meeting
Attends a European political cooperation meeting in Paris discussing the Soviet Union, eastern Europe, the Middle East, southern Africa, Cambodia and China.
This One
Paul McCartney releases "This One"
Invention of Stealth-Bomber
1st Test flight of US stealth-bomber
Reform of Government
The Government proposes to legalize the legal profession
Concert
The concert takes place on Potsdamer Platz, part of the former "no-mans land" of the Berlin Wall, and features many guest superstars: The Band, Bryan Adams, Cyndi Lauper, Van Morrison, Sinโad OConnor, The Scorpions, Marianne Faithfull, and Joni Mitchel
Concert
The concert takes place on Potsdamer Platz, part of the former "no-mans land" of the Berlin Wall, and features many guest superstars: The Band, Bryan Adams, Cyndi Lauper, Van Morrison, Sinโad OConnor, The Scorpions, Marianne Faithfull, and Joni Mitchel. After the Berlin Wall came down Waters stages The Wall Concert in Berlin to commemorate the end of the division between East and West Germany
Deputy Party Leader
Appointed Deputy Leader of the Labour Party
Election
Elected Deputy Leader of the Labour Party
Foreign Secretary Service Ends
Completes more than six years as Foreign Secretary before moving to senior Cabinet responsibilities in the Cabinet Office.
Deputy Prime Minister
Geoffrey Howe begins his final Cabinet role on 24 July 1989 as Deputy Prime Minister and Lord President of the Council with special responsibility for political and constitutional reform.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Secretary
Leader of House of Commons
Geoffrey Howe is appointed Leader of the House of Commons on 24 July 1989.
Lord President
Geoffrey Howe is appointed Lord President of the Council on 24 July 1989.
Cabinet
John Major becomes Foreign Secretary. Howe becomes Lord President of the Council, Leader of the Commons & Deputy PM
Constitutional Reform Plebiscite
Accepts constitutional reforms agreed between the military government and democratic opposition.
Declaration of War
After the Russian withdrawal the Taleban militia attacks the Government
Taleban
After the Russian withdrawal the Taleban militia attacks the Government
Political Support at London
The PM supports Majors advice not to sell BA Hawks to Iraq
Report
Opposes proposals for a single currency & a central bank for the EU
Report
Opposes proposals for a single currency & a central bank for the EU
Election
Jaruzelski elected President by a small majority
Interregional Deputies Group Leadership
Becomes a leading figure in the opposition Interregional Deputies Group in the Congress of People's Deputies.
Constitution of Russia
In the summer of 1989, the first opposition bloc in the Congress of Peoples Deputies formed under the name of the Interregional Group
Interregional Group
In the summer of 1989, the first opposition bloc in the Congress of Peoples Deputies formed under the name of the Interregional Group
Perestroika
In the summer of 1989, the first opposition bloc in the Congress of Peoples Deputies formed under the name of the Interregional Group
Strike
Miners go on strike
Co-Chair of Interregional Deputies Group
Becomes a co-chair of the Interregional Deputies Group, the first organized parliamentary opposition in the late Soviet period.
August 198928 historical events
Taylor Report
The Taylor Report, names the cause as failure of police control, and results in the conversion of many football stadiums in the United Kingdom to all-seater and the removal of barriers at the front of stands. Lord Justice Taylors interim report commissioned by the Government largely blames South Yorkshire police for the failure of control. An interim report is published in August 1989
Constitution of Iran
The post of Prime Minister is abolished
Coalition Government
Paz Zamora becomes president through a congressional coalition after an inconclusive election.
Financial Institutions Reform Act
The Act restructures thrift regulation and funds resolution of failed savings institutions.
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan, 1st term, after the resignation of Uno
Reballion of Rebels in Tallin
Popular Fronts form a chain from Vilnius to Tallin, day of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact
Reballion of Rebels in Tallin
The day of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact. Popular Fronts form a human chain from Vilnius to Tallin
Triton Cantaloupe Terrain
Voyager 2 images reveal Triton's distinctive dimpled terrain and complex icy geology.
Triton Nitrogen Geysers
Voyager 2 imagery reveals active dark plumes rising above Triton's nitrogen-ice surface.
Neptune Imaging
Leads imaging observations of Neptune, its storms and rings.
Neptune Magnetic Axis Tilt
Voyager 2 magnetometer data show Neptune's magnetic field is strongly tilted and offset from the planet.
Neptune Magnetic Field
Measures Neptune's tilted magnetic field during the Voyager 2 encounter.
Triton Close Flyby
Voyager 2 passes close to Triton after its Neptune encounter and returns detailed surface observations.
Voyager 2 Neptune Flyby
Voyager 2 makes the first and only spacecraft flyby of Neptune.
Neptune Encounter
Helps interpret Voyager 2 science results from the Neptune encounter.
Triton Imaging
Voyager 2 reveals Triton's icy surface, plumes and unusual terrain.
UN Security Council Resolution 641
Handles another Council resolution against deportations from the occupied territories.
UN Security Council Resolution 641
Perez de Cuellar oversees continued UN attention as Resolution 641 deplores further deportations of Palestinians from the occupied territories.
Hillsborough Disaster
The coroner, Dr Stefan Popper, limits the main inquest to events up until 3:15pm on the day of the disaster - just nine minutes after the match was halted and the crowd began to spill onto the pitch
Hillsborough Disaster
Steven Gerrard loses his cousin Jon-Paul in the crush
Hillsborough Disaster
The Taylor Report, names the cause as failure of police control, and results in the conversion of many football stadiums in the United Kingdom to all-seater and the removal of barriers at the front of stands
Election
Limited free elections take place
Government
A Solidarity-led coalition Government is formed
Great Dark Spot Imaging
Voyager 2 images reveal the Earth-sized Great Dark Spot in Neptune's atmosphere.
Neptune Ring Arcs
Voyager observations resolve concentrated bright arcs embedded within Neptune's Adams ring.
Neptune Ring System Imaging
Voyager 2 obtains the first detailed spacecraft images showing Neptune's system of dark rings.
Six New Neptunian Moons
Voyager 2 observations reveal six previously unknown moons in the inner Neptune system.
Neptune High-Speed Winds
Voyager measurements reveal some of the fastest atmospheric winds known in the Solar System.
September 198922 historical events
Leipzig Protest Crisis
Faces the first regular Monday demonstration in Leipzig as opposition protests grow.
Soyuz TM-8 Launch
Launches with Aleksandr Serebrov to resume long-duration Mir operations after the station's temporary uncrewed interval.
Constitution of South Africa
Wins an election to offer representation for all elements of the population
Election
Wins an election to offer representation for all elements of the population
President of South Africa
Appointed President of South Africa
Manual Soyuz TM-8 Docking
Completes a manual docking with Mir after an automatic Kurs rendezvous problem interrupts the spacecraft's final approach.
Second Steingrimur Hermannsson Government
The Second Steingrimur Hermannsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Third Steingrimur Hermannsson Government
Begins the Third Steingrimur Hermannsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Arab League Headquarters
Welcomes the decision to return the Arab League headquarters from Tunis to Cairo.
Oh Mercy
Releases Oh Mercy, produced by Daniel Lanois.
Visit to Japan
Thatcher visits Japan
Beit Sahour Tax Enforcement
Rabin backs enforcement measures as troops and tax officials restrict Beit Sahour and confiscate property during the town's tax revolt.
Beit Sahour Tax Resistance
Andoni becomes a prominent advocate of Beit Sahour's organized refusal to pay Israeli taxes as a form of nonviolent resistance.
De Klerk Presidency Begins
Begins the presidency that leads into constitutional negotiations.
State President Inauguration
Is inaugurated as State President at the Union Buildings.
Leipzig Demonstrations Expand
The Leipzig protests expand to several thousand participants despite continued SED pressure.
Vietnam Withdrawal
Vietnam completes troop withdrawal from Cambodia
Hamas Designated Terrorist Organization
Shamir's government formally designates Hamas a terrorist organization as Israeli authorities expand measures against the movement.
