Oliver Cromwell biography timeline

Birth of Oliver Cromwell

Sent to Sidney Sussex College but leaves after the death of his father a year later

Marries Elizabeth Bourchier

Elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdon

Cromwell & his family live in St Ives, 1631-1636

Cambridge electors return Cromwell to the Long Parliament.

Cromwell is returned as member for Cambridge in the Long Parliament.

Cromwell moves the second reading of a bill proposing annual parliamentary sessions.

Cromwell supports measures intended to prevent another prolonged suspension of Parliament.

Cromwell promotes complete removal of bishops from the Church of England.

Cromwell supports introduction of legislation seeking abolition of episcopacy.

Cromwell backs abolition of the court enforcing controversial church policies.

Cromwell supports measures against ceremonial practices regarded as idolatrous.

Cromwell supports stronger parliamentary control during the Irish emergency.

Cromwell proposes that the Earl of Essex command trained bands during the emergency.

Cromwell challenges exclusive royal control of armed forces during the Irish emergency.

Cromwell proposes placing London's trained bands under the Earl of Essex.

Parliament authorises Cromwell to raise two volunteer companies in Cambridgeshire.

Cromwell receives authority to raise volunteer companies in Cambridgeshire.

Cromwell musters a troop of horse for Parliament's army.

Cromwell receives authority to command a troop of horse raised around Huntingdon.

Cromwell commands a troop of Parliamentarian horse during the Edgehill campaign.

Cromwell begins recruiting cavalry selected for discipline and religious commitment.

Cromwell warns Parliament about possible Royalist and Catholic mobilisation in Monmouthshire.

1st victory for Cromwell & the Eastern association

Cromwell defeats a larger Royalist cavalry force near Grantham and strengthens Parliament's position in Lincolnshire.

Leads a successful siege in Northamptonshire against the Countess of Essex

Wins a victory over Royalist forces

Cromwell helps relieve Gainsborough and drives Royalist cavalry from the field.

Receives news from Parliament that he has been appointed Governor of the Isle of Ely

Parliament issues instructions for the impressment of 22,000 in London & the east

Parliament issues instructions for the impressment of 22,000 in London & the east

Parliament promises to protect Scottish Presbyterianism

Cromwell helps lead Parliamentarian cavalry in the victory at Winceby, strengthening Parliament's control of Lincolnshire.

Cromwell's cavalry helps defeat Royalist horse at Winceby during the struggle for Lincolnshire.

Counties are inefficient for managing armies so County Associations are formed

Appointed Member of Committee of Plantations

Counties are inefficient for managing armies so County Associations are formed

Signs the Covenant enabling him to take up the position of Lieutenant Colonel

Cromwell receives command of the Eastern Association cavalry and develops the disciplined mounted force later associated with his military reputation.

Sweeps away Gorings horse by attacking the Royalists from the rear. Defeats the Royalists near York, leaving 4,000 dead & taking 1,500 prisoners. Cromwell's first major victory, personally commands 2,500 men

Cromwell commands Eastern Association cavalry as Parliament and the Scots defeat Prince Rupert.

Cromwell commands the Parliamentarian left-wing cavalry and helps turn the fighting at Marston Moor into a decisive Royalist defeat.

Resumes the siege of York after victory at Marston Moor

Leads the "Ironsides" & captures York

Commander of "Ironsides" during Parliaments capture of Newcastle

Cromwell fights at Second Newbury and later urges a stronger pursuit of the withdrawing Royalist army.

Cromwell criticises missed opportunities after the Parliamentarian attack fails to destroy the king's army.

Advises a military defeat of the King after Manchester fails to persue him in battle

Cromwell criticises Manchester's conduct of the war and presses Parliament for a more vigorous military strategy.

Helps form an alliance between Scotland & Parliament

Appointed Member of Committee of Both Kingdoms

Appointed Leader of the Independents

Leads an Army sect demanding religious toleration & prosecution of criminals

Appointed 2nd-in-Command of the Parliamentary Army

Appointed Lieutenant General of the Horse & Foot. Appointed 2nd-in-Command for Manchester

Appointed Lieutenant General of the Horse & Foot

Royalist resistance in the west collapses further, leaving Oxford as the principal remaining Royalist threat.

