Nicholas II1059
Precipitates a break with the Emperor & the German Bishops. Establishes a procedure for electing Popes by Cardinals
Italy · Religion / Roman Catholic Church. Chronological records rendered directly from the World History Database.
Precipitates a break with the Emperor & the German Bishops. Establishes a procedure for electing Popes by Cardinals
Issues a Plenary Indulgence forgiving the sins of all those who fight the Muslims
Affirms the doctrine of the universal sovereignty of the Holy See
Issues the Clericus Laicos, those who disobey will be excommunicated. Forbids the collection of taxes on Church property without consent of the Holy See
Issues the Unam Sanctum asserting temporal as well as spritual supremacy of the Pope. "a necessity of salvation for every human creature to be subject to the Roman pontiff"
Recognizes the new Society of Jesus, Jesuits
Issues the Laetare Jerusalem summoning a general council to unite against Turkey
Issues Inter gravissimas, introducing the Gregorian calendar reform
Condemns Jansenist views on grace
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