Economy of Czech Rep
Prices are freed in the Czech Rep
Historical events in 1991
1,096 historical records
January 1991106 historical events
Election
Elected President of Guatemala
Final Prewar Negotiation
Iraq refuses unconditional withdrawal from occupied Kuwait.
Geneva Meeting with Baker
Meets James Baker in a final high-level diplomatic attempt.
Geneva Talks
Meets James Baker in a final major prewar negotiation.
Geneva Negotiations
Meets Tariq Aziz in an unsuccessful final diplomatic effort.
Use of Force Authorization
Receives congressional authorization to use force against Iraq.
Congressional Authorisation for Force
Bush receives congressional authority to use force to implement United Nations resolutions.
Declaration of War
Congress agrees the go-ahead for the war
Prime Minister of Portugal
Appointed Prime Minister, 2nd term
Invasion of Lithuania
Soviet troops storm a television station in Vilnius
General
Appointed General Secretary of the Arab League
Major General
Pervez Musharraf is promoted to major general.
Coalition Readiness Assessment
Powell advises that coalition forces are prepared to execute the approved campaign plan.
Bombing of Baghdad
The USA leads the allied bombing of Baghdad
Large Magellanic Cloud Distance
Hubble observations of Supernova 1987A help determine the Large Magellanic Cloud's distance to about 169,000 light-years.
Bombing of Iraq
The Gulf War began with an extensive aerial bombing campaign on 16 January 1991. For forty-two consecutive days and nights, the coalition forces subjected Iraq to the most intensive air bombardment in military history. The coalition flew over 100,000 sorties, dropping 88,500 tons of bombs, and widely destroying military and civilian infrastructure
Coalition Air War Announced
States that the campaign seeks complete Iraqi withdrawal.
Desert Storm Announcement
Announces that coalition military operations have begun.
Desert Storm Begins
Announces coalition combat operations against Iraq and occupied Kuwait.
UN Resolution 678 Enforcement
Bush invokes United Nations and congressional authority when announcing military action.
Execution of Combat Orders
Cheney oversees Defense Department execution after the President orders offensive operations.
Bombing of Iraq
The Gulf War began with an extensive aerial bombing campaign on 16 January 1991. For forty-two consecutive days and nights, the coalition forces subjected Iraq to the most intensive air bombardment in military history. The coalition flew over 100,000 sorties, dropping 88,500 tons of bombs, and widely destroying military and civilian infrastructure
Bombing of Iraq
The air campaign was commanded by USAF Lieutenant General Chuck Horner
Egyptian Coalition Participation
Mubarak maintains Egyptian military participation in the coalition opposing Iraq.
French Participation in Desert Storm
Mitterrand authorises French forces to participate in operations against Iraq.
French Ground Force Command
Roquejeoffre commands the French division assigned to the coalition's western flank.
Local Government Finance England
Leads extensive Commons questioning on local-government finance in England.
British Coalition Leadership
Maintains Britain's commitment to the coalition campaign.
British Operation Granby Combat Phase
Major commits British air, naval and ground forces to the coalition offensive.
Operation Desert Storm Begins
Major confirms British participation as coalition air operations begin against Iraqi forces.
British Joint Command
De la Billiere directs Britain's Operation Granby contribution within the coalition.
Coalition Air Campaign Begins
Coalition aircraft begin sustained attacks on Iraqi command, air-defence and military targets.
Enforcement of UN Resolution 678
Military action begins after Iraq fails to meet the United Nations withdrawal deadline.
First Day of Operation Desert Storm
Saddam's forces face the opening day of the United States-led air and missile campaign.
First Scud Attack on Saudi Arabia
Iraq launches its first Scud missile toward Saudi Arabia during the opening phase.
Host-Nation Support for Desert Storm
King Fahd supports coalition operations from Saudi territory against Iraqi occupation forces.
Arab and Coalition Command
Khalid coordinates Saudi and multinational forces operating within the coalition command structure.
Air Strikes on Baghdad
Bush authorises strikes against Iraqi command, communications and air-defence facilities around Baghdad.
First Defense Department Briefing
Cheney briefs the public on the opening coalition attacks and operational objectives.
Operation Desert Storm Command
Directs the coalition campaign after Desert Storm begins.
Coalition Command Begins Offensive
Schwarzkopf exercises operational command as the coalition begins Desert Storm.
Coalition Air Campaign
Directs coalition air operations during Desert Storm.
First Air Tasking Order
Horner's combined air operations centre coordinates thousands of coalition missions during the opening phase.
First-Night Strategic Strikes
Horner coordinates attacks on Iraqi leadership, communications, airfields and integrated air defences.
Joint Air Component Command
Horner commands the integrated coalition air effort from the Saudi operations centre.
Opening Air Campaign
Horner directs coalition aircraft against Iraqi air defences, command centres and strategic targets.
Coalition Air Offensive Directed
Air attacks isolate Iraqi forces occupying Kuwait.
Desert Storm Air Campaign
Directs coalition air operations during Desert Storm.
Maritime Interception Operations
Fogarty directs multinational enforcement of United Nations sanctions against Iraqi shipping.
Persian Gulf Naval Campaign
Directs US naval forces supporting the coalition campaign.
First Combat Tomahawk Launches
Arthur's naval forces launch Tomahawk cruise missiles during the opening attacks.
Naval Component Operations
Arthur commands carrier, surface, amphibious and mine-warfare forces supporting Desert Storm.
Six-Carrier Naval Air Campaign
Arthur employs six aircraft carriers supporting strikes from the Gulf and Red Sea.
Bombing of Dhahran
Iraq launches Scud missiles against Riyadh & Dhahran
Bombing of Israel
Iraq launches Scud missiles against Israel
Bombing of Riyadh
Iraq launches Scud missiles against Riyadh & Dhahran
First Scud Attacks on Israel
Iraq launches Scud missiles at Israel in an effort to disrupt the coalition.
Israeli Restraint after Scud Attacks
Shamir withholds immediate retaliation while consulting the United States and coalition governments.
Saudi Missile Defence
Khalid coordinates air-defence measures as Iraqi Scud missiles threaten Saudi cities and bases.
Request for Israeli Restraint
Bush urges Israel not to retaliate and risk fracturing the Arab coalition.
Offshore Positions Attacked
Coalition forces capture prisoners from occupied oil platforms.
Bombing of Israel
A Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan, after two coalition Patriots failed to intercept it. Three elderly people suffered fatal heart attacks, another 96 people were injured, and 20 apartment buildings were damaged.
Bombing of Israel
After this attack, the Israelis warned that if the US failed to stop the attacks, they would.
Bombing of Israel
At one point Israeli commandos boarded helicopters prepared to fly into Iraq but the mission was called off after a phone call from US Defence Secretary Dick Cheney
Bombing of Israel
reporting on the extent of coalition efforts to destroy Scuds and emphasizing that Israeli intervention could endanger US forces
Scud Missile Attacks
A Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan, after two coalition Patriots failed to intercept it. Three elderly people suffered fatal heart attacks, another 96 people were injured, and 20 apartment buildings were damaged.
Scud Missile Attacks
After this attack, the Israelis warned that if the US failed to stop the attacks, they would.
Scud Missile Attacks
At one point Israeli commandos boarded helicopters prepared to fly into Iraq but the mission was called off after a phone call from US Defence Secretary Dick Cheney
Scud Missile Attacks
reporting on the extent of coalition efforts to destroy Scuds and emphasizing that Israeli intervention could endanger US forces
A Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan
A Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan, after two coalition Patriots failed to intercept it. Three elderly people suffered fatal heart attacks, another 96 people were injured, and 20 apartment buildings were damaged.
After this attack, the Israelis warned that if the US failed to
After this attack, the Israelis warned that if the US failed to stop the attacks, they would.
At one point Israeli commandos boarded helicopters prepared to fly into Iraq
At one point Israeli commandos boarded helicopters prepared to fly into Iraq but the mission was called off after a phone call from US Defence Secretary Dick Cheney
Report on the extent of coalition efforts to destroy Scuds
reporting on the extent of coalition efforts to destroy Scuds and emphasizing that Israeli intervention could endanger US forces
Scud Missile Attacks
A Scud missile hit the Israeli city of Ramat Gan, after two coalition Patriots failed to intercept it. Three elderly people suffered fatal heart attacks, another 96 people were injured, and 20 apartment buildings were damaged.
Scud Missile Attacks
After this attack, the Israelis warned that if the US failed to stop the attacks, they would.
Scud Missile Attacks
At one point Israeli commandos boarded helicopters prepared to fly into Iraq but the mission was called off after a phone call from US Defence Secretary Dick Cheney
Scud Missile Attacks
reporting on the extent of coalition efforts to destroy Scuds and emphasizing that Israeli intervention could endanger US forces
Environmental Warfare
The spill creates a major wartime environmental disaster.
Kuwaiti Oil Facilities Opened
The action creates a severe Gulf environmental disaster.
Oil Released into Persian Gulf
Iraqi forces release large quantities of oil from Kuwaiti facilities.
Oocyte Donation
Indira Hinduja's work leads to India's first reported birth using an oocyte donation technique for infertility treatment.
Coalition Air Supremacy
Coalition commanders declare air supremacy after ten days of intensive operations.
Gulf Oil Pollution
Addresses the Commons on environmental damage and oil pollution arising from the Gulf conflict.
Local Government Finance Review
Addresses Commons questions on reform of local-government finance.
Battle of Khafji
Iraqi forces attacked and occupied the lightly defended Saudi city of Khafji with tanks and infantry. The Battle of Khafji ended two days later when the Iraqis were driven back by the Saudi Arabian National Guard, supported by Qatari forces and US Marines
Capture of Khafi
Mounts an offensive across the Saudi frontier & captures Khafi, recovered 2 days later
Invasion of Saudi Arabia
Iraq invades Saudi Arabia
Invasion of Saudi Arabia
Iraqi forces attacked and occupied the lightly defended Saudi city of Khafji with tanks and infantry. The Battle of Khafji ended two days later when the Iraqis were driven back by the Saudi Arabian National Guard, supported by Qatari forces and US Marines
Iraqi Offensive toward Khafji
Saddam's forces cross the Saudi border and occupy parts of Khafji.
Battle of Khafji Command
Coordinates Saudi and coalition forces during the battle of Khafji.
Battle of Bubiyan
Coalition naval aircraft destroy or disable much of Iraq's fleet fleeing toward Iran.
Energy Efficiency
Answers a parliamentary question concerning energy-efficiency policy.
Air Support during Battle of Khafji
Coalition aircraft strike Iraqi columns and reinforce Saudi and Qatari defenders.
Recapture of Khafji
Coordinates Saudi and Qatari forces that retake Khafji.
Recapture of Khafji
Oversees Saudi defense policy during the Battle of Khafji.
Saudi Response to Battle of Khafji
King Fahd commends Saudi, Qatari and coalition forces after Khafji is retaken.
Recapture of Khafji
Khalid coordinates Saudi and Qatari forces that recapture Khafji from Iraqi troops.
British Gulf Forces Directed
Coordinates Britain's land, air and maritime contribution.
Operation Granby Command
Commands British forces throughout the Kuwait liberation campaign.
President of Guatemala
Appointed President of Guatemala
Economic and Monetary Union Conference Chair
As Luxembourg held the rotating Community presidency, Juncker chaired the intergovernmental negotiations on economic and monetary union that helped shape the Maastricht settlement.
Final Prewar Diplomacy
Pursues a final diplomatic effort before coalition military action.
Gulf Sanctions Enforcement
Coalition ships monitor and divert prohibited maritime trade.
Maritime Interception Campaign
Directs naval interception operations enforcing sanctions against Iraq.
Radar Surveillance
Coalition forces use airborne radar surveillance during the Gulf War.
February 1991104 historical events
Accords of Peace
A "national peace accord" is agreed between the Inkatha, ANC & National Party
Group Areas Act
Announces the Group Areas Act of 1966 will be abolished
Land Acts
Announces the Land Acts of 1913 & 1936 will be abolished
Accords of Peace
A "national peace accord" is agreed between the Inkatha, ANC & National Party
Award
Joni Mitchel is inducted into the Canadian Hall of Fame
Bombing of IRA
IRA mortar bombs cause damage at 10 Downing St where a Cabinet meeting is in progress
IRA - Bombing of IRA
Government record concerning the IRA: IRA mortar bombs cause damage at 10 Downing St where a Cabinet meeting is in progress
IRA - Bombing of IRA
Historical IRA record under Conservative Party Government: IRA mortar bombs cause damage at 10 Downing St where a Cabinet meeting is in progress
IRA - Bombing of IRA
IRA context for John Roy Major: IRA mortar bombs cause damage at 10 Downing St where a Cabinet meeting is in progress
IRA
IRA mortar bombs cause damage at 10 Downing St where a Cabinet meeting is in progress
Referendum
A referendum in Lithuania votes in favour of independence from Moscow
Al-Amiriyah Shelter Strike
A coalition strike destroys the Al-Amiriyah facility and kills many civilians sheltering inside.
Explanation of Al-Amiriyah Target
Bush's administration states that the attacked Baghdad facility was believed to be military.
Kuwait Coastal Mine Threat
Iraqi minefields complicate naval support for the ground offensive.
Mine Countermeasure Campaign
Directs mine-clearing operations near the Kuwaiti coast.
USS Tripoli and USS Princeton Mine Strikes
Arthur directs damage control and continued operations after two ships strike Iraqi mines.
Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award
Receives the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.
Coalition Deception Attack
The action helps conceal the main western coalition maneuver.
Wadi al-Batin Feint
Conducts attacks supporting deception near Wadi al-Batin.
Ceasefire
Iraq agreed to a Soviet-proposed ceasefire agreement
Conditional Withdrawal Proposal
Iraq offers withdrawal terms that the coalition rejects as conditional and incomplete.
Soviet-Brokered Withdrawal Offer
Saddam accepts a Soviet proposal containing conditions unacceptable to the coalition.
Soviet Peace Proposal
Gorbachev proposes a timetable for Iraqi withdrawal and an end to fighting.
Ceasefire
Iraq agreed to a Soviet-proposed ceasefire agreement
Final Coalition Ultimatum
Bush gives Iraq a final deadline to begin an immediate and unconditional withdrawal.
