2013 in History

Lampard became only the eighth English player to earn his 100th England cap, doing so in a World Cup qulifier against Ukraine.

Returns to Black Sabbath for 13, the first studio album with Osbourne since Never Say Die.

Iurie Leanca becomes acting Prime Minister after Filat leaves office

Keita appoints Ly to lead his first government.

Opposition politician Chokri Belaid was assassinated, producing a national political crisis.

Opposition politician Mohamed Brahmi was assassinated, deepening the political crisis.

Promises an in-out referendum on European Union membership if the Conservatives win the next election.

Sets out the pledge for renegotiation and an in out referendum.

Promises an in-out referendum on European Union membership if the Conservatives win the next election.

Mir Hazar Khan Khoso leads the caretaker government during the 2013 election.

Scores the late winning goal as Bayern Munich defeat Borussia Dortmund in the UEFA Champions League final.

Wins a European trophy during his interim managerial period.

Returns to Chelsea for a second spell as manager after three seasons at Real Madrid.

The Chemical Weapons Convention enters into force for Syria, making it a State Party to the treaty.

Raheel Sharif becomes Chief of Army Staff, succeeding Ashfaq Parvez Kayani.

Launches a mid-term review with Nick Clegg assessing coalition progress and priorities for the remaining Parliament.

Voters approve a new constitution by an overwhelming majority.

Frieman helps lead the Dark Energy Survey as it begins observing the southern sky to measure supernovae, galaxy clustering, weak lensing and galaxy clusters.

Starmer completes his five-year term as Director of Public Prosecutions.

Wins the first direct presidential election.

Showalter discovers a tiny Neptunian moon in archival Hubble images and initially designates it S/2004 N 1.

Armstrong admits to doping in a television interview conducted by Oprah Winfrey

The General National Congress elects Abusahmain as its new president.

The Second Jens Stoltenberg Government ends in Oslo, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Norway.

The Second Johanna Sigurdardottir Government ends, concluding this term as Prime Minister of Iceland.

Begins the Erna Solberg Government in Oslo and serves as Prime Minister of Norway.

Reports an agreement that reduces the European Union's seven-year spending ceiling in real terms.

Guides Chelsea to Europa League victory over Benfica.

Roth leads Hubble ultraviolet observations finding evidence for water-vapor plumes above Europa's south polar region.

Guides Spain to the European Under-21 championship.

Starmer issues final guidelines balancing free expression with prosecution of harmful communications.

The transitional government conducts the first round of the presidential election.

Scores all four Borussia Dortmund goals in the Champions League semi-final first leg.

Hosts G8 leaders in Northern Ireland with an agenda centred on trade, tax and transparency.

Promotes international cooperation against tax evasion and greater transparency over company ownership.

With Joseph Polchinski, argues that typical black holes in gauge-gravity duality may possess firewalls at the horizon.

With Donald Marolf, develops a gauge-gravity argument supporting firewalls in typical black hole states.

A large chemical attack using sarin kills civilians in opposition-held areas around Damascus.

I participates in government appointment connected with Jordanian political and historical developments.

Welcomes the military defeat of the first M23 rebellion after Congolese and United Nations operations.

Leads administration work on gun violence proposals.

Mugabe wins another presidential term as ZANU-PF regains a parliamentary majority.

Ali Larayedh became head of government of Tunisia.

Announces Help to Buy measures in the Budget.

Guides Bayern to European glory during a season that ends with a continental treble.

Receives recognition for the mechanism developed with Robert Brout.

Putin and the United Russia party backed stricter legislation against the LGBT community, in Saint Petersburg, Archangelsk and Novosibirsk; a law against "homosexual propaganda" (which prohibits such symbols as the rainbow flag as well as published works containing homosexual content) was adopted by the State Duma

Political and social groups begin negotiations over constitutional reform.

Is sworn in as interim President after the armed forces remove Mohamed Morsi.

The IAEA and Iran sign a Framework for Cooperation aimed at resolving outstanding safeguards issues.

Purges and executes Jang Song Thaek.

Armed men briefly abduct Zeidan from a Tripoli hotel before his release.

Putin and the United Russia party backed stricter legislation against the LGBT community, in Saint Petersburg, Archangelsk and Novosibirsk; a law against "homosexual propaganda" (which prohibits such symbols as the rainbow flag as well as published works containing homosexual content) was adopted by the State Duma

Malala Yousafzai opens the Library of Birmingham in Centenary Square.