Confederation Ends
Senegambia Confederation ends during Diouf's presidency
Conference of UNGA
Attends the United Nations General Assembly Conference
Politburo
Appointed Candidate Member of Politburo
Inauguration
Innaugarated as President of South Africa
October 198963 historical events
Freedom
Releases Freedom, restoring his commercial and critical momentum at the end of the 1980s.
Bush Issues a National Security Directive to resume normal relations with Iraq
Bush Issues a National Security Directive to resume normal relations with Iraq
Bush Issues a National Security Directive to resume normal relations with Iraq
Bush Issues a National Security Directive to resume normal relations with Iraq
National Security Directive
Bush Issues a National Security Directive to resume normal relations with Iraq
Nobel Peace Prize Announced
The Norwegian Nobel Committee announces the Peace Prize for the 14th Dalai Lama.
Economy of Great Britain
Official interest rates rise to 15 percent in October 1989 as the Government attempts to restrain inflationary pressure.
Economy of Great Britain
Interest rates rise to 15%
Death of Bette Davis
Death of Bette Davis
Appeal for Non-Violence
Joins prominent Leipzig citizens in appealing for calm and non-violence before the mass demonstration.
Leipzig Mass Demonstration
Around seventy thousand people demonstrate peacefully in Leipzig despite fears of a crackdown.
Leipzig Six Appeal
Participates in the local appeal urging peaceful dialogue during the Leipzig crisis.
Leipzig Six Appeal
Joins the appeal for non-violence and dialogue before the 9 October demonstration.
Arrest of Nelson Mandela
de Klerk announces the release of Mandela
Arrest of Nelson Mandela
de Klerk announces the release of Mandela
Arrest of Walter Sisulu
de Klerk announces the release of Sisulu
Voyager 2 Wide-Angle Camera Shutdown
Voyager 2's wide-angle imaging camera is switched off after completion of its planetary photography.
Second Gro Harlem Brundtland Government
The Second Gro Harlem Brundtland Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.
Jan P. Syse Government
Begins the Jan P. Syse Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.
Prime Minister of Norway
Appointed Prime Minister of Norway
General
Appointed General Secretary of the SED, Socialist Unity Party
General
Appointed General Secretary of the SED, Socialist Unity Party
Galileo Launch
NASA launches Galileo, the first mission designed to orbit Jupiter.
Diplomatic Relations
Britain and Argentina agree at Madrid in October 1989 on steps toward restoring normal relations, including arrangements for consular and diplomatic contacts.
Conference of CHOGM
Drafts Britains opposition to sanctions against South Africa
Conference of CHOGM
Drafts a statement outlining the British oppostion to sanctions against South Africa
Commonwealth
Thatcher refuses to join Commonwealth sanctions against South Africa
Sanctions
Thatcher refuses to join Commonwealth sanctions against South Africa
Leipzig Demonstration After Honecker
Faces continuing mass protests in Leipzig after replacing Honecker as SED leader.
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for the GDR
Jerusalem Policy
Kabariti participates in jerusalem policy connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Resignation of Alan Arthur Walters
Resigns as personal Adviser to Maragaret Thatcher
Chancellor of the Exchequer
Appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer
Resignation of Nigel Lawson
Nigel Lawson resigns as Chancellor of the Exchequer in October 1989 after more than six years in the post.
Foreign Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Foreign Minister
Resignation of Nigel Lawson
Thatcher informs Major in private that Lawson is going to resign
Home Secretary of Great Britain
Appointed Home Secretary
Resignation of Alan Arthur Walters
Resigns as personal Adviser to Maragaret Thatcher
Resignation of Nigel Lawson
Lawson resigns as Chabcellor
Conference of CHOGM
Thatcher delivers her Commons statement on the Kuala Lumpur conference
Resignation of Nigel Lawson
Thatcher informs Major in private that Lawson is going to resign
Leipzig Calls for Reform
Leipzig demonstrations continue as protesters demand political reform and free elections.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, acting
Reballion of Rebels in East Germany
Replaced as leader of the Socialist Unity Party by Egon Krenz
Reballion of Rebels in East Germany
Replaced as leader of the Socialist Unity Party by Egon Krenz
Economy of Great Britain
Major & Hurd convince the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) effectively guaranteeing that the British Government would follow a policy preventing the pound and other member currencies from fluctuating by more than 6%
Economy of Great Britain
Major & Hurd convince the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) effectively guaranteeing that the British Government would follow a policy preventing the pound and other member currencies from fluctuating by more than 6%
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
Major & Hurd convince the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) effectively guaranteeing that the British Government would follow a policy preventing the pound and other member currencies from fluctuating by more than 6%
Economy of Great Britain
Major & Hurd convince the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) effectively guaranteeing that the British Government would follow a policy preventing the pound and other member currencies from fluctuating by more than 6%
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
Major & Hurd convince the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) effectively guaranteeing that the British Government would follow a policy preventing the pound and other member currencies from fluctuating by more than 6%
Commonwealth
Attends the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, opposes South African sanctions
Conference of CHOGM
Attends the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, opposes South African sanctions
Sanctions
Opposes sanctions against South Africa
Economy of Great Britain
Major and Hurd convince the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) effectively guaranteeing that the British Government would follow a policy preventing the pound and other member currencies from fluctuating by more than 6%.
Economy of Great Britain
With UK inflation at three times the rate of Germany's, interest rates at 15% and the "Lawson Boom" about to bust, the conditions for joining the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) were not favourable at that time.
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
Major and Hurd convince the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) effectively guaranteeing that the British Government would follow a policy preventing the pound and other member currencies from fluctuating by more than 6%.
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
With UK inflation at three times the rate of Germany's, interest rates at 15% and the "Lawson Boom" about to bust, the conditions for joining the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) were not favourable at that time.
Inflation
With UK inflation at three times the rate of Germany's, interest rates at 15% and the "Lawson Boom" about to bust, the conditions for joining the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) were not favourable at that time
Commonwealth
The Commonwealth supports sanctions against South Africa, only Britain is opposed
Conference of CHOGM
The Commonwealth supports sanctions against South Africa, only Britain is opposed
Beit Sahour Solidarity Campaign
Husseini publicly supports Beit Sahour's tax resistance and presents the campaign as an example of organized nonviolent opposition to occupation.
Commonwealth
The Commonwealth supports sanctions against South Africa, ossinly Britain is opposed. The Commonwealth supports sanctions against South Africa, only Britain is opposed
Conference of CHOGM
The Commonwealth supports sanctions against South Africa, only Britain is opposed
Sanctions
The Commonwealth supports sanctions against South Africa, ossinly Britain is opposed
November 198962 historical events
Election of Rene Moawad
Parliament elects Rene Moawad as President of Lebanon shortly after approval of the Taif national reconciliation framework, restoring the presidency after more than a year of vacancy.
Leipzig November Demonstration
Large demonstrations continue in Leipzig immediately before the fall of the Berlin Wall.
Resignation of Li Xiannian
Resigns from power
Berlin Wall
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Velvet Revolution
The Berlin Wall falls and the citizens of Czechoslovakia can see the events every day on TV (both foreign and domestic)
Velvet Revolution
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Coming Out
Coming Out premieres in East Berlin on the night the Berlin Wall falls.
Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall opens marking the fall of the East German regime
Unification
The German Democratic Republic collapses
Berlin Wall
The Berlin wall falls & demonstrations of German unity are held in the DDR
Unification
The Berlin wall falls & demonstrations of German unity are held in the DDR
President of Turkey
Appointed President of Turkey
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Bulgarian Communist Party
President of Bulgaria
Appointed President of Bulgaria
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Council of Minister's for the GDR
Privileges Committee Chairmanship
Becomes chairman of the House of Commons Privileges Committee while serving in his final Cabinet post.
Demonstrations
Slovak high school and university students stage a peaceful demonstration
Velvet Revolution
On the eve of International Students Day, 50th anniversary of death of Jan Opletal murdered by Nazi occupiers during World War II, Slovak students demonstrate
Velvet Revolution
Beginning of the Velvet Revolution in Czech
Student Demonstration
Police suppression of a student march triggers mass protest.