Withdrawal Terms Announced
Bush publishes coalition conditions that could prevent the ground campaign.
Rejection of Coalition Withdrawal Terms
Iraq fails to accept the coalition's unconditional withdrawal deadline.
Final Deadline before Ground War
Bush requires Iraq to begin withdrawing immediately or face coalition ground attack.
Amphibious Deception
Maintains a credible threat of amphibious assault on Kuwait.
Faylaka Landing Threat
The deception fixes Iraqi forces along the coast.
French Western Flank Advance
The division helps secure routes threatening Iraqi forces around Kuwait.
Operation Daguet Ground Attack
Commands French forces advancing on the coalition's western flank.
Division Daguet Advance
Roquejeoffre's French forces attack on the far western coalition flank.
British Brigade Advance
The Desert Rats engage Iraqi armored and artillery positions.
Desert Rats Ground Offensive
Commands the 7th Armoured Brigade in Operation Granby.
British Brigade Advance
Denaro leads the brigade through Iraqi defences during Operation Granby.
British Ground Offensive
De la Billiere directs British forces supporting the coalition's armoured attack.
British Armoured Offensive
Commands Britain's armoured division during the ground offensive.
Operation Granby Ground Attack
The division attacks Iraqi forces on VII Corps' southern flank.
British Armoured Offensive
Commands Britain's 1st Armoured Division during the ground offensive.
British Armoured Division Attack
Smith's division attacks Iraqi positions as part of the VII Corps advance.
Invasion of Iran
The Allied land offensive begins against Iraq
Coalition Ground Offensive
Directs Saudi and Arab formations during the coalition ground offensive.
Coalition Ground Campaign Begins
Bush authorises the ground campaign after Iraq fails to accept the coalition withdrawal terms.
Desert Sabre Offensive
Ground forces begin the final campaign to liberate Kuwait.
Diplomacy Ends before Ground Attack
Bush concludes that diplomatic proposals have not secured Iraq's unconditional withdrawal.
Ground Offensive Authorized
Authorizes the coalition ground offensive against Iraqi forces.
Ground War Begins
Authorizes the coalition ground offensive.
Invasion of Iraq
The Allied land offensive begins against Iraq
Coalition Land Attack Directed
Coordinates Marine, Army and Arab advances against Iraqi defenses.
Ground Offensive Command
Directs the coalition ground offensive into Kuwait and Iraq.
Armored Left Hook
Drives eastward against Iraqi Republican Guard formations.
Republican Guard Offensive
Corps forces attack Republican Guard formations protecting withdrawal routes.
VII Corps Left Hook
Commands VII Corps during the armored envelopment west of Kuwait.
VII Corps Offensive
Commands VII Corps in the coalition's armored offensive.
Western Flank Offensive
Airborne and mechanized forces isolate Iraqi units occupying Kuwait.
XVIII Airborne Corps Advance
Commands the far western wing of the ground offensive.
XVIII Airborne Corps Offensive
Commands the western wing of the coalition ground attack.
VII Corps Ground Attack
Franks begins the armoured advance intended to destroy the Republican Guard.
Western Corps Advance
Luck's corps advances deep into Iraq on the coalition's western flank.
Scud Missile Attacks
Iraqi forces fired a Scud missile at an American barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The missile attack killed 28 US military personnel
Advance toward Euphrates Valley
McCaffrey's mechanised division advances rapidly through western Iraq to block retreat routes.
Iraqi Retreat from Kuwait
The retreat marks collapse of Iraq's occupation.
Withdrawal Order
Orders Iraqi forces to leave Kuwait during the coalition advance.
Bombing of New York
Al-Qaedas involvement is unclear but some analysts believe after the attack the group seeks out the plotter Ramzi Yousef and offers him money, Yousef later serves a life sentence for the attack. A bomb explodes at the World Trade Center
Bombing of New York
Al-Qaedas involvement is unclear but some analysts believe after the attack the group seeks out the plotter Ramzi Yousef and offers him money, Yousef later serves a life sentence for the attack
Battle of 73 Easting
McMaster leads Eagle Troop in a rapid armoured engagement against Republican Guard forces.
Second Cavalry Regiment at 73 Easting
Holder's regiment finds and engages major elements of the Tawakalna Division.
Left Hook Encirclement
Schwarzkopf's western manoeuvre cuts Iraqi communications and threatens retreating formations.
VII Corps Engages Republican Guard
Franks commits armoured divisions against Republican Guard formations in southern Iraq.
Iraqi Retreat Routes Threatened
His division threatens routes used by Iraqi forces leaving Kuwait.
Twenty-Fourth Division Advance
Leads mechanized forces rapidly through southern Iraq.
Twenty-Fourth Division Deep Advance
Leads a rapid mechanized advance through southern Iraq.
Community Charge Consultation
Meets local-authority associations and opposition parties while considering alternatives to the existing community-charge system.
Kuwait Liberated
Announces that Kuwait has been liberated.
Occupation Defeated
Coalition forces restore control of Kuwait City to Kuwaiti authorities.
Battle of Medina Ridge
Griffith's division defeats Republican Guard armour during the battle of Medina Ridge.
Battle at Objective Norfolk
Rhame's division fights through Iraqi armoured forces around Objective Norfolk.
British Combat Operations End
Confirms British offensive combat has ended.
Coalition Ceasefire
The hundred-hour ground campaign comes to an end.
Ground Offensive Halted
Bush orders coalition forces to suspend offensive combat after one hundred hours of ground operations.
Hundred-Hour Ground War Ends
The ground campaign ends after Iraqi forces are expelled from Kuwait.
Offensive Ceasefire
Orders coalition offensive operations suspended.
One Hundred Hour Ground War Ends
Bush suspends offensive combat exactly one hundred hours after the ground campaign begins.
Coalition Ceasefire Order
Schwarzkopf orders coalition formations to halt offensive movement and hold defensive positions.
Alliance Vaclav Havel and Visegrad Triangle for investment and EU membership
Hungary, Poland and Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment and EU membership
Visegrad Group
Hungary, Poland and Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment and EU membership
Alliance Vaclav Havel and Visegrad Triangle for investment and EU membership
Hungary, Poland and Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment and EU membership
Visegrad Group
Hungary, Poland and Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment and EU membership
Dismissal
Sacked with Stoke on their way to recording their lowest ever final league position of 15th in the leagues third tier
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Visegrad Triangle
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Visegrad-Triangle
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Visegrad Triangle
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Visegrad-Triangle
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Treaty of Visegrad
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Visegrad Triangle
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Treaty of Visegrad
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Visegrad Triangle
Hungary, Poland & Czech join the Visegrad Triangle for investment & EU membership
Arab Joint Forces Command
Commands Saudi and allied Arab contingents in the coalition.
Kuwait Liberation Advance
Directs Arab formations advancing toward Kuwait City.
Hail Mary Maneuver
Employs a wide western envelopment against Iraqi forces.
Western Envelopment Plan
The maneuver helps isolate Iraqi formations occupying Kuwait.
March 199151 historical events
Reballion of Rebels in Basra
A revolt against the Government begins in Basra & spreads to other Shiite cities
Reballion of Rebels in Basra
A revolt against the Government begins in Basra & spreads to other Shiite cities
Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnias Muslims and Croats vote for independence in referendum boycotted by Serbs
Independence of Serbia
Bosnias Muslims and Croats vote for independence in referendum boycotted by Serbs
Referendum
Bosnias Muslims and Croats vote for independence in referendum boycotted by Serbs
Morrison Portrayal
Portrays Jim Morrison in Stone's film.
The Doors
Stars as Jim Morrison in Oliver Stone's film The Doors.
The Doors Film Release
Releases The Doors, a dramatized film biography.
The Doors
Directs the biographical film The Doors.
Clash
A reissue of "Should I Stay or Should I Go" gives The Clash its first and only number 1 UK single
Clash
A reissue of "Should I Stay or Should I Go" gives The Clash its first and only number 1 UK single
UN Security Council Resolution 686
The United Nations sets immediate obligations for Iraq following the coalition ceasefire.
Ceasefire Conditions
Iraq must release detainees and accept liability for occupation damage.
UN Resolution 686
Security Council sets immediate requirements following coalition victory.
Safwan Military Agreement
Sultan Hashim accepts coalition terms concerning prisoners, boundaries and military movements.
Iraqi Military Delegation
Accepts coalition conditions governing the immediate postwar situation.
Safwan Ceasefire Talks
Represents Iraq during military ceasefire talks at Safwan.
Ceasefire Terms Presented
Sets military arrangements governing the immediate ceasefire.
Safwan Ceasefire Talks
Meets Iraqi commanders to establish military ceasefire arrangements.
Safwan Military Talks
Meets Iraqi commanders after the coalition victory.
Safwan Ceasefire Talks
Schwarzkopf meets Iraqi commanders to establish military arrangements for the ceasefire.
Rettig Report
Presents the truth commission's findings and apologizes on behalf of the state.
Trial
Andreas Papandreou goes on trial on corruption-related charges and is later acquitted.
Poll Tax Abolition Debate
Takes part in a Commons debate specifically addressing abolition of the community charge.
Constitution of Russia
A small majority for his proposal for a federation of socialist sovereign republics
Referendum
Small majority a renewed federation of socialist sovereign republics
Reform of Taxation
The Budget increase VAT to 17.5% to finance cuts in poll tax
Community Charge
Announces that the community charge is to be replaced as part of a wider reform of local-government finance.
Local Government Review England
Announces proposals for a review of the structure and finance of local government in England.
Reform of Taxation
Announces the Government's intention to replace the poll tax with a new council tax.
Community Charge Administrative Costs
Provides for central support toward additional local-authority administrative costs arising from reissuing reduced community-charge bills.
Community Charge Central Funding
Supports an additional ยฃ4 billion transfer from national taxation to finance the ยฃ140 reduction in community-charge bills.
Community Charge Fresh Bills
Requires councils that have already issued 1991-92 community-charge demands to issue revised bills reflecting the ยฃ140 reduction.
Community Charge Grant Compensation
Provides for government grants to compensate charging authorities for income lost through the statutory reduction in community charges.
Community Charge Replacement Decision
Announces that the community charge will be replaced by a new system of local taxation because the public has not accepted it as fair.
Community Charge ยฃ140 Reduction
Announces that 1991-92 headline community charges in England will be reduced by ยฃ140.
RUF Support
Charles Taylor supports RUF operations launched from Liberian territory
RUF Offensive
Foday Sankoh leads the Revolutionary United Front into Kailahun District
RUF Invasion
RUF fighters enter eastern Sierra Leone from Liberia and begin the civil war
Vagabond Heart
Releases Vagabond Heart, including Rhythm of My Heart and The Motown Song.
Community Charges General Reduction Bill
Takes part in Commons proceedings on legislation reducing community-charge bills.
Overthrow of Moussa Traore
Toure leads officers who remove Moussa Traore after pro-democracy demonstrations and military unrest.
Transitional Government Established
Toure heads a transitional authority committed to constitutional government and multiparty elections.
MERCOSUR
Signs the Treaty of Asuncion creating the Southern Common Market, MERCOSUR
Pro-Yeltsin Moscow Demonstration
Tens of thousands demonstrate in Moscow in support of Yeltsin despite restrictions on public rallies.
Resignation of Giulio Andreotti
Forced to resign by the Socialist Party
Hillsborough Disaster
After an 80-day inquest - longest in British legal history - returns verdicts of accidental death
Charter
Unveils the Citizens Charter to improve standards of public services
Foreign Secretary of Malaysia
Appointed Foregn Minister, 1st term
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance
Withdrawal Negotiations
Non essential US Embassy staff are withdrawn from Ethiopia
April 199161 historical events
UN Security Council Resolution 687
The United Nations establishes the formal ceasefire and Iraq's disarmament obligations.
Formal Gulf War Ceasefire
The resolution addresses borders, weapons controls and compensation.
UN Resolution 687
Security Council establishes the formal ceasefire framework with Iraq.
Voyager 2 Photopolarimeter Shutdown
Voyager 2's photopolarimeter is switched off after degraded performance ends the experiment.
Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina
War breaks out between the Bosnian Government and local Serbs, who start 1992-1995 siege of capital Sarajevo
Independence of Serbia
War breaks out between the Bosnian Government and local Serbs, who start 1992-1995 siege of capital Sarajevo
Siege of Sarajevo
War breaks out between the Bosnian Government and local Serbs, who start 1992-1995 siege of capital Sarajevo
Government Leadership Returns
Thiam leads the government under President Diouf
Prime Minister Restored
Habib Thiam returns as Prime Minister when the office is restored
Resolution 681 Follow-Up Report
Perez de Cuellar submits further recommendations on civilian protection and implementation of Security Council Resolution 681.
Independence of Georgia
Georgia proclaims independence from Moscow
Independence of Russia
Georgia proclaims independence from Moscow
General Strike
Georgia proclaims a general strike
Independence of Georgia
Georgia proclaims a general strike
Independence of Georgia
Troops are moved into Ossetia to reassert control over Georgia
Independence of Russia
Georgia proclaims a general strike
Independence of Russia
Troops are moved into Ossetia to reassert control over Georgia
Invasion of Georgia
Troops are moved into Ossetia to reassert control over Georgia
Reballion of Rebels in Ossetia
Troops are moved into Ossetia to reassert control over Georgia
Siege of Ossetia
Troops are moved into Ossetia to reassert control over Georgia
Formal Gulf War Ceasefire
Bush recognises the formal ceasefire after Iraq accepts Security Council Resolution 687.
Symphony Hall
Symphony Hall opens as the principal home of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra.
Havens-Kurds
US forces move into northern Iraq to set up safe havens for Kurdish refugees
Invasion of Iran
US forces move into northern Iraq to set up safe havens for Kurdish refugees
Kurdish Refugees
US forces move into northern Iraq to set up safe havens for Kurdish refugees
Kurds
US forces move into northern Iraq to set up safe havens for Kurdish refugees
Invasion of Iraq
US forces move into northern Iraq to set up safe havens for Kurdish refugees
Kurdish Refugees
US forces move into northern Iraq to set up safe havens for Kurdish refugees
Council Tax Consultation
Publishes consultation proposals for a new council tax and for review of local-government structure.