The Royalists are defeated in the West, only Oxford remains as a serious threat. Sir Ralph Hopton signs articles of surrender at Exeter

Removes the existing Generals

Fairfax succeeds Essex as Captain General & Cromwell becomes Lt General

Appointed 2nd-in-Command of the New Model Army under Sir Thomas Fairfax

Appointed 2nd-in-Command of the New Model Army

Cromwell is exempted from resignation pressure and continues military service with Parliament's army.

Removes the existing Generals. Creates a New Model Army becoming 2nd-in-Command under Sir Thomas Fairfax. All MPs except Cromwell must relinquish military commissions within 40 days

Cromwell routs a detachment of Royalist horse at Islip during his raid against the king's artillery train.

Defeated in battle by the Earl of Norwich, George Goring

Royalist forces under Goring damage part of Cromwell's regiment near Faringdon after his Oxfordshire raid.

Charles I and Goring evade Parliamentarian forces and leave Oxford during the campaigning season.

Advances toward Kenilworth before parliamentary orders redirect forces during the Oxford operations.

Joins Fairfax near Nuneham as Parliamentarian forces press operations around Oxford.

Serves with Fairfax near Oxford as Parliamentarian forces try to contain Charles I's army.

Wins victory over the Scots under Hamilton. The 1st Battle over which Cromwell has independent command

Royalist victory, diverts Fairfax from Oxford, Charles then proceeds safely to Oxford

Arrives in Cambridge to gather horse and reinforce the Eastern Association before rejoining the main campaign.

The Commons approves Cromwell's appointment as 2nd in Command of the New Model Army

The Commons approves Cromwell's appointment as Lieutenant General of the Horse

Cromwell moves toward Fairfax before the Naseby campaign as Parliament concentrates forces against Charles I.

Cromwell joins forces with Fairfax & Parliament has an Army of more than 13,000 men

Parliamentary victory, Charles has 7,500 men & Parliamentary forces number 13,500. Contributes to Charles downfall & the ascendancy of Cromwell & the independents

Commands Parliamentarian cavalry on the right and helps Fairfax defeat the king's main field army.

Cromwell commands the New Model Army's horse at Naseby and turns his victorious cavalry against the Royalist infantry.

After defeating the Royalist cavalry, Cromwell redirects his horsemen against the Royalist foot and helps decide the battle.

Establishes quarters around Holton while preparing pressure on the Royalist capital at Oxford.

Cromwell's cavalry contributes to Parliament's victory over Goring's forces at Langport.

Cromwell routs Dorsetshire clubmen at Hambledon Hill

Cromwell helps command Parliamentarian assaults on Bristol's defences.

Prince Rupert is forced to return to Oxford, his forces intact. Defeats Prince Rupert & captures Bristol

Defeats Prince Rupert & captures Bristol

Defeats Prince Rupert & captures Bristol

Commands part of the Parliamentarian assault around Prior's Hill fort during the storming of Bristol.

Cromwell captures Devizes

Cromwell captures Winchester

Present at Stapleton near Fairfax's headquarters during Parliament's siege of Bristol.

Present near Keynsham during Parliament's siege operations against Bristol.

Secures the last major obstacle between London & the West Country. Defeats the Marquise of Winchester

Cromwell takes part in the storming of Basing House, removing a major Royalist stronghold controlling routes west of London.

Cromwell storms Basing House and ends one of the strongest Royalist garrisons in southern England.

Leads the Independents, a sect demanding religious toleration & prosecution of the war

The New Model Army is created by Oliver Cromwell & Thomas Fairfax. The Committee of Both Kingdoms recommends a new army of 22,000 run by Parliament. Persuades Parliament to adopt a new militia, maintained by impressment & taxation. Modeled after Cromwell's Ironsides

Helps blockade Oxford to prevent Charles I joining forces with Prince Rupert and Prince Maurice.

Oxford agrees surrender terms with Fairfax, ending the Royalist capital's resistance.

Cromwell is associated with the Army leadership as officers and Agitators commit the Army not to disband until soldiers' pay, indemnity and political security are addressed

Cromwell acts among the Army Grandees as the New Model Army refuses disbandment on Parliament's terms and insists that the soldiers' political and military grievances must be settled

Cromwell supports the Heads of the Proposals as a moderate Army settlement that would preserve limited monarchy while securing parliamentary and religious safeguards

Enters London with an Army & forces Parliament to take him & the other MPs back

Cromwell chairs the Army Council at Putney for the Grandees, attempting to preserve Army unity while allowing Agitators and Leveller advisers to present their constitutional demands

Cromwell attends Army Council debates over political settlement, representation and the army's demands.

