Mahmud II Biography

Succeeds as Sultan of Turkey

Declares war on Russia

Russia captures Belgrade & the Turkish army

Massacres the Mamelukes at Cairo

Massacres the Mamelukes at Cairo

The loss to the Greeks of their Romanian allies, followed by an Ottoman intervention on Wallachian soil, sealed defeat for the Greek exiles and culminated in the disastrous Battle of Dragashani and the destruction of the Sacred Band on 19 June

The Ottoman Sultan negotiated with Mehmet Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gain

An Ottoman Army captures Ipsara from the Greeks

An Ottoman Army is defeated & nearly destroyed by the Greeks

Recieves an ultimatum from Russia to restore the status quo to the Danube. Forced to obey Russias ultimatum by Britain & France

A corps loyal to Mahmud lay siege to Janissaries barracks & masacre 6,000-10,000

Janissaries rebel after Mahmud orders a new corps to replace them

After the Battle of Navarino closes the Bosporus to international shipping, a move certain to provoke Russia, whose entire Black Sea trade had to pass through the Straits & revoked the Convention of Akkerman, signed with Russia the previous year

After the Battle of Navarino proclaims jihad (holy war) against the European powers in his claimed role as khalifa (caliph, or spiritual leader) of all Muslims

After the Battle of Navarino proclaims jihad (holy war) against the European powers in his claimed role as khalifa (caliph, or spiritual leader) of all Muslims

Turkish forces enter Athens & force the defenders of the Acropolis to capitulate

Regards the London intervention as an unacceptable intrusion into Ottoman authority over the Greek provinces.

The treaty proposes an autonomous Greek polity that would remain under Ottoman suzerainty and pay tribute to the Sultan.

The Turks are called on to make peace & grant Greek independence

The Turks are called on to make peace & grant Greek independence

The treaty offers mediation and autonomous Greek government under Ottoman suzerainty, but the Ottoman government rejects the proposed settlement.

Faces Allied demands for an end to hostilities between Ottoman forces and the Greek insurgents.

Rejects the Allied mediation proposal and refuses to accept the autonomous Greek settlement proposed in London.

British & French fleets destroy the Turkish navy, the turning point in the war

After the Ottoman government rejects Allied mediation, the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet is destroyed at Navarino by British, French and Russian squadrons.

Turkish defeat at Navarino leads to Greek independence

Turkish defeat at Navarino leads to Greek independence

Loses much of the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet at Navarino after rejecting the Allied diplomatic settlement.

Greek nationalists capture Athens

Greek nationalists capture Thebes

With the help of a French expeditionary force, the Greeks drove the Turks out of the Peloponnese and proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828

The French land a force of 10,000 soldiers in the Peloponnese to stop the Ottomans

Russia retains a part of Armenia under the Treaty of Turkmanchai

Under the Treaty of Turkmanchai Russia has exclusive naval rights on the Caspian Sea

With the help of a French expeditionary force, the Greeks drove the Turks out of the Peloponnese and proceeded to the captured part of Central Greece by 1828

Ends the war between Russia & Persia

Russia declares war on the Porte, starting the 11th Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829)

Russia declares war on the Porte, starting the 11th Russo-Turkish War (1828-1829)

The main Russian forces, led by Emperor Nicholas I, cross the Danube and advance into Dobruja

The Sultan sent a 40,000-strong contingent to the relief of Varna, but the latter was annihilated by Diebitsch in the Battle of Kulevicha

Turkey surrenders Moldova & Wallachia to Russia. The London Agreements end the wars between Russia & Turkey of Nov 1828 & March 1829. Establishes the Greek borders & its independence for the 1st time in 4 centuries. Establishes the borders of Greece. Ends the war between Russia & Turkey

The Sultan sent a 40,000-strong contingent to the relief of Varna, but the latter was annihilated by Diebitsch in the Battle of Kulevicha

Silistra falls to the Russians

Diebitsch advances within 68 kilometers of Constantinople, causing panic on the streets of the capital

Under the Treaty of Adrianople Turkey recognizes Russian sovereignty over Georgia and parts of present-day Armenia

Under the Treaty of Adrianople Turkey recognizes Russian sovereignty over Georgia and parts of present-day Armenia

Forced to sign the Treaty granting Grece its independence.