Council Tax Consultation
Publishes consultation proposals for the council tax and for reform of local-government structure.
Council Tax No Personal Register
Designs the proposed council tax so that no register equivalent to the community-charge register is required.
Council Tax Personal Element
Proposes that the council tax combine a property element with a personal element based on an assumed two-adult household.
Council Tax Property Element
Proposes a replacement council tax in which liability varies according to the value band assigned to each property.
Council Tax Single-person Discount
Proposes a 25 percent council-tax discount for households containing only one countable adult.
Council Tax Valuation Bands
Proposes broad property-value bands so homes need not undergo precise individual valuation for council-tax purposes.
Prime Minister
Leads the Slovak government during federal negotiations.
Assembly of the Serb People
The Serb deputies form the Assembly of the Serb People in Bosnia and Herzegovina representative of the Bosnian Serb population, ending the tripartite coalition
Republic of the Serbian People of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Serb deputies form the Assembly of the Serb People in Bosnia and Herzegovina representative of the Bosnian Serb population, ending the tripartite coalition
Prime Minister
Takes office as Prime Minister of Finland and forms a government in Helsinki.
Government Ends
His government ends in Helsinki, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Finland.
1st US aircraft since 1979 lands in Iran with blankets for Kurdish
1st US aircraft since 1979 lands in Iran with blankets for Kurdish refugees
Kurdish Refugees
1st US aircraft since 1979 lands in Iran with blankets for Kurdish refugees
Democratic Transition
Albania changes from communist dictatorship toward a multiparty republic
President Appointed
Becomes President of Albania during the democratic transition
President Elected
Elected President by the new parliament after the first multiparty election
Union
Returns under the Yes name for Union and the large multi-member tour.
Union
Appears on Union, bringing together the Yes and Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe camps.
Reform of Parliament
The House of Lords rejects the War Crimes Bill for the 2nd time
First David Oddsson Government
Begins the First David Oddsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Third Steingrimur Hermannsson Government
The Third Steingrimur Hermannsson Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.
Monitoring Commission
The Angolan Government and UNITA form the Joint Verification and Monitoring Commission and the Joint Commission on the Formation of the Angolan Armed Forces
UNITA
UNITA and the Angolan Government began six rounds of negotiations, the Portuguese Government mediates the discussion while officials from the US and Soviet Governments observe. The Angolan Government and UNITA form the Joint Verification and Monitoring Commission and the Joint Commission on the Formation of the Angolan Armed Forces
Rangers Manager Appointment
Succeeds Graeme Souness as Rangers manager.
Visit to Japan
The 1st Russian President to visit Japan
Eastern War Begins
Government forces struggle to contain RUF attacks in the eastern districts
Apartheid
The ANC rules out any veto for minority groups in a post-apartheid society
Constitution of South Africa
The ANC rules out any veto for minority groups in a post-apartheid society
UN Resolution 687
United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) was an inspection regime created with the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 in April 1991 to oversee Iraq's compliance with the destruction of Iraqi chemical, biological, and missile weapons facilities and to cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Agency's efforts to eliminate nuclear weapon facilities all in the aftermath of the Gulf War
UNSCOM
United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) was an inspection regime created with the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 in April 1991 to oversee Iraq's compliance with the destruction of Iraqi chemical, biological, and missile weapons facilities and to cooperate with the International Atomic Energy Agency's efforts to eliminate nuclear weapon facilities all in the aftermath of the Gulf War.
Alliance George Herbert Walker Bush and to Hanoi
The US gives aid to Hanoi when it helps account for 2,276 missing US soldiers
Military Aid
The US gives aid to Hanoi when it helps account for 2,276 missing US soldiers
May 199132 historical events
Legislation
The Government uses the Parliament Act to pass the War Crimes Bill
Reform of Parliament
The Government uses the Parliament Act to pass the War Crimes Bill
Shariat Act
Parliament adopts the Enforcement of Shariat Act under Nawaz Sharif.
First Hubble Jupiter Images
Hubble obtains its first detailed observations of Jupiter, including views of the Great Red Spot.
Soyuz TM-12 Launch
Launches with Anatoli Artsebarski and Sergei Krikalev on Soyuz TM-12 for a scientific visit to the Mir space station.
Compensation Commission Created
Claims arising from Iraq's invasion and occupation can be processed.
UN Resolution 692
Security Council establishes the United Nations Compensation Commission.
First British Visitor Aboard Mir
Docks with Mir and becomes the first British person and the first woman to visit the station.
Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated by a suicide bomber during an election campaign at Sriperumbudur in Tamil Nadu.
Death of Rajiv Gandhi
Death of Rajiv Gandhi
Exile of Mengistu Haile Mariam
Flees to Zimbabwe as rebels close in on Addis Ababa
Death of Stanley Harding Stan Mortensen
Death of Stanley Harding "Stan" Mortensen
Lebanon-Syria Cooperation Treaty
President Elias Hrawi and Syrian President Hafez al-Assad sign the Treaty of Brotherhood, Cooperation and Coordination in Damascus, establishing a formal framework for wide-ranging bilateral coordination.
City Challenge Launch
Announces the City Challenge approach to neighbourhood regeneration through local public-private partnerships.
UN Security Council Resolution 694
Perez de Cuellar continues UN engagement as Resolution 694 calls for the return of Palestinians deported from the occupied territories.
Mir Research Visit Completed
Returns to Earth after completing a short research programme aboard Mir with the station's resident Soviet cosmonauts.
Premiership Ends
Druc leaves office before Moldova's declaration of independence
Prime Minister Takes Office
Valeriu Muravschi becomes Prime Minister of the Moldovan SSR
Bicesse Accords
The Bicesse Accords, also known as the Estoril Accords, lay out a transition to multi-party democracy in Angola under the supervision of the United Nations UNAVEM II mission. President Jose Eduardo dos Santos of the MPLA and Jonas Savimbi of UNITA sign the accord in Lisbon, Portugal
UNITA
President Jose Eduardo dos Santos of the MPLA and Jonas Savimbi of UNITA sign the accord in Lisbon, Portugal
UNITA
The Bicesse Accords, also known as the Estoril Accords, lay out a transition to multi-party democracy in Angola under the supervision of the United Nations UNAVEM II mission
Angolan Armed Forces
The accords attempt to demobilize the 152,000 active fighters and integrate the remaining Government troops and UNITA rebels into a 50,000-strong Angolan Armed Forces (FAA)
Bicesse Accords
President Jose Eduardo dos Santos of the MPLA and Jonas Savimbi of UNITA sign the accord in Lisbon, Portugal.
Bicesse Accords
The Bicesse Accords, also known as the Estoril Accords, lay out a transition to multi-party democracy in Angola under the supervision of the United Nations UNAVEM II mission.
Bicesse Accords
The accords attempt to demobilize the 152,000 active fighters and integrate the remaining Government troops and UNITA rebels into a 50,000-strong Angolan Armed Forces (FAA).
UNITA
The accords attempt to demobilize the 152,000 active fighters and integrate the remaining Government troops and UNITA rebels into a 50,000-strong Angolan Armed Forces (FAA). President Jose Eduardo dos Santos of the MPLA and Jonas Savimbi of UNITA sign the accord in Lisbon, Portugal
Bicesse Accords
The Bicesse Accords, also known as the Estoril Accords, lay out a transition to multi-party democracy in Angola under the supervision of the United Nations UNAVEM II mission
United Nations
The Bicesse Accords, also known as the Estoril Accords, lay out a transition to multi-party democracy in Angola under the supervision of the United Nations UNAVEM II mission
Bicesse Accords
The Bicesse Accords, also known as the Estoril Accords, lay out a transition to multi-party democracy in Angola under the supervision of the United Nations UNAVEM II mission
Disbanding of Lebanese Militias
The post-war government advances the disarmament and dissolution of most Lebanese militias while rebuilding the Lebanese Armed Forces as the principal national military institution under President Elias Hrawi.
British Monetary Opt Out Compromise
During an informal meeting of finance ministers, Juncker helped preserve negotiations by advancing an opt-out arrangement that allowed the United Kingdom not to adopt the future single currency.
Election
Girija Prasad Koirala of Nepali Congress takes office as first popularly elected Prime Minister in 30 years
June 1991101 historical events
Constitution of Russia
The USSR is renamed the Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics. Gorbachev announces a final agreement on a Treaty designed to preserve the Soviet federation while giving more power to the republics
Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics
The USSR is renamed the Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics
Legislation
The Land Acts of 1913 & 1936 are repealed. The Group Areas Act of 1950 is repealed
Reform of Land Ownership
The Land Acts of 1913 & 1936 are repealed. The Group Areas Act of 1950 is repealed
Raid
South African troops plunder Mandelas dwelling
1st Lesbian Priest
Lesbian priest Elizabeth Carl ordained in Episcopal Church
The Mix
Participates in The Mix as Kraftwerk revise their catalogue for a digital era.
The Mix
Releases The Mix, reworking earlier Kraftwerk material with updated digital production.
International Convention Centre
Elizabeth II officially opens Birmingham's International Convention Centre.
Constitution of Russia
Russia stages it 1st ever general election
Constitution of Russia
The people of Leningrad vote by 55% to 43% to change their city name to Saint Petersburg
Election
Russia stages it 1st ever general election
Referendum
The people of Leningrad vote by 55% to 43% to change their city name to Saint Petersburg
Referendum
The people of Leningrad vote by 55% to 43% to change their city name to Saint Petersburg
First Direct Russian Presidential Election
Wins Russia's first direct presidential election with about fifty-seven percent of the vote.
Capital
The German Parliament votes to move the Government to Berlin
White House Meeting with George H. W. Bush
Meets President George H. W. Bush at the White House after his election as Russian president.
Finance Minister
Manmohan Singh becomes Finance Minister in P.V. Narasimha Rao's government.
Prime Minister of India
P.V. Narasimha Rao becomes Prime Minister after the 1991 general election.
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 1st term
Treaty of Schengen
In Belgium, Eyskens endorses the Bonn agreements extending Schengen to Spain and Portugal. Belgian officials favour gradual implementation backed by shared security measures.
Treaty of Schengen
Martens represents Belgium as Spain and Portugal sign Schengen accession agreements. The Belgian approach combines mobility with common visa and policing rules.
Croatian Independence
Croatia declares independence from Yugoslavia.
Croatian and Slovenian Independence
Proclaims Croatian independence from Yugoslavia.
Treaty of Schengen
In France, Dumas endorses Spanish and Portuguese accession to the Convention at the Bonn signing. The French approach stresses both free movement and compensating security measures.
Treaty of Schengen
Cresson represents France as Spain and Portugal sign Schengen accession agreements. French officials link border removal with operational law-enforcement cooperation.
Treaty of Schengen
Kohl represents Germany as Spain and Portugal sign Schengen accession agreements. German officials emphasise reliable information-sharing between national authorities.
Treaty of Schengen
In Germany, Genscher supports the Bonn agreements extending Schengen to Spain and Portugal. The German approach combines mobility with coordinated frontier safeguards.
Treaty of Schengen
In Netherlands, van den Broek supports the Bonn accession agreements bringing Spain and Portugal into the Schengen framework. The Dutch approach combines mobility with common security safeguards.
Treaty of Schengen
Lubbers represents Netherlands as Spain and Portugal sign Schengen accession agreements. Dutch officials favour shared information systems alongside open internal borders.
Independence of Croatia and Slovenia
Croatia and Slovenia proclaim independence
Independence of Serbia
Croatia and Slovenia proclaim independence
Yugoslav Crisis
Opposes the breakup of Yugoslavia.
Croatian and Slovenian Independence
Opposes the secession of Croatia and Slovenia from Yugoslavia.
Slovenian Independence
Slovenia declares independence from Yugoslavia.
Speech
ANC leader Nelson Mandela addresses congress
Ten-Day War Begins
Leads Slovenia as fighting begins with the Yugoslav People's Army.
Ten-Day War Begins
Directs the federal military response to Slovenian independence.
Ten-Day War
Yugoslav forces move against Slovenian independence.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Belgium's delegation as the Luxembourg European Council reviews progress toward political and monetary union.
European Union Negotiations
Supports Danish participation in negotiations shaping the foreign-policy and institutional provisions later incorporated into the Maastricht Treaty.
Luxembourg European Council
Represents Denmark as Community leaders review preparations for the intergovernmental conferences on political union and economic and monetary union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Denmark when the Luxembourg summit assesses the treaty negotiations on political union and EMU.
Treaty of Maastricht
Carries France's negotiating position into the Luxembourg summit on political and monetary integration.
Treaty of Maastricht
Takes Germany's position to Luxembourg as leaders examine the two intergovernmental conferences.
Luxembourg European Council
Represents German foreign policy as leaders review the intergovernmental conferences preparing the Maastricht settlement.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Great Britain during the Luxembourg summit's review of negotiations that will culminate at Maastricht.
Election
Announces she will not stand at the next election
Retirement
Announces she will not stand at the next election
Luxembourg European Council
Represents Greece as leaders review progress in the political and monetary union conferences.
Treaty of Maastricht
Joins the Luxembourg European Council while Greece helps shape the emerging treaty settlement.
Luxembourg European Council
Represents Ireland as leaders review progress in the two intergovernmental conferences.
Treaty of Maastricht
Attends the Luxembourg European Council as Ireland considers the architecture of the proposed European Union.
Luxembourg European Council
Represents Italy as leaders review progress in the two intergovernmental conferences.
Treaty of Maastricht
Speaks for Italy at Luxembourg while leaders assess progress toward a new treaty.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Luxembourg as the Luxembourg summit considers the developing framework for European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Takes part in the Luxembourg European Council as Netherlands weighs the next stage of integration.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Portugal at Luxembourg while the Twelve review treaty work on political and monetary union.
Comecon
The final Comecon council session takes place June 28, 1991 in Budapest, and led to an agreement to disband within 90 days
Economy of Russia
The final Comecon council session takes place June 28, 1991 in Budapest, and led to an agreement to disband within 90 days
Committee of External Relations
The final Comecon council session takes place June 28, 1991 in Budapest, and led to an agreement to disband within 90 days
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Spain at Luxembourg as leaders review unresolved questions in the future Union treaty.