Cromwell argues that the meeting should receive the radicals' proposals in orderly fashion so that the Army can judge their intentions and preserve unity

Cromwell chairs the opening session because Fairfax is absent and invites officers, soldiers and civilian advisers to speak on the public settlement after the First Civil War

Cromwell seeks to manage the dispute over the Agreement of the People, allowing the radicals to speak while trying to preserve Army unity and prevent a break with constitutional order

Cromwell urges caution over breaking with monarchy, reflecting the Grandees' preference for a controlled settlement with Charles I rather than immediate adoption of the Leveller programme

Cromwell discusses the King's negative voice and treats kingship as contractual, while resisting proposals that would immediately overthrow the monarchy

Cromwell joins the effort to have proposals refined by committee, aiming to turn the dispute over the Agreement into a controlled constitutional programme

Cromwell supports ending the open Army Council debates after the Agitators' demands threaten discipline and expose deep division between radical soldiers and senior officers

Cromwell backs suspension of the Army Council meetings because the Grandees fear that continued debate over the King and the Agreement will damage military discipline

Cromwell helps restore discipline at the Corkbush Field rendezvous after soldiers resist the Army Council's settlement, resulting in arrests and the execution of a mutineer

Cromwell helps enforce the Grandees' settlement at the Corkbush Field rendezvous, suppressing Leveller-influenced resistance and restoring discipline within the New Model Army

Cromwell suppresses Leveller-influenced resistance at the Corkbush Field rendezvous, restoring Army discipline after soldiers reject the Grandees' settlement and display slogans for England's freedom and soldiers' rights

Orders the abduction of Charles II at Holmby

Flees Parliament & joins an Army with 100 members of the House of Commons

Cromwell attacks the Scottish Engager army near Preston and begins the three-day campaign that destroys the invasion supporting Charles I.

Cromwell defeats the Engager army and breaks the main Royalist threat in the Second Civil War.

Fighting in the fields outside the town of Preston, the English Parliamentarian forces of Oliver Cromwell inflict a major reverse on the Anglo-Scottish Royalist army of the Duke of Hamilton

Fighting in the fields outside the town of Preston, the English Parliamentarian forces of Oliver Cromwell inflict a major reverse on the Anglo-Scottish Royalist army of the Duke of Hamilton

Divisions emerge culminating in Prides Purge when, under the orders of Oliver Cromwell's son-in-law Henry Ireton, Colonel Pride physically bars about half of the members of Parliament from taking their seats

Divisions emerge culminating in Prides Purge when, under the orders of Oliver Cromwell's son-in-law Henry Ireton, Colonel Pride physically bars about half of the members of Parliament from taking their seats

In the wake of the ejections from the Long Parliament, the remnant, the Rump Parliament, arranges for the trial and execution of Charles I

In the wake of the ejections from the Long Parliament, the remnant, the Rump Parliament, arranges for the trial and execution of Charles I

Fails to persuade Charles to accept Constitutional limitations on monarchy. Agrees Parliaments decision to cease constitutional negotiations with the King

Before the execution of Charles I the Commons makes itself the highest body

Before the execution of Charles I the Commons makes itself the highest body

One of the signatories of Charles Is death warrant

Cromwell supported the trial and execution that preceded abolition of the monarchy.

Appointed Chairman of the Council of State

A Council of State becomes an executive over the House of Commons

A committee including Cromwell revises the lists of JPs throughout England & Wales

The Commons abolishes the House of Lords, against Cromwell's will

The monarchy is abolished. The House of Lords is abolished

The House of Lords is abolished

Cromwell helps suppress the Leveller-linked mutiny at Burford after army units resist orders and challenge the authority of their commanders.

Parliament declares England a commonwealth with supreme authority in the Commons

Parliament declares England a commonwealth with supreme authority in the Commons

Parliament declares England a commonwealth with supreme authority in the Commons

Parliament declares England a commonwealth with supreme authority in the Commons

Parliament declares England a commonwealth with supreme authority in the Commons

Cromwell led the Commonwealth campaign to impose parliamentary authority in Ireland.

