Alexander II1878
Russia retains Batum and Ardahan as territorial gains confirmed by the Congress of Berlin.
Russia · Government / Government of Russia. Chronological records rendered directly from the World History Database.
Russia retains Batum and Ardahan as territorial gains confirmed by the Congress of Berlin.
This factsheet is generated from stored World History Database records matching the country, broad category, detailed category and exact Event value shown above. Duplicate display records are collapsed; database wording is otherwise preserved. Source provenance varies by record, so formal academic citation should be checked against the relevant primary source, archive or specialist historical reference.