Treaty of Maastricht
Develops Belgium's monetary position as negotiations continue on the path toward economic and monetary union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Advances Belgium's foreign-policy position as Luxembourg discussions focus on political union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports Denmark's economic priorities during the Luxembourg review of monetary-union negotiations.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports Denmark's treaty diplomacy during Luxembourg negotiations on common foreign-policy cooperation.
Treaty of Maastricht
Helps define France's approach to political cooperation during the Luxembourg European Council.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports France's economic negotiating line as the proposed monetary union takes shape.
Treaty of Maastricht
Works on Germany's response to proposed convergence rules and future monetary institutions.
Treaty of Maastricht
Works on Germany's political-union priorities while the Twelve meet in Luxembourg.
Treaty of Maastricht
Defends British monetary flexibility while the Luxembourg talks consider the proposed path to a single currency.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports Britain's intergovernmental approach to foreign-policy cooperation during the Luxembourg talks.
Luxembourg Political Union Negotiations
Supports Greek positions on the political and foreign-policy provisions under negotiation.
Treaty of Maastricht
Presses Greece's diplomatic objectives during the Luxembourg review of treaty negotiations.
Luxembourg Monetary Union Negotiations
Advances Greek positions on convergence and the future monetary-union framework.
Treaty of Maastricht
Advances Greece's financial interests while the Twelve examine the design of economic and monetary union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Assesses the monetary-union framework from Ireland's economic-policy perspective during the Luxembourg talks.
Luxembourg Monetary Union Negotiations
Advances Ireland's position on convergence and the design of economic and monetary union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Contributes Ireland's diplomatic position to the Luxembourg phase of the treaty negotiations.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports the political-union provisions sought by Italy during the Luxembourg summit.
Treaty of Maastricht
Works to reconcile Italy's fiscal interests with the emerging economic and monetary union settlement.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports Luxembourg's approach to monetary convergence while the treaty negotiations advance.
Treaty of Maastricht
Coordinates Luxembourg's foreign-policy stance as leaders review the future treaty at Luxembourg.
Treaty of Maastricht
Shapes Netherlands's financial position during discussions on the future monetary union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Works to protect Netherlands's diplomatic priorities during the Luxembourg negotiations.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Portugal's economic concerns as the Luxembourg summit reviews EMU negotiations.
Treaty of Maastricht
Presents Portugal's position on political union as the European Council meets in Luxembourg.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Spain's foreign-policy interests as the proposed Union's political provisions are examined.
Treaty of Maastricht
Helps frame Spain's position on convergence and monetary integration during the Luxembourg phase.
Under-20 World Cup Victory
Converts the decisive penalty as Portugal defeat Brazil.
Golden Generation Championship
Wins a second consecutive youth world championship for Portugal.
Under-20 World Cup Victory
Helps Portugal defeat Brazil in the Under-20 World Cup final.
1991 General Election
Congress emerges as the largest party in the 1991 general election and forms a minority government under P.V. Narasimha Rao.
Economy of Poland
Unemployment jumps from 7,000 at end of 1989 to 2 million in 1991. Inflation increases to 70%. 27m adults to receive vouchers equivalent to mutual funds, $9,000 each
Inflation
Inflation increases to 70%
Coup
The Albanian Government is overthrown
Mayor
Appointed Mayor of Moscow
Invasion of Croatia
Yugoslav tanks fail to crush Slovenian independence, fighting begins in Croatia between Croats and ethnic Serbs
Invasion of Slovenia
Yugoslav tanks fail to crush Slovenian independence, fighting begins in Croatia between Croats and ethnic Serbs
Diamond Areas Targeted
RUF advances toward diamond-producing districts that become central to the war
Independence of Slovenia
Independence for Slovenia is declared
July 199168 historical events
Warsaw Pact Organisation
Leaders of the Warsaw Pact sign a protocol terminating the Warsaw Pact Organisation
Warsaw Pact
Leaders of the Warsaw Pact sign a protocol terminating the Warsaw Pact Organisation
Warsaw Pact Organisation
Leaders of the Warsaw Pact sign a protocol terminating the Warsaw Pact Organisation
Warsaw Pact Organisation
Leaders of the Warsaw Pact sign a protocol terminating the Warsaw Pact Organisation
Federal Vice Chancellor
Appointed Federal Vice Chancellor
Director General
Appointed Director General of the BBC
Conference of ANC
The first national conference of the ANC, since the organisation was banned in 1960, begins in Durban, South Africa, Oliver Tambo, whose health is suffering, hands over the presidency of the ANC to Nelson Mandela
Conference of ANC
The first national conference of the ANC, since the organisation was banned in 1960, begins in Durban, South Africa, Oliver Tambo, whose health is suffering, hands over the presidency of the ANC to Nelson Mandela
Conference of ANC
Walter Sisulu is elected Deputy President of the ANC
Death of Lee Remick
Actress Lee Remick (55) dies in Los Angeles of cancer
Wimbledon
Steffi Graf wins the womens singles title at Wimbledon, defeating Gabriela Sabatini 6-4, 3-6, 8-6
Arms Control Talks
President Bush sends a personal message to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, urging a stronger effort to conclude arms control talks
Hubble Images Andromeda Double Nucleus
Hubble observations resolve two distinct brightness peaks in the central region of M31, revealing the unusual double structure of its nucleus.
Arms Control Talks
President Bush sends a personal message to Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, urging a stronger effort to conclude arms control talks
Brioni Agreement
Accepts the agreement suspending implementation of Slovenian independence.
Brioni Agreement
Accepts arrangements leading to withdrawal of federal forces from Slovenia.
City Challenge Bids
Answers Commons questions on evaluation of City Challenge bids.
Countryside Stewardship Scheme
Addresses Commons questions on the Countryside Stewardship Scheme.
Urban Development Corporations
Addresses Commons questions on urban development corporations.
Executive Presidency Begins
Begins exercising the new executive powers of the Russian presidency after taking the oath of office.
First Russian Presidential Inauguration
Takes the presidential oath as the first elected president of the Russian Federation.
Reform of Government
President Bush lifts economic sanctions
South Africa Joins NPT
South Africa accedes to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear-weapon state.
International Sanctions
President Bush lifts economic sanctions against South Africa, citing its "profound transformation" toward racial equality
Sanctions
President Bush lifts economic sanctions against South Africa, citing its "profound transformation" toward racial equality
Treaty Negotiations
Soviet and American negotiators meeting in Washington wrangle over a Treaty to reduce long-range nuclear missiles
Economy of Russia
Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev makes a personal appeal for Western aid at the conclusion of the Group of Seven economic summit in London
Group of Seven
Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev makes a personal appeal for Western aid at the conclusion of the Group of Seven economic summit in London
Summit
Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev makes a personal appeal for Western aid at the conclusion of the Group of Seven economic summit in London
Assassination of Andre Cools
Socialist Party leader Andre Cools is murdered, Cools had worked for more regional autonomy for Wallonia, the French-speaking southern half of Belgium, and the Dutch-speaking Flanders
Prime Minister of Angola
Appointed Prime Minister of Angola, 1st term
Visit to Souda Bay
President Bush tours the Souda Bay US naval base during a visit to Greece
Trial
Boxer Mike Tyson had sex with Desiree Washington, a Miss Black America contestant. On September 9, 1991, an Indiana Grand Jury votedsto indict Tyson on three counts, including one for the rape of Washington
Ban on Party Activity in State Institutions
Signs a decree prohibiting political party organizations from operating inside Russian state institutions and enterprises.
Reform of Government
Launches the Citizens Charter
Arrest of Mike Tyson
Desiree Washington, a Miss Black America contestant, charged shed been raped by boxer Mike Tyson in an Indianapolis hotel room 3 days earlier, Tyson is later convicted of rape and served three years in prison
Trial
Desiree Washington, a Miss Black America contestant, charged shed been raped by boxer Mike Tyson in an Indianapolis hotel room 3 days earlier, Tyson is later convicted of rape and served three years in prison
Reform of Civil Liberties
The draft of a new platform for the Soviet Communist Party is published, calling for private property, economic integration into world market and freedom of religion
Pollution Control
Answers parliamentary questions concerning pollution control.
Economic Liberalisation Budget
Manmohan Singh presents a reform budget that reduces controls, opens the economy and addresses a severe balance-of-payments crisis.
New Industrial Policy
Rao's government announces a new industrial policy that dismantles much of the industrial licensing system.
Archbishop of Canterbury
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, announcement made
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, announcement made
Economy of Russia
Gorbachev urges Communist leaders at a Central Committee meeting to reject "outdated ideological dogmas" and embrace a market economy
Reform of Government
Gorbachev urges Communist leaders at a Central Committee meeting to reject "outdated ideological dogmas" and embrace a market economy
Nuclear Power
President Bush warns Iraq it would be making "an enormous mistake" if it failed to disclose its nuclear weapons program to United Nations inspectors
United Nations
President Bush warns Iraq it would be making "an enormous mistake" if it failed to disclose its nuclear weapons program to United Nations inspectors
Nuclear Power
The US & Russia agree to arms control after 9 years of negotiatons
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Treaty of SAR
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Treaty of START 1
Signs START 1 with the USA to reduce offensive strategic arms
Nuclear Power
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
START I Treaty Signed
Signs START I with Mikhail Gorbachev, requiring major reductions in strategic nuclear weapons.
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Strategic Arms Reduction
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Treaty of Strategic Arms Reduction
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Nuclear Power
Bush & Gorbachev sign the Strategic Arms Reduction
Croatian War
Organises Croatian defence as fighting escalates.
Dortmund Coaching Appointment
Takes charge of Borussia Dortmund and begins building the squad that will challenge Bayern Munich domestically and win European honours.
Burial
Heffer has a memorial service at St Margarets, Westminster, attended by Thatcher
Burial
Heffer has a memorial service at St Margarets, Westminster, attended by Thatcher
Manager
Appointed as manager of 3rd Division Exeter City
Rupee Devaluation
India devalues the rupee in two stages as part of its response to the 1991 balance-of-payments crisis.
G7
Russia attends the G7 Conference
Ceasefire
A ceasefire is agreed between Serbia & Slovenia
Peace
A ceasefire is agreed between Serbia & Slovenia
ANC Presidency
Is elected president of the African National Congress.
Succeeds Oliver Tambo
Succeeds Oliver Tambo during the first legal national conference.
August 199165 historical events
Invention of World Wide Web
Builds the 1st web site http://info.cern.ch which goes live
Sovereign National Conference
Mobutu opens a national conference intended to negotiate political transition.
Mercury Polar Ice
Goldstone and Very Large Array radar observations reveal an unusually bright region near Mercury's north pole consistent with water ice.
Metallica
Metallica release their self-titled album, Metallica (popularly known as The Black Album by fans) is co-produced by Bob Rock
Metallica
Metallica release their self-titled album, Metallica (popularly known as The Black Album by fans), which includes songs such as "Enter Sandman", "Nothing Else Matters", "Sad But True," "The Unforgiven," "Holier Than Thou," and "Wherever I May Roam."
Metallica
Metallica release their self-titled album, Metallica (popularly known as The Black Album by fans), which includes songs such as "Enter Sandman", "Nothing Else Matters", "Sad But True," "The Unforgiven," "Holier Than Thou," and "Wherever I May Roam."
Metallica
Metallica release their self-titled album, Metallica (popularly known as The Black Album by fans), which includes songs such as "Enter Sandman", "Nothing Else Matters", "Sad But True," "The Unforgiven," "Holier Than Thou," and "Wherever I May Roam."
Metallica
Metallica release their self-titled album, Metallica (popularly known as The Black Album by fans), which includes songs such as "Enter Sandman", "Nothing Else Matters", "Sad But True," "The Unforgiven," "Holier Than Thou," and "Wherever I May Roam."
President of Laos
Becomes president after adoption of the constitution
Prime Minister
Becomes prime minister after Kaysone moves to the presidency
Chief of Army Staff
Asif Nawaz Janjua becomes Chief of Army Staff, succeeding General Mirza Aslam Beg.
Coup
Imprisoned at his holiday villa, dacha, in the Crimea by hardline communists
Coup
Gorbachev is detained in his summer residence on the orders of Kryuchkov
Coup
One of the ring leaders who plots against Gorbachev
Coup
Forms an 8 man Emergency Committee & declares Gorbachev deposed & a state of emergency
State of Emergency
Forms an 8 man Emergency Committee & declares Gorbachev deposed & a state of emergency
Coup
A coup takes place while Gorbachev is establishing a federal Union of Sovereign States
Coup
Forms an 8 man Emergency Committee & declares Gorbachev deposed & a state of emergency
State of Emergency
Forms an 8 man Emergency Committee & declares Gorbachev deposed & a state of emergency
Resistance to August Coup
Emerges as the principal public leader of resistance to the State Committee for the State of Emergency.
Russian White House Resistance Headquarters
Uses the Russian White House as the political headquarters for organized resistance to the emergency committee.
Arrest of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
Arrested during a coup
Coup
Arrested during a coup
Coup
Gennady Yanayev is declared Gorbachevs replacement as President. Forms an 8 man Emergency Committee. Declares Gorbachev deposed. Declares a state of emergency
State of Emergency
Declares a state of emergency
Vice President
Appointed President of Russia by the Emergency Committee
Coup
Gennady Yanayev is declared Gorbachevs replacement as President. Forms an 8 man Emergency Committee & declares Gorbachev deposed. Declares as state of emergency
State of Emergency
Declares as state of emergency
Appeal for Resistance to GKChP
Declares the emergency committee unconstitutional and calls for a general strike and civil resistance.
White House Armoured Vehicle Address
Addresses crowds from an armoured vehicle outside the Russian White House during resistance to the August coup.
Coup
Russian troops defect to Yeltsin & the coup collapses
Coup
Putin resigns from the state security services during the KGB-supported abortive putsch against Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev
KGB (Committee for State Security)
Putin resigns from the state security services during the KGB-supported abortive putsch against Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev
Resignation of Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin
Putin resigns from the state security services during the KGB-supported abortive putsch against Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev
Coup
The communist conspirators flee Moscow
August Coup Collapse
The hard-line coup collapses as military support shifts and resistance centered on the Russian White House succeeds.