Aston refuses to surrender, Cromwell says he is not responsible for the bloodshed

Orders a massacre of 1,500, including English Royalists, civilians & Catholic priests. More that 3,500 defenders of Drogheda are killed, including 1,000 civilians. Launches a policy of terror to prevent the "effusion of blood". 1st day of the assault on Drogheda but Cromwell is forced to make a temporary retreat

Cromwell storms Drogheda after refusing surrender terms and captures the Royalist garrison.

Cromwell arrives outside Wexford with 7,000 foot & 2,000 horse

Requests Wexford to surrender but Sinnott refuses & waits for reinforcements

Stafford surrenders Wexford Castle to Cromwell. Cromwell occupies Wexford Castle & 1,500 in Wexford are massacred

Cromwell's forces capture Wexford after negotiations collapse and Parliamentarian troops enter the town.

Set aside as a day of thanksgiving for the surrender of Drogheda

Orders the massacre of Wexford

Appointed Commander in Chief

The Rump Parliament is responsible for the setting up of the Commonwealth of England

"be true & faithful to the Commonwealth of England, without a King or House of Lords"

The Rump Parliament is responsible for the setting up of the Commonwealth of England

Appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland

"be true & faithful to the Commonwealth of England, without a King or House of Lords"

After the bloodshed of Drogheda Dundalk surrenders without resistance

Accepts the surrender of New Ross

After the bloodshed of Drogheda Trim surrenders without resistance

A committee including Cromwell revises the lists of JPs throughout England & Wales. The name of the King's Bench is changed to the Upper Bench

The Rump Parliament is responsible for the setting up of the Commonwealth of England

Cromwell accepts Kilkenny's surrender after disease and bombardment weaken the Confederate garrison.

Cromwells 8000 men eventually take the town from its 1000 Irish defenders, but not before they suffer heavy losses

Cromwell's troops suffer heavy losses when Hugh Dubh O'Neill's defence traps the attackers at Clonmel.

Cromwell returns to England after leaving the Irish command to Henry Ireton.

Succeeds Fairfax as captain-general and commander in chief before the Scottish campaign.

Sets off with a force to invade Scotland

Crosses the Scottish border at the head of an Army of 16,000

Holds a council of war & decides to retreat to Dunbar & fortify the town

Holds a council of war & decides to retreat to Dunbar & fortify the town. Decides to Fortify Dunbar in the hope of provoking Leslie into battle

Marches to Haddington persued by Leslie who puts Cromwell's rearguard into disorder

Offers the Scots battle, they refuse & Cromwell falls back to Dunbar

Writes that lying outside Dunbar is consuming the army as sickness spreads before battle.

Defeats David Leslie's Scottish army at Dunbar and opens the route to Edinburgh.

Cromwell defeated the Scottish army supporting Charles II at Dunbar.

Begins operations around Edinburgh after victory at Dunbar weakens Scottish resistance in the south.

Edinburgh Castle surrenders to Parliamentarian forces after Cromwell's army occupies southern Scotland.

Cromwell is appointed Fairaxs successor, "captain-general and Commander in Chief of all the forces raised or to be raised at authority of Parliament within the Commonwealth of England"

Cromwell is appointed Fairaxs successor, "captain-general and Commander in Chief of all the forces raised or to be raised at authority of Parliament within the Commonwealth of England"

Orders royal symbols removed and replaced with the arms of the Commonwealth.

Orders removal of the king's arms from public use after the establishment of the Commonwealth.

The Council of State is established by Act of Parliament as a ruling body

The Council of States 14 members are elected, including Cromwell

The Monarchy is abolished

The House of Lords is abolished, Cromwell wished to keep it as an advisery body

The House of Lords is abolished, Cromwell wished to keep it as an advisery body

The Commonwealth is formerly enacted by Parliament

The Commonwealth is formerly enacted by Parliament

Perth surrenders after Cromwell's advance cuts the Scottish army from supplies and reinforcements.

Joins forces with Lambert and Harrison at Warwick during the pursuit of Charles II.

Writes that the enemy in Worcester must fight or be trapped as Parliamentarian forces close around the city.

Cromwell tightens the Parliamentarian encirclement, leaving Charles II increasingly confined around Worcester and unable to continue toward London.