Demonstrations
A peaceful student demonstration is severely beaten back by riot police
Velvet Revolution
The Socialist Union of Youth (SSM/SZM, proxy of Communist Party of Czechoslovakia) organize a mass demonstration to commemorate International Students Day
Velvet Revolution
a peaceful student demonstration is severely beaten back by riot police. A peaceful student demonstration in Prague is severely beaten back by the riot police
Velvet Revolution
At the initiative of students from the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague, the students in Prague began a strike, the strike is joined by university students throughout Czechoslovakia
COBE
Smoot leads the differential microwave radiometer team on the launched COBE mission
COBE
Mather leads COBE science as NASA launches the satellite to measure Big Bang relic radiation
Civic Forum
Helps found Civic Forum during the revolution.
Public Against Violence
Helps lead Slovakia's Velvet Revolution movement.
Storyteller
Releases the Storyteller anthology, summarising his first two decades of major recordings.
General
Milos Jakes is replaced by puppet politician Karel Urbย nek as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
Velvet Revolution
Milos Jakes is replaced by puppet politician Karel Urbย nek as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
Election
Announces intention to stand in the 2nd round of the Conservative Party leadership
Assassination of Rene Moawad
President Rene Moawad is killed by a powerful car bomb in Beirut after Independence Day ceremonies, ending his presidency only seventeen days after his election.
Minister of National Defence
Papoulias is appointed Alternate Minister for National Defence.
Election of Elias Hrawi
Parliament elects Elias Hrawi as President of Lebanon following the assassination of Rene Moawad, placing him at the centre of efforts to implement the Taif settlement and restore state institutions.
Velvet Revolution
The number of participants in the regular anti-Governmental demonstration in Prague reach 800,000 people
Pravda
The editorial staff of Slovakias Pravda, the central newspaper of the Communist Party of Slovakia, join the opposition
Velvet Revolution
The editorial staff of Slovakias Pravda, the central newspaper of the Communist Party of Slovakia, join the opposition
Election
Wins the presidential election as the National Party candidate
Strike
A general two-hour strike of the population
Velvet Revolution
A general two-hour strike of the population
Election
Heseltine & Hurd stand down from the party leadership contest. 2nd round leadership ballot, Major wins 185 votes, Heseltine 131 & Hurd 56
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
The Communist Party of Czech announces it will give up its monopoly of power
Party Monopoly
Communists announce the end of their monopoly of power.
Velvet Revolution
The Presidium of the Slovak Parliament (Slovak National Council) resigns, it is gradually replaced by non-Communists. The Communist Party of Czech announces it will give up its monopoly of power
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
Parliament, still dominated by the Communists, removes the article guaranteeing a leadership role to the Communist Party and Marxism as a state ideology from the Constitution
Constitution of Czech Rep
Parliament, still dominated by the Communists, removes the article guaranteeing a leadership role to the Communist Party and Marxism as a state ideology from the Constitution
Velvet Revolution
Parliament, still dominated by the Communists, removes the article guaranteeing a leadership role to the Communist Party and Marxism as a state ideology from the Constitution
Velvet Revolution
The federal Government decides barbed wire should be removed at the border with Austria (later also at the border with West Germany), and that Czechoslovak citizens do not need "exit visa permits". Czech citizens do not need "exit visa permits" anymore when travelling abroad
Aden-Sanaa Unity Negotiations
The accord accelerates preparation for a single republic.
Unification Agreement
Agrees with southern leaders on steps toward Yemeni unification.
Coup
Rebels launch a 5th major coup attempt against President Aquino
Shadow Minister
Appointed Member of Shadow Cabinet, Shadow Employment Secretary
Ninth General Election
The ninth general election ends Congress's majority and leads to the formation of a National Front government.
Berlin Wall
Fall of the Berlin Wall
Walesa Residence
3rd person in history after Churchill & Lafayette to address the US Congress
Independence of Lithuania
1st national movement, Sajudis, is formed in Lithuania
Independence of Russia
1st national movement, Sajudis, is formed in Lithuania
Visit to Vatican
The 1st Soviet leader to visit the Vatican
Return to Politics
Returns to public politics during the Velvet Revolution.
Al-Qaeda
Ali Mohamed, a former special forces Sergeant stationed at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, left military service and moved to Santa Clara, California & traveled to Afghanistan and Pakistan and became "deeply involved with bin Ladens plans
December 198989 historical events
Velvet Revolution
Barbed wire is removed from the border with West Germany and Austria. Barbed wire is removed from borders with West Germany. Barbed wire at the border with Austria is removed
Prime Minister of India
V.P. Singh becomes Prime Minister at the head of the National Front government.
Velvet Revolution
President Gustย v Husย k nominates a new federal cabinet, headed by Ladislav Adamec
Velvet Revolution
President Gustย v Husย k nominates a new federal cabinet, headed by Ladislav Adamec. Husak nominates a new federal cabinet, headed by Ladislav Adamec
Regional Elections
Venezuelans directly elected state governors and mayors under decentralization reforms.
Velvet Revolution
The Government announces freedom to travel to Austria
Leipzig Stasi Occupation Context
Opposition activists occupy the Leipzig Stasi headquarters as SED authority collapses.
Election
Thatcher defeats Meyer in the Conservative Party leadersip contest, 313 votes to 33
Election
Defeats Anthony Meyer in the Conservative Party leadersip contest, 313 votes to 33
Prime Minister Appointed
Han Ahmedow becomes Prime Minister after serving as deputy head of government
Montreal Massacre
Faces national mourning after the massacre at Ecole Polytechnique.
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
Most members of the Government of Czechia were replaced by non-Communists
Election
Most members of the Government of Czechia are replaced by non-Communists
Velvet Revolution
Most members of the Government of Czechia were replaced by non-Communists
Head of State
Appointed Head of State for the GDR
Kvant-2 Module Docking
Supports station operations as Kvant-2 docks with Mir, adding an airlock, life-support equipment and expanded scientific facilities.
Baker Plan
Presses Israel and Palestinians to consider elections and negotiations after the First Intifada.
Reform of Government
The Broadcasting Bill is published
Amnesty
Husak declares an amnesty on political crimes
Strasbourg European Council
Represents Germany as leaders consider monetary union, political change in Europe and future treaty negotiations.
Strasbourg European Council
Represents Greece as leaders consider monetary union and political transformation in Europe.
Strasbourg European Council
Represents Italy as leaders consider monetary union and the political changes reshaping Europe.
Strasbourg European Council
Mitterrand hosted European leaders as they agreed to convene negotiations on Economic and Monetary Union.
EMU Intergovernmental Conference Decision
Supports the Strasbourg decision to convene an intergovernmental conference on treaty changes needed for monetary union.
Strasbourg Treaty Preparations
Supports preparations for future intergovernmental negotiations on economic and monetary union.
Strasbourg European Council
Supports Irish participation in preparations for treaty negotiations on monetary and political union.
Political Union Preparations
Supports the decision to deepen discussions on political union alongside monetary integration.
EMU Intergovernmental Conference Preparations
Supports work toward treaty negotiations required for economic and monetary union.
State Visit
Kabariti participates in state visit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
Husak nominates a federal cabinet, headed by Calfa. Forms the first non-communist Government in Czech since 1948
Resignation of Gustav Husak
Husak resigns
Adamec Government
The Adamec Government ends in Prague, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Resignation of Gustav Husak
Resigns after appointing a largely non-communist government.
Resignation of Gustav Husak
The Communist President Gustย v Husย k appoints the first largely non-communist Government in Czechoslovakia since 1948, and resigns
Velvet Revolution
The Communist President Gustย v Husย k appoints the first largely non-communist Government in Czechoslovakia since 1948, and resigns
First Calfa Government
Begins the First Calfa Government in Prague and serves as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.
Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony
Tenzin Gyatso receives the Nobel Peace Prize for advocating nonviolent solutions.
Water Privatisation
Shares in the regional water companies begin trading following privatisation.
Trial
The Commons votes to prosecute war criminals
Democratic Presidential Election
Oversees the election won by opposition candidate Patricio Aylwin.
Election Victory
Is elected president as the candidate of the Concertacion coalition.
Presidential Election
Wins the first competitive presidential election held after the 1988 plebiscite.