Coup
Gorbachev is held under guard in a Dacha by the Black Sea
Coup
Restored as President & the coup is defeated. Reform is given a poweeful boost as the Communist Party is weakened
Arrest of Gennady Ivanovich Yanaev
The coup fails & Yanaev is arrested but later amnestied by the Russian Duma
Coup
The coup fails & Yanaev is arrested but later amnestied by the Russian Duma
Coup
Gorbachev resumes presidency in Moscow
Russian Control over Union Institutions Expands
Moves to bring key Soviet-era institutions and property inside Russia under Russian state control after the coup fails.
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the KGB
KGB (Committee for State Security)
Ordered by Gorbachov to convert the KGB into a normal police force. Appointed Chairman of the KGB
Reform of Policing
Ordered by Gorbachov to convert the KGB into a normal police force
Mercury Polar Ice
Muhleman participates in radar mapping that detects highly reflective material near Mercury's north pole, providing evidence for polar ice.
Independence of Belarus
White (Belarus) declares its independence
Siege of Vukovar
Commands Croatian defence during the siege.
Siege of Vukovar Begins
Directs Croatia during the defense of Vukovar.
Siege of Vukovar
Serb and Yugoslav forces besiege Vukovar.
Siege of Vukovar Begins
Oversees Yugoslav military operations as the siege begins.
Independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
The USA recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania
Independence of Russia
The USA recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania
Recognition of the independence of Estonia
The USA recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania
Independence of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
The USA recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania
Independence of United States of America
The USA recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia & Lithuania
Minister of Internal Affairs
Appointed Minister of Internal Affairs for USSR
Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site Closed
Closes the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site after decades of Soviet nuclear testing.
Coup
Arrests members of the Emergency Committee. An ally of Boris Yeltsin, supports an independent Russia from the Soviet Union
Coup
Organizes the defence of the White House & ensures the arrival of the MVD units
Coup
Death of Boris Pugo, commits suicide during the attempted coud dEtat
Death of Boris Pugo
Death of Boris Pugo, commits suicide during the attempted coud dEtat
Suicide
Death of Boris Pugo, commits suicide during the attempted coud dEtat
Coup
Hundreds of thousands demonstrate in Moscow against the coup
Retires from Government
Leaves the deputy prime ministership after decades in government
September 199113 historical events
Constitution of South Africa
Announces proposals for a new constitution that will provide black suffrage. Announces a new constitution that will provide suffrage for black people
Reform of Constitution
Announces proposals for a new constitution that will provide black suffrage. Announces a new constitution that will provide suffrage for black people
Suffrage
Announces a new constitution that will provide suffrage for black people
US Presidential Nuclear Initiatives
Announces unilateral reductions and withdrawals of numerous United States tactical nuclear weapons.
Nuclear Power
Announces cuts in nuclear weapons
Serb Autonomous Regions
The SDS bgins to establish various "Serb Autonomous Regions" throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina
Army Mutiny and Kinshasa Looting
Struggles to restore order after unpaid soldiers mutiny and widespread looting erupts in Kinshasa.
Ajax First-Team Debut
Makes his senior debut for Ajax and becomes an energetic central midfielder.
Bryukhanov Early Release from Prison
Is released on parole after serving about half of his ten-year sentence for safety violations connected with the disaster.
Reform of Government
Ends all party & political activities in the MVD
Colonel
Appointed Colonel General
Peace Conference
Calls a conference attended by the Inkatha Freedom Party, the ANC & the National Party
Peace Conference
Calls a conference attended by the Inkatha Freedom Party, the ANC & the National Party
October 199141 historical events
Siege of Dubrovnik Begins
Leads Croatia as Yugoslav forces attack the Dubrovnik region.
First Appointment as Prime Minister
The opposition leader becomes prime minister during negotiations over democratic transition.
Siege of Dubrovnik Begins
Directs the Yugoslav military during operations around Dubrovnik.
National Indoor Arena
The National Indoor Arena opens for sport, concerts and large public events.
Soyuz TM-13 Docking
Arrives aboard Mir and joins Sergei Krikalev, forming the station's next long-duration resident crew during a period of political change.
Soviet Reciprocal Nuclear Initiatives
Announces reciprocal Soviet reductions and changes to tactical nuclear forces following the United States initiative.
Nuclear Power
Major says Britain will keep Trident
Trident
Major says Britain will keep Trident as its independent nuclear deterrent
Nuclear Power
Announces nuclear cuts
Chief Minister Appointed
Reuben Meade becomes Chief Minister after the 1991 election
Clarence Thomas Hearings
Chairs Supreme Court confirmation hearings for Clarence Thomas.
Independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina
The Bosnian Parliament votes for national sovereignty
Prime Minister Takes Office
Sergey Tereshchenko becomes Prime Minister during the independence transition
Prime Minister of Romania
Stolojan forms a government following Petre Roman's resignation.
Madrid Conference Invitations
Baker helps finalize invitations to the Madrid Peace Conference after months of diplomacy with Israeli, Palestinian and Arab representatives.
Harare Declaration Adopted
Commonwealth leaders adopt the Harare Declaration during a summit hosted by Zimbabwe.
Harare Declaration
Mugabe hosts the Commonwealth summit that adopts the Harare Declaration.
Dismissal as Prime Minister
Mobutu dismisses Tshisekedi after a brief confrontation over executive authority.
JFK
Garrisons investigation again received widespread attention through Oliver Stones 1991 film, JFK, which was largely based on Garrisons book On the Trail of the Assassins as well as Jim Marrs Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy
Weld
Releases Weld, a live album capturing his noisy early-1990s tour with Crazy Horse.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Mobutu appoints Mungul Diaka after removing Tshisekedi.
Paris Peace Accords
Khmer Rouge refuse to fully comply with the Paris Peace Accords
Paris Accords Government
Hun Sen remains Prime Minister during the Paris Peace Accords settlement
Serb Assembly
A separate Serb Assembly is founded in Banja Luka to exclusively represent the Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serb Assembly
A separate Serb Assembly is founded in order to exclusively represent the Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Galileo Gaspra Flyby
Galileo becomes the first spacecraft to make a close encounter with an asteroid when it passes Gaspra.
Gaspra Surface Imaging
Galileo images Gaspra as an irregular, heavily cratered asteroid with a surface layer of loose material.
Intifada, 1st
Israel attends the Madrid Conference as the First Intifada helps force renewed peace diplomacy
Madrid Conference
Leads Israel to the Madrid Conference, opening direct talks after years of Intifada violence.
Madrid Conference
Serves as a leading voice for the Palestinian delegation at Madrid.
Madrid Conference
Participates in the Madrid process as Palestinian diplomacy enters direct talks.
Madrid Conference
Co-sponsors the Madrid Peace Conference with the Soviet Union.
Palestinian Delegation Address at Madrid
Ashrawi speaks for the Palestinian delegation at Madrid and presents its case for ending occupation through direct political negotiations.
Commonwealth
The Commonwealth Conference makes the Harare Declaration on good Government. Attends the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
Conference of Commonwealth
Attends the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
Declaration of Harare
The Commonwealth Conference makes the Harare Declaration on good Government
Palestinian Madrid Delegation Authorized
Arafat authorizes Palestinian representatives to participate in the Madrid peace process despite his own exclusion from the formal delegation.
Minister of Finance
Appointed Minister of Finance, Deputy
Minister of State
Appointed Minister of State Security
Election
Elected to Parliament
Shuttle Diplomacy
Uses shuttle diplomacy to bring Israeli, Arab and Palestinian representatives to Madrid.
November 199130 historical events
Death of Robert Maxwell
Found drowned off his luxury yacht in the Canary Islands
Death of Robert Maxwell
Death of Robert Maxwell
Prime Minister of Japan
Appointed Prime Minister of Japan
Independence of Russia
The Ukraine signs the Soviet economic-union Treaty at the Kremlin
Independence of Ukraine
The Ukraine signs the Soviet economic-union Treaty at the Kremlin
CPSU Structures Banned in Russia
Signs a decree ending CPSU and Russian Communist Party organizational activity in Russia.
Kaiserslautern European Header
Scores a late header that keeps Barcelona's European Cup campaign alive against Kaiserslautern.
Death of Yves Montand
Death of Yves Montand
We Can't Dance
Plays keyboards on We Can't Dance, the last Genesis studio album with Phil Collins.
Local Government Finance Bill
Leads Commons proceedings on the Local Government Finance Bill providing for council tax.
Community Charge Abolition Date
Introduces legislation providing for abolition of the community charge from 1 April 1993 and its replacement by council tax.
Council Tax Benefit
Introduces legislation providing for council-tax benefit, including rebates of up to 100 percent for qualifying households.
James Bakers begins his trip to Japan, South Korea & Africa
James Bakers begins his trip to Japan, South Korea & Africa
Lockerbie Suspects Indicted
United States and British authorities indict two Libyan intelligence officers over Lockerbie.
Market Reform Decree Package
Signs a package of presidential decrees and government orders intended to move Russia toward a market economy.
Heads Russian Reform Government
Assumes leadership of the Russian government while launching the first post-Soviet market reform programme.
Fall of Vukovar
Leads Croatia as its defenders lose Vukovar.
British Waterways
Answers parliamentary questions concerning British Waterways.
Governor-General Takes Office
Wiwa Korowi becomes Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
Fall of Vukovar
Commands Yugoslav forces when Vukovar falls after a prolonged siege.
Constitution Adopted
The Constituent Assembly adopts Romania's democratic constitution.
East Thames Corridor
Answers a parliamentary question concerning development of the East Thames Corridor.
Appointment as Prime Minister
Mobutu appoints Nguza Karl-i-Bond to lead a transitional government.
Economic and Monetary Union Negotiations
Answers parliamentary scrutiny as Denmark prepares its position on economic and monetary union before the Maastricht summit.
European Union Parliamentary Debate
Answers parliamentary questions on the government's approach to the European Community's developing union plans before Maastricht.
Local Government Commission
Answers a parliamentary question concerning the Local Government Commission.
Russian Support for Soviet Budget
Russia agrees to provide emergency financial support to the Soviet central government during its final budget crisis.
Referendum
Bosnian Serbs hold a referendum which results in an overwhelming vote in favour of staying in a federal state with Serbia and Montenegro, as part of Yugoslavia
Chief Whip
Appointed Chief Whip in the House of Lords
Gaidar Appointed Economic Reform Deputy
Appoints Yegor Gaidar first deputy prime minister with responsibility for designing rapid market reforms.
December 1991124 historical events
President Elected
Nazarbayev wins Kazakhstan's first presidential election
Independence of Russia
The Ukraine votes for its independence during a referendum
Independence of Ukraine
The Ukraine votes for its independence during a referendum
Referendum
The Ukraine votes for its independence during a referendum
Scandal
Disclosures about unauthorized loans from the Mirror pension fund
State Visit
bin Abdullah participates in state visit connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.
Commonwealth
Yeltsin, Ukrainian Pres. Leonid Kravchuk, and Belarus Pres. Stanislav Shuskevich meet in a hunting lodge to proclaim the Soviet Union null and void and to form a loose Commonwealth of Independent States. Russia, Byelorussia and Ukraine declare the Soviet national Government dead, forging a new alliance to be known as the Commonwealth of Independent States
Independence of Belarus
Russia, Byelorussia and Ukraine declare the Soviet national Government dead, forging a new alliance to be known as the Commonwealth of Independent States
National Government
Russia, Byelorussia and Ukraine declare the Soviet national Government dead, forging a new alliance to be known as the Commonwealth of Independent States
President Elected
Snegur wins Moldova's first direct presidential election
Constitutional Referendum
Voters approve the new Constitution of Romania in a national referendum.
Belovezha Agreement
Signs the Belovezha Agreement with the leaders of Ukraine and Belarus, declaring the Soviet Union ended and creating the CIS.
Belgian Support for European Union
Supports stronger European institutions and movement toward monetary union.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Belgium during negotiations on the Treaty on European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Belgium as the Maastricht European Council opens the decisive treaty negotiations.
Maastricht Economic Negotiations
Represents Danish economic interests as leaders negotiate the structure and timetable for economic and monetary union.
Maastricht Foreign Policy Negotiations
Participates in negotiations on the common foreign and security policy provisions of the emerging Treaty on European Union.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Denmark as the Maastricht European Council opens the final negotiations on European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Denmark into the final Maastricht summit as the Twelve seek agreement on European Union.
Economic and Monetary Union
Delors promoted the staged programme for economic and monetary union agreed by European leaders.
Economic and Monetary Union
Promotes the staged programme leading toward economic and monetary union.
Maastricht European Council
Delors supported the Maastricht settlement on deeper political and economic integration.
Maastricht European Council
Supports agreement on deeper political and economic integration.
Franco-German Treaty Leadership
Mitterrand promoted political union alongside plans for a common European currency.
Franco-German Treaty Leadership
Promotes political union alongside the planned common European currency.
Maastricht European Council
Mitterrand worked with Helmut Kohl to secure agreement at the Maastricht European Council.
Maastricht European Council
Works with Helmut Kohl to secure agreement on the treaty.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads France's participation as the final European Council negotiations begin at Maastricht.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Germany as the Maastricht European Council opens the decisive negotiations on European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Takes Germany's position into the opening day of the Maastricht European Council.
Treaty of Maastricht
Lamont defends Britain's monetary flexibility as leaders negotiate the proposed single-currency framework.
Treaty of Maastricht
Hurd represents British foreign-policy interests as the final Maastricht negotiations open.
British Treaty Opt-Outs
Secures opt-outs from the single currency and the Social Protocol.
Maastricht European Council
Negotiates Britain's position during the decisive European Council.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Greece as the Maastricht European Council opens the decisive negotiations on European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Greece when leaders begin the final political bargaining over the Union treaty.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Ireland as the Maastricht European Council opens the decisive negotiations on European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Ireland at the opening of the summit that will settle the new Union treaty.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Italy as the Maastricht European Council opens the decisive negotiations on European Union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Takes part in the first day at Maastricht as Italy presses its priorities in the final negotiations.
Luxembourg Treaty Agreement
Supports stronger European institutions and the route toward monetary union.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Luxembourg during the negotiations completed at Maastricht.
Treaty of Maastricht
Carries Luxembourg's negotiating mandate into the decisive Maastricht European Council.
European Union Agreement
Guides negotiations establishing the framework for European Union.