Arrives near Evesham south-east of Worcester with the army preparing to close on Charles II.

Cromwell positions Parliamentarian artillery on the heights around Red Hill and Perry Wood east of Worcester.

Cromwell's artillery begins bombarding Worcester from positions around Perry Wood as the Parliamentarian siege lines tighten.

Cromwell leads a Parliamentarian army of about thirty thousand against Charles II's smaller Royalist and Scottish force at Worcester.

Leads about 28,000 Parliamentarian troops to victory over Charles II at Worcester.

Cromwell's forces turn captured guns at Fort Royal against Worcester as Royalist resistance disintegrates.

Parliamentarian troops seize Fort Royal during Cromwell's final assault, breaking a major part of Worcester's south-eastern defence.

Cromwell personally leads three brigades across the Severn pontoon to reinforce the Parliamentarian attack west of the river.

Cromwell's brigades strike the Scottish flank while Fleetwood presses from the front, forcing the defenders away from the Teme.

Cromwell reinforces the eastern fighting after Charles II's counterattack threatens Parliamentarian positions around Perry Wood.

Cromwell reports the total defeat of the Royalist army and describes the victory at Worcester as a crowning mercy.

Cromwell releases newly raised local forces after the victory, reducing the military burden on counties that had answered Parliament's call.

Cromwell orders Worcester's walls pulled down and its defensive ditches filled after the Parliamentarian victory.

Thousands of Royalist prisoners are gathered at Worcester Cathedral while Cromwell's army secures the city after the battle.

Dissolution of the "Rump Parliament" is debated by a committe set up for the purpose

Cromwell prepares floating bridges across the Severn and Teme so his separated wings can support one another during the assault.

Anti-Dutch legislation forbids importation by by Dutch shipping

The Commonwealth enacted a Navigation Ordinance during Cromwell's military ascendancy.

Decides it is necessary for a "settlement of the nation" & a constitution

Parliament enacts the General Pardon and Oblivion after Worcester, offering broad wartime pardons while excluding specified offenders.

The Act of Indemnity, for acts of treason before the Battle of Worcester

The Act of Indemnity, for acts of treason before the Battle of Worcester

The Act of Indemnity, for acts of treason before the Battle of Worcester

The Act of Settlement is passed. Irishmen who have killed an Englishman except in war will be executed & lose estates. Anti-English are liable to lose land & be deported

The Act of Settlement is passed. Irishmen who have killed an Englishman except in war will be executed & lose estates. Anti-English are liable to lose land & be deported

Cromwell sells Hyde Park to 3 buyes for œ17,000, an entrance fee is required

The final capitulation of the scattered Royalist strongholds

Cromwell holds a conference to discuss a new provisional Government

Cromwell holds a conference to discuss a new provisional Government

The Council of State is dissolved, the army is left in power

The Council of State is dissolved, the army is left in power

Cromwell dissolved the Rump Parliament after denouncing its continued rule.

Enters the Commons & forcefully expels the Rump Parliament

The Barebones Parliament is forcefully dissolved

The Barebones Parliament is forcefully dissolved

Cromwell accepts the position of Lord Protector. As Protector, Cromwell has the power to call and dissolve Parliaments but is obliged under the Instrument of Government to seek the majority vote of a Council of State

As Protector, Cromwell has the power to call and dissolve Parliaments but is obliged under the Instrument of Government to seek the majority vote of a Council of State

Cromwell became Lord Protector under the written constitution called the Instrument of Government.

Cromwell signs his name Oliver P, standing for Oliver Protector - in a similar style to that used by English monarchs - and it soon becomes the norm for others to address him as "Your highness". As Protector, Cromwell has the power to call and dissolve Parliaments but is obliged under the Instrument of Government to seek the majority vote of a Council of State. Appointed Lord Protector

Calls a Puritan Convention which is nicknamed the Barebones Parliament

After the dissolution of the Barebones Parliament, John Lambert puts forward a new constitution known as the Instrument of Government, closely modelled on the Heads of Proposals, it makes Cromwell Lord Protector for life

Dissolves the Rump Parliament

After the dissolution of the Barebones Parliament, John Lambert puts forward a new constitution known as the Instrument of Government, closely modelled on the Heads of Proposals, it makes Cromwell Lord Protector for life

Calls a Puritan Convention which is nicknamed the Barebones Parliament

The Rump Parliament is replaced by a Puritan Parliament

Oliver Cromwell forcibly disbands the Rump when it seems they might disband his expensive army of 50,000 men

Concludes peace with the Dutch Republic, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War

The first Protectorate Parliament meets for the first time

Cromwell opened the First Protectorate Parliament under the new constitutional system.

