Abdulhamid II Biography

Birth of Abdulhamid II

Forces Midhat Pasha into exile

Succeeds as Emperor of Turkey

The Christian peasants of Herzogovinia rebel against Muslim landlords & Ottoman rulers

Russia captures Kars

Russia captures Plevna

Russia declares war on Turkey

Britain warns Russia not to capture Constantinople

Russia captures Adrianople

The Turkish Government agrees to obey the Organic Law of 1868, and to guarantee the civil rights of non-Muslim subjects

The Turkish Government agrees to obey the Organic Law of 1868, and to guarantee the civil rights of non-Muslim subjects

The Turkish Government agrees to obey the Organic Law of 1868, and to guarantee the civil rights of non-Muslim subjects

The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Serbia. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Romania. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Montenegro. The Congress of Berlin cedes Kars to Russia. The Congress of Berlin cedes Cyprus to Britain.

Under the Congress of Berlin Bosnia and Herzegovina are placed under the administration of Austria. The Turkish Government agrees to obey the Organic Law of 1868, and to guarantee the civil rights of non-Muslim subjects

Independence of Serbia, Bulgaria & Romania is recognized by the Treaty of San Stefano

Independence of Serbia, Bulgaria & Romania is recognized by the Treaty of San Stefano

The Turkish Government agrees to obey the Organic Law of 1868, and to guarantee the civil rights of non-Muslim subjects

The Turkish Government agrees to obey the Organic Law of 1868, and to guarantee the civil rights of non-Muslim subjects

Revised after Britain threatens war & Bismarck promises to act as "honest broker"

Russia captures Kars from the Ottoman Empire

The congress aims to revise the Treaty of San Stefano and keep Constantinople in Ottoman hands and disavow Russias victory over the decaying Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78

Turkey capitulates & signs the Treaty of San Stefano with Russia. Independence of Serbia, Bulgaria & Romania is recognized by the Treaty of San Stefano

Territory ceded by the Ottoman empire at San Stefano is returned

The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Serbia. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Romania. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Montenegro. The Congress of Berlin cedes Kars to Russia.

The Congress of Berlin promises Crete constitutional Government. The Congress of Berlin places Macedonia under Ottoman sovereignty. The Congress of Berlin places Bosnia-Hercegovina under Austro-Hungarian control. The Congress of Berlin creates a quasi-autonomous Ottoman province of Eastern Roumelia.

The Congress of Berlin promises Crete constitutional Government

The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Serbia. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Romania. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Montenegro

The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Serbia. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Romania. The Congress of Berlin confirms the independence of Montenegro

The Congress of Berlin cedes Batum to Russia

The Congress of Berlin places Bosnia-Hercegovina under Austro-Hungarian control

The Congress of Berlin promises Crete constitutional Government

The Congress of Berlin cedes Cyprus to Britain

The Congress of Berlin cedes Kars to Russia

The Congress of Berlin places Macedonia under Ottoman sovereignty

The Congress of Berlin creates a quasi-autonomous Ottoman province of Eastern Roumelia

Opening day of the Congress of Berlin to resolve the "Eastern Question"

Faces the Congress of Berlin, which revises San Stefano, preserves Ottoman suzerainty over Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia, and later requires Ottoman cessions to Russia in Asia.

Undertakes to introduce reforms in Armenian-inhabited provinces and report their implementation to the Great Powers.

Retains formal suzerainty over the autonomous Principality of Bulgaria created by the treaty.

Accepts the cession of Kars, Ardahan and Batum to Russia under the treaty's Asian settlement.

Retains direct political and military authority over Eastern Rumelia while accepting its administrative autonomy.

Ratifies the Treaty of Berlin after the Ottoman delegation accepts the revised postwar settlement.

Explains the opening of the Dardanelles to the satisfaction of the British Ambassador

Announces a new railway between Damascus to the Holy Places in Arabia

Bulgarians cross into Macedonia & declare a provisional Government

Bulgaria wishes to have a bigger say in the administration of Macedonia. About 200 Macedonian villages are destroyed by the Turks in retribution

Russia & Austria jointly demand Turkey make reforms in the Balkans

Russia & Austria jointly demand Turkey make reforms in the Balkans

Forced to abdicate by the Young Turks

Death of Abdulhamid II