Constitution of Bulgaria
Mladenov sets a May 31 deadline for free elections in Bulgaria
Election
Mladenov sets a May 31 deadline for free elections in Bulgaria
Timisoara Protest
His attempted eviction sparks protests in Timisoara.
Foreign Policy Statement at Hong Kong
Announces 225,000 Hong kong citizens will be given British citizenship
Reform of Government
Banks refuse to continue Government plans for student loans
Velvet Revolution
Peoples Militia is abolished, & their weapons confiscated by the army
Final Bucharest Speech
Ceausescu addresses a mass rally that breaks into open protest.
Bucharest Speech
Loses control during a mass rally in Bucharest.
Foreign Policy Statement at Hong Kong
The Government announces it will grant UK citizenship to 225,000 from Hong Kong
National Salvation Front Government
Iliescu emerges as leader of the National Salvation Front.
Overthrow of Nicolae Ceausescu
Ceausescu flees the Central Committee building as communist rule collapses.
National Salvation Front
Emerges as leader of the National Salvation Front.
Television Address
Addresses the country after Ceausescu's fall.
Flight from Bucharest
Flees Bucharest by helicopter as the regime collapses.
Coup
The Romanian Government is overthrown
Resignation of Romanian Government
The Romanian Government is overthrown
Death of Nicolae Ceausescu
Death of Nicolae Ceausescu
Execution
Executed along with his wife Elena
Execution
Nicolae Ceausescu is executed after a summary trial.
Trial and Execution
Is tried and executed with Elena Ceausescu.
Prime Minister of Romania
Roman becomes prime minister of the provisional post-communist government.
Speaker
Alexander Dubcek is elected speaker of the federal Parliament on December 28 and Vaclav Havel the President of Czechoslovakia on December 29 1989
Velvet Revolution
Alexander Dubcek is elected speaker of the federal Parliament on December 28 and Vaclav Havel the President of Czechoslovakia on December 29 1989
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
An elected independent non-Communist Government is formed under Havel. first non-Communist President in more than 40 yrs
Election
The Federal Assembly unanimously elects Havel
President of Czechoslovakia
Appointed President of Czechoslovakia
President of Czechoslovakia
Is elected president by the Federal Assembly.
Coup
Bloodless revolution in Czech that sees the overthrow of the communist Government
Velvet Revolution
Bloodless revolution in Czech that sees the overthrow of the communist Government
Velvet Revolution
Alexander Dubcek is elected speaker of the federal Parliament on December 28 and Vaclav Havel the President of Czechoslovakia on December 29 1989
Acting Governor-General
Dennis Young serves as acting Governor-General after Ignatius Kilage dies
Visit to Kiev
Mitterand visits Gorbachev in Kiev to to try & delay the fall of the Berlin Wall
Visit to Paris
Mitterand visits Hans Modrow in East Berlin to try & delay the fall of the Berlin Wall
Berlin Wall
Mitterand visits Hans Modrow in East Berlin & delay the fall of the Berlin Wall
Visit to Berlin
Mitterand visits Hans Modrow in East Berlin & delay the fall of the Berlin Wall
Arrest of Erich Honecker
Placed under House arrest for treason, corruption & abuse of power. Expelled from the Communist Party, following allegations of corruption
Treason
Placed under House arrest for treason, corruption & abuse of power
Privatization
The ten regional water authorities are privatized raising 5 billion pounds
Coup
Saved from being overthrown by the intervention of the USA
Election
By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition Government is formed and in December Tadeusz Mazowiecki is elected Prime Minister
Prime Minister of Poland
By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition Government is formed and in December Tadeusz Mazowiecki is elected Prime Minister
Solidarity
By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition Government is formed and in December Tadeusz Mazowiecki is elected Prime Minister
Solidarity
By the end of August a Solidarity-led coalition Government is formed and in December Tadeusz Mazowiecki is elected Prime Minister
Berlin Wall
Mitterand visits Gorbachev in Kiev to to try & delay the fall of the Berlin Wall
Demonstrations
The Czech Government resigns in the wake of mass demonstrations
Resignation of Czech Government
The Czech Government resigns in the wake of mass demonstrations
Visit to Kiev
Mitterand visits Gorbachev in Kiev to try & delay the fall of the Berlin Wall
President of Panama
Appointed President of Panama
President of United States of America
United States invades Panama and removes the Noriega regime
Battle of Jalalabad
Omar is wounded four times, and loses an eye either in 1986 or in the 1989 Battle of Jalalabad, which also marred his cheek and forehead
Mujahideen
Omar fights as a guerilla with the Harakat-i Inqilab-i Islami faction of the anti-Soviet Mujahideen under the command of Nek Mohammad, and fights against the Najibullah regime between 1989 and 1992
Taliban
Recruits come from the Quranic schools within Afghanistan and in the Afghan refugee camps across the border in Pakistan. Omar fights as a guerilla with the Harakat-i Inqilab-i Islami faction of the anti-Soviet Mujahideen under the command of Nek Mohammad, and fights against the Najibullah regime between 1989 and 1992
Mujahideen
Omar fights as a guerilla with the Harakat-i Inqilab-i Islami faction of the anti-Soviet Mujahideen under the command of Nek Mohammad, and fights against the Najibullah regime between 1989 and 1992
Taliban
Omar fights as a guerilla with the Harakat-i Inqilab-i Islami faction of the anti-Soviet Mujahideen under the command of Nek Mohammad, and fights against the Najibullah regime between 1989 and 1992
Constitution of Afghanistan
The Taleban establish a fundamentalist Islamic state
Coup
The Taleban establish a fundamentalist Islamic state
Taleban
The Taleban establish a fundamentalist Islamic state
Constitution of Afghanistan
The Taleban establish a fundamentalist Islamic state
Coup
The Taleban establish a fundamentalist Islamic state. The Taleban drive the Government out of Kabul. Kabul is captured and an alliance of the Mujahideen sets up a new Government with Burhanuddin Rabbani as interim president
Mujahideen
Kabul is captured and an alliance of the Mujahideen sets up a new Government with Burhanuddin Rabbani as interim president
Siege of Kabul
The Taleban drive the Government out of Kabul
Taleban
The Taleban establish a fundamentalist Islamic state. The Taleban drive the Government out of Kabul
Constitution of Algeria
Mass protests from both camps in Autumn 1988 force Bendjedid to concede the end of one-party rule
Diplomatic Negotiations at Luanda
Negotiates the withdrawal of South African forces from Angola. Negotiates the withdrawal of Cuban forces from Angola
Dead Calm
Kidmans breakthrough is in the 1989 thriller Dead Calm
Hypertext Proposal at CERN
Proposes a networked hypertext system for sharing CERN information.
Networked Information Proposal
Advocates linked documents accessible across different computer systems.
President of Bolivia
Paz Zamora begins his presidency through a congressional coalition.
Election
Wins the largest share of the vote, 33% of the seats
Party of Democratic Action
The introduction of a multi-party system in Yugoslavia prompts Izetbegovic and other Bosniak activists to establish a political party, the Party of Democratic Action (Stranka Demokratske Akcije, SDA)
Stranka Demokratske Akcije
The introduction of a multi-party system in Yugoslavia prompts Izetbegovic and other Bosniak activists to establish a political party, the Party of Democratic Action (Stranka Demokratske Akcije, SDA)
Serbian Democratic Party
Co-founds the Serbian Democratic Party (Srpska Demokratska Stranka) in Bosnia and Herzegovina which aimed at gathering the Republics Bosnian Serb community and joining Croatian Serbs in leading them in staying part of Yugoslavia
Election
Defeated during the Presidential elections
Brazil Continental Champion
Scores six goals during the successful home tournament.
Copa America Top Scorer
Finishes as leading scorer while Brazil win the Copa America.
Alemรฃo Helps Napoli Lift UEFA Cup
Ricardo Alemรฃo contributed strength and passing in Napoli's midfield as the team overcame Stuttgart to capture the 1988โ89 UEFA Cup.
Constitution of Bulgaria
Averts revolution by introducing political pluralism & free elections
Election
Averts revolution by introducing political pluralism & free elections
Rockin in the Free World
Releases Rockin in the Free World, one of his best-known political rock songs.