Maastricht European Council
Hosts the European Council that reaches agreement on the new treaty.
Treaty of Maastricht
Represents Netherlands as leaders open the final round of bargaining over European Union.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Portugal in the European Council treaty negotiations.
Portuguese Treaty Agreement
Supports cohesion measures and deeper European political cooperation.
Treaty of Maastricht
Leads Portugal at Maastricht as the Twelve seek to close the remaining treaty disputes.
Maastricht European Council
Represents Spain during negotiations establishing the European Union.
Spanish Treaty Agreement
Supports European citizenship, cohesion and the monetary-union programme.
Treaty of Maastricht
Joins the Maastricht summit as Spain works toward a settlement on political and monetary union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports the monetary-union framework accepted by Belgium when the Maastricht settlement is concluded.
Treaty of Maastricht
Helps conclude Belgium's political and foreign-policy settlement as the Maastricht negotiations reach agreement.
Maastricht Economic Agreement
Supports the final economic and monetary provisions agreed by the European Council at Maastricht.
Maastricht Political Agreement
Participates as the Twelve complete political agreement on the Treaty on European Union at Maastricht.
Treaty of Maastricht
Works on the political-union provisions accepted by Denmark in the final Maastricht compromise.
Danish Treaty Negotiations
Participates as the European Council reaches political agreement on the treaty package that will become the Maastricht Treaty.
Treaty of Maastricht
Contributes to the political-union compromise accepted by France on the summit's final day.
Treaty of Maastricht
Advances France's economic position as the Maastricht monetary settlement is finalised.
Maastricht Monetary Union Settlement
Delors supported agreement on treaty provisions establishing the route toward a single European currency.
Maastricht Political Union Settlement
Mitterrand helped secure agreement on a treaty combining political union with economic and monetary integration.
German Support for Monetary Union
Supports the final Maastricht settlement establishing the route toward economic and monetary union.
Maastricht EMU Negotiations
Helps negotiate convergence requirements and institutional arrangements for the planned economic and monetary union.
Treaty of Maastricht
Works on the economic provisions that Germany accepts in the final Maastricht agreement.
Treaty of Maastricht
Secures Germany's diplomatic interests in the final agreement on political cooperation.
Treaty of Maastricht
Hurd helps finalise Britain's intergovernmental safeguards in foreign and security policy.
Treaty of Maastricht
Secures British opt-outs from the third stage of monetary union and the Agreement on Social Policy.
Maastricht Negotiation
Negotiates opt outs from the single currency and Social Chapter.
Maastricht Political Union Agreement
Helps conclude the political and foreign-policy provisions of the Maastricht settlement.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports the foreign-policy framework accepted by Greece when the Maastricht settlement is completed.
Maastricht Monetary Union Agreement
Supports the final economic and monetary provisions agreed at Maastricht.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports Greece's approach to convergence criteria and the timetable for monetary union.
Greek Treaty Agreement
Supports the final Maastricht settlement establishing European Union and the framework for economic and monetary union.
Maastricht Monetary Union Agreement
Supports the final economic and monetary provisions agreed at Maastricht.
Maastricht Political Union Agreement
Helps conclude the political and foreign-policy provisions of the Maastricht settlement.
Treaty of Maastricht
Works through the remaining diplomatic issues before Ireland accepts the Maastricht settlement.
Irish Treaty Agreement
Accepts the final Maastricht settlement expanding European cooperation, citizenship rights and economic and monetary union.
Maastricht Political Union Negotiations
Helps conclude the foreign-policy and political provisions of the Maastricht settlement.
Treaty of Maastricht
Helps finalise the political provisions that Italy accepts in the new Treaty on European Union.
Italian Treaty Agreement
Accepts the final political settlement establishing European Union and the framework for economic and monetary union.
Maastricht Monetary Union Negotiations
Helps negotiate the monetary-union provisions and convergence framework agreed at Maastricht.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports the convergence framework accepted by Italy at the end of the Maastricht negotiations.
Treaty of Maastricht
Helps complete Luxembourg's economic negotiating position in the final Union treaty.
Treaty of Maastricht
Supports Luxembourg's final agreement on the treaty's foreign-policy and institutional provisions.
Treaty of Maastricht
Backs the monetary-union provisions included in Netherlands's Maastricht settlement.
Treaty of Maastricht
Concludes Netherlands's diplomatic work on the political pillar of the Maastricht settlement.
Washington Bilateral Negotiations
Ashrawi participates in the Palestinian negotiating team as bilateral Israeli-Palestinian talks continue in Washington after the Madrid conference.
Treaty of Maastricht
Helps conclude the financial provisions governing Spain's participation in economic and monetary union.
Russian Legislature Approves CIS
The Russian legislature ratifies the Belovezha agreement establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States.
First Post-Soviet Government
Tereshchenko leads the first government after independence
Agreement on Soviet Dissolution
Yeltsin and Mikhail Gorbachev discuss the transfer of powers as the Soviet Union approaches dissolution.
Independence of Republic of Serbian Krajina
Rebel Serbs declare independence in the Krajina region which makes up almost a third of Croatia
Independence of Serbia
Rebel Serbs declare independence in the Krajina region which makes up almost a third of Croatia
Republic of Serbian Krajina
Leads rebel Serb authorities in Krajina.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act
Bush signs the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act, introducing prompt corrective action and least-cost resolution rules while placing new limits on Federal Reserve lending to troubled depository institutions.
CODESA
The Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) , under the chairmanship of the judges Michael Corbett , Petrus Shabort and Ismail Mahomed, begins with a plenary session
CODESA
The Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) , under the chairmanship of the judges Michael Corbett , Petrus Shabort and Ismail Mahomed, begins with a plenary session
CODESA
The Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) , under the chairmanship of the judges Michael Corbett , Petrus Shabort and Ismail Mahomed, begins with a plenary session
CODESA
The Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) , under the chairmanship of the judges Michael Corbett , Petrus Shabort and Ismail Mahomed, begins with a plenary session
Constitution of South Africa
Delegations from 19 political groups discuss drafting the new constitution
CODESA
The IFP is represented by Frank Mdlalose at CODESA
CODESA
Inkatha Freedom Party leader Mangosuthu Buthelezi personally does not participate because his demands for additional delegations of the homeland KwaZulu and the Zulu king Goodwill Zwelithini were declined
Alma-Ata CIS Expansion
Joins leaders of former Soviet republics at Alma-Ata as the Commonwealth of Independent States expands.
US Recognition of Russia Discussed
Speaks by telephone with George H. W. Bush as the United States prepares formal recognition of Russia.
CIS
The Presidents of Russia, Ukraine & Belarus create the Commonwealth of Ind States
Commonwealth
The Presidents of Russia, Ukraine & Belarus create the Commonwealth of Ind States
United Nations
Russia takes the USSRs place in the UN
Russia Assumes Soviet UN Seat
Russia assumes the Soviet Union's United Nations membership and Security Council seat.
Constitution of Russia
The USSR ends after republics declare independence. The USSR ceases to exist
Constitution of Russia
Gorbachev resigns his position as President of the USSR, signifying the demise of the Soviet Union, 14 former Soviet republics (including Russia) become independent states
Independence of Russia
Gorbachev resigns his position as President of the USSR, signifying the demise of the Soviet Union, 14 former Soviet republics (including Russia) become independent states
Resignation of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
Resigns as leader of the Communist Party
Resignation of Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev
Gorbachev resigns his position as President of the USSR, signifying the demise of the Soviet Union, 14 former Soviet republics (including Russia) become independent states
Russian Control of Strategic Nuclear Forces
Assumes Russia's central responsibility for the former Soviet strategic nuclear arsenal after Gorbachev leaves office.
Land Privatization Decree
Signs measures allowing expanded private ownership and transfer of land as part of market reforms.
Price Liberalization Decree Signed
Approves the decree that will free most retail prices from state control in January 1992.
Independence of Bosnian Serb Republic
Local Serb leaders proclaim a new republic separate from Bosnia. In Bosnia, the most ethnically mixed Yugoslav republic, the Serb minority holds an unofficial referendum opposing separation from Yugoslavia
Independence of Serbia
Local Serb leaders proclaim a new republic separate from Bosnia. In Bosnia, the most ethnically mixed Yugoslav republic, the Serb minority holds an unofficial referendum opposing separation from Yugoslavia
Referendum
In Bosnia, the most ethnically mixed Yugoslav republic, the Serb minority holds an unofficial referendum opposing separation from Yugoslavia
Independence of Slovenia
Slovenias withdrawal from Yugoslavia is completed
CODESA
19 political groups from all races create the Convention for a Democratic South Africa
Constitution of South Africa
19 political groups from all races create the Convention for a Democratic South Africa
Commonwealth
Yeltsin, Ukrainian Pres. Leonid Kravchuk, and Belarus Pres. Stanislav Shuskevich meet in a hunting lodge to proclaim the Soviet Union null and void and to form a loose Commonwealth of Independent States
Constitution of Albania
Albania changes from a dictatorship to a democracy
Election
Winner of the Presidential election on behalf of the Party of Labour of Albania
Constitution of Algeria
The Islamic Salvation Front wins the first round of the countrys first multi-party elections, the military then intervene and cancell the second round
Election
The Islamic Salvation Front wins the first round of the countrys first multi-party elections, the military then intervene and cancell the second round
Constitution of Algeria
The Islamic Salvation Front wins the first round of the countrys first multi-party elections, the military then intervene and cancell the second round
Election
The Islamic Salvation Front wins the first round of the countrys first multi-party elections, the military then intervene and cancell the second round
Bicesse Accords
The FNLA and MPLA agree to the Bicesse Accords, allowing Roberto to return to Angola
Election
Runs unsuccessfully for President, receiving only 2.1% of the vote, the FNLA wins five seats in Parliament but refuses to participate in the Government
National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
The FNLA and MPLA agree to the Bicesse Accords, allowing Roberto to return to Angola. Runs unsuccessfully for President, receiving only 2.1% of the vote, the FNLA wins five seats in Parliament but refuses to participate in the Government
1991 Copa America Top Scorer
Scores six goals as Argentina win the Copa America and finishes as the tournament's leading scorer.
Batistuta Signs for Fiorentina
Gabriel Batistuta joins Fiorentina from Boca Juniors and starts the decade-long goalscoring association that makes him a club legend.
1991 Copa America Title Manager
Coaches Argentina to the Copa America title, ending a long wait for a senior international trophy.
Election
Announces will not stand for re-election
Scandal
Announces will not stand for re-election
Broos Takes Brugge Belgian Cup as Coach
Hugo Broos guides Club Brugge to the 1990โ91 Belgian Cup, adding managerial silverware to his earlier successes as a player.
Referendum
The Bosnian Serbs hold a referendum which results in an overwhelming vote in favour of staying in a federal state with Serbia and Montenegro, as part of Yugoslavia
Serb Autonomous Provinces
The leading Serb political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina, led by Radovan Karadzic, organizes the creation of "Serb autonomous provinces" (SAOs) within Bosnia and the establishment of an assembly to represent them
Economy of Botswana
General elections, BDP wins a majority, Quett Masire is re-elected as President
Strike
General elections, BDP wins a majority, Quett Masire is re-elected as President
Brazilian Centre-Back Arrives in Paris
Ricardo Gomes signed for Paris Saint-Germain and brought international defensive experience to a side preparing to challenge for French and European honours.
Prime Minister of Cameroon
Appointed Prime Minister of the Cameroon
Everything I Do (I Do It for You)
Adams releases the Album, " Waking up the Neighbours", produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange & Adams, & features "Everything I Do (I Do It for You)". Adams releases "Everything I Do (I Do It for You)", no 1 everywhere in the world & a record-breaking 16 weeks at no 1 in the UK
Mutt
Adams releases the Album, " Waking up the Neighbours", produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange & Adams, & features "Everything I Do (I Do It for You)". Adams releases "Everything I Do (I Do It for You)", no 1 everywhere in the world & a record-breaking 16 weeks at no 1 in the UK
Waking up the Neighbours
Adams releases the Album, " Waking up the Neighbours", produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange & Adams, & features "Everything I Do (I Do It for You)". Adams releases "Everything I Do (I Do It for You)", no 1 everywhere in the world & a record-breaking 16 weeks at no 1 in the UK
The Unfinished Revolution: Status of Women in Twelve Countries
Publication of The Unfinished Revolution: Status of Women in Twelve Countries
Prime Minister of Chad
Appointed Prime Minister of Chad
The Infinite Plan Spanish Edition
Allende published The Infinite Plan in Spanish, exploring identity and belonging through a North American setting.
Arrest of Han Dongfang
Released after 2 years on grounds of ill health
Ladic Croatia Goalkeeping Foundations
Draลพen Ladiฤ establishes himself among the Croatian national side's most experienced goalkeepers, providing composure as the team begins its independent international history.
Economy of Cuba
After the collapse of the Soviet Union Cuba is left bankrupt & isolated by the disintegration of the Soviet bloc
Ludek Miklosko Supporters Recognition
Ludฤk Mikloลกko wins Hammer of the Year after impressive goalkeeping in a season that sees West Ham secure promotion.
Chernobyl
The Three Mile Island accident and especially the Chernobyl disaster persuaded Governments to strengthen the IAEAs role in enhancing nuclear safety
Disaster
The Three Mile Island accident and especially the Chernobyl disaster persuaded Governments to strengthen the IAEAs role in enhancing nuclear safety
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
The Three Mile Island accident and especially the Chernobyl disaster persuaded Governments to strengthen the IAEAs role in enhancing nuclear safety. Iraqs clandestine weapon programme sowed doubts about the adequacy of IAEA safeguards & leads to steps to strengthen them, tested when the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK) becomes the second country to violate the NPT
Three Mile Island
The Three Mile Island accident and especially the Chernobyl disaster persuaded Governments to strengthen the IAEAs role in enhancing nuclear safety
Independence of Estonia
Independence is declared after abortive anti-Gorbachev coup
Delicatessen
Co-directs Delicatessen with Marc Caro.
Prime Minister of France
Appointed Prime Minister of France
What Is Philosophy
Deleuze and Guattari publish What Is Philosophy, their final major collaboration.
Monaco Coupe de France Victory
Under Wenger, AS Monaco won the Coupe de France in 1991, adding a national cup to the league title achieved earlier in his tenure.
