Innocent II Biography

Bishops therefore owed worldly allegiance to both pope and king and had to affirm the sovereign's right to demand military support under their oath of fealty.

Innocent II drafts the Concordat of Worms.

The king could not invest bishops with sacred authority, symbolized by the ring and staff.

The king retained the right to invest bishops with secular authority, symbolized by the lance, in the territories they governed.

The Concordat of Worms is confirmed by the First Council of the Lateran in 1123

The First Lateran Council was convoked to confirm the Concordat of Worms. The council was most representative with nearly three hundred bishops and six hundred abbots from every part of Catholic Europe being present. It convened on March 18, 1123. Decrees were also passed directed against simony, concubinage among the clergy, church robbers, and forgers of Church documents; the council also reaffirmed indulgences for Crusaders

The First Lateran Council was convoked to confirm the Concordat of Worms. The council was most representative with nearly three hundred bishops and six hundred abbots from every part of Catholic Europe being present. It convened on March 18, 1123. Decrees were also passed directed against simony, concubinage among the clergy, church robbers, and forgers of Church documents; the council also reaffirmed indulgences for Crusaders

The Concordat of Worms is confirmed by the First Council of the Lateran in 1123

The Council of 1123 is reckoned in the series of Ecumenical councils by the Catholic Church. It was convoked by Pope Calixtus II in December, 1122, immediately after the Concordat of Worms.

The Council sought to: (a) bring an end to the practice of the conferring of ecclesiastical benefices by people who were laymen; (b) free the election of bishops and abbots from secular influence; (c) clarify the separation of spiritual and temporal affairs; (d) re-establish the

principle that spiritual authority resides solely in the Church; (e) abolish the claim of the emperors to influence papal elections.

Appointed Pope, Gregorio Paparechsi dei Guidone

Many of the canons relating to these matters were mostly a restating of the decrees of the Council of Reims and the Council of Clermont

The council also condemned the teachings of the Petrobrusians and the Henricians, the followers of Peter of Bruys and Henry of Lausanne. Finally, the council drew up measures for the amendment of ecclesiastical morals and discipline which the council fathers considered had grown lax.

The immediate task was to neutralise the after-effects of the schism which had arisen after the death of Pope Honorius II in 1130 and the papal election in the same year that set up Petris Leonis as the antipope Anacletus II.