Stories of Eva Luna
Allende published The Stories of Eva Luna in Spanish, extending the fictional world of her earlier novel.
Demonstrations
Students celebrate the late leaders liberalism & demand his posthumous rehabilitation
Rule of Hong Kong
John Major meets Qian Qichen to discuss the handover of Hong Kong to China
General Secretary
Appointed General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
Martial Law
Does not suppress demonstrations in Shanghai but supports martial law in Beijing
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the Communist Party
Demonstrations
Imposes a curfew on Beijing
Retirement
Retires after increasing centralization following the demonstrations in Tiananmen Sqr
Demonstrations
Orders the troops to crush the demonstrations in Tiananmen Square
Economy of China
Stock markets are opened in Shanghai and Shenzhen
Dismissal
Dismissed from office
Arrest of Han Dongfang
Arrested during the Tiananmen Sqr demonstrations
Demonstrations
Leads the Workers Federation Group
Velvet Revolution
Supports the Civic Forum of Vaclav Havel. When Dubcek appears with Havel on a balcony overlooking Wenceslas Square, he is greeted with uproarious applause
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the National Assembly
National Assembly
Appointed Chairman of the National Assembly
Constitution of Czechoslovakia
Holds talks on reform and power sharing with Gustav Husak
Demonstrations
Anti-Communist demonstrations lead to elected independent Government under Havel
Election
Anti-Communist demonstrations lead to elected independent Government under Havel
Resignation of Gustav Husak
Husak resigns during mass protests and Havel announces his candidacy for the presidency
Barcelona Transfer
Joins Barcelona from Juventus and becomes a creative leader of the Dream Team.
Report
Publication of the Delors Report into further EU monetary & economic union
Delors Report
The Delors Report proposed a three-stage process for achieving European Economic and Monetary Union.
Report
Publication of the Delors Report into further EU monetary & economic union
Neptune Ring Arc Confirmation
Voyager images confirm that the earlier ground-based occultation events were produced by real ring arcs.
Giro dItalia
Winner of the Giro dItalia
Tour de France
Finishes second in the Tour de France when he loses to Greg Lemond by only eight seconds
Tour de France
Appointed Tour Director of the Tour de France
Bordeaux Loan Spell
Cantona spent part of the season on loan at Bordeaux as Marseille sought a suitable role for the unsettled forward.
Montpellier Loan Contribution
A subsequent loan move took Cantona to Montpellier, where his attacking play contributed to a club preparing for a notable cup run.
Demokratischer Aufbruch
Merkel gets involved in the growing democracy movement after the fall of the Berlin Wall, joining the new party Demokratischer Aufbruch
Election
Following the first (and only) democratic election of the East German state, Merkel becomes the deputy spokesperson of the new pre-unification caretaker Government under Lothar de Maiziare
Party Leader
AppointedLeader of the Socialist Unity Party
US Open
Winner of the mens US tennis open
Henry V
Stars in, "Henry V"
The Tall Guy
Appears in The Tall Guy
Henry V
Directs and stars in Henry V, bringing Shakespeare's history play to the cinema.
Valmont
Plays the title character in Milos Forman's period drama Valmont.
OBE
Awarded the OBE
The Chymical Wedding
Publication of "The Chymical Wedding"
One Night of Sin Album
Releases the studio album One Night of Sin.
Island Records
Blackwell stays on as CEO of PolyGrams Island Entertainment division. Blackwell sells the label to PolyGram, Island was the largest indie record label in history. Blackwell sells Island Records and Island Music to PolyGram UK Group for ล272 million
Journeyman, with songs
Releases the album, Journeyman, with songs in a wide range of styles from blues to jazz, soul and pop and collaborators including George Harrison, Phil Collins, Daryl Hall, Chaka Khan, Mick Jones & David Sanborn
Red Hot Chili Peppers
Releases his first solo release, Violent Opposition, on which members of the Red Hot Chili Peppers perform
Style Council
Weller disbands The Style Council and disappears from the public eye for a couple of years
Grammy Award
Gabriel released "Passion", the soundtrack for Martin Scorseses movie "The Last Temptation of Christ", for this work Gabriel receives his first Grammy Award, in the category of Best New Age Performance
Passion
Gabriel released "Passion", the soundtrack for Martin Scorseses movie "The Last Temptation of Christ", for this work Gabriel receives his first Grammy Award, in the category of Best New Age Performance
The Last Temptation of Christ
Gabriel released "Passion", the soundtrack for Martin Scorseses movie "The Last Temptation of Christ", for this work Gabriel receives his first Grammy Award, in the category of Best New Age Performance
Big Thing
Duran Durans 6th album, "Big Thing", is released
Primitive Cool
Mick Jagger releases a solo album, "Primitive Cool"
Street Fighting Years
Simple Minds release "Street Fighting Years", UK no 1 Album
Street Fighting Years
Simple Minds release "Street Fighting Years", UK no 1 Album
Tin Machine
Founder Member of Tin Machine
Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe
Forms Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe with former Yes colleagues.
Tommy Anniversary Tour
Reunite for a Tommy anniversary tour.
Bombing of Libya
Dissaproves of Thatchers support of the US bombing of Libya
Retirement
Retires from the Government, allegedly over choice of advertising agencies
Economy of Great Britain
Alan Walers' 2nd period as Downing Street adviser lasts just from March to October 1989
Economy of Great Britain
Alan Walters' term as adviser leads to the resignation of the Chancellor, Nigel Lawson
Economy of Great Britain
Quotes from an article written before Walters' return to Downing St showed him to believe the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) "half-baked" and unsustainable, Lawson demanded Walters' dismissal, and failing to force Thatcher's hand, departed
Economy of Great Britain
Walters argued that Lawson's interest-rate rises were risking a UK recession, which later transpired
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
Quotes from an article written before Walters' return to Downing St showed him to believe the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) "half-baked" and unsustainable, Lawson demanded Walters' dismissal, and failing to force Thatcher's hand, departed
Economy of Great Britain
Major & Hurd convince the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) guaranteeing that the the pound and other member currencies do not fluctuate by more than 6%
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
Lawson & Walters' clash over the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) leads to Lawson's resignation & Major's appointment as Chancellor
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
Major & Hurd convince the Cabinet to sign Britain up to the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) guaranteeing that the the pound and other member currencies do not fluctuate by more than 6%
Budget Policy
The 1989 Budget under Nigel Lawson sets out the Government's taxation, expenditure and borrowing plans.
Budget
Nigel Lawson presents the 1989 Budget to the House of Commons as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Economy of Great Britain
Conflict over economic policy intensifies between Lawson and Margaret Thatcher's adviser Alan Walters, contributing to Lawson's resignation as Chancellor and his replacement by John Major.
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
Disagreement over the European Exchange Rate Mechanism and the influence of Alan Walters contributes to Lawson's resignation as Chancellor in October 1989.
Privatization
The privatisation programme pursued during Lawson's chancellorship is followed by the flotation of the ten regional water companies in November 1989, shortly after he leaves the Treasury.
Resignation of Nigel Lawson
Lawson resigns as Chancellor after prolonged disagreement over economic policy and the role of Margaret Thatcher's adviser Alan Walters, and John Major succeeds him.