Nimes Move Restarts Club Career
Cantona signed for newly promoted Nรฎmes, but disciplinary problems and frustration soon complicated his return to first-team football.
Retirement Announcement After Disciplinary Hearing
Cantona announced that he was retiring from football after a disciplinary dispute, although he soon reversed the decision and resumed his career.
Papin Earns Ballon dโOr with Marseille
Jean-Pierre Papin wins the 1991 Ballon dโOr for his extraordinary goalscoring with Marseille, whose European Cup final appearance crowns a strong season for the French striker.
Central Midfielder Signs for PSG
Paul Le Guen joined Paris Saint-Germain from Nantes and became a reliable central midfielder across the club's increasingly successful early-1990s campaigns.
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Includes former Soviet Republics in NATO strategy after the breakup of the Warsaw Pact
Warsaw Pact Organisation
Includes former Soviet Republics in NATO strategy after the breakup of the Warsaw Pact
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
Includes former Soviet Republics in NATO strategy after the breakup of the Warsaw Pact
Beauty and the Beast
Appears in Beauty and the Beast
Grammy Award
Best Instrumental Composition Written For A Motion Picture Or For Television for Dances with Wolves
American Friends
Works as producer and actor in the film "American Friends" based upon a real event in the life of his great grandfather, a fellow at St Johns College, Oxford
Hook
Stars in Hook
JFK
Plays Lee Harvey Oswald in Oliver Stone's political drama JFK.
Thelma and Louise
Directs Thelma and Louise, a road film centred on two women fleeing across the American Southwest.
A Question of Attribution
Alan Bennetts play for TV, A Question of Attribution
GBH
Writes the GBH
Prime Suspect
ITV releases Prime Suspect which runs seven series and stars Helen Mirren as DCI Jane Tennison
Prime Suspect
ITV releases Prime Suspect which runs seven series and stars Helen Mirren as DCI Jane Tennison
GBH
Plays the part of a headmaster in Alan Bleasdales Channel 4 drama series G.B.H
As the Crow Flies
Publication of "As the Crow Flies"
From Puritanism to Postmodernism
Bradbury coauthored a history of American literature with Richard Ruland.
The Great Gatsby Scholarly Edition
Bradbury contributed an introduction and critical materials to an edition of The Great Gatsby.
Motown Junk
Manic Street Preachers release Motown Junk as the band begins attracting wider British attention.
There's No Other Way Breakthrough
Blur score an early UK Top Ten hit with There's No Other Way, bringing Damon Albarn wider national recognition.
The Soul Cages
Releases "The Soul Cages"
20th Century Boy
20th Century Boy is used in a Levis advert and is re-released, reaching the UK Top 20.
Marriage
Mick Jagger marries Jerry Hall
Tainted Love
Records, "Tainted Love", with Soft Cell
Vagabond Heart
Releases "Vagabond Heart"
Black Sabbath
Butler re-joins Black Sabbath in 1991 for the reunion of the "Mob Rules" lineup.
No More Tears
Releases Album, "No More Tears"
I Can't Dance
Plays guitar on I Can't Dance, a sardonic hit from We Can't Dance.
No Son of Mine
Sings No Son of Mine, one of the major singles from We Can't Dance.
Real Life
Simple Minds release "Real Life"
Real Life
Simple Minds release "Real Life"
Do What U Like
Appears on Take That's debut single Do What U Like as the group begins its recording career.
Budget Policy
The 1991 Budget under Norman Lamont sets out the Government's taxation, expenditure and borrowing plans.
Budget
Norman Lamont presents the 1991 Budget to the House of Commons as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Privatization
Scottish Power & Scottish Hydro Electricare sold for 2,880 million pounds
Criminal Justice Act
Criminal Justice Act 1991 reforms sentencing and criminal justice administration
Dangerous Dogs Act
Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 restricts specified dog types and creates offences for dangerous dogs
War Crimes Act
War Crimes Act 1991 gives United Kingdom courts jurisdiction over certain Second World War crimes
Backbench Parliamentary Service
Continues serving as Conservative Member of Parliament for East Surrey from the back benches after leaving the Cabinet.
City Challenge Funding Model
Introduces City Challenge, offering competitive five-year regeneration packages to local authorities that produce integrated neighbourhood plans.
City Challenge Management Teams
Requires successful City Challenge schemes to establish focused management arrangements capable of coordinating public, private and community contributions.
City Challenge Private Partnership
Requires City Challenge bids to involve local authorities, businesses, voluntary organisations, government agencies and local residents in regeneration partnerships.
City Challenge Tenant Consultation
Makes consultation with residents and tenants an important condition of successful City Challenge regeneration proposals.
Downing Street Briefing
Seconded to Downing Street to help brief John Major for Prime Minister's Questions.
Death of Eric Heffer
Death of Eric Heffer
English Degree
Burnham completes his English degree and prepares for a career in public affairs.
Legal Aid and Civil Liberties Work
Starmer undertakes publicly funded cases involving civil liberties and access to justice.
A Life at the Centre
Publishes A Life at the Centre, his political memoir.
Publication of Reflections of a Statesman
Publishes Reflections of a Statesman, a collection of writings and speeches edited by Rex Collings.
Archbishop of Canterbury
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop
Appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
1st British Astronaut
Helen Sharman becomes the first British astronaut, on Soyuz TM-12
Footballer of the Year
FWA Footballer of the Year
Blackburn Rovers
Dalglish, through Jack Walkers patronage, turns the Second Division side to Premier League winners, breaking transfer fee records along the way
Blackburn Rovers
Dalglish, through Jack Walkers patronage, turns the Second Division side to Premier League winners, breaking transfer fee records along the way
Manager
Dalglish, through Jack Walkers patronage, turns the Second Division side to Premier League winners, breaking transfer fee records along the way. Appointed Manager of Blackburn Rovers
FA Cup
Tottenham win the Cup in extra time against Nottingham Forest, which Gascoigne witnesses from his hospital bed. The final, against Nottingham Forest, turns out to be disastrous for Gascoigne as he injures himself badly, bedore the final he had.
Transfer
The final, against Nottingham Forest, turns out to be disastrous for Gascoigne as he injures himself badly, bedore the final he had already agreed terms to join Italian club Lazio in an ล8.5 million deal and wanted to leave Spurs on a high
Top-Flight Defensive Stability
Establishes himself in the Leeds United back line as the newly promoted club finishes fourth in the First Division.
1991 FA Cup Final Opening Goal
Gary Charles started Nottingham Forest's 1991 FA Cup final against Tottenham Hotspur. His attacking runs from right-back were part of the match's early action before Forest lost after extra time.
1991 League Championship Manager
Guides Arsenal to another First Division title after the team lose only one league match all season.
Venables Leads Tottenham Hotspur Past Nottingham Forest
Venables ends the tournament with Tottenham Hotspur on top after the 2-1 final against Nottingham Forest.
1991 First Division Golden Boot
Finishes as the First Division's leading scorer with 22 goals as Arsenal win the league title.
Villa Forward Signing From Sociedad
Dalian Atkinson moved to Aston Villa after playing for Real Sociedad and soon became known for spectacular individual goals.
Dutch League
PSV win the Dutch league
European Cup Winners Cup
Man Utd win the European Cup Winners Cup
European Super Cup Victory Over Red Star
Ferguson oversees Manchester Unitedโs victory against Red Star Belgrade in the European Super Cup, with Brian McClair scoring the only goal at Old Trafford.
Manager
Appointed Manager of Swindon Town
West Ham Promoted as Second Division Runners-Up
Billy Bonds guides West Ham United back into the First Division by finishing second in the 1990โ91 Second Division campaign.
First FA Cup Final with Forest
Brian Clough finally takes Nottingham Forest to an FA Cup final, facing Tottenham Hotspur at Wembley. His side loses 2-1 after extra time despite taking an early lead.
Wednesday League Cup Upset
Atkinson coached Second Division Sheffield Wednesday to a stunning League Cup final win over his former club Manchester United.
Caretaker Manager Following Dalglish Departure
Ronnie Moran took temporary charge of Liverpool after Kenny Dalglish's resignation in 1991, providing continuity during a challenging transition.
Football League Trophy Triumph
Cooper guided Birmingham City to victory over Tranmere Rovers in the 1991 Associate Membersโ Cup final, bringing a Wembley trophy to the club.
Manchester United Trainee Signing
David Beckham entered Manchester United's youth system as a trainee after growing up as a supporter of the club. His technical ability and dedication earned him a place among an unusually promising generation of young players.
Player of the Year
Strachan wins the writers honour for directing Leeds Unitedโs midfield with intelligence and relentless work as the club re-establishes itself in the top division.
League Cup Final Winning Goal
Sheridan scored from distance against Manchester United at Wembley, giving Sheffield Wednesday a 1-0 League Cup final victory.
FA Cup Final Opening Free Kick
Stuart Pearce scores a powerful free kick to give Nottingham Forest the lead against Tottenham in the 1991 FA Cup final. The eventual defeat denies Brian Clough that domestic trophy.
Operation Granby Leadership
Directs Britain's military contribution during Operation Granby.
Government
Forms an IP-SDP centre right coalition
Prime Minister of Iceland
Appointed Prime Minister of Iceland, 1st term
Chairman
Appointed Chairman, House Committee, Lok Sabha.
Economic Reform Programme
Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao launches a wide-ranging programme of economic liberalisation with Finance Minister Manmohan Singh.
Party Leader
Appointed Party Leader of the PNI
Economy of India
The economic liberalization package pushed by Singh and Rao opens the nation to foreign direct investment and reduces the red tape that had previously impeded business growth. Singh is widely regarded as the architect of Indias original economic reform programme which is enacted in 1991 under Raos administration
Reform of Political System
The economic liberalization package pushed by Singh and Rao opens the nation to foreign direct investment and reduces the red tape that had previously impeded business growth
General
Apppointed General Secretary of the Janata Dal at the national level and Deputy Leader of Janata Dal in Parliament
Janata Dal (United) Party
Apppointed General Secretary of the Janata Dal at the national level and Deputy Leader of Janata Dal in Parliament
DNA Evidence in Court
Lalji Singh provides DNA fingerprinting evidence in an Indian court, helping establish the technique for disputed parentage and forensic identification.
PARAM 8000
Vijay Bhatkar leads the development of PARAM 8000, India's first major indigenous high-performance parallel supercomputer.
Conference of Kampuchea
Chairman of the International Conference on Kampuchea
UNSCOM
During several visits to Iraq by UNSCOM, weapons inspectors interviewed British-educated Iraqi biologist Rihab Rashid Taha
Massacre
60,000 are killed during the Shia & Kurdish uprisings
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
By January 1991, a team of 100 scientists and support staff had filled 157 bombs and 16 missile warheads with botulin toxin, and 50 bombs and five missile warheads with anthrax
BAFTA
Winner of the BAFTA Award (Best Adapted Screenplay) for The Commitments
Irish Full Back Villa Arrival
Steve Staunton joined Aston Villa from Liverpool and brought reliable left-sided defending to the club's Premier League-era preparations.
Golden Bear for The House of Smiles
The film The House of Smiles, directed by Marco Ferreri, received the Golden Bear for best film at the 1991 Berlin International Film Festival.
Referendum
A referendum approves electoral reform
Reform of Electoral System
A referendum approves electoral reform
Napoli Appoints Ranieri
Ranieri takes charge of Napoli following the end of Diego Maradona's era, confronting the challenge of rebuilding the former champions.
Rhapsody in August
Kurosawas Rhapsody in August
Economy of Japan
Hashimoto orders a commission from the private sector to look into improving the Japanese market for foreign competition & opens it up to trade
Carbon Nanotubes by Electron Microscopy
Uses high-resolution electron microscopy to identify multiwalled carbon nanotubes, opening a major field of nanoscale electronic materials.
Conference of Madrid
Helps create an "umbrella" for Palestinians to negotiate their future
Election
Kampuchea is ruled by the United Nations Transitional Authority in Kampuchea until elections 1993
Peace
Kampuchea is ruled by the United Nations Transitional Authority in Kampuchea until elections 1993. A peace accord between China & the United Nations ends 13 yrs of civil war in Kampuchea
Election
Kampuchea is ruled by the United Nations Transitional Authority in Kampuchea until elections 1993
Peace
A peace accord between China & the United Nations ends 13 yrs of civil war in Kampuchea
United Nations
Kampuchea is ruled by the United Nations Transitional Authority in Kampuchea until elections 1993. A peace accord between China & the United Nations ends 13 yrs of civil war in Kampuchea
ECOFIN Council Presidency
Juncker chaired the Council of Economic and Finance Ministers during Luxembourgโs presidency and worked to reconcile national positions on the architecture of monetary union.
Prime Minister of Moldova
Appointed Prime Minister of Moldova
NLD
The NLD is banned by the military junta
Nobel Prize
For campaigning for human rights in Myanmar
Politics
For campaigning for human rights in Myanmar
Constitution of Nepal
Girija Prasad Koirala of Nepali Congress takes office as first popularly elected Prime Minister in 30 years
De Wolf Feyenoord Dutch Cup Breakthrough
John de Wolf brings rugged defensive leadership to Feyenoord as the side wins the Dutch Cup, a significant success during a period of rebuilding in Rotterdam.
Ajax Manager
Becomes Ajax head coach and begins one of the most successful managerial periods in the club's history.
First Barcelona League Title as Manager
Guides Barcelona to the 1990-91 Spanish league championship, beginning a sequence of four consecutive La Liga titles under his management.
The Famished Road
Publication of "The Famished Road"
PAEC Leadership
Ishfaq Ahmad becomes chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission and later oversees the organization during the 1998 tests.
Negotiations Follow Up Committee
Following the Madrid conference, Abbas chaired the committee responsible for following the Palestinian negotiating track in Washington. The committee coordinated political positions as the formal talks continued without a final settlement.
Madrid Peace Process Participation
Abbas strongly supported Palestinian participation in the peace process that followed the United States initiative announced in 1991. He helped coordinate the Palestinian negotiating effort connected with the Madrid conference and its subsequent talks.