Parliament passes the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act to create new anti-corruption oversight institutions.

Scores Bayern Munich's first goal against Borussia Dortmund at Wembley.

The Marriage Act receives royal assent, legalising same-sex marriage in England and Wales.

During K. Radhakrishnan's chairmanship, the Mars Orbiter Mission leaves Sriharikota on India's first interplanetary venture.

An enhanced-color global map from MESSENGER highlights compositional differences across Mercury's surface.

MESSENGER imagery supports a new global Mercury mosaic used to study surface geology and spacecraft ground tracks.

MESSENGER begins a second extended phase of Mercury observations, allowing progressively lower-altitude measurements.

Opens Yemen's National Dialogue Conference.

The National Food Security Act establishes legal entitlements to subsidised food grains for a large share of India's population.

Mugabe gives assent to the new Constitution of Zimbabwe.

Shares the physics prize for the theory of particle mass generation.

North Korea announces its third nuclear test explosion, detected by the CTBTO monitoring network.

The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for chemical disarmament work.

Traore's government signs an agreement enabling national elections and inclusive peace talks.

Bouchet helps present Planck results with the most detailed all sky map of the cosmic microwave background

Efstathiou interprets Planck data that refines the age and matter content of the Big Bang universe

The names Kerberos and Styx are adopted for Pluto's fourth and fifth known moons, previously called P4 and P5.

Wins the Premier League with Manchester United and finishes the season as the division's leading scorer.

Filat leaves office after a government crisis

Appointed President of Ecuador, 3rd term

Mamnoon Hussain becomes President of Pakistan.

Takes office as president after returning the Colorado Party to power.

Appointed acting President of Venezuela after the death of Hugo Chavez

Appointed President of Venezuela after the 2013 special election

Wins the presidential election for the Colorado Party.

Keita assumes office after the election restoring constitutional presidential government.

Keita wins the presidential runoff after Soumaila Cisse accepts the result.

Nawaz Sharif begins his third term as Prime Minister.

Leanca is confirmed as Prime Minister of Moldova

Aminata Toure becomes Prime Minister after Abdoul Mbaye leaves office

Real Madrid announce that Mourinho will leave the club at the end of the season.

Is appointed Real Madrid manager before beginning his first spell in charge.

Links new observations to the long-lost Jovian moon S 2000 J11, recovering its orbit.

Introduces a private member's bill for an EU referendum.

Magariaf resigns after legislation bars senior officials associated with the former regime.

The Vatican confirms that Benedict XVI would resign the papacy on 28 February 2013, as a result of his advanced age, the first Pope to resign since Gregory XII in 1415

Hamadi Jebali resigned after failing to form a nonpartisan government.

Scores in the 89th minute to give Bayern Munich a 2-1 victory.

Begins his second Chelsea spell with a Premier League victory over Hull City.

Begins the Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson Government and serves as Prime Minister of Iceland.

Jewitt leads Hubble observations of asteroid P/2013 P5, which displays six comet-like dust tails.

Completes the tournament with victory over Italy in the final.

Releases Swings Both Ways, returning to swing material with new songs and standards.

Loses a House of Commons vote on possible military action after chemical weapons attacks in Syria.

Syrian personnel begin destroying or disabling chemical weapons equipment under OPCW and United Nations supervision.

Syria deposits its instrument of accession to the Chemical Weapons Convention with the United Nations.

Syria submits its initial declaration and general destruction plan covering its declared chemical weapons programme.

Releases The Next Day after a long absence from new albums, surprising listeners with a sudden comeback.

Produces The Next Day, Bowie's surprise return after a long absence from new albums.

North Korea conducts its third nuclear test.

Releases Time, his first album of largely self-written new material in many years.

Joins Celtic from Groningen and wins domestic honours in Scotland.

The Security Council adopts Resolution 2118 establishing an international framework for eliminating Syria's declared chemical weapons.

NASA announces evidence that Voyager 1 has entered interstellar space.

Appoints women as full members of the Consultative Council.

Joins the Consultative Council among its first group of women members.

Dies in East Hampton, New York, after a career spanning the Velvet Underground and five decades of solo work.

Death of Margaret Thatcher

Death of Nelson Mandela

Dies in Germany from bile duct cancer complications.

Death of Trevor Bolder

Death of Vo Nguyen Giap in Hanoi at age one hundred and two