Chief Secretary
Appointed Chief Secretary of the Treasury
Rule of Hong Kong
John Major meets Qian Qichen to discuss the handover of Hong Kong to China
Knighthood
Created Khight
EEU
Appointed Member of European Commission for the UK
Election
Elected to Parliament in a byelection as member for Richmond, North Yorkshire
Member of Parliament
Elected to Parliament in a byelection as member for Richmond, North Yorkshire
Privatization
It is decided to keep Magnox power stations under Government control
Secretary of State for Agriculture
Appointed Minister of Agriculture & Food
Secretary of State for the Environment
Appointed Secretary of the Environment
Vice President
Appointed Vice President of the EC
Economy of Great Britain
There is a clash between Lawson and Alan Walters when the latter claims the ERM is "half baked", Lawson resigns and is replaced by John Major
European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)
Matters come to a head in a clash between Lawson and Thatchers economic adviser Alan Walters, when Walters claims that the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) is "half baked", Lawson resigns as Chancellor to be replaced by John Major
Health Reform
A White Paper proposes an internal market of self-governing NHS trusts
Privatization
The Regional Water Companies are sold for 5,110 million pounds
Reform of Government
A White Paper proposes an internal market of self-governing NHS trusts
Trident Programme
Tom King assumes ministerial responsibility for defence as the Trident submarine programme advances
Companies Act
Companies Act 1989 amends company law, audit, and financial reporting rules
Electricity Act
Electricity Act 1989 restructures and privatises the electricity industry
Official Secrets Act
Official Secrets Act 1989 replaces parts of earlier secrecy law with specific disclosure offences
Water Act
Water Act 1989 restructures the water industry and enables water privatisation
Death of Alfred Jules Ayer
Death of Alfred Jules Ayer
Shadow Minister
Appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Health & Social Security
Industrial Policy Portfolio
Brown develops Labour policy on industry, competition and regional economic development.
Shadow Trade and Industry Appointment
Brown becomes Labour's Shadow Trade and Industry Secretary.
The Time of my Life
Healey publishes "The Time of my Life".
Publication of Enoch Powell on 1992
Publishes Enoch Powell on 1992, returning to the constitutional implications of deeper European integration.
Companion of Honour
Created Companion of Honour
Higgs Boson
Sees CERN's LEP collider begin precision tests of electroweak theory and searches that increasingly constrain the possible mass of the Higgs boson.
OBE
Trueman is awarded the OBE for charity work
Manager
Appointed Manager of Stoke City
Death of Donald George Don Revie
The FA does not send any officials to the funeral, nor wis a minutes silence held at the England v Scotland match at Hampden Park the following day, nor did the teams wear black armbands
Footballer of the Year
FWA Footballer of the Year
Transfer
Joins Sheffield Wednesday
FA Cup Final Defensive Contribution
Gary Ablett featured in Liverpool's defence during the 1989 FA Cup victory over Everton, a final played after the Hillsborough disaster.
FA Cup Semi Final Defensive Role
Ian Culverhouse was a regular defender for Norwich City during the 1988-89 season, when the team combined an impressive league campaign with an FA Cup semi-final appearance.
First Division Defensive Service
Humphrey remains a trusted Charlton Athletic full-back as the club maintains its place in the English top division.
Player of the Year
Liverpool defender Nicol earns the football writers prize for his versatility, disciplined positioning and important contribution in multiple roles.
League Cup Winning Captain in 1989
Stuart Pearce captained Nottingham Forest to a 3-1 victory over Luton Town in the 1989 League Cup final. His forceful leadership exemplified the team's competitive approach.
1989 Promotion Strike Partnership
Partners Steve Bull in a productive attack as Wolves secure promotion by winning the Third Division.
Cup Winning Squad Creative Option
Garry Parker helps give Nottingham Forest attacking flexibility during the 1988-89 campaign. Brian Clough's team claims the League Cup and the Full Members' Cup that season.
FA Cup Giant Killing Against Manchester City
Blissett scored in Brentford's FA Cup run as the third-tier side defeated Manchester City away in a memorable upset.
1989 Wembley League Cup Midfielder
Neil Webb played an influential role in Nottingham Forest's midfield during the 1988-89 season. The team ended its campaign by defeating Luton Town 3-1 in the League Cup final.
Norwich High League Finish
Robert Fleck contributed to Norwich City's attack during the 1988-89 season, when the Canaries finished fourth in England's First Division.
Consecutive Fifty Goal Seasons
Completes another fifty-goal season as Wolves win the Third Division title immediately after promotion.
League Cup
Clough and Forest defeat Luton Town FC to win the League Cup for a 3rd time
United Promotion to Second Tier
Bassett took Sheffield United up from the Third Division, the first step in a remarkable sequence of back-to-back promotions.
Third Division Promotion Title
Secures a second straight league championship with Wolves by winning the 1988โ89 Third Division.
Lou Macari Appointed West Ham Manager
Lou Macari takes over as West Ham United manager following John Lyall, beginning a short spell in charge of the East London club.
Leicester Midfield Leadership
McAllister becomes an influential midfield organizer at Leicester City and earns recognition in the PFA Second Division Team of the Year for the 1988-89 season.
Breakthrough in Norwich Midfield
Jeremy Goss developed into an important Norwich City midfielder after progressing through the club, laying the foundations for his celebrated European performances.
League Cup Final Goals Against Luton
Nigel Clough scored twice for Nottingham Forest in the 1989 League Cup final against Luton Town. Forest's 3-1 Wembley victory brought the club another major domestic trophy.
Paul Ince Voted Hammer of the Year
Paul Ince is chosen as West Hamโs outstanding player of the season before his departure to Manchester United later that year.
FA Cup Winning Captain in 1989
Ronnie Whelan captained Liverpool to a 3โ2 extra-time victory over Everton in the 1989 FA Cup final.
Forest League Cup Final Midfield Influence
Steve Hodge contributed midfield experience as Nottingham Forest won the 1989 League Cup against Luton Town. The England international returned to the club for a productive second spell.
League Cup Final Midfield Drive
Steve Hodge provides energetic midfield play during Nottingham Forest's League Cup success over Luton Town. His movement links defence and attack in Brian Clough's side.
First Papandreou Premiership
Papandreou leaves office after PASOK loses its parliamentary majority.
Prime Minister of Greece
Tzannis Tzannetakis begins a term as Prime Minister of Greece in 1989.
Prime Minister of Greece
Xenophon Zolotas begins a term as Prime Minister of Greece in 1989.
Prime Minister of Greece
Yiannis Grivas begins a term as Prime Minister of Greece in 1989.
Bofors Affair
Allegations concerning the Bofors artillery contract damage Rajiv Gandhi's government and become a major political controversy.
Election
Congress loses its parliamentary majority in the 1989 general election and Rajiv Gandhi leaves office.
Constitution of India
V.P. Singh forms a National Front minority government after the 1989 general election.
Hizbul Mujahideen
Hizbul Mujahideen emerges as a major militant organisation during the intensifying Kashmir insurgency.
Vishwanath Pratap Singh International Relations
V.P. Singh's government faces growing diplomatic tension with Pakistan over the Kashmir insurgency.
Election
Armed resistance to Indian rule begins in the Kashmir valley, Muslim political parties complain that the 1987 elections to the states legislative assembly were rigged against them
Reballion of Rebels in Kashmir
Armed resistance to Indian rule begins in the Kashmir valley, Muslim political parties complain that the 1987 elections to the states legislative assembly were rigged against them
Rule of Kashmir
Armed resistance to Indian rule begins in the Kashmir valley, Muslim political parties complain that the 1987 elections to the states legislative assembly were rigged against them
Ayatollah
Appointed Head of State
Death of Ruhollah Khomeini
Death of Ruhollah Khomeini
Power Sharing
Makes a power sharing agreement with the leader of the Likuud Party
Foucault Pendulum English Edition
An English translation of Foucault's Pendulum brought Eco's second novel to new readers.
Prime Minister of Italy
Appointed Prime Minister of Italy, 3rd term
Virgo Formal Proposal
Giazotto and Brillet submit the formal Virgo proposal to Italian and French research agencies, beginning the institutional path toward construction of the European detector.
Zola Joins Maradona's Napoli
Gianfranco Zola joined Napoli and developed his attacking technique while sharing a squad with Diego Maradona and other established internationals.
Signori Develops at Foggia Before Lazio Move
Giuseppe Signori builds the scoring instincts in Foggia's attacking system that later make him a dominant goalscorer with Lazio.
Di Canio Scores First Rome Derby Goal
Paolo Di Canio scores for Lazio in a derby against Roma and celebrates in front of supporters, creating an enduring early-career memory.
Baggio Helps Viola Qualify for UEFA Cup
Roberto Baggio provides match-winning goals as Fiorentina secure European qualification through an intensely contested Serie A season.
Cagliari Promoted from Serie C1
Ranieri takes Cagliari into Serie B in his first full season, the opening step of consecutive promotions.