The Treaty of Adrianople gives Russia most of the eastern shore of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Danube.

Under the Treaty of Adrianople Serbia achieves autonomy and Russia is allowed to occupy Moldova and Walachia (guaranteeing their prosperity, and full "liberty of trade" for them) until Turkey had paid a large indemnity.

Under the Treaty of Adrianople Turkey recognizes Russian sovereignty over Georgia and parts of present-day Armenia.

The Sultan has no other choice but to sue for peace, which was concluded in Edirne

As a result of years of negotiation, Greece is finally recognized as an independent nation in May 1832

Greece (Hellas) is recognised as a free country from the Ottoman Empire

Greece (Hellas) is recognised as a free country from the Ottoman Empire

Greece (Hellas) is recognised as a free country from the Ottoman Empire

Turkish suzerainty over Samos Begins & lasts 80 yrs. The Sultan recognizes Samos as a principality with its own Parliament

Declares war on Egypt

Halts hostilities, Egypt is allowed to have sovereignty over Syria & Cilicia

The Treaty brought about an alliance between the two powers, as well as a guarantee that the Ottomans would close the Dardanelles to any foreign warships if the Russians requested such action.

This record states: These two statements were indicative of how seriously the terms of the Treaty were taken by the Western powers.

This record states: In any manner which the circumstances of the moment may appear to require.¿ The French also issued a similar statement regarding their concerns about possible Russian military interference.

This record states: The British Government will hold itself at liberty to act upon such an occasion.

The British protested the Treaty, claiming that it violated the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty of 1809, which set forth terms that no foreign warship would be allowed to enter the straits.

The Treaty would have significant consequences regarding the Ottoman Empire'gs foreign relations, especially with Great Britain and Ireland, as the terms of the Treaty worried the other great powers of Europe.

This record states: Their formal protest concluded ¿if the stipulations of that Treaty (Unkiar Skelessi) should hereafter lead to the armed interference of Russia in the internal affairs of Turkey.

Great Britain and Ireland, as the terms of the Treaty worried the other great powers of Europe.

The British protested the Treaty, claiming that it violated the Anglo-Ottoman Treaty of 1809, which set forth terms that no foreign warship would be allowed to enter the straits.

The French also issued a similar statement regarding their concerns about possible Russian military interference. These two statements were indicative of how seriously the terms of the Treaty were taken by the Western powers

The Treaty brought about an alliance between the two powers, as well as a guarantee that the Ottomans would close the Dardanelles to any foreign warships if the Russians requested such action.

The Treaty of "the Royal Pier" or "the Sultan's Pier" was signed between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire on July 8, 1833, following the military aid of Russia against Mehmed Ali that same year.

The Treaty would have significant consequences regarding the Ottoman Empire'gs foreign relations, especially with Great Britain and Ireland, as the terms of the Treaty worried the other great powers of Europe. he Treaty would have significant consequences regarding the Ottoman Empire¿s foreign relations, especially with

Their formal protest concluded if the stipulations of that Treaty (Unkiar Skelessi) should hereafter lead to the armed interference of Russia in the internal affairs of Turkey, the British Government will hold itself at liberty to act upon such an occasion, in any manner which

the circumstances of the moment may appear to require.

The Treaty of "the Royal Pier" or "the Sultan's Pier" was signed between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire on July 8, 1833, following the military aid of Russia against Mehmed Ali that same year.

The Sultan imposes the system of "the Hegemony" on Samos

The Turkish Admiral Hassan Bey landed troops at Vathy