Conference of Madrid
After an Arabi peace conference the PLO & Israel begin secret peace negotiations
Invasion of Lebanon
The Lebanese army, backed by Syria, forces the PLO to abandon its strongholds in southern Lebanon
Peace
After an Arabi peace conference the PLO & Israel begin secret peace negotiations
Rule of Lebanon
The Lebanese army, backed by Syria, forces the PLO to abandon its strongholds in southern Lebanon
Intifada, 1st
The uprising continues despite exhaustion arrests and economic hardship
Election
Appoints Olszewski is Prime Minister after the election
Prime Minister of Poland
Appointed Prime Minister of Poland
Election
Elected Member of Parliament
SLD
Founds the Democratic Left Alliance
National Conference Ends One-Party Rule
Accepts the sovereign national conference that dismantles the one-party political system.
Cabiria from the Obvodnyi Channel
"Novy Mir" magazine publishe a novella "Cabiria from the Obvodnyi Channel". First book, "Ward of Lost Souls" (in other translations "Department of the Lost")
Department of the Lost
"Novy Mir" magazine publishe a novella "Cabiria from the Obvodnyi Channel". First book, "Ward of Lost Souls" (in other translations "Department of the Lost")
Novy Mir
"Novy Mir" magazine publishe a novella "Cabiria from the Obvodnyi Channel". First book, "Ward of Lost Souls" (in other translations "Department of the Lost")
Ward of Lost Souls
"Novy Mir" magazine publishe a novella "Cabiria from the Obvodnyi Channel". First book, "Ward of Lost Souls" (in other translations "Department of the Lost")
Election
Runs against Yeltsin as Gorbahcovs candidate but only polls 3.4%
Summit
Prepares a plan of radical economic reforms to be supported by massive western aid
Summit
Prepares a plan of radical economic reforms to be supported by massive western aid
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Inter-republican Security Service
Chairman
Appointed Chairman of the Russian Peoples Union
Campaign for Direct Presidential Election
Campaigns for the newly created Russian presidency in the first direct election for the office.
Agreement of Paris
The Peace Agreement with the USA enables withdrawal of Vietnam from Kampuchea
Chernobyl Legacy
Leaves office with Chernobyl firmly established as a major symbol of Soviet administrative secrecy, nuclear risk and the pressures that accelerated glasnost.
Coup
During a coup against Gorbachev Estonia declares its full independence
Dissolution
The Russian Communist Party is dissolved
G7
Russia attends a meeting of the G7 & transforms it into the G8
G8
Russia attends a meeting of the G7 & transforms it into the G8
Independence of Estonia
During a coup against Gorbachev Estonia declares its full independence
Independence of Russia
During a coup against Gorbachev Estonia declares its full independence
Summit
Fails to get other members of the G-7 to agree a financial package
Security Council
Appointed Member of security council
Bryukhanov Returns to Chernobyl Technical Work
Returns to professional work at Chernobyl and serves in a technical department after his early release from prison.
KGB (Committee for State Security)
Has the task of dividing the KGB into law & order, intelligence & counter-intelligence
Reform of Political System
Has the task of dividing the KGB into law & order, intelligence & counter-intelligence
Chairman
Arrested & replacec as chairman of the KGB by Bakatin
KGB (Committee for State Security)
Arrested & replacec as chairman of the KGB by Bakatin
Coup
Death of Sergei Fedorovich Akhromeev, commits suicide after the failed August coup
Death of Sergei Fedorovich Akhromeev
Death of Sergei Fedorovich Akhromeev, commits suicide after the failed August coup
Suicide
Death of Sergei Fedorovich Akhromeev, commits suicide after the failed August coup
Dyatlov Appeals to Nuclear Authorities
Writes to institutions including the IAEA after his release, arguing that RBMK reactor design deficiencies were central to the Chernobyl accident.
Dyatlov Munich Medical Treatment Begins
Begins receiving specialist treatment in Munich as radiation-related illness continues to affect his health after imprisonment.
Al-Qaeda
Sudan becomes alQaedas base for business operations and preparations for jihad, from here a number of attacks on Western targets are alleged to have been organised or supported. A bomb explodes at the World Trade Center
Capture of Slavonia
Serb forces capture parts of Slavonia from Croatia
Siege of Vukovar
The 1st example of "ethnic cleansing". Serbia captures Vukovar leaving 15,000 dead and half a million refugees
Constitution of Somalia
The Somaliland Republic is founded
Independence of Somalia
North East Somalia is ceded
President of Somalia
Appointed President of Somalia
Prime Minister of Somalia
Appointed Prime Minister of Somalia
Ceasefire
A ceasefire is signed but collapses
Capture of Mogadishu
Mogadishu is captured by the rebels
ANC
The ANC is legalized
Reform of Racial Laws
The pass laws are abolished. No longer statutory for every citizen to be classified into one of nine racial groups
Battle of Ventersdorp
TerreBlanche viewed the end of apartheid as a surrender to communism, and threatened full scale civil war if President FW de Klerk handed power to Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress, when De Klerk addressed a meeting in TerreBlanches hometown of Ventersdorp, TerreBlanche led a protest, and the Battle of Ventersdorp ensued between the AWB and the police, with a number of people killed
Tour de France
Winner of the Tour de France, 1st time
Prime Minister of Sweden
Appointed Prime Minister of Sweden
UNSCOM Leadership
Becomes the first executive chairman of the UN inspection commission.
Clandestine Programme Discovered
The discovery drives major efforts to strengthen international safeguards.
IAEA Safety Role
Notes that Chernobyl strengthens demands for a larger IAEA role in international nuclear safety and emergency preparedness.
International Chernobyl Project
Leads the Agency while the International Chernobyl Project assesses radiological conditions and health concerns in contaminated settlements.
Iraq Nuclear Inspections
Leads the IAEA as inspectors uncover Iraq's clandestine nuclear programme.
Radioactive Waste Safety Standards Programme
The IAEA establishes the RADWASS programme to develop internationally agreed radioactive waste safety standards.
President of Switzerland
Appointed President of Switzerland
Swiss Striker Dortmund Arrival
Establishes himself as a key goalscorer after joining Borussia Dortmund from Bayer Uerdingen in 1991, helping transform the clubโs attack during the early 1990s.
President of Syria
Appointed President of Syria, 4th term
NDP
Introduces the six year National Development Plan to accelerate national modernization
Alliance Tunisia and partner not stated in source
Opposes US action during the Gulf War
Government
Forms a coalition Government with the Centre Left Party, SHP
Prime Minister of Turkey
Appointed Prime Minister of Turkey, 5th term
DYP
In the 1991 general elections, the DYP defeated the Motherland Party (Turkish: Anavatan Partisi, ANAP) and the CHP, winning an absolute majority in the Parliament, making Suleyman Demirel Prime Minister once again
Election
The DYP wins a small majority. In the 1991 general elections, the DYP defeated the Motherland Party (Turkish: Anavatan Partisi, ANAP) and the CHP, winning an absolute majority in the Parliament, making Suleyman Demirel Prime Minister once again
Independence of Ukraine
Declares the independence of the Ukraine
President of Ukraine
Appointed President of Ukraine
President of Ukraine
Appointed President of the Ukraine, 2nd term
King of New York
King of New York, directed by Abel Ferrara, stars Walken as ruthless New York City drug dealer Frank White-recently released from prison and set on reclaiming his criminal territory
Frankie and Johnny
Appears in Frankie and Johnny
King of New York
King of New York, directed by Abel Ferrara, stars Walken as ruthless New York City drug dealer Frank White-recently released from prison and set on reclaiming his criminal territory
Grifters
Directs, The Grifters
One Good Cop
Stars in One Good Cop
JFK
Stars in JFK
Jungle Fever
Plays Gator Purify in Spike Lee's Jungle Fever, a breakthrough supporting performance.
The Silence of the Lambs
Plays FBI trainee Clarice Starling in The Silence of the Lambs.
Little Man Tate
Makes her feature directing debut with Little Man Tate, a drama about a gifted child.
Point Break
Directs Point Break, an action thriller about an FBI agent infiltrating a group of surfers.
Shadows and Fog Film
In 1991, Woody Allen made Shadows and Fog, a black-and-white homage to expressionist cinema and theatrical mystery.
American Psycho
Publication of "American Psycho"
A Thousand Acres
Publication of "A Thousand Acres"
Mating
Publication of "Mating"
Marriage
Bruce Sprinstien marries a member of his E Street Band, Patti Scialfa
Ropin the Wind
Releases Album, "Ropin the Wind"
BB King's Blues Club
Opens BB. King's Blues Club in Memphis
Make a Jazz Noise Here
Releases Make a Jazz Noise Here, another live collection assembled from the musically wide-ranging 1988 tour.
The Best Band You Never Heard in Your Life
Releases a live album drawn from the 1988 tour, emphasizing the versatility of his final touring ensemble.
You Can't Do That on Stage Anymore Vol. 4
Releases the fourth volume of his extensive archival live-performance series.
Independence of Ukraine
Appeals to Ukranian nationalists not to gain independence from the Soviet Union
Independence of United States of America
Appeals to Ukranian nationalists not to gain independence from the Soviet Union
Recognition of Independence at Kiev
Appeals to Ukranian nationalists not to gain independence from the Soviet Union
Plausible Denial
Mark Lane outlines his theory about Hunts and the CIAs role in Kennedys murder in a 1991 book, "Plausible Denial."
JFK
Garrisons investigation again received widespread attention through Oliver Stones 1991 film, JFK, which was largely based on Garrisons book On the Trail of the Assassins as well as Jim Marrs Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy
Plausible Denial
Mark Lane outlines his theory about Hunts and the CIAs role in Kennedys murder in a 1991 book, "Plausible Denial."
JFK
Garrisons investigation again received widespread attention through Oliver Stones 1991 film, JFK, which was largely based on Garrisons book On the Trail of the Assassins as well as Jim Marrs Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy
Harvard
Graduates with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) magna cum laude from Harvard
Exoplanets
Alex Wolszczan and Dale Frail at Pennsylvania State University report evidence of 3 extra-solar planets (exoplanets) orbiting around the spinning remains of Pulsar B1257+12
Mercury Polar Ice
Butler helps analyse radar observations showing a bright north-polar deposit on Mercury with properties characteristic of icy surfaces.
Exoplanets
Alex Wolszczan and Dale Frail at Pennsylvania State University report evidence of 3 extra-solar planets (exoplanets) orbiting around the spinning remains of Pulsar B1257+12
Venus Geological Mapping
Magellan radar images reveal widespread volcanic plains, coronae, tessera terrain and tectonic structures across Venus.
Mercury Polar Ice
Arecibo observations confirm a strong polar radar signature on Mercury that supports the interpretation of ice in permanently shadowed craters.
Magellan Mapping Cycle
Magellan completes its first radar mapping cycle after imaging most of the Venusian surface.
Gaspra Shape Measurement
Galileo observations establish Gaspra's strongly irregular shape and provide the first close spacecraft measurements of an asteroid.
Portsmouth Low-Enriched Uranium
Portsmouth enters its final operating decade producing only low-enriched uranium for commercial nuclear-power use.
Galileo High-Gain Antenna Failure
Galileo's high-gain antenna fails to deploy fully, forcing the mission to rely on its lower-bandwidth low-gain antenna.
Jesse Owens International Trophy
Worlds Most Outstanding Athlete Award, Jesse Owens International Trophy
National Amateur Champion
Becomes US National Amateur Champion
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of the Allied forces
Supreme Commander
Appointed Supreme Commander of the Allied forces
UN Resolution 699
United Nations Security Council Resolution 699 was passed in 1991, declaring that Iraq was responsible for all funding of UNSCOM's inspections in Iraq
UNSCOM
United Nations Security Council Resolution 699 was passed in 1991, declaring that Iraq was responsible for all funding of UNSCOM's inspections in Iraq
Accords of Paris
Vietnam withdraws from Kampuchea after signing the Paris Peace Accords
Paris Peace Accords
Vietnam withdraws from Kampuchea after signing the Paris Peace Accords
Prime Minister of Vietnam
Appointed Prime Minister of Vietnam, replaces Do Muoi
Rule of Kampuchea
Vietnam withdraws from Kampuchea after signing the Paris Peace Accords
Treaty of Paris Peace Accords
Vietnam withdraws from Kampuchea after signing the Paris Peace Accords
Economic Structural Adjustment Programme
Chidzero introduces reforms intended to liberalise trade, spending and state enterprises.
Economic Structural Adjustment Programme
Mugabe's government begins an economic structural adjustment programme.
Rebuilding Russia Essay
Solzhenitsyn published Rebuilding Russia, setting out views on the country's political future.
Ghozali Leads Reform Era Cabinet
Sid Ahmed Ghozali heads the government as Algeria grapples with economic restructuring and political crisis.
Government Restores Prime Minister Office
Jose Eduardo dos Santos restores the premiership amid the transition toward a multiparty political system.
Dias Van Dunem Appointed Prime Minister
The president selects Fernando Jose de Franca Dias Van Dunem as prime minister during constitutional and political changes.
Van Dunem Takes Premiership
Fernando Jose de Franca Dias Van Dunem becomes prime minister as peace negotiations and reforms unfold.
Government Prepares Multiparty Elections
Van Dunem's administration helps prepare institutions for the planned 1992 national elections.
Ghozali Leads Reform Era Cabinet
Sid Ahmed Ghozali heads the government as Algeria grapples with economic restructuring and political crisis.
Coalition Liberates Kuwait
A United States led coalition ends Iraqi occupation in February 1991 and restores Kuwaiti sovereignty.
Kuwaiti Emir Returns After Liberation
Jaber Al Ahmad Al Sabah returns to Kuwait following the expulsion of Iraqi forces.
Restoration Of Kuwaiti State Institutions
The Kuwaiti government begins rebuilding administration and infrastructure damaged under occupation.
Government Restores Prime Minister Office
Jose Eduardo dos Santos restores the premiership amid the transition toward a multiparty political system.
Dias Van Dunem Appointed Prime Minister
The president selects Fernando Jose de Franca Dias Van Dunem as prime minister during constitutional and political changes.
Van Dunem Takes Premiership
Fernando Jose de Franca Dias Van Dunem becomes prime minister as peace negotiations and reforms unfold.
Government Prepares Multiparty Elections
Van Dunem's administration helps prepare institutions for the planned 1992 national elections.