Francini Features in UEFA Cup Triumph
Giovanni Francini brought defensive reliability and support from the left flank during Napoli's victorious 1988โ89 UEFA Cup campaign.
Prime Minister of Jamaica
Appointed Prime Minister of Jamaice, 3rd term
Returns to power & maintains the good relations with USA developed by
Returns to power & maintains the good relations with USA developed by Seaga
Resignation of Noboru Takeshita
Resigns over the Recruit scandal
Resignation of Sosuke Uno
Resigns as Prime Minister of Japan after a sex scandal
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Death of Hirohito
Death of Hirohito
Secretary General of Liberal-Democratic Party
Appointed Secretary General of the Liberal-Democratic Party
Constitution of Jordan
Elections accredited internationally as among the freest in the Middle East
Election
Elections accredited internationally as among the freest in the Middle East
Barcelona Transfer
Joins Barcelona from PSV Eindhoven and becomes a major defender and set-piece specialist.
Van Basten Retains Award After Milan European Cup
Marco van Basten receives his second Ballon dโOr after scoring twice in AC Milanโs emphatic European Cup final victory over Steaua Bucureศti, underlining his clinical ability in major matches.
Constitution of Nigeria
Allows the creation of competing political parties
Foreign Secretary of Norway
Appointed Prime Foreign Minister
Prize for Freedom
Liberal International awards Benazir Bhutto its Prize for Freedom.
Al-Qaeda
Azzam is assassinated, the MAK split, with a significant number joining bin Ladens organisation
Assassination of Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
Azzam is assassinated, the MAK split, with a significant number joining bin Ladens organisation
Death of Abdullah Yusuf Azzam
Azzam is assassinated, the MAK split, with a significant number joining bin Ladens organisation
Maktab al-Khidamat
Azzam is assassinated, the MAK split, with a significant number joining bin Ladens organisation
Arrest of Ahmed Ismail Hassan Yassin
Yassin is arrested by the Israelis and sentenced to life imprisonment
Hamas
Yassin is arrested by the Israelis and sentenced to life imprisonment
Intifada, 1st
Yassin is arrested by Israeli authorities as Hamas grows during the First Intifada
Constitution of Poland
The Roundtable Talks between the Government and Solidarity-led opposition lead to semi-free elections in 1989
Election
Jaruzelski elected President by a small majority. The Roundtable Talks between the Government and Solidarity-led opposition lead to semi-free elections in 1989. Solidarity wins every seat in the Sejim. Solidarity wins 99 out of 100 seats in the Senate
Roundtable Talks
The Roundtable Talks between the Government and Solidarity-led opposition lead to semi-free elections in 1989
Solidarity
Solidarity is legalized. The Roundtable Talks between the Government and Solidarity-led opposition lead to semi-free elections in 1989. Solidarity wins every seat in the Sejim. Solidarity wins 99 out of 100 seats in the Senate
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Constitution of Poland
The Roundtable Talks between the Government and Solidarity-led opposition lead to semi-free elections in 1989
Election
Solidarity wins every seat in the Sejim. Solidarity wins 99 out of 100 seats in the Senate
Election
Limited free elections take place. The Roundtable Talks between the Government and Solidarity-led opposition lead to semi-free elections in 1989
Roundtable Talks
The Roundtable Talks between the Government and Solidarity-led opposition lead to semi-free elections in 1989
Solidarity
The Roundtable Talks between the Government and Solidarity-led opposition lead to semi-free elections in 1989
Warzycha Joins Panathinaikos
Krzysztof Warzycha moves from Ruch Chorzow to Panathinaikos, beginning a long career in Greek football. The Polish forward goes on to become one of the club's most prolific scorers.
Coup
Overthrown in a bloody coup
Nemesis
Publication of "Nemesis"
Death of Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko
Death of Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Gazprom, the State Gas Concern
Economy of Russia
Gazprom earns 1/3 of Russias hard currency from exports
Election
Elected Deputy for Mari for the USSR Congress of Peoples Deputies
Chernobyl Glasnost Disclosure
Permits wider publication of information about Chernobyl as glasnost expands public discussion of the disaster and its consequences.
Constitution of Russia
The USSR Supreme Soviet is replaced by the USSR Congress of Peoples Deputies. In front of the Central Committtee says Russia must be restructured
Constitution of Russia
The Head of the Presidium officially is recognized as the President of Russia
General
Appointed President of Russia, Head of the Presidium
Independence of Namibia
Namibia proclaims its independence after Cuba withdraws
Independence of Russia
Namibia proclaims its independence after Cuba withdraws
Congress of Deputies
Appointed Member of USSR Congress of Peoples Deputies
CPD
Appointed Member of Congress of Peoples Deputies
Congress of Popov
Appointed Member of USSR Congress of Peoples Deputies
Supreme Soviet
Appointed Member of USSR Supreme Soviet
Invasion of Afghanistan
Meets Bush in a warship off Malta, tells him Russia does not regard the US as an enemy
Invasion of Afghanistan
Russian forces complete their withdrawal from Afghanistan
Meeting with Bush in a warship off Malta
Meets Bush in a warship off Malta, tells him Russia no longer sees the US as an enemy
Resignation of Pieter Botha
Resigns the party leadership & presidency after suffering a stroke
Demonstrations
Legalizes mass demonstrations for the first time since 1976
Independence of South Africa
South Africa gives up control of South West Africa
Legislation
States the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act will be repealed. Opens South African beaches to all races
Legislation
Legalizes mass demonstrations for the first time since 1976
President of South Africa
Appointed interim President following the illness of President Botha
Reform of Government
States the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act will be repealed. Opens South African beaches to all races
Assassination of Abu Baker Aswat
Abu Baker Aswat, a Soweto doctor, is killed, Thulani Dlamini is later convicted and sentenced to 25 years in prison, in 1997 Dlamini testifies in that Winnie Madikizela Mandela paid him for the murder
Declaration of Harare
Declares the Government must remove troops from the townships. Declares the Government must release political prisoners. Declares the Government must lift bans on political parties. Declares the Government must end the State of Emergency
Plan-5yr
The ANC formulate a "5yr plan" for "group rights". No racial group should have precedence
Political Parties
Declares the Government must lift bans on political parties
Reform of Racial Laws
The ANC formulate a "5yr plan" for "group rights"
State of Emergency
Declares the Government must end the State of Emergency
Party Leader
Replaces Botha as Party Leader of the South Africa National Party
Health of Pieter Botha
Resigns the party leadership & presidency after suffering a stroke
President of Sri Lanka
Appointed President of Sri Lanka
Chernobyl Transparency
Encourages greater openness in international nuclear-safety reporting as Chernobyl continues to shape confidence in nuclear regulation.
Codex Radionuclide Food Guidelines
International Codex standards adopt guidelines for controlling food contaminated by radionuclides after nuclear emergencies.
President of Switzerland
Appointed President of Switzerland, 1st term
Restoration of Diplomatic Relations with Morocco
Restores diplomatic relations with Morocco. Restores diplomatic relations with Britain
Election
The Government party, RCD, winsa all the Assembly seats in the general election
Exile of Idi Amin Dada
Amin, who had always held that Uganda needed him, and who never expressed remorse for the abuses of his regime attempts to return to Uganda, apparently to lead an armed group organised by Col. Juma Oris
Exile of Juma Oris
Amin, who had always held that Uganda needed him, and who never expressed remorse for the abuses of his regime attempts to return to Uganda, apparently to lead an armed group organised by Col. Juma Oris
Communion
Walken plays the leading role of Whitley Strieber in Communion, an autobiographical film written by Streiber that was based on his claims that he and his family were subject to alien abductions
Flashback
Stars in Flashback
See No Evil, Hear No Evil
Stars in "See No Evil, Hear No Evil "
Physical Evidence
Writes & directs, "Physical Evidence"
Academy Award
Winner of the Acadremy Award for Best Director, "Born on the 4th of July"
Rain Man
Stars in Rain Man, which also starred Dustin Hoffman and was directed by Barry Levinson, the film is praised by critics and was nominated for eight Academy Awards, and won four, including Best Picture and Best Actor
Communion
Walken plays the leading role of Whitley Strieber in Communion, an autobiographical film written by Streiber that was based on his claims that he and his family were subject to alien abductions
Glory
Portrays Private Trip in Glory, a Civil War drama about the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment.