Addresses the first Protectorate Parliament at its inaugural meeting

Tells Parliament that sovereignty is not a mere feather in the hat

Hosts talks with Dutch representatives but fails to obtain political union

Governs under the Instrument of Government as the Protectorate settles into operation

Dissolves the First Protectorate Parliament after constitutional conflict

Cromwell dissolved the First Protectorate Parliament after disputes over constitutional authority.

Suppresses the royalist rising and hardens security policy

The Western Design captures Jamaica from Spain under Penn and Venables

Orders Major-Generals to be appointed to control local militias and security

Agrees a commercial treaty with France after worsening relations with Spain

Moves into open conflict with Spain after the seizure of Jamaica

Uses a tax on Royalists to fund militia and security under the major-generals

Launches the large warship Naseby during the naval expansion of the Protectorate

Cromwell opened the Second Protectorate Parliament.

The 2nd Proctorate Parliament opens

Declares War against Spain

Charles II offers a knighthood & 500 pounds pension pa to anyone who would kill Cromwell

Portugal ratifies a commercial Treaty with England

Cromwell is offered the crown by Parliament as part of a revised constitutional settlement, presenting him with a dilemma, since he had been "instrumental" in abolishing the monarchy, Cromwell agonises for six weeks over the offer

Cromwell is offered the crown by Parliament as part of a revised constitutional settlement, presenting him with a dilemma, since he had been "instrumental" in abolishing the monarchy, Cromwell agonises for six weeks over the offer

Makes clear that Gods providence had spoken against his office of king, "I would not seek to set up that which Providence hath destroyed and laid in the dust, and I would not build Jericho again"

Cromwell rejects the Humble Petition

Cromwell formally refused the crown offered under the Humble Petition and Advice.

Cromwell rejects the offer of the Kingship

Cromwell rejects the offer of the Kingship

Announces he will not accept the title of King

Agrees to Parliaments proposal that he should be invested as Lord Protector

Cromwell is installed as Lord Protector under a new constitution

Cromwell underwent a second inauguration with ceremonial features resembling monarchy.

Invested as Lord Protector in Westminster Hall, where Charles I was tried 8 yrs prior

Cromwell is ceremonially re-installed as Lord Protector (with greater powers than had previously been granted him under this title) at Westminster Hall, sitting upon King Edward's Chair which was specially moved from Westminster Abbey

Signs a Treaty of alliance with France

Signs a Treaty of alliance with France

Cromwell commits English troops and naval support to joint operations against Spain in Flanders.

It is agreed France will capture Gravelines & England will capture Dunkirk & Mardyck

It is agreed France will capture Gravelines & England will capture Dunkirk & Mardyck

It is agreed France will capture Gravelines & England will capture Dunkirk & Mardyck

England will provide a fleet & 6,000 men & France 20,000 men against Spain in Flanders

The Upper House will consist of 70 members nominated by Cromwell

The Upper House will have 70 members nominated by Cromwell to balance the Commons

An Upper House is established by a Bill passed by Parliament

An Upper House is established by a Bill passed by Parliament

Victory for the French & English over the Spanish

England captures Dunkirk from Spain. Dunkirk is surrendered

Dunkirk remains in English hands until Charles II sells it to Louis XIV in 1662

Death of Oliver Cromwell, during a bout of malarial fever

Death of Oliver Cromwell

Oliver Cromwell died, destabilising the Protectorate settlement.

Lying-in-State with an effigy, imitating the tradition of Kings. Lying-in-State from 18 October to 10 November at Somerset House

Sends 6,000 Ironsides to join up with Turennes army of 20,000

Cromwell is attainted after death for his central role in the Commonwealth and regicide settlement.

Cromwell's body is posthumously hanged at Tyburn as part of the Restoration punishment of regicide leaders.

A statue in honour of Cromwell is unveiled

A statue in honour of Cromwell is unveiled opposite the Houses of Parliament

A statues in honour of Oliver Cromwell is unveiled at St Ives