Driving Miss Daisy
Stars as chauffeur Hoke Colburn in Driving Miss Daisy.
Academy Award
The Accused earns Foster her first Academy Award for Best Actress.
Golden Bear for Rain Man
The film Rain Man, directed by Barry Levinson, received the Golden Bear for best film at the 1989 Berlin International Film Festival.
Do the Right Thing
Writes and directs Do the Right Thing, depicting racial tension during a hot day in Brooklyn.
Crimes and Misdemeanors Film
In 1989, Woody Allen made Crimes and Misdemeanors, a film intertwining infidelity, guilt and questions of morality.
Oedipus Wrecks Film
In 1989, Woody Allen made Oedipus Wrecks, a contribution to the New York Stories anthology portraying a man and his intrusive mother.
Pink Cadillac
Stars in Pink Cadillac, an action comedy released near the end of the 1980s.
For All Mankind
Releases a documentary built from Apollo mission film.
Award
Stevie Wonder is inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore Vol. 3
Releases the third volume of You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore, continuing his curated live archive.
President of USA
Appointed President of the USA, 41st President
Conspiracy
Summers published an updated edition of Conspiracy, reviewing evidence and disputed leads that he argued undermined the lone-assassin explanation of Kennedy's death.
High Treason
Livingstone co-authored High Treason, arguing that Kennedy's assassination involved multiple participants and that evidence was altered or suppressed during the subsequent investigation.
Crossfire
Marrs published Crossfire, assembling witness testimony, documents and disputed evidence to argue that President Kennedy was killed as the result of a conspiracy.
High Treason
Groden co-authored High Treason, presenting photographic, medical and documentary arguments for a conspiracy and alleging that elements of intelligence and organized crime were involved.
Election
Appointed Adviser to the Bush administration on foreign policy and military issues
Neptune Ultraviolet Observations
Voyager ultraviolet measurements probe Neptune's upper atmosphere and its interaction with the solar environment.
Triton Nitrogen Atmosphere
Ultraviolet observations help establish that Triton possesses a thin nitrogen-rich atmosphere.
Lesser Dark Spot
Voyager 2 images reveal a smaller dark atmospheric storm on Neptune in addition to the Great Dark Spot.
Methane Ice Clouds
Voyager imaging identifies bright methane-ice clouds suspended high in Neptune's exceptionally clear atmosphere.
Neptune Atmospheric Activity
Voyager imaging shows that Neptune is unexpectedly meteorologically active despite receiving little solar energy.
Neptune Cloud Layers
Voyager imagery indicates bright methane clouds above a deeper cloud deck in Neptune's atmosphere.
Scooter Cloud
Voyager 2 images reveal a bright, rapidly moving cloud feature nicknamed the Scooter in Neptune's atmosphere.
Triton Active Plumes
Hansen helps characterize active Triton plumes and their dark material carried by high-altitude winds.
Adams Ring Arcs
Porco helps analyse the dense arcs embedded in Neptune's outer Adams ring.
Neptune Ring Structure
Voyager imaging shows that Neptune's rings contain both continuous material and concentrated arc structures.
Triton Methane Ice
Spectroscopic interpretation supports the presence of methane ice on Triton's surface during the Voyager encounter.
Larissa Confirmation
The Voyager 2 encounter confirms that the object first detected in earlier occultation work is Neptune's moon Larissa.
Voyager Neptune Science Return
Stone oversees the return of an extensive Neptune data set from all ten functioning Voyager 2 instruments.
Neptune Encounter Results
Miner helps summarize Voyager findings showing Neptune as a dynamic planet with storms, rings, moons and an unusual magnetic environment.
Larissa Confirmed
Voyager 2 images confirm the existence of Larissa, validating the earlier ground-based detection.
Neptune Magnetospheric Foreshock
Voyager radio observations detect the foreshock region associated with Neptune's magnetosphere.
Neptune Radio Bursts
Voyager's planetary radio experiment detects intense polarized radio bursts originating from Neptune.
Neptune Rotation Period
Periodic radio emissions indicate an internal rotation period near sixteen hours for Neptune.
Pluto Atmosphere
Published analysis of the 1988 occultation finds atmospheric models consistent with surface pressures of only a few microbars.
Triton Cantaloupe Terrain
Voyager images reveal distinctive pitted terrain on Triton resembling the surface texture of a cantaloupe.
Triton Geysers
Voyager images reveal active geyser-like plumes erupting from Triton's surface.
Triton Plume Height
Soderblom's team finds Triton plumes rising roughly eight kilometres before material is carried downwind.
Triton Young Surface
Voyager imagery indicates that much of Triton's surface is geologically young and has been extensively resurfaced.
Neptune Equatorial Winds
Atmospheric tracking shows powerful westward winds near Neptune's equatorial region.
Neptune Polar Winds
Voyager cloud tracking shows strongly eastward winds at high southern latitudes on Neptune.
Neptune Zonal Winds
Voyager measurements establish a strong latitude-dependent wind pattern across Neptune's atmosphere.
Neptune Radio Emissions
Desch helps analyse Neptune's smooth and burst-like radio emissions recorded during the Voyager encounter.
Triton Plume Mapping
Kirk helps analyse Voyager images showing long dark streaks associated with active plume deposits on Triton.
Triton Surface Volatiles
Brown helps analyse nitrogen and methane volatiles on Triton's extremely cold surface.
Discovery of Despina
Voyager 2 images reveal Despina orbiting within Neptune's inner satellite system.
Discovery of Galatea
Voyager 2 images reveal Galatea, a small moon associated dynamically with Neptune's ring system.
Discovery of Naiad
Voyager 2 images reveal Naiad, one of Neptune's small inner moons.
Discovery of Thalassa
Voyager 2 observations reveal the small inner moon later named Thalassa.
Larissa Orbital Confirmation
Voyager images provide the observations needed to establish Larissa's orbit around Neptune.
Triton Nitrogen Frost
Voyager results show that nitrogen frost dominates large areas of Triton's bright surface.
Galileo Probe Integration
Engineers integrate the atmospheric probe with the Galileo orbiter before launch preparations are completed at Kennedy Space Center.
HD 114762 Companion
Reports a low-mass companion to HD 114762, later recognized as an important early exoplanet candidate.
Cosmological Constant Problem
Weinberg reviews the enormous mismatch between simple quantum-vacuum estimates and the observed small cosmological constant, defining a central theoretical problem for dark energy.
Discovery of RNA
Altman & Cech Discover the catalytic properties of RNA
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering catalytic properties of RNA.
Discovery of RNA
Altman & Cech Discover the catalytic properties of RNA
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering catalytic properties of RNA.
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing the ion trap technique used in high-precision spectroscopy.
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physics for the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in atomic precision measurements.
Binary Pulsar
Taylor reports precise orbital decay measurements matching general relativitys gravitational wave prediction
LIGO NSF Proposal
Weiss, Drever, Thorne, Fred Raab and Vogt submit a major LIGO proposal to the National Science Foundation, setting out the design for two long-baseline observatories.
Discovery of Cancer Genes
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Physiology, discovers defective genes which cause cancer
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes.
Nobel Prize
Shares the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes.
Individual Atom Manipulation with Tunnelling Electrons
Uses a scanning tunnelling microscope to position individual xenon atoms on a nickel surface.
Tour de France
Winner of the Tour de France, 2nd win, with 37 shotgun pellets remaining in his body (including two in the lining of his heart)
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff
Dismissal
Dismissed for obstructing Congress & destroying documents & taking bribes
Trial
Fined $150,000
Senate Abolished
Parliament becomes unicameral after the Senate is temporarily abolished.
Constitution Permits Economic Reform
The constitutional changes of 1989 accompany moves toward political pluralism and a more market oriented economy.
Constitution Permits Economic Reform
The constitutional changes of 1989 accompany moves toward political pluralism and a more market oriented economy.
Water Industry Privatisation
Ridley was Secretary of State for the Environment during preparations for the privatisation of